The Role of Instruments in Three Chemical' Revolutions
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Milestone in the History of Chemistry
Press Release No. 094 | ele | August 12, 2010 Milestone in the History of Chemistry After 150 Years, the World Congress Returns to Karlsruhe – An Exhibition at the KIT Library Looks Back Dr. Elisabeth Zuber-Knost Press Officer Kaiserstraße 12 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany Phone: +49 721 608-7414 Fax: +49 721 608-3658 Upturn: With the construction of the chemical laboratory in 1851, Karlsruhe climbed up to the top of German university chemistry. (Photo: KIT archive) For further information, please contact: 150 years ago, chemists from German, England, and overseas met at Karlsruhe for the first international specialized congress Klaus Rümmele on chemistry worldwide. Now, the World Congress of Che- Public Relations and Marketing (PKM) mistry returns. It will be organized by the KIT Department of Phone: +49 721 608-8153 Chemistry and Biosciences on September 3 and 4. On the oc- Fax: +49 721 608-5681 casion of this anniversary, the KIT library will exhibit selected E-mail: [email protected] contemporary standard works of chemistry and publications of congress participants. Opening times of the exhibition: Monday to Friday, 9 to 19, Satur- In the middle of the 19th century, chemistry had just formed as a day, 9 - 12.30 hrs scientific discipline. “There were new discoveries and new analytical (until February 2011) methods, which gave rise to competing theoretical schools,” ex- plains Dr. Michael Mönnich from the KIT library, who has conceived More information on the exhibi- and designed the exhibition. In particular, opinions on the atomic tion: and molecular structure varied. The nomenclature and use of formu- www.bibliothek.kit.edu/chemiker- las also were highly heterogeneous. -
A Revolution That Never Happened
Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 49 (2015) 80e90 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Studies in History and Philosophy of Science journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/shpsa A Revolution that never happened Ursula Klein Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Germany article info abstract Article history: If we define scientific revolutions as changes of scientists’ ontologies, types of causal explanation, and Available online 19 December 2014 paradigmatic types of methods and instruments, Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier’s contribution to chemistry did not amount to a scientific revolution. Contrary to the received view that Lavoisier initiated a Keywords: “chemical revolution,” which is accepted by Chang and Kusch, I argue that Lavoisier shared with the Chemical revolution; phlogistonists their “flat ontology” of chemical substance, established decades before the 1770s, their Ontology of substances; types of explaining chemical transformation, and their quantitative methods. Based on my historical Elements; reconstruction, I criticize Chang’s argument that the late eighteenth-century phlogistic systems and Mixts; ’ Chemical compounds; Lavoisier s system belonged to two different theoretical traditions. As a consequence, I also question ’ ’ Affinity Chang s argument that the acceptance of Lavoisier s system can be explained in terms of dominance of “compositionism” over “principlism.” Ó 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. When citing this paper, please use the full journal title Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 1. Introduction following the path to Lavoisier’s system, I will compare the phlo- gistic and the antiphlogistic system from a broader historical and As is well known, Thomas Kuhn highlighted Lavoisier’s “chem- philosophical perspective. -
Styles of Experimental Reasoning in Early Modern Chemistry
Styles of Experimental Reasoning in Early Modern Chemistry By Victor Dan Boantza A thesis submitted in conformity with requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology University of Toronto © Copyright by Victor Dan Boantza 2009 Styles of Experimental Reasoning in Early Modern Chemistry Victor Dan Boantza Doctor of Philosophy Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology University of Toronto 2009 Abstract The science of chemistry has undergone two major transformative changes during the early modern period, both closely related to two of the most revolutionary episodes in the history of Western science. The dissertation consists of a historical-analytical comparative exploration of early modern chemical thought and practice based on two series of interconnected case studies related, respectively, to the seventeenth-century Scientific Revolution and the eighteenth-century Chemical Revolution. Although rarely considered together in the context of the history of chemistry, during both Revolutions, similar forces combined to generate crises in chemical knowledge and practice, to use a well-known Kuhnian notion. Differences in nature and historical evolution notwithstanding, both instances featured attempts at quantification and physicalist reductions of chemistry: during the 1660s-1680s Boyle advanced a reconciliation of chymical experimental knowledge with the budding mechanical philosophy, predicated upon the physically governed laws of matter and motion; during the last third of the eighteenth-century, Lavoisier (et al.) submitted chemical phenomena to the ‘rule of the balance’, as a part of an all-encompassing experimentalist, theoretical and linguistic reformation anchored in the conservation of weight principle. -
