Biographies Found in the Journal of Chemical Education (Compiled from the JCE Database Search Engine Using Keyword “Biography”) ©Dr
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University of Oklahoma Graduate College
UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE SCIENCE IN THE AMERICAN STYLE, 1700 – 1800 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By ROBYN DAVIS M CMILLIN Norman, Oklahoma 2009 SCIENCE IN THE AMERICAN STYLE, 1700 – 1800 A DISSERTATION APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BY ________________________ Prof. Paul A. Gilje, Chair ________________________ Prof. Catherine E. Kelly ________________________ Prof. Judith S. Lewis ________________________ Prof. Joshua A. Piker ________________________ Prof. R. Richard Hamerla © Copyright by ROBYN DAVIS M CMILLIN 2009 All Rights Reserved. To my excellent and generous teacher, Paul A. Gilje. Thank you. Acknowledgements The only thing greater than the many obligations I incurred during the research and writing of this work is the pleasure that I take in acknowledging those debts. It would have been impossible for me to undertake, much less complete, this project without the support of the institutions and people who helped me along the way. Archival research is the sine qua non of history; mine was funded by numerous grants supporting work in repositories from California to Massachusetts. A Friends Fellowship from the McNeil Center for Early American Studies supported my first year of research in the Philadelphia archives and also immersed me in the intellectual ferment and camaraderie for which the Center is justly renowned. A Dissertation Fellowship from the Gilder Lehrman Institute for American History provided months of support to work in the daunting Manuscript Division of the New York Public Library. The Chandis Securities Fellowship from the Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens brought me to San Marino and gave me entrée to an unequaled library of primary and secondary sources, in one of the most beautiful spots on Earth. -
Chemistry and Spectroscopy of the Transition Metals
Chemistry and Spectroscopy of the Transition Metals • Structure of metal complexes • Oxidation states of metals • Color/Spectroscopy • Magnetic Properties • Chelate Effects • Electron Transfer Chemistry Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1913 Alfred Werner "in recognition of his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules by which he has thrown new light on earlier investigations and opened up new fields of research especially in inorganic chemistry” Zurich University Stereochemistry of Coordination Complexes Pt (NH3)2Cl2 Cl NH 3 NH3 Cl Pt Pt Cl NH Cl 3 NH3 Orange-Yellow Pale Yellow (dipole moment) No dipole (cis-platin) Inner Sphere vs Outer Sphere Coordination H3 H3 N N NH H N NH H3N 3 [Cl- ] 3 3 - Co 3 Co [Cl 2] H N NH3 H N NH3 [ 3 ] [ 3 ] N Cl H3 H3 H3 N N Cl H3N Cl H3N Co [Cl- ] Co [Cl-] H N Cl Cl NH3 [ 3 ] N [ N ] H3 H3 Transition Metal Chemistry • Multiple Oxidation States • Coordination Chemistry/Stereochemistry • Crystal Field Splitting: Optical and Magnetic Properties • Ligand Field Splitting: Spectrochemical Series • Distortion to Tetragonal, Square Planar • Ligand Field Stabilization Energy • Hard and Soft Acids and Bases • Chelate Effect • Stereochemical Control of Binding Affinity • Water Exchange • Electron Exchange Organization of Periodic Chart 1s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 5d 6p 7s 6d 4f 5f Shielding r2Ψ2 1s 3d 3p 3s Penetration: 3s > 3p > 3d r 3d orbitals are shielded and not exposed much; Outside world won’t know as much how many d e- there are Transition Metals Are Found in Several Oxidation States Charge to mass ratio - of ions: current e which passes through circuit divided by mass gained on electrode. -
The Lock-And-Key Analogy in 20Th Century Biochemistry
