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Quantum Dot Metrics for Preparative Chemistry and Fluorescence Applications Yi Shen University of South Carolina

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Quantum Dot Metrics for Preparative Chemistry and Fluorescence Applications Yi Shen University of South Carolina University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Theses and Dissertations 6-30-2016 Quantum Dot Metrics for Preparative Chemistry and Fluorescence Applications Yi Shen University of South Carolina Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd Part of the Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Shen, Y.(2016). Quantum Dot Metrics for Preparative Chemistry and Fluorescence Applications. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/3385 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you by Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. QUANTUM DOT METRICS FOR PREPARATIVE CHEMISTRY AND FLUORESCENCE APPLICATIONS by Yi Shen Bachelor of Science Nanjing University, 2010 Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry College of Arts and Sciences University of South Carolina 2016 Accepted by: Andrew B. Greytak, Major Professor Richard D. Adams, Committee Member Brian C. Benicewicz, Committee Member Christopher T. Williams, Committee Member Lacy Ford, Senior Vice Provost and Dean of Graduate Studies © Copyright by Yi Shen, 2016 All Rights Reserved. ii DEDICATION This work is dedicated to: My parents, Jin Shen & Xiaomei Song and My wife, Ying Zheng I love you all iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I always dreamed of this moment. When you have almost finished your study, you can sit down and spend some time to look back through the entire five years. It has been a great part of my life. I have learned a lot about knowledge, partnership and leadership. I have been supported by a lot of people from this big Carolina Family and I truly want to thank all of them. First and foremost, I want to express my greatest appreciation to my advisor Dr. Andrew B. Greytak. He is absolutely an ideal professor for a young ambitious chemist. He taught me not only what to do, but also how to think. I believe the hardest time of my PhD study was at the end of my second year when I decided to change my research focus from the electronic application of quantum dots to nanomaterials’ surface chemistry study. Andrew showed great patience during that period of time, and guided me to get started into a new area. I still remembered the first party we had in his house, he asked me “Have you seen Star Wars yet?”; I said “No.”; and then he said “Oh, come on, you should definitely watch it. This is America!” To be honest, I still have not finished watching the whole series yet, but I think I have found my Master Yoda. I want to acknowledge my committee group: Dr. Richard Adams, Dr. Brian Benicewicz and Dr. Christopher Williams. Dr. Adams is a great professor in class and role model for all the young chemists. The light from his office is always one of the biggest motivations for me to finish experiments at night. Dr. Benicewicz is a great collaborator iv and an extremely knowledgeable professor. The bioimaging work shown here would never have been possible without his insightful suggestions. Dr. Williams gave me a lot of advice during my proposal defense. It is a great honor to have these three professors as my committee members. I also want to give thanks to my collaborators Dr. Anand Viswanath, Warren Steckle from Dr. Benicewicz’s group and Dr. Xia Zhao from Dr. Qian Wang’s group. I learned a lot of polymer chemistry / biochemistry knowledge while working with them. I would like to appreciate the Greytak group members, who has provided tremendous help in the past five years. Dr. Rui Tan is an inorganic synthetic chemist / Matlab genius and he helped me a lot on the nanocrystal fabrication / Matlab coding. Megan Gee started to collaborate with me since the first day she joined the lab and has always been a great support in the past three years. I will always cherish the memory when we worked together to get reproducible results on the ITC machine. Stephen Roberts and Adam Roberge are two talented hardworking young graduate students. I really enjoyed working with both of them. Pravin Paudel, Bobby Barker and Preecha Kittikhunnatham worked on a different area in our group, but have provided a lot of suggestions during my PhD study. Christopher Pinion, Colin Johnson and Abigail Loszko are the undergraduates in our group, who have also contributed to the projects described below. As Andrew said, “Graduate school without a solid set of friends would be tough,” I want to give thanks and my great gratitude to my friends during my time at USC for all their help and friendship. To Haorui Wu, Jiuyang Zhang, Yu Feng, Weiwei Xu, Xueyang Li, Ping Li, Lanlan Meng, Li Wang, Bing Gu, Qingfeng Zhang, Lichao Sun, Kangming Xie, Guangfang Li, Tian Zhang and Sahan Salpage. It is your unlimited help and v encouragement that have supported me to overcome a lot of difficulties. To Dr. Soumitra Ghoshroy and Dr. Jibin Zhao, I gained a lot under your kind guidance when I worked at the Electron Microscopy Center. I also want to express my appreciation to Ryan Chen, Helen Wang and Yijia Zhao. They are my friends from Business School and they showed me another direction to look at the world. Finally, I would like to thank my parents, Jin Shen and Xiaomei Song. They are the best parents in the world. My father shared a lot of extremely valuable suggestions he gained during his PhD study and I believe I will be benefitting from his words for my entire life. My mother has a unique way to guide me with her wisdom to experience my own road since I was a child, and the method is still functioning well. Without their unconditional love and support, none of this would be possible. My wife, Ying Zheng, is the most amazing person that I have ever known. She is always my best friend and my cheer leader. Her support and encouragement are undeniably the building block for my PhD study. Our marriage is the greatest happiness and accomplishment I have ever had. vi ABSTRACT Colloidal semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are considered to be a promising candidate for bio-imaging and solar cells because of their extraordinary photo-physical properties. The ultimate goal of this dissertation is to design a reliable matrix and a reproducible method to prepare QDs-based biocompatible probe for fluorescence applications. Synthesis of quantum dots requires a large amount of ligands to improve the stability at high temperature. However, for further application and surface modification of QDs, excess ligands must be removed. In this dissertation, I will first describe using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) as a media to purify different types of QDs. A more systematic study of the tolerance of the GPC purification method against other nanocrystal materials will also be addressed. I will further demonstrate that GPC can be used as a reactor to perform solvent change and ligand exchange reactions with QDs. With the help of GPC purification technique, well-isolated and characterized nanomaterials are prepared to study the sequential chemistry of QDs. I specifically study the effect of neutral ligands on the photo-physical properties of the QDs and their influence on the inorganic surface overcoating (shell growth) reaction. This information is essential in preparing bio- compatible QDs with high brightness and long term stability. The GPC purified QDs have also been used to perform surface modification reactions with a range of polymeric imidazole ligands (PILs). The PIL capped QDs display colloidal stability, low toxicity and non-specific binding, and high brightness in aqueous solution. Measles virus, a model vii envelope virus, has been labeled by these bio-compatible QDs and retained its infectious ability against host cells. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication .......................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledge ..................................................................................................................... iv Abstract ............................................................................................................................. vii List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... xi List of Figures ................................................................................................................... xii Chapter 1: Introduction to semiconductor quantum dots .....................................................1 1.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................1 1.2 Synthesis of quantum dots ....................................................................................2 1.3 Surface modification of quantum dots .................................................................6 1.4 Quantum dots in bioimaging applications ............................................................7 1.5 Thesis overview ....................................................................................................8 Chapter 2: Advances in the use of gel permeation chromatography (GPC) to nanocrystals: purification, solvent change and surface modification ......................................................10 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................10 2.2 Purification of CdSe and CdSe/CdZnS QDs ......................................................13
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