May 2016 Alan J. Rocke EDUCATION BA, 1969, Chemistry, Beloit College
-1- May 2016 Alan J. Rocke EDUCATION B.A., 1969, Chemistry, Beloit College, Beloit, Wisconsin M.A., 1973, History of Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison Thesis: “Isaac Newton’s Theory of Matter” University of Munich, West Germany, 1974-75 Ph.D., 1975, History of Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison Dissertation: “Origins of the Structural Theory in Organic Chemistry” ACADEMIC EMPLOYMENT University of Wisconsin-Madison 1969-74 Teaching Assistant, Depts. of Chemistry and History of Science 1975-78 Lecturer, Depts. of Chemistry and Integrated Liberal Studies Case Western Reserve University 1978-84 Assistant Professor of History of Science and Technology, Department of Interdisciplinary Studies 1984-93 Associate Professor of History of Technology and Science 1993-2016 Professor of History 1995-2016 Henry Eldridge Bourne Professor of History 2012- Distinguished University Professor AWARDS AND HONORS Jack Youden Prize (American Society for Quality Control, Chemical Division), 1982 Carl F. Wittke Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching, 1988 Outstanding Paper Award (American Chemical Society, History Division), 1992 Dexter Award for Outstanding Lifetime Contributions to the History of Chemistry (American Chemical Society), 2000 Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2000 Liebig-Wöhler Freundschafts-Preis, Lewicki Foundation, Göttingen, 2002 Membre correspondant, Académie Internationale d’Histoire des Sciences, 2007 Fellow of the American Chemical Society, 2012 Distinguished University Professor, 2012 -
THE CHEMICAL REVOLUTION and PHARMACY: a DISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVE Jonathan Simon
THE CHEMICAL REVOLUTION AND PHARMACY: A DISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVE Jonathan Simon To cite this version: Jonathan Simon. THE CHEMICAL REVOLUTION AND PHARMACY: A DISCIPLINARY PER- SPECTIVE. Ambix, Maney Publishing, 1998. hal-01867749 HAL Id: hal-01867749 https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/hal-01867749 Submitted on 4 Sep 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THE CHEMICAL REVOLUTION AND PHARMACY: A DISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVE. By Jonathan Simon, Université de Lorraine. This article was published in Ambix, March 1998 Vol. 45, no. 1: pp. 1-13. INTRODUCTION. What was the chemical revolution? This question lies at the heart of the historiography of eighteenth-century chemistry and animates the present paper. The orthodox response has placed Lavoisier at the center of an intellectual transformation, characterising him as both the author of the revolution and the founder of modern chemistry. For those who want to focus the credit on Lavoisier, the chemical revolution consists in his supplanting Stahl's phlogiston theory with the substantially correct oxygenic view of combustion. With this 'paradigm shift', the story goes, Lavoisier took a vital step forward in the development of modern chemical theory. -
Chemical Knowledge in the Early Modern World'.', Osiris., 29 (1)
Durham Research Online Deposited in DRO: 25 March 2015 Version of attached le: Published Version Peer-review status of attached le: Peer-reviewed Citation for published item: Eddy, Matthew Daniel and Mauskopf, Seymour H. and Newman, William R. (2014) 'An introduction to 'Chemical knowledge in the early modern world'.', Osiris., 29 (1). pp. 1-15. Further information on publisher's website: http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/678110 Publisher's copyright statement: c 2014 by The History of Science Society. Additional information: Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. Durham University Library, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LY, United Kingdom Tel : +44 (0)191 334 3042 | Fax : +44 (0)191 334 2971 https://dro.dur.ac.uk An Introduction to Chemical Knowledge in the Early Modern World by Matthew Daniel Eddy, Seymour H. Mauskopf, and William R. Newman THE SCOPE OF EARLY MODERN CHEMICAL KNOWLEDGE The essays in this volume collectively cover the development of chemistry in the “early modern world,” that is to say, from the ifteenth century through the eighteenth century. -
Scientific Rationality: Phlogiston As a Case Study