From: Rebecca Mertens The Construction of Analogy-Based Research Programs The Lock-and-Key Analogy in 20th Century Biochemistry April 2019, 224 p., pb., ill. 34,99 € (DE), 978-3-8376-4442-5 E-Book: PDF: 34,99 € (DE), ISBN 978-3-8394-4442-9 When the German chemist Emil Fischer presented his lock-and-key hypothesis in 1899, his analogy to describe the molecular relationship between enzymes and substrates quickly gained vast influence and provided future generations of scientists with a tool to investigate the relation between chemical structure and biological specificity. Rebecca Mertens explains the appeal of the lock-and-key analogy by its role in model building and in the construction of long-term, cross-generational research programs. She argues that a crucial feature of these research programs, namely ascertaining the continuity of core ideas and concepts, is provided by a certain way of analogy-based modelling. Rebecca Mertens (PhD), born in 1984, is a postdoctoral researcher in the history and philosophy of science at the University of Bielefeld, Germany. She works on the role of analogies, models and forms of comparison in the history of molecular genetics and is a member of the collaborative research program "Practices of ComparisonÚ Ordering and Changing the World". During her graduate and doctoral studies, she was a visiting scholar at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris and a visiting graduate fellow at the Minnesota Center for Philosophy of Science. For further information: www.transcript-verlag.de/en/978-3-8376-4442-5 © 2019 -
Annual Report of the Trustees of the Perkins Institution And
PUBLIC DOCUMENT. No. 27. FIFTIETH ANNUAL EEPOET THE TRUSTEES PERKINS INSTITUTION P;assitcljitsctts Btlpal hx tijc ^linb. FOR THE TEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 30, 1881. BOSTON: JSanB, Slberp, $c Co., Printers to tl)e Commontocaltf), 117 Franklin Street. 1882. — TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE Communication to the Secretary of State 4 Officers of the Corporation 5 Officers of the Institution 6 Members of the Corporation 7 Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Corporation .... 11 Keport of the Trustees 15 Present state of the School, p. 17. — Finances, p. 18. — Repairs and Improvements, p. 19. — Embossing Books for the Blind, p. 21. — The Printing Fund, p. 22. Work Department for Adults, p. 27. — Exhibits of the Work of the Institution, p. 28. — Semi-centennial Anniversary, p. 28. — Closing Remarks, p. 30. The Report of the Director 32 Number of Inmates, p. 33. — Sanitary Condition, p. 34. — Scope of the Education of the Blind, p. 35. — Literary Department, p. 36. — Kindergarten and Object- teaching, p. 38. — Music Department, p. 40. — Tuning Department, p. 43. — Tech- nical Department, p. 44. — Workshop for the Boys, p. 45. — Workrooms for the Girls, p. 46. — Department of Physical Training, p. 47. — Collections of Tangible Objects, Library, etc., p. 48. Historical Sketch of the Education of the Blind, p. 49. — Condition of the Blind in the past, p. 50. — Early Attempts at the Education of the Blind, p. 51. — Valen- tin Haiiy and the School at Paris, p. 61. — Schools for the Blind in Great Britain and Europe, p. 78. — Foundation of the New-England Institution, p. 81. -
William Albert Noyes
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES WILLIAM ALBERT NOYES 1857—1941 A Biographical Memoir by ROGER ADAMS Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. Biographical Memoir COPYRIGHT 1952 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES WASHINGTON D.C. WILLIAM ALBERT NOYES1 BY ROGER ADAMS William Albert Noyes was born November 6, 1857 on a farm near Independence, Iowa. He was the seventh generation of the Noyes family in America, being descended from Nicholas Noyes who came with his elder brother, James, from Choulder- ton, Wiltshire, in 1633. Their father had been a clergyman but had died before the sons left England. The two brothers settled first in Medford, Massachusetts but in 1655 moved to Newbury. Samuel, of the third generation in this direct line, moved to Abington about 1713 and there he and the succeeding generations lived for over one hundred and forty years. Spencer W. Noyes, the great grandson of Samuel, was ad- mitted as a student to Phillips Academy at Andover, Massachu- setts, March 21, 1837. He married Mary Packard-related to the famous family of shoe manufacturers-and they had three children when they left: Abington and migrated to Iowa in 185j. When the father with his family went west to open up a home- stead, he found conditions typical of the prairies and life was necessarily primitive. In the east he had been a cobbler by trade so had had little experience working the land. The early years were difficult ones because of the hard work in establishing a farm home, getting land into cultivation, raising food and storing sufficient for winter needs. -
