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Hylaeus Anthracinus) from South Kohala District, Hawai‘I, Hawai‘I Aaron D A scientific note on the behavior of the endangered Anthricinan yellow-faced bee (Hylaeus anthracinus) from South Kohala District, Hawai‘i, Hawai‘i Aaron D. Pan, Joseph S. Wilson To cite this version: Aaron D. Pan, Joseph S. Wilson. A scientific note on the behavior of the endangered Anthricinan yellow-faced bee (Hylaeus anthracinus) from South Kohala District, Hawai‘i, Hawai‘i. Apidologie, 2020, 51 (4), pp.465-468. 10.1007/s13592-020-00734-9. hal-03154465 HAL Id: hal-03154465 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03154465 Submitted on 1 Mar 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Apidologie (2020) 51:465–468 Scientific Note * INRAE, DIB and Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature, 2020 DOI: 10.1007/s13592-020-00734-9 A scientific note on the behavior of the endangered Anthricinan yellow-faced bee (Hylaeus anthracinus )from South Kohala District, Hawai‘i, Hawai‘i 1 2 Aaron D. PAN , Joseph S. WILSON 1Don Harrington Discovery Center, 1200 Streit Drive, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA 2Department of Biology, Utah State University Tooele, Tooele, UT 84074, USA Received 10 July 2019 – Revised 9 October 2019 – Accepted 13 January 2020 aggression / behavior / display / endangered / Hawaii / Hawaiian yellow-faced bees / Hylaeus On September 30, 2016, seven endemic species development (Magnacca 2007; Magnacca and King of Hawaiian yellow-faced bees (Colletidae), Hylaeus 2013). However, a relatively large population has anthracinus (F. Smith 1853), H. assimulans (Per- been reported in the North Kona-Kohala region, kins 1899), H. facilis (F. Smith 1879), H. hilaris (F. although it occurs where several resorts, recreational Smith 1879), H. kuakea Magnacca & Daly 2003, areas, and residential development exist (Magnacca H. longiceps (Perkins 1899), and H. mana and King 2013). Magnacca & Daly 2003, were listed in the Federal Few observation reports of behavior within the Register to become the first bees included on the US genus Hylaeus are known (but see Batra 1978 and Fish and Wildlife Service Federal Lists of Endan- Alcock and Houston 1987), including the Hawai- gered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants (US Fish ian taxa. However, to facilitate conservation of and Wildlife Service 2016). Hylaeus anthracinus , these federally listed endangered species, it will the Anthricinan yellow-faced bee, a coastal and be necessary to better understand their behavior lowland bee endemic to the Hawaiian Islands is and more details of their ecological requirements one of the more geographically widespread species and interactions (Afonso et al. 2008; Alberts listed, being found on the islands of Hawai‘i, Ka- 2007). This scientific note is provided to contrib- ho‘olawe, Mau‘i, Moloka‘i, O‘ahu, and historically ute additional information as to the behavior of on Lāna‘i (Daly and Magnacca 2003; Magnacca Hylaeus anthracinus . 2007). This species’ range and population have dra- The study site represents littoral coastal habitat matically decreased in recent years due to coastal located between Holoholokai Beach Park and the Pauoa Beach Club in South Kohala District of Hawai‘i, Hawai‘i. The site consists of beach vege- Electronic supplementary material The online version of tation dominated by Heliotropium foertherianum this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-020-00734-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to Diane & Hilger 2003 and Scaevola taccada authorized users. (Gaertn.) Roxb. 1814 growing next to coral rubble, basalt, and calcareous (sea-shell derived) and Corresponding author: A. Pan, [email protected]. Pan, [email protected] olivine-rich basalt beach sand and gravel Manuscript editor: Bernd Grünewald (Figure 1a). Observations were made daily between 466 A. D. Pan, J. S. Wilson 0530 and 1500 h Hawaii-Aleutian Standard Time The Hylaeus females also likely represent (HAST), June 23–27, 2019 at least 3 times each day. Hylaeus anthracinus due to a previous report of Male Hylaeus anthracinus can be easily iden- this species presence at this locality and the only tified based on the presence of a large, single known coastal population of Hylaeus flavipes on yellow-marking on the face that extends up to Hawai‘i occurs much further south at South Point the base of the antennal sockets (Daly and (Magnacca and King 2013). Magnacca 2003). The observed males do not rep- Males display aggression, actions that could or resent Hylaeus flavipes (F. Smith 1853), the only have the potential to cause