Scientific Rationality: Phlogiston as a Case Study Jonathon Hricko∗ Penultimate Draft | Please cite the published version, which appears in Tzu-Wei Hung & Timothy Lane (Eds.). (2017). Rationality: Constraints and Contexts. Elsevier Academic Press, London. Abstract: I argue that it was rational for chemists to eliminate phlogiston, but that it also would have been rational for them to retain it. I do so on the grounds that a number of prominent phlogiston theorists identified phlogiston with hydrogen in the late eighteenth century, and this identification became fairly well-entrenched by the early nineteenth century. In light of this identi- fication, I critically evaluate Hasok Chang's argument that chemists should have retained phlogiston, and that doing so would have benefited science. I argue that these benefits would have been unlikely, and I go on to consider some more likely benefits and harms of retaining phlogiston. I conclude that there is a sense in which scientific rationality concerns what is permissible, as opposed to what is required, so that retention and elimination may, at least sometimes, both be rationally permissible options. Keywords: Scientific Rationality, Chemical Revolution, Phlogiston, Hydro- gen, Humphry Davy 1 Introduction The Chemical Revolution, to a first approximation, was an event that took place in the late eighteenth century, and involved chemists embracing Antoine ∗Education Center for Humanities and Social Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, email: jonathon [dot] hricko [at] gmail [dot] com. 1 Lavoisier's oxygen theory and abandoning phlogiston-based explanations of various phenomena. The phenomena in question included combustion and the transformation of metals into oxides. For some time, chemists explained these phenomena by appealing to a substance they called phlogiston, which they posited as a component of inflammable substances and metals. -
Philosophy and the Chemical Revolution After Kant
This material has been published in The Cambridge Companion to German Idealism edited by K.Ameriks. This version is free to view and download for personal use only. Not for re-distribution, re-sale or use in derivative works. © Michela Massimi Philosophy and the Chemical Revolution after Kant Michela Massimi 1. Introduction The term Naturphilosophie denotes a philosophical movement that developed in post- Kantian Germany at the end of the eighteenth century. Fichte and Schelling belonged to this intellectual movement, which had strong cultural links both with Romanticism (including Goethe, Novalis, and Hölderlin) and post-Kantian Idealism. As with any hybrid and transient cultural movement, it is difficult to define Naturphilosophie in terms of a specific manifesto or well-defined cultural program. The term came to denote a fairly broad range of philosophical ideas, whose seeds can be traced back, in various ways, to Kant’s philosophy of nature. Yet, Naturphilosophen gave a completely new twist to Kant’s philosophy of nature, a twist that eventually paved the way to Idealism. The secondary literature on Naturphilosophie has emphasized the role that the movement played for the exact sciences of the early nineteenth century. In a seminal paper (1959/1977, 66-104) on the discovery of energy conservation Thomas Kuhn gave Naturphilosophie(and, in particular, F. W. J. Schelling, credit for stressing the philosophical importance of conversion and transformation processes. These ideas played an important role in the nineteenth-century discovery (carried out independently by Mayer, Joule, and Helmholtz) of the interconvertibility of thermal energy into mechanical work, as well of electricity into magnetism (by Ørsted and Faraday). -
Stanislao Cannizzaro and the Periodic Table
Stanislao Cannizzaro And The Periodic Table revettedMeasurable cubistically. and unprophetic Somniferous Cleland Tad still impedes rebutting protectively. his legislative shadily. Ascetical Venkat rarefying, his Bennett redating INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables Chemogenesis. Sign up everything around the bells and below zirconium, corrected with every facet of the table and vary in the back to. Mendeleyev considered it cannot be heard cannizzaro believed, he had published a symbol, but the history articles! Stanislao Cannizzaro was an Italian chemist born in Palermo Italy. He right that both these values were plotted against atomic weights, chemically similar elements occupied the peaks and troughs of source graph, indicating that some periodic function was involved. It saw the realm of elements reduced to order also, and at least part of the credit for both changes goes to events at a particular international meeting of chemists. Our main campus is situated on the Haldimand Tract, the land granted to embed Six Nations that includes six miles on option side switch the creek River. - 1 History provide the Periodic Table. There were wrong through atomic weights of st petersburg in any time and is now be a basis of behaviour in. Based on entire way elements combine will form compounds, Dalton concluded that each element was praise of list building blocks. Put on sale thinking cap! Stanislao Cannizzaro Encyclopediacom. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. Until then little wealth was two of such regularities. 5-1 1 HISTORY confuse THE PERIODIC TABLE Riverside Local. An explanation for the anomalies of the atomic weight inversions had been found. -
The 100 Most Influential Scientists of All Time / Edited by Kara Rogers.—1St Ed