The Early History of Catalysis
The Early History of Catalysis By Professor A. J. B. Robertson Department of Chemistry, King’s College, London One hundred and forty years ago it was Berzelius proceeded to propose the exist- possible for one man to prepare an annual ence of a new force which he called the report on the progress of the whole of “catalytic force” and he called “catalysis” the chemistry, and for many years this task was decomposition of bodies by this force. This undertaken by the noted Swedish chemist is probably the first recognition of catalysis J. J. Berzelius for the Stockholm Academy of as a wide-ranging natural phenomenon. Sciences. In his report submitted in 1835 and Metallic catalysts had in fact been used in published in 1836 Berzelius reviewed a num- the laboratory before 1800 by Joseph Priestley, ber of earlier findings on chemical change in the discoverer of oxygen, and by the Dutch both homogeneous and heterogeneous sys- chemist Martinus van Marum, both of whom tems, and showed that these findings could be made observations on the dehydrogenation of rationally co-ordinated by the introduction alcohol on metal catalysts. However, it seems of the concept of catalysis. In a short paper likely that these investigators regarded the summarising his ideas on catalysis as a new metal merely as a source of heat. In 1813, force, he wrote (I): Louis Jacques Thenard discovered that ammonia is decomposed into nitrogen and “It is, then, proved that several simple or compound bodies, soluble and insoluble, have hydrogen when passed over various red-hot the property of exercising on other bodies an metals, and ten years later, with Pierre action very different from chemical affinity. -
The Rare Earths II
Redis co very of the Elements The Ra re Earth s–The Con fusing Years I A gallery of rare earth scientists and a timeline of their research I I James L. Marshall, Beta Eta 1971 , and Virginia R. Marshall, Beta Eta 2003 , Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203-5070, [email protected] The rare earths after Mosander. In the pre - vi ou s HEXAGON “Rediscovery” article, 1p we were introduced to the 17 rare earths, found in the f-block and the Group III chemical family of Figure 1. Important scientists dealing with rare earths through the nineteenth century. Johan Gadolin the Periodic Table. Because of a common (1760 –1852) 1g —discovered yttrium (1794). Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1779 –1848) and Martin Heinrich valence electron configuration, the rare earths Klaproth (1743 –1817) 1d —discovered cerium (1803). Carl Gustaf Mosander (1787 –1858) 1p —discovered have similar chemical properties, and their lanthanum (1839), didymium (1840), terbium, and erbium (1843). Jean-Charles deGalissard Marignac chemical separation from one another can be (1817 –1894) 1o —discovered ytterbium (1878) and gadolinium (1880). Per Teodor Cleve (1840 –1905) 1n — difficult. From preparations of the first two rare discovered holmium and thulium (1879). Lars Fredrik Nilson (1840 –1899) 1n —discovered scandium earth element s—yttrium and ceriu m—the (1879). Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran (1838 –1912) —discovered samarium (1879) and dysprosium Swedish chemist Carl Gustaf Mosander (Figure (1886). 1b Carl Auer von Welsbach (1858 –1929) 1c —discovered praseodymium and neodymium (1885); 1, 2) was able to separate four additional ele - co-discovered lutetium (1907). -
Valentine from a Telegraph Clerk to a Telegraph Clerk