harm or have negative other known coastal Hylaeus species that occurs effectsonarival,andwhatappearstobeshort-term on the island of Hawai‘i, since the yellow facial territoriality by defending males towards patrolling markings do not extend along the margin of the males after finding prominent areas on the adaxial eye past the antennal sockets, which is character- surface, leaf margin, or rarely prominently exposed istics for H. flavipes (Daly and Magnacca 2003). abaxial surfaces of Heliotropium foertherianum Figure 1. Hylaeus anthracinus and habitat. a Littoral habitat consisting of basalt, coral rubble, and beach vegetation including Heliotropium foertherianum . b Male H. anthracinus defendingpositiononleaftip.c Defending male H. anthracinus directing head towards patrolling male. d Patrolling male H. anthracinus attempting to displace defending male. e Mating H. anthracinus . f Female H. anthracinus feeding or collecting pollen from Heliotropium foertherianum flower. Ascientificnoteonthebehaviorof Hylaeus anthracinus 467 leaves to display (Figure 1b). Display behaviors and tertiary males after what appears to have been consist of antennal grooming and vibrating their successful mating/copulation with a single male, abdomens and wings. Males that gain a prominent again using their hind legs to push off the second- position on the leaf appear to defend their position ary or tertiary male. While it is possible that the by rotating their body to have their face directed at female Hylaeus that rejected male mating at- other males that fly towards them (Figure 1c). Fly- tempts could represent a different species, ing (patrolling) males try to displace the defending H. flavipes , this is unlikely since the only known male’s position on the leaf by pushing or ramming population of coastal H. flavipes on Hawai‘ioc- the defending male off balance often from the side curs at South Point and only H. anthracinus has (Figure 1d). Patrolling males attempting to displace been reported from coastal North Kona-Kohala the defending male often abort attempts when the (Magnacca and King 2013). defending male orients its face directly at the ap- Hylaeus anthracinus individuals were mainly proaching male. In several cases, approaching pa- observed flying, feeding, resting, mating, and trolling males that came in close proximity to the showing territorial/aggressive behavior towards defending male would be chased/pursued/rammed each other on Heliotropium foertherianum , par- by the defending male, which would often tempo- ticularly plants that were just above or growing on rarily abandon their leaf position. Defending males coral rubble or growing on the beach (Figure 1a– appear to favor leaves surrounding new budding e). A few individual bees were found flying low flower inflorescences. Patrolling males were also over flowering plants of Scaevola taccada . found flying over inflorescences of the Aggression and territorial behavior have been Heliotropium . reported in a Western Australian species, Hylaeus In addition to male behaviors on Heliotropium , alcyoneus (Erichson 1842) (Alcock and Houston defending males were also observed defending 1987). While male-male aggression was found in pieces of coral rubble in a similar manner to that our observations, H. anthracinus does not appear observed of males displaying on the plants. In to maintain territorial claim fidelity on leaves for addition, males were seen flying and following long periods of time like H. alcyoneus on Bank- females over coral rubble areas. Females flew low sia inflorescences (Alcock and Houston 1987). over the ground, landed, and often searched holes It is notable about the observation that and cavities in the coral, presumably for potential defending Hylaeus anthracinus males may ward brood sites. Cavities within coral rubble are often off rivals by directly orienting their head in the used as brooding chambers for Hylaeus direction of the individual. The presence of dis- anthracinus (Graham 2015). tinctive and diagnostic yellow or white markings Males did not appear to show aggressive be- on the faces of many Hylaeus species in the genus havior towards any other species present on plant suggests an adaptation, possibly to use in aggres- parts of Heliotropium foertherianum , including sive activities against rivals while in competition dolichopodid flies on leaves and non-native bee for resources or mates, particularly amongst taxa individuals of Apis , Ceratina , males. In addition, markings on the head of Lasioglossum ,andXylocopa feeding and/or Hylaeus species may be used to attract mates collecting
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