Revue Marocaine de Protection des Plantes, 2019, N° 13: 19-33

Phytosanitary practices of apple growers in the province of the of and perspectives of improvement.

Pratiques phytosanitaires des pomiculteurs de la province d’Ifrane au Moyen Atlas du Maroc et perspectives d’amélioration

1, 2 1 2 RAADA S. , MAZOUZ H. , BOULIF M.

1Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, , Morocco 2National School of Agriculture, Meknes, Morocco

SUMMARY

This study consisted of a survey of the phytosanitary practices of apple growers in the of the Middle Atlas of Morocco during the 2014-2015 growing season, in order to improve them to protect the human health and preserve the environment. The results of the survey showed that farmers do not have clear and defined strategies to control the pests and diseases, with only 52% of the cases contending with following weather forecasts on media before deciding to apply pesticides. The remaining 48% have no surveillance plan and engage in pesticide sprays after they observe pests and diseases in their orchards. Furthermore, the spraying equipment shares not properly calibrated in about half of the cases, which could lead to more pesticide input in orchards. Pesticide applications varied from a minimum of 8 treatments in the least treated fram to a maximum of 25 in the most treated farm, thus bringing pesticide input from 25 kg of active ingredients/ha in the less treated orchard to over 70 kg a.i./ha in heavily treated orchards. This stresses the importance of farmer education to a more rational use of pesticides to preserve human health and the environement. Concerning pest resistance, 74% of the interviewed farmers declared alternating active ingredients to avoid pest resistance, the remaining 26 % contended with alternating commercial products. The majority of apple growers (78%) declared respecting the safety period separating the last pesticide application from fruit harvest, while 22% remain ignorant of this safety standard.

Key words: Protection, apple, pesticides, Ifrane, Morocco.

RESUME

Cette étude consiste en une enquête sur les pratiques phytosanitaires des pomiculteurs de la province d'Ifrane dans le Moyen-Atlas du Maroc au cours de la campagne 2014-2015, afin de les améliorer en vue de protéger la santé humaine et préserver l'environnement.

Les résultats de l'enquête ont montré que les agriculteurs n’ont pas de stratégies claires et définies pour lutter contre les parasites et les maladies. Seuls 52% des pomiculteurs se contentent de suivre les prévisions météorologiques sur les medias avant de décider d'appliquer des pesticides. Les 48% restants n'ont pas de plan de surveillance et pulvérisent les pesticides après avoir observé des parasites et des maladies dans leurs vergers. En outre les équipements de pulvérisation ne sont pas correctement étalonnés dans environ 50% des

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cas, ce qui pourrait entraîner une plus grande quantité de pesticides dans les vergers ou un sous-dosage des produits appliqués.

Le nombre de traitements pesticides variaient entre un minimum de 8 traitements dans la ferme la moins traitée et un maximum de 25 dans la ferme la plus traitée, portant ainsi l'apport en pesticides de 25 kg de matières actives / ha dans le verger moins traité encadrée par un ingénieur phytiatre, à plus de 70 kg de ma/ ha dans les vergers les plus traités et qui ne bénéficient pas du même encadrement. Cela souligne l'importance de l'éducation desagriculteurs pour une utilisation plus rationnelle des pesticides afin de préserver la santé humaine et l'environnement.

Concernant la gestion de la résistance des parasites, 74% des agriculteurs interrogés ont déclaré alterner les matières actives pour éviter la résistance des parasites, les 26% restant se contentent d’alterner des produits commerciaux.

La majorité des pomiculteurs (78%) ont déclaré respecter le délai avant récolte (DAR) tandis que 22% ignorent totalement cette norme de sécurité.

Mots clés: Protection, pommiers, pesticides, Ifrane, Maroc. on the treated fruits residues that are INTRODUCTION harmful to human health and may accumulate in the environment causing In Morocco, apple orchards cover some unexpected harmful effects to natural 48.671 ha, producing 687,000 metric fauna and flora. This is why it is very tons of fresh apples for the 2015-2016 important to monitor the pesticide inputs agricultural campaign, with an average and study farmers’ phytosanitary yield of 17,8 tons/ ha. Apple growing practices in order to preserve consumers’ provides 3 million working days for local health as well as the environment. labor and generates a commercial value Consequently, the present study aimed to of 10 billion dirham (El Machhouri.A, characterize the phytosanitary practices 2017). The main production areas are used by apple growers in the middle located in the mountain areas of the Atlas of Morocco, with the purpose of Middle and High Atlas. comparing these practices to those applied in more advanced apple The rapid evolution of this crop during production systems in the world. It is the second half of the 20th century was hoped that this comparison will help accompanied by more frequent identify ways of improving the present occurrence of pest and disease problems, local practices in such a way to allow which weigh heavily at present on the apple growers to reduce their pesticide management of apple orchards and affect inputs and still generate acceptable negatively the yield of apple orchards income from their activity as well as and lowers the return on investment for protect the human health and the this activity. To prevent losses from pests environment. and diseases locally, apple growers have RESEARCH METHODOLOGY learned to use pesticides that have been developed by the chemical industry Area of study worldwide and proved effective in eliminating crop predators. However, The Ifrane province of the Middle Atlas heavy use of these pesticides may leave was chosen for this study as it represents 20 Revue Marocaine de Protection des Plantes, 2019, N° 13: 19-33

one of the major apple producing areas in 6. Safety period before harvest and Morocco. The soils of this province pesticide alternation; range from volcanic ash to Triassic clays 