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Phytosanitary Practices of Apple Growers in the Ifrane Province of the Middle Atlas of Morocco and Perspectives of Improvement

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Phytosanitary Practices of Apple Growers in the Ifrane Province of the Middle Atlas of Morocco and Perspectives of Improvement Revue Marocaine de Protection des Plantes, 2019, N° 13: 19-33 Phytosanitary practices of apple growers in the Ifrane province of the Middle Atlas of Morocco and perspectives of improvement. Pratiques phytosanitaires des pomiculteurs de la province d’Ifrane au Moyen Atlas du Maroc et perspectives d’amélioration 1, 2 1 2 RAADA S. , MAZOUZ H. , BOULIF M. 1Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco 2National School of Agriculture, Meknes, Morocco SUMMARY This study consisted of a survey of the phytosanitary practices of apple growers in the Ifrane province of the Middle Atlas of Morocco during the 2014-2015 growing season, in order to improve them to protect the human health and preserve the environment. The results of the survey showed that farmers do not have clear and defined strategies to control the pests and diseases, with only 52% of the cases contending with following weather forecasts on media before deciding to apply pesticides. The remaining 48% have no surveillance plan and engage in pesticide sprays after they observe pests and diseases in their orchards. Furthermore, the spraying equipment shares not properly calibrated in about half of the cases, which could lead to more pesticide input in orchards. Pesticide applications varied from a minimum of 8 treatments in the least treated fram to a maximum of 25 in the most treated farm, thus bringing pesticide input from 25 kg of active ingredients/ha in the less treated orchard to over 70 kg a.i./ha in heavily treated orchards. This stresses the importance of farmer education to a more rational use of pesticides to preserve human health and the environement. Concerning pest resistance, 74% of the interviewed farmers declared alternating active ingredients to avoid pest resistance, the remaining 26 % contended with alternating commercial products. The majority of apple growers (78%) declared respecting the safety period separating the last pesticide application from fruit harvest, while 22% remain ignorant of this safety standard. Key words: Protection, apple, pesticides, Ifrane, Morocco. RESUME Cette étude consiste en une enquête sur les pratiques phytosanitaires des pomiculteurs de la province d'Ifrane dans le Moyen-Atlas du Maroc au cours de la campagne 2014-2015, afin de les améliorer en vue de protéger la santé humaine et préserver l'environnement. Les résultats de l'enquête ont montré que les agriculteurs n’ont pas de stratégies claires et définies pour lutter contre les parasites et les maladies. Seuls 52% des pomiculteurs se contentent de suivre les prévisions météorologiques sur les medias avant de décider d'appliquer des pesticides. Les 48% restants n'ont pas de plan de surveillance et pulvérisent les pesticides après avoir observé des parasites et des maladies dans leurs vergers. En outre les équipements de pulvérisation ne sont pas correctement étalonnés dans environ 50% des 19 Raada & al. cas, ce qui pourrait entraîner une plus grande quantité de pesticides dans les vergers ou un sous-dosage des produits appliqués. Le nombre de traitements pesticides variaient entre un minimum de 8 traitements dans la ferme la moins traitée et un maximum de 25 dans la ferme la plus traitée, portant ainsi l'apport en pesticides de 25 kg de matières actives / ha dans le verger moins traité encadrée par un ingénieur phytiatre, à plus de 70 kg de ma/ ha dans les vergers les plus traités et qui ne bénéficient pas du même encadrement. Cela souligne l'importance de l'éducation desagriculteurs pour une utilisation plus rationnelle des pesticides afin de préserver la santé humaine et l'environnement. Concernant la gestion de la résistance des parasites, 74% des agriculteurs interrogés ont déclaré alterner les matières actives pour éviter la résistance des parasites, les 26% restant se contentent d’alterner des produits commerciaux. La majorité des pomiculteurs (78%) ont déclaré respecter le délai avant récolte (DAR) tandis que 22% ignorent totalement cette norme de sécurité. Mots clés: Protection, pommiers, pesticides, Ifrane, Maroc. on the treated fruits residues that are INTRODUCTION harmful to human health and may accumulate in the environment causing In Morocco, apple orchards cover some unexpected harmful effects to natural 48.671 ha, producing 687,000 metric fauna and flora. This is why it is very tons of fresh apples for the 2015-2016 important to monitor the pesticide inputs agricultural campaign, with an average and study farmers’ phytosanitary yield of 17,8 tons/ ha. Apple growing practices in order to preserve consumers’ provides 3 million working days for local health as well as the environment. labor and generates a commercial value Consequently, the present study aimed to of 10 billion dirham (El Machhouri.A, characterize the phytosanitary practices 2017). The main production areas are used by apple growers in the middle located in the mountain