Science Museum Group Journal Technologies of Romance: Valentine from a Telegraph Clerk ♂ to a Telegraph Clerk ♀: the material culture and standards of early electrical telegraphy Journal ISSN number: 2054-5770 This article was written by Elizabeth Bruton 10-08-2019 Cite as 10.15180; 191201 Discussion Technologies of Romance: Valentine from a Telegraph Clerk ♂ to a Telegraph Clerk ♀: the material culture and standards of early electrical telegraphy Published in Autumn 2019, Issue 12 Article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15180/191201 Keywords electrical telegraphy, poetry, scientific instruments, James Clerk Maxwell Valentine from A Telegraph Clerk ♂ to a Telegraph Clerk ♀, by JC Maxwell, 1860 The tendrils of my soul are twined With thine, though many a mile apart. And thine in close coiled circuits wind Around the needle of my heart. Constant as Daniell, strong as Grove. Ebullient throughout its depths like Smee, My heart puts forth its tide of love, And all its circuits close in thee. O tell me, when along the line From my full heart the message flows, What currents are induced in thine? One click from thee will end my woes. Through many an Ohm the Weber flew, And clicked this answer back to me; I am thy Farad staunch and true, Charged to a Volt with love for thee Component DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15180/191201/001 Introduction In 1860, renowned natural philosopher (now referred to as a ‘scientist’ or, more specifically in the case of Clerk Maxwell, a ‘physicist’) James Clerk Maxwell wrote ‘Valentine from a Telegraph Clerk ♂ [male] to a Telegraph Clerk ♀ [female]’ (Harman, 2001).[1] The short poem was a slightly tongue-in-cheek ode to the romance of the electric telegraph littered with references to manufacturers of batteries used in electrical telegraphy around this time such as John Daniell, Alfred Smee, and William Grove and electrical units (now SI derived units) such as Ohm, Weber, Farad and Volt (Mills, 1995). -
Chemistry of the D-Block Elements Chemistry of the D-Block Elements
Chemistry of the d-Block Elements History: Louis Nicolas Vauquelin 16. Mai 1763 – 14. Nov. 1829 Leopold Gmelin 2. Aug. 1788 – 13. Apr. 1853 Chemistry of the d-Block Elements History: H3N NH3 Cl Cl Pd Pd NH H3N 3 Cl Cl Louis Nicolas Vauquelin 1813 CN NC CN CoIII NC CN Gmelin 1822 NC 1 Chemistry of the d-Block Elements History: 1844: Peyrone’s Chloride 1844: Reiset [PtCl2(NH3)2] -- note! same formula! -- [PtCl2(NH3)2] ! (isomers are super-important in chemistry!) Chemistry of the d-Block Elements cis- and trans- Platinum Isomers: Serendipity in Chemistry Cisplatin was approved by the FDA for the treatment of genitourinary tumors in 1978. Since then, Michigan State has collected over $160 million in royalties from cisplatin and a related drug, carboplatin, which Prof. Barnett Rosenberg, MSU was approved by the FDA in 1989 (Prof. S.J. Lippard, MIT) for the treatment of ovarian cancers. "Testicular cancer went from a disease that normally killed about 80% of the patients, to one which is close to 95% curable. This is Newest generation: probably the most exciting development in the treatment of cancers that we have had in the past 20 years. It is now the O treatment of first choice in ovarian, bladder, and osteogenic sarcoma [bone] cancers as well." O NH3 —Barnett Rosenberg, who led the research group that discovered Pt cisplatin, commenting on the impact of cisplatin in cancer chemotherapy O NH3 O carboplatin 2 Chemistry of the d-Block Elements Cisplatin acts by cross-linking DNA in several different ways, making it impossible for rapidly dividing cells to duplicate their DNA for mitosis. -
Sterns Lebensdaten Und Chronologie Seines Wirkens
Sterns Lebensdaten und Chronologie seines Wirkens Diese Chronologie von Otto Sterns Wirken basiert auf folgenden Quellen: 1. Otto Sterns selbst verfassten Lebensläufen, 2. Sterns Briefen und Sterns Publikationen, 3. Sterns Reisepässen 4. Sterns Züricher Interview 1961 5. Dokumenten der Hochschularchive (17.2.1888 bis 17.8.1969) 1888 Geb. 17.2.1888 als Otto Stern in Sohrau/Oberschlesien In allen Lebensläufen und Dokumenten findet man immer nur den VornamenOt- to. Im polizeilichen Führungszeugnis ausgestellt am 12.7.1912 vom königlichen Polizeipräsidium Abt. IV in Breslau wird bei Stern ebenfalls nur der Vorname Otto erwähnt. Nur im Emeritierungsdokument des Carnegie Institutes of Tech- nology wird ein zweiter Vorname Otto M. Stern erwähnt. Vater: Mühlenbesitzer Oskar Stern (*1850–1919) und Mutter Eugenie Stern geb. Rosenthal (*1863–1907) Nach Angabe von Diana Templeton-Killan, der Enkeltochter von Berta Kamm und somit Großnichte von Otto Stern (E-Mail vom 3.12.2015 an Horst Schmidt- Böcking) war Ottos Großvater Abraham Stern. Abraham hatte 5 Kinder mit seiner ersten Frau Nanni Freund. Nanni starb kurz nach der Geburt des fünften Kindes. Bald danach heiratete Abraham Berta Ben- der, mit der er 6 weitere Kinder hatte. Ottos Vater Oskar war das dritte Kind von Berta. Abraham und Nannis erstes Kind war Heinrich Stern (1833–1908). Heinrich hatte 4 Kinder. Das erste Kind war Richard Stern (1865–1911), der Toni Asch © Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland 2018 325 H. Schmidt-Böcking, A. Templeton, W. Trageser (Hrsg.), Otto Sterns gesammelte Briefe – Band 1, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55735-8 326 Sterns Lebensdaten und Chronologie seines Wirkens heiratete. -
