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Indian Mathematician O Born in Kerala, He Completed His Studies at the University of Nalanda O He Found Lengths of Chords of Circles

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Indian Mathematician O Born in Kerala, He Completed His Studies at the University of Nalanda O He Found Lengths of Chords of Circles III SEMESTER B.COM/BBA 3.8 SCIENCE AND SOCIETY Study Material Prepared By, Department of Commerce / Department of Business Administration 1 SYLLABUS Sl.no Name of the unit Pg. No 1 Introduction to Science 3 2 Modern Science and Its 30 Impact on Societies 3 Science, Life and 36 Livelihoods 2 UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE Some other common definitions of science: Systematized knowledge in general Any of the branches of natural or physical sciences A particular branch of knowledge The word Science comes from Latin word "scientia" meaning "knowledge" and in broadest sense it is any systematic knowledge-base or prescriptive practice being capable of resulting in prediction. Facets of Science: 1. Science is both a body of knowledge and a process 2. Science is exciting 3. Science is useful 4. Science is ongoing 5. Science is a global human endeavor HISTORY OF GREEK SCIENCE GREEK SCIENCE is strongly associated with Athens, because of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Aristotle inaugurates scientific zoology in his reliance on careful observation. He is particularly acute in his study of marine life, having much to say on the habits of fishes, the development of the octopus family, and the nature of whales, dolphins and porpoises. He is also a pioneer in attempting a system of classification. Observing an unbroken chain of gradual developments, as the life of plants shades into that of animals, he acknowledges the complexity of the subject and seems almost to glimpse the pattern of evolution. 3 Science 16th century 1543 – Copernicus: heliocentric model 1543 – Vesalius: pioneering research into human anatomy 1552 – Michael Servetus: early research in Europe into pulmonary circulation 1555 – Vesalius: no holes exist. And blood cannot pass from one side to another. 1570s – Tycho Brahe: detailed astronomical observations. Accurate position of stars. 1572-Brahe saw new star Nova. 1600 – William Gilbert: Earth's magnetic field Science 17th century 1609 – Johannes Kepler: first two laws of planetary motion 1610 – Galileo Galilei: SidereusNuncius: telescopic observations 1628 – William Harvey: Blood circulation. Also he realized that heart is pump. 1638 - Galileo Galilei: laws of falling body 1632-Galileo published book ―Dialogue concerning the Two chief World Sytems.‖ 1634--Galileo published book about mechanics ―Dialogue concerning Two new science.‖ 1656- Christiaan Huygens made first pendulum clock. 1658-Jan Swammerdam: observed red blood corpuscles. 1661-Marcello Malpighi discovered capillaries 1661-Robert Boyle published the skeptical chemist,laid foundation of modern chemistry. 1662 – Robert Boyle: Boyle's law of ideal gas 1665 - Robert Hooke: Discovers the Cell in his book Micrographia 1669 – Jan Swammerdam: Species breed true 1672 – Sir Isaac Newton: discovers that white light is a spectrum of a mixture of distinct colored rays 1673 - Christiaan Huygens: first study of oscillating system and design of pendulum clocks 1675 – Anton van Leeuwenhoek: Observes Microorganisms by Microscope 1676 – Ole Rømer: first measurement of the speed of light 1687 – Sir Isaac Newton: Classical Mathematical description of the fundamental force of universal gravitation and the three physical laws of motion 1687 – Sir Isaac Newton: published PhilosophiaeNaturalis principia Mathematica 4 Science 18th century 1746-Petrus van Musschenbroekinvented a way of storing electricity called ―Leiden Jar”. 1750 – Joseph Black: describes latent heat 1751 – Benjamin Franklin: Lightning is electrical 1751- Axel Cronstedt discovered nickel. 1752- Benjamin Franklin proved that lightning is form of electricity. 1756- Joseph Black discovered carbon-di-oxide. 1766- Henry Cavendish isolated hydrogen and studied its properties. 1772-Danniel Rutherford discovered nitrogen. 1778 – Antoine Lavoisier (and Joseph Priestley): discovery of oxygen leading to end of Phlogiston theory 1781 – William Herschel announces discovery of Uranus, expanding the known boundaries of the solar system for the first time in modern history 1784-John Goodrick discovered variable stars. 1785- James Hutton published his book ― theory of earth‖ 1786-Caroline Herschel became first women to discover comet. Science 19th century 1800 – Alessandro Volta: discovers electrochemical series and invents the battery 1802 – Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: teleological evolution 1803-1805-John Dalton published his atomic theory. 1819-1820 – Hans Christian Ørsted discovers that a current passed through a wire will deflect the needle of a compass, establishing a deep relationship between electricity and magnetism (electromagnetism). 1824 – Carnot: described the Carnot cycle, the idealized heat engine 1830- Charles Lyell published book Principles of geology 1831 – Michael Faraday discovers electromagnetic induction 1843 – James Prescott Joule: Law of Conservation of energy (First law of thermodynamics), also 1847 – Helmholtz, Conservation of energy 1846 – William Morton: discovery of anesthesia 1846 – Johann Gottfried Galle and Heinrich Louis d'Arrest: discovery of Neptune 1851-Helmholtz invented the ophthalmoscope. 1859 – Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace: Theory of evolution by natural selection 1861 - Louis Pasteur: Germ theory 1865 – Gregor Mendel: Mendel's laws of inheritance, basis for genetics 5 1869 – Dmitri Mendeleev: Periodic table 1896 – Henri Becquerel discovers radioactivity 1898 – Marie Curie discovers polonium, radium, and coins the term "radioactivity" 1900 – Max Planck: Planck's law of black body radiation, basis for quantum theory Note: energy is exchanged in packets called quantum. REVOLUTION IN PHYSICS Revolution: a. The movement of an orbiting celestial object, as a star or planet, completely around another object b. Apparent movement of the sun and stars around the earth c. The time taken for a body to go around an orbit and return to its original position About Copernicus: Copernicus: Nicolas Copernicus developed the heliocentric model of the universe. This states that the sun is the center, and that the earth revolves around it. Despite his calculations, many scholars disagree with his theories and continue to believe in the geocentric model proposed by the ancient Greek Ptolemy1500 years earlier. Explanation to Copernicus universe The major features of Copernican theory are: 1. Heavenly motions are uniform, eternal, and circular or compounded of several circles (epicycles). 2. The center of the universe is near the Sun. 3. Around the Sun, in order, are Mercury, Venus, Earth and Moon, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and the fixed stars. 4. The Earth has three motions: daily rotation, annual revolution, and annual tilting of its axis. 5. The distance from the Earth to the Sun is small compared to the distance to the stars. 6. The Earth is just another planet (the third outward from the Sun). 7. The stars are distant objects that do not revolve around the Sun. 8. The Earth is assumed to rotate once in 24 hours. 6 GALILEO GALILEI Galileo‘s groundbreaking inventions and discoveries earned him the title "father of modern science, father of modern observational astronomy, father of science, father of modern physics Galileo's most original contributions to science were in mechanics: He helped clarify concepts of acceleration, velocity, and instantaneous motion. Galileo's effect on Astronomy Galileo did not invent the telescope (known since at least 1590). It was invented by Hans Lippershey Using the newly invented telescope, Galileo discovered The four large moons of Jupiter (evidence that the solar system contained bodies that did not orbit Earth), The phases of Venus (the first observational evidence not properly explained by the Ptolemaic theory) and The rotation of the Sun about a fixed axis as indicated by the apparent annual variation in the motion of sunspots; ―The Starry Messenger‖ made Galileo a celebrity in Italy. Galileo was first one to : See Craters on moon See Phases of Venus Satellites of Jupiter Others independently used telescopes on celestial objects at nearly the same time. Galileo had the best publicity. Galileo‟s work: Experiments in Motion Among Galileo's contributions to physics is The law of falling bodies, which states that objects fall at the same speed regardless of weight or shape. Galileo also first developed the concept of inertia -- the idea that an object remains in rest or in motion until acted on by another force -- which became the basis for one of Isaac Newton's laws of motion. 7 Points to remember in Revolution in physics: Anaximander: Introduced Aperion endless or unlimited primordial mass, which is the source of all things and responsible for gneisses and decay. Heraclitus : Is the philosopher of everything flows . o He questioned about senses which shows different world to each individual. Empedocles : Described the mystery of universal regularities poisted four eternal and unaltered elements producing phenomena of changing things. Farady : Explained induction law on 1832. Kepler 3rd law formula : u2 R = K. u is the velocity of planet and R is distance from sun and k is constant. Newton formula : mu2 /R = GM = K,since M is the mass of sun .G is proportionality factor. J.vonSoldner : German mathematician ,in 1801 confirmed corpuscular theory by computing the trajectory of a corpuscle of light that passes close to periphery to sun. Dalton : Individuals substance cannot be further be broken down to chemical methods. Becquerel : Discovered in 1896 that heavy atoms are unstable. Thomson :
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