areas of the Atlas of Morocco, with the purpose of Middle and High Atlas. comparing these practices to those applied in more advanced apple The rapid evolution of this crop during production systems in the world. It is the second half of the 20th century was hoped that this comparison will help accompanied by more frequent identify ways of improving the present occurrence of pest and disease problems, local practices in such a way to allow which weigh heavily at present on the apple growers to reduce their pesticide management of apple orchards and affect inputs and still generate acceptable negatively the yield of apple orchards income from their activity as well as and lowers the return on investment for protect the human health and the this activity. To prevent losses from pests environment. and diseases locally, apple growers have RESEARCH METHODOLOGY learned to use pesticides that have been developed by the chemical industry Area of study worldwide and proved effective in eliminating crop predators. However, The Ifrane province of the Middle Atlas heavy use of these pesticides may leave was chosen for this study as it represents 20 Revue Marocaine de Protection des Plantes, 2019, N° 13: 19-33 one of the major apple producing areas in 6. Safety period before harvest and Morocco. The soils of this province pesticide alternation; range from volcanic ash to Triassic clays 7. Pesticides use in post-harvest and from primary schist to alluvial handling and processing; deposits. The climate is Mediterranean 8. Farmer’s level of education characterized by harsh winters and cool 9. Farm ownership and farmers’ summers, due to an altitude ranging from management 1200 to 1600 meters above sea level. While, annual precipitation in the The survey was carried out throughout province varies, depending on location, the 2014-2015 growing season in 23 with an average greater than 600mm, farms located in different apple exceptional rainfall in some years may production areas of the Ifrane province. exceed 1000mm, making it more In each area, the choice of farms was favorable for fruit production. Snowfall based mainly on the availability of occurs sporadically from December to farmers to answer our questionnaire, April with variable snow heights ranging taking special care to cover the main from 20 to 60cm depending on year and apple production environments in the location. The minimum and maximum province. temperatures recorded during the past 10 years were respectively-24°C and +37°C. The data collected were organized in an These characteristics make of Ifrane excel table with lines allocated to the province an apple producing area by surveyed farms from 1 to 23 and the excellence. columns were allocated to the different criteria considered to describe each farm Inquiries with apple growers characteristics along with farmer’s phytosanitary practices. The data A questionnaire was developed to serve obtained were used to draw histograms as a guide in interviewing a number of to visualize the trends and draw apple growers selected in such a way as conclusions. to cover the diverse environments of apple production in the province. The RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS questionnaire was designed to collect the maximum of useful information on the The inquiries conducted in the 2014- phytosanitary practices applied by apple 2015 growing season revealed the growers as well as other related issues. occurrence of pests and diseases in apple The main questions addressed in the orchards, explaining why apple growers questionnaire were: resort to make massive use of pesticide applications in an effort to contain the 1. Farmer’s knowledge of main pests harmful organisms. In the following, we and diseases of apples; will present the findings of our research 2. Sanitation measures applied by for each of the criteria considered. farmer especially pruning and cleaning of orchards; 1. Farmer’s knowledge of pests and 3. Farmer’s strategy to control the most diseases of apples important pests and diseases; 4. The pesticides used and the rates Despite the diversity of applied; microenvironments in the Ifrane 5. Equipment used, its calibration and province, insects, mites and fungal maintenance; diseases attacked all of the 23 orchards 21 Raada & al. surveyed (Table 1). This is in and powdery mildew, bacterial fire blight accordance with earlier reports by Walali caused by Erwinia amylovora was also Loudyi and Skiredj (2003),Hmimina mentioned by farmers but not as (2007 and 2008), Bouhlal (2012) important as it is on pears. This survey andSekkat (2012).The main pests confirms that the most common pests recognized by farmers in descending and diseases occurring on apple trees in order are the coddling moth the Ifrane province are those occurring (Cydiapomonella), the aphids worldwide (Brunner et al. 2002, (Mysuspersicae and other aphid species) Garthwaite et al. 2014, Butault et al. and the mites (red and yellow mites). 2010). While the most common fungal diseases known to the farmers remain apple scab Table 1. Pests and diseases occurring in 23 apple orchards in 2015 in the Ifrane province of the Middle Atlas of Morocco.
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