Antibodies with Some Bite Antibodies Have Yet to Be Determined, It Is Reasonable to Suppose That the Ester Or David E
-~-------------------------------------N8NSANDVIEWS----------------_N_A_TU_R_E_V-O_L_._32_5_22_J_A_N_U_A_RY__ 19~87 Enzyme catalysis kinetics and is subject to competitive inhibition. Although the detailed chemical mechanisms of these catalytic Antibodies with some bite antibodies have yet to be determined, it is reasonable to suppose that the ester or David E. Hansen carbamate is strained towards a tetra hedral geometry on binding, thus facilitat THE spectacular specificities and rate William Jencks', more directly, stated in ing the attack of the hydroxide ion. Fur enhancements of enzymes are without 1969 thermore, the Scripps group has already equal among all known catalysts. It is no If complementarity between active site and found that their antibody can act via both wonder then that the design of new en transition state contributes significantly to nucleophilic and general base catalysis, zymes has long been a goal of biochemists. enzyme catalysis, it should be possible to syn depending on the substrate used. Now two independent groups, one led by thesize an enzyme by constructing a binding The fact that this approach succeeded at Alfonso Tramontano and Richard Lerner site. One way to do this is to prepare an anti all gives great hope to those attempting to of the Scripps Clinic and Research Foun body to a haptenic group which resembles the isolate even more efficient antibody cat dation', and the other by Peter Schultz of transition state of a given reaction. The com alysts by this and by other strategies. In the University of California at Berkeley\ bining sites of such antibodies should be com addition, it may be possible to modify have taken steps towards this goal by plementary to the transition state and should cause an acceleration by forcing bound sub existing catalytic antibodies. -
Cavendish the Experimental Life
Cavendish The Experimental Life Revised Second Edition Max Planck Research Library for the History and Development of Knowledge Series Editors Ian T. Baldwin, Gerd Graßhoff, Jürgen Renn, Dagmar Schäfer, Robert Schlögl, Bernard F. Schutz Edition Open Access Development Team Lindy Divarci, Georg Pflanz, Klaus Thoden, Dirk Wintergrün. The Edition Open Access (EOA) platform was founded to bring together publi- cation initiatives seeking to disseminate the results of scholarly work in a format that combines traditional publications with the digital medium. It currently hosts the open-access publications of the “Max Planck Research Library for the History and Development of Knowledge” (MPRL) and “Edition Open Sources” (EOS). EOA is open to host other open access initiatives similar in conception and spirit, in accordance with the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the sciences and humanities, which was launched by the Max Planck Society in 2003. By combining the advantages of traditional publications and the digital medium, the platform offers a new way of publishing research and of studying historical topics or current issues in relation to primary materials that are otherwise not easily available. The volumes are available both as printed books and as online open access publications. They are directed at scholars and students of various disciplines, and at a broader public interested in how science shapes our world. Cavendish The Experimental Life Revised Second Edition Christa Jungnickel and Russell McCormmach Studies 7 Studies 7 Communicated by Jed Z. Buchwald Editorial Team: Lindy Divarci, Georg Pflanz, Bendix Düker, Caroline Frank, Beatrice Hermann, Beatrice Hilke Image Processing: Digitization Group of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Cover Image: Chemical Laboratory.