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FOUR CAMPUS SPACES by DAVID FOUR CAMPUS SPACES by DAVID MICHAEL SIMPSON (under the direction of Mark Reinberger) ABSTRACT This thesis is an examination of spaces on four college and university campuses in northern Georgia: the University of Georgia, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, and Agnes Scott College. There is an historical analysis of the design of each of the campuses, with attention paid to the varying missions of each institution, in addition to a critique of the meanings of the styles and site layout used at each. The changing priorities of the institutions and their leaderships, in particular the relative weight given to undergraduate education and college life, are addressed. The analysis concludes with recommendations for campus design, with a particular emphasis on how the design of liberal arts colleges can improve the campuses and quality of life at larger universities. INDEX WORDS: Campus Design, Campus Planning, University of Georgia, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Agnes Scott College, History of Higher Education. FOUR CAMPUS SPACES by DAVID MICHAEL SIMPSON B.S., Georgetown University, 1985 M.A., University of Iowa, 1990 Ph.D., University of Iowa, 1999 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE ATHENS, GEORGIA 2004 2004 David Michael Simpson All Rights Reserved FOUR CAMPUS SPACES by DAVID MICHAEL SIMPSON Major Professor: Mark Reinberger Committee: Henry Methvin Thomas G. Dyer Maureen O’Brien Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate College The University of Georgia May 2004 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................................v CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................... 1 2 COLLEGE LIFE .......................................................................... 4 3 THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA’S NORTH CAMPUS................. 22 4 THE HILL AT GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ............ 47 5 EMORY UNIVERSITY’S ACADEMIC QUAD................................ 73 6 WOODRUFF QUAD AT AGNES SCOTT COLLEGE .................... 95 7 DESIGN IMPLICATIONS FOR CAMPUSES .............................. 109 BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................... 121 v LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 2.1: Aerial view of Oxford ................................................................................ 5 Figure 2.2: Original plan for Emory College ................................................................ 7 Figure 2.3: Jefferson’s “academical village”................................................................. 9 Figure 2.4: The University of Georgia campus from downtown Athens, circa 1910 .... 11 Figure 2.5: The urban multiversity of the 1960s ....................................................... 14 Figure 3.1: 1900 photograph ................................................................................... 23 Figure 3.2: The College of South Carolina ................................................................ 24 Figure 3.3: Connecticut Hall at Yale University ........................................................ 25 Figure 3.4: Old College............................................................................................. 27 Figure 3.5: Demosthenian Hall ................................................................................ 29 Figure 3.6: University chapel ................................................................................... 31 Figure 3.7: 1874 map of Athens and the University of Georgia.................................. 33 Figure 3.8: An 1854 engraving of the University of Georgia campus.......................... 34 Figure 3.9: The landmark gateway arch and downtown Athens ................................ 36 Figure 3.10: Downtown Athens across Broad Street ................................................. 37 Figure 3.11: Main Library ........................................................................................ 39 Figure 3.12: Waddel Hall and Lustrat House ............................................................ 40 Figure 3.13: Figure/ground study of north campus.................................................. 43 Figure 3.14: Herty Field ........................................................................................... 45 Figure 3.15: Old College on a game day.................................................................... 46 Figure 4.1: Georgia Tech’s two original buildings...................................................... 48 vi Figure 4.2: Worcester Polytechnic Institute .............................................................. 50 Figure 4.3: A Tech metal shop from the 1890s ......................................................... 51 Figure 4.4: Georgia Tech’s 1912 Master Plan............................................................ 52 Figure 4.5: Bobby Dodd stadium overshadows adjoining buildings........................... 56 Figure 4.6: Enthusiasm for intercollegiate athletics .................................................. 57 Figure 4.7: 1952 Master Plan for Georgia Tech......................................................... 58 Figure 4.8: 1965 Master Plan for Georgia Tech......................................................... 60 Figure 4.9: The Atlanta skyline makes for a dramatic backdrop................................ 62 Figure 4:10: Figure/ground study for part of the Georgia Tech campus .................... 65 Figure 4.11: Oaks shade the area around the Administration building on the Hill .... 67 Figure 4.12: North Avenue across from Georgia Tech ............................................... 68 Figure 4.13: Administration building with the site of the Shops building .................. 69 Figure 4.14: Walkway between the Administration building and French ................... 71 Figure 5.1: Original Hornbostel design for Emory University library.......................... 74 Figure 5.2: Central green at Emory’s college at Oxford, Georgia ................................ 75 Figure 5.3: East elevation of the original Hornbostel plan ......................................... 78 Figure 5.4: The winning entry in the 1899 Hearst competition.................................. 79 Figure 5.5: Hornbostel’s plan for the Carnegie Technical Schools ............................. 80 Figure 5.6: Rendering of Hornbostel’s design for the Western U. of Pennsylvania ...... 81 Figure 5.7: Birdseye rendering of the original Hornbostel plan for Emory.................. 82 Figure 5.8: 1949 aerial photograph of the Emory campus......................................... 83 Figure 5.9: Emory’s Pitts Theology Library ............................................................... 85 Figure 5.10: The Michael Graves designed Carlos Museum ...................................... 87 Figure 5.11: Figure/ground study of Emory campus ................................................ 88 Figure 5.12: Additions to the library fill in one of the site’s original ravines............... 91 vii Figure 5.13: One of the secondary spaces off of the main academic quad.................. 93 Figure 6.1: Agnes Scott Hall, or Old Main................................................................. 96 Figure 6.2: The original Seminary building at Mt. Holyoke........................................ 98 Figure 6.3: Main building at Vassar College in the 1860s ....................................... 100 Figure 6.4: A domestic scene from Wellesley College............................................... 101 Figure 6.5: View across quad to Old Main and Rebekah Scott Hall ......................... 103 Figure 6.6: Buttrick Hall and McCain Library......................................................... 105 Figure 6.7: Figure/ground study of the Agnes Scott College campus....................... 106 Figure 6.8: View of Woodruff quad to the east, with Old Main on the left ................ 108 Figure 7.1: Kresge College at the University of California, Santa Cruz..................... 113 Figure 7.2: Whitman College at Princeton University .............................................. 115 Figure 7.3: A new vision of an academic village ...................................................... 117 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Historian of urban form Spiro Kostof has called college campus planning “one area where America contributes to the discourse of `the city as diagram.’”1 “Diagram” cities, as Kostof describes them, are those that were planned and constructed as the physical embodiments of a certain religious, political, or social ideal, that through their design reflect the cosmology of their designer or designers. Cities intentionally built as capitals, such as Washington, Beijing, or Brasilia, religious centers like Angkor Wat, or utopian settlements like New Harmony, Indiana, are examples. Most diagrammatic cities, however, sooner or later depart from the ideals of their founders as the citizens live out their own lives, with their own cultures and ideals, that are often very different from the ones that inspired the cities at their origin. Colleges and universities are no different. Although nearly every institution of higher learning that has survived for more than a few decades was born out of the noblest intentions of learning, religion, or public service, the communities that colleges create have cultures and ideals of their own that can take an
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