Published in 2010 by Britannica Educational Publishing (a trademark of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.) in association with Rosen Educational Services, LLC 29 East 21st Street, New York, NY 10010. Copyright © 2010 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, and the Thistle logo are registered trademarks of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. All rights reserved. Rosen Educational Services materials copyright © 2010 Rosen Educational Services, LLC. All rights reserved. Distributed exclusively by Rosen Educational Services. For a listing of additional Britannica Educational Publishing titles, call toll free (800) 237-9932. First Edition Britannica Educational Publishing Michael I. Levy: Executive Editor Marilyn L. Barton: Senior Coordinator, Production Control Steven Bosco: Director, Editorial Technologies Lisa S. Braucher: Senior Producer and Data Editor Yvette Charboneau: Senior Copy Editor Kathy Nakamura: Manager, Media Acquisition Kara Rogers: Senior Editor, Biomedical Sciences Rosen Educational Services Jeanne Nagle: Senior Editor Nelson Sá: Art Director Introduction by Kristi Lew Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The 100 most influential scientists of all time / edited by Kara Rogers.—1st ed. p. cm.—(The Britannica guide to the world’s most influential people) “In association with Britannica Educational Publishing, Rosen Educational Services.” Includes index. ISBN 978-1-61530-040-2 (eBook) 1. Science—Popular works. 2. Science—History—Popular works. 3. Scientists— Biography—Popular works. I. Rogers, Kara. -
The Fifth Chemical Revolution
Found Chem DOI 10.1007/s10698-017-9280-9 The fifth chemical revolution: 1973–1999 Jose´ A. Chamizo1 Ó Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2017 Abstract A new chronology is introduced to address the history of chemistry, with edu- cational purposes, particularly for the end of the twentieth century and here identified as the fifth chemical revolution. Each revolution are considered in terms of the Kuhnian notion of ‘exemplar,’ rather than ‘paradigm.’ This approach enables the incorporation of instruments, as well as concepts and the rise of new subdisciplines into the revolutionary process and provides a more adequate representation of such periods of development and consolidation. The fifth revolution developed from 1973 to 1999 and is characterized by a deep transformation in the very heart of chemistry. That is to say, the size and type of objects (substances), the way in which they must be done and the time in which they are transformed. In one way or another, chemistry’ limits had been set out. Keywords History of chemistry Á Chemical revolutions Á Chemistry education Á Exemplars Á Instruments and subdisciplines Introduction In spite of the impressive growth and qualitative change of science over the last half century, however, historians of science still largely turn their attention to earlier periods. Thus a paradoxical temporal imbalance is created: one the one hand, the great majority of historians of science are still working on the small percentage of scientific activity A preliminary version of this paper was presented at the ISPC London 2014. & Jose´ A. Chamizo [email protected] 1 Facultad de Quı´mica, Universidad Nacional Auto´noma de Me´xico, Me´xico, DF, Me´xico 123 J. -
Ontological Tensions in 16Th and 17Th Century Chemistry: Between Mechanism and Vitalism
Ontological Tensions in 16th and 17th Century Chemistry: Between Mechanism and Vitalism Marina Paola Banchetti-Robino Florida Atlantic University Introduction The 16th and 17th centuries marked a period of transition between the vitalistic ontology that had dominated Renaissance natural philosophy and the early modern mechanistic paradigm that was endorsed by Cartesian natural philosophers, among others. However, even with the dawning of the 18th century Chemical Revolution, chemistry remained resistant to the mechanical philosophy. What one discovers, when examining the chemical philosophies of the 16th and 17th centuries, is that these transitional philosophies involved quite complex and nuanced ontologies that cannot be easily classified as either strictly vitalistic or strictly mechanistic. In fact, in many of the most important chemical theories of this period, vitalism coexisted quite comfortably with corpuscularian theories of matter. More than this, one also discovers that, to the extent that chemical philosophy resisted subsumption under the mechanical philosophy, it was not the supplanting of vitalism by mechanism that ushered in the Chemical Revolution. Rather, this revolution in chemistry was brought about by a naturalized and physicalistic, although non- mechanistic, interpretation of chemical qualities and operations. This paper will examine these ideas by focusing on a few of the more significant transitional chemical philosophies of the 16th and 17th centuries, in order to show how chemical philosophers at this time adhered to complicated ontologies that only slowly and gradually shifted from a vitalistic point of view to a naturalistic and physicalistic, albeit non-mechanistic, account of chemical qualities and operations. For the sake of brevity, I will restrict my discussion to the chemical philosophies of Sebastien Basso, Jan Bapstista van Helmont, and Robert Boyle.