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Genome-Wide Meta-Analysis Uncovers Novel Loci Influencing Circulating Leptin Levels

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Genome-Wide Meta-Analysis Uncovers Novel Loci Influencing Circulating Leptin Levels UC San Diego UC San Diego Previously Published Works Title Genome-wide meta-analysis uncovers novel loci influencing circulating leptin levels. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8bf0d83w Journal Nature communications, 7(1) ISSN 2041-1723 Authors Kilpeläinen, Tuomas O Carli, Jayne F Martin Skowronski, Alicja A et al. Publication Date 2016-02-01 DOI 10.1038/ncomms10494 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California ARTICLE Received 15 Jun 2015 | Accepted 16 Dec 2015 | Published 1 Feb 2016 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10494 OPEN Genome-wide meta-analysis uncovers novel loci influencing circulating leptin levels Tuomas O. Kilpela¨inen et al.# Leptin is an adipocyte-secreted hormone, the circulating levels of which correlate closely with overall adiposity. Although rare mutations in the leptin (LEP) gene are well known to cause leptin deficiency and severe obesity, no common loci regulating circulating leptin levels have been uncovered. Therefore, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of circulating leptin levels from 32,161 individuals and followed up loci reaching Po10 À 6 in 19,979 additional individuals. We identify five loci robustly associated (Po5 Â 10 À 8) with leptin levels in/near LEP, SLC32A1, GCKR, CCNL1 and FTO. Although the association of the FTO obesity locus with leptin levels is abolished by adjustment for BMI, associations of the four other loci are independent of adiposity. The GCKR locus was found associated with multiple metabolic traits in previous GWAS and the CCNL1 locus with birth weight. Knockdown experiments in mouse adipose tissue explants show convincing evidence for adipogenin, a regulator of adipocyte differentiation, as the novel causal gene in the SLC32A1 locus influencing leptin levels. Our findings provide novel insights into the regulation of leptin production by adipose tissue and open new avenues for examining the influence of variation in leptin levels on adiposity and metabolic health. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to T.O.K. (email: [email protected]) or to R.J.F.L. (email: [email protected]). #A full list of authors and their affiliations appears at the end of the paper. NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | 7:10494 | DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10494 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications 1 ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10494 eptin is an adipocyte-secreted hormone that influences Two loci, near the LEP and SLC32A1 genes, reached long-term regulation of energy homeostasis by informing genome-wide significance (Po5 Â 10 À 8) in the BMI-adjusted Lthe brain about the amount of stored body fat1,2. Circulating meta-analysis of men and women combined (Table 1). leptin levels correlate closely with measures of adiposity, such as To confirm these associations and to identify additional body fat mass and body mass index (BMI)3. Yet, at any given level leptin-associated loci, we took forward all independent (pairwise of adiposity, there is substantial variation in circulating leptin distance 4500 kb and r2o0.1) SNPs reaching Po10 À 6 with levels4, of which estimated 30–50% is explained by genetic leptin levels with or without adjustment for BMI in meta-analyses factors5–7. of all individuals combined, men only or women only, for Rare homozygous loss-of-function mutations in the follow-up in stage 2 (Supplementary Tables 2–4). leptin-encoding gene (LEP) cause leptin deficiency that leads to hyperphagia and severe obesity, which can be corrected by Stage 2 follow-up in 19,979 individuals identifies five loci.We exogenous leptin administration8. Leptin-deficient children examined the associations of the loci taken forward from stage 1 are born with a normal birth weight but exhibit rapid weight in up to 19,979 additional individuals of European descent from gain in the first few months of life. They show marked 13 studies (Supplementary Table 5). All studies performed the abnormalities of T-cell number and function, and have high same association analyses as described in Stage 1; that is, with and rates of childhood infection9. Hypothalamic hypothyroidism is without adjustment for BMI and in men and women present, characterized by a low free thyroxine and high serum combined, as well as separately. Finally, after performing a joint thyroid-stimulating hormone levels10. Pubertal development meta-analysis of the stage 1 and stage 2 results, five independent generally does not occur due to hypogonadotropic SNPs reached genome-wide significance (P 5 Â 10 À 8)in hypogonadism10. Individuals heterozygous for leptin mutations o the combined meta-analyses of men and women (Table 1). In the exhibit a partial leptin deficiency with higher body fat than BMI-adjusted meta-analysis, we confirmed genome-wide control individuals11. significant associations for the loci near LEP and SLC32A1, and Candidate gene studies, typically small in size, have reported identified an additional locus in GCKR. In the BMI-unadjusted associations of two common variants (A19G (rs2167270, meta-analysis, we identified two additional loci near CCNL1 minor allele frequency (MAF) 35%) and G2548A (rs7799039, and in FTO. A locus in COBLL1, previously identified for asso- MAF 49%)) in the promoter or 50-untranslated region of LEP ciation with BMI-adjusted waist–hip ratio (WHR )19, blood with circulating leptin levels in the general population, but these adjBMI triglycerides20 and risk of type 2 diabetes21, reached P ¼ 1 Â 10 À 6 results are inconclusive12–16. The same LEP variants have been with BMI-unadjusted leptin and P ¼ 2 Â 10 À 6 with studied for association with obesity, but a meta-analysis of the BMI-adjusted leptin levels, with the leptin-increasing allele published results (n ¼ 918 and n ¼ 2,174) found no A19G G2548A being associated with lower WHR , triglycerides and risk evidence of such association17. Candidate gene studies of LEP adjBMI of type 2 diabetes. were published before the human genome sequence was The estimated effects of five of the six loci (in/near LEP, extensively characterized and are therefore restricted to the SLC32A1, GCKR, CCNL1 or COBLL1) on leptin levels did not variants known at that time. Furthermore, although LEP is an markedly differ in magnitude between the BMI-unadjusted and obvious candidate, variants in other genes may also influence BMI-adjusted models, suggesting that these associations are not circulating leptin levels by regulating leptin production, secretion, mediated by adiposity per se (Fig. 1). In contrast, the association clearance or response. Identification of such leptin-regulating between the FTO locus and leptin levels was completely abolished genes could provide novel insights into mechanisms that regulate after adjusting for BMI, indicating that the association with leptin energy homeostasis and neuro-endocrine function1,2. is entirely mediated by the well-established association between In this study, we sought to identify genetic loci associated with FTO and BMI22 (Fig. 1). circulating leptin levels by a genome-wide meta-analysis. Given BMI is the most commonly used index of adiposity, but it is the strong correlation between leptin and adiposity, we also not a direct measure of adiposity and it does not distinguish examined genome-wide associations with circulating leptin levels between lean and fat body mass. To assess whether adjustment adjusted for BMI, to identify loci associated with leptin levels for a more direct measure of adiposity could enhance our ability independent of BMI. to identify adiposity-independent loci, we performed secondary analyses in 13 studies that had data on both BMI and body fat Results percentage assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry or bioimpedance analysis (n ¼ 18,980 or 59% of stage 1 sample). Stage 1 genome-wide meta-analysis in 32,161 individuals.We The analysis showed no marked differences in the effect sizes first performed a meta-analysis of the results from genome-wide between the BMI and body fat percentage-adjusted results for the associations between B2.5 million genotyped and leptin-associated LEP, SLC32A1, CCNL1, GCKR, COBLL1 and HapMap-imputed single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and FTO loci (Supplementary Table 6), suggesting that adjustment for circulating leptin levels, including up to 32,161 individuals of BMI as compared with a more direct measure of adiposity did not European descent from 23 studies (Supplementary Table 1). After compromise our ability to identify adiposity-independent leptin- logarithmic transformation that normalized the distribution of associated loci. leptin levels and adjusting for age and sex, we carried out asso- ciation analyses within each study and subsequently meta-analysed the study-specific results. To identify loci Effects on other traits and potential functional roles. We took associated with circulating leptin levels independently of forward the genome-wide significant leptin loci near LEP, near adiposity, we performed a meta-analysis of genome-wide SLC32A1,inGCKR and near CCNL1, to examine their associations in which we additionally adjusted for BMI. associations with obesity-related and metabolic traits and to more We also performed secondary genome-wide meta-analyses directly assess their putative roles in the control of circulating in men (n ¼ 13,363) and women (n ¼ 18,698) separately, as leptin. We also took forward the locus near COBLL1, given its 19 women generally have higher leptin levels than men, primarily robust association with WHRadjBMI , even though it just due to larger percentage of body fat and greater subcutaneous fat missed the genome-wide significance threshold for association storage18. with BMI-adjusted and BMI-unadjusted leptin levels (Table 1). 2 NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | 7:10494 | DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10494 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10494 ARTICLE Table 1 | Meta-analysis results in men and women combined for the genome-wide significant leptin-associated loci and for the locus in COBLL1. SNP Nearest gene Chr:Position Effect/other allele EAF Leptin unadjusted for BMI Leptin adjusted for BMI Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 1 þ 2 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 1 þ 2 PI2 NPI2 N b s.e.
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