History of Analytical Chetnistry

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History of Analytical Chetnistry Ferenc Szabadväry National Museum for Science and Technology Budapest, Hungary Translated from the Hungarian by Gyula Svehla Queen's University Belfast, Northern Iretand Gordon and Breach Science Publishers Switzerland Australia Belgium France Germany Great Britain India Japan Malaysia Netherlands Russia Singapore USA CONTENTS PREFACE ix I. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY IN ANTIQUITY 1 1. Ancient sdence 1 2. The origin of chemistry 3 3. The earliest knowledge of analysis 5 Notes and references 8 II. KNOWLEDGE OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY IN THE MIDDLE AGES 9 1. Alchemy 9 2. Knowledge of analysis 13 Notes and references 20 III. ANALYTICAL KNOWLEDGE DURING THE PERIOD OF IATROCHEMISTRY 21 1. The clarification of chemical concepts 21 2. The beginning of analysis in aqueous Solutions .... 26 3. Robert Boyle 35 Notes and references 40 IV. THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY DURING THE PHLOGISTON PERIOD 42 1. The phlogiston theory 42 2. The blow-pipe 50 3. Further light on reactions in Solution 55 4. The beginnings of gas analysis 62 5. Torbern Bergman 71 Notes and references 81 v VI CONTENTS V. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF CHEMISTRY 85 1. Quantitative analysis before Lavoisier 85 2. The principle of the indestructibility of matter . 90 3. Stoichiometry 97 Notes and references 111 VI. THE PERIOD OF BERZELIUS 114 1. The recognition of the composition of minerals . 114 2. The life and personality of Berzelius 125 3. The establishment of atomic weights 139 4. The State of analytical chemistry in the age of Berzelius 144 5. The first analytical textbooks 150 Notes and references 156 VII. FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS IN QUALITATIVE AND GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS 161 1. Introduction of systematic tests for the ions .... 161 2. Gravimetrie analysis 174 3. Microanalysis 185 Notes and references 192 VIII. VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS 197 1. Ancient history of titrimetry 197 2. From Descroizilles to Gay-Lussac 208 3. From Gay-Lussac to Mohr 227 4. Friedrich Mohr 237 5. The development of titrimetric analysis be fore the introduction of synthetic indicators 250 6. Development of indicators 257 7. The development of titrimetric analysis up to the present day 265 Notes and references 271 IX. ELEMENTARY ORGANIC ANALYSIS 284 1. From Lavoisier to Liebig 284 2. From Liebig to Pregl 290 Notes and references 305 X. ELECTROGRAVIMETRY 309 Notes and references 316 CONTENTS VÜ XI. OFTICAL METHODS 318 1. Preliminaries of spectroscopy 318 2. Kirchhoff and Bunsen 324 3. Further development of spectrum analysis 333 4. Colorimetry 337 Notes and references 344 XII. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE THEORY OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 349 1. The development of physical chemistry 349 2. Wilhelm Ostwald 353 3. Development of the concept of pH 361 4. Theory of titration 365 Notes and references 371 XIII. ELECTROMETRIC ANALYSIS 375 1. The measurement of pH 375 2. Potentiometrie titration 378 3. Conductometric titrations 383 4. Polarography 384 Notes and references 387 XIV. OTHER METHODS OF ANALYSIS 390 1. Radiochemical analysis 390 2. Chromatography 393 3. Ion exchange 397 Notes and references 399 AUTHOR INDEX 403 SUBJECT INDEX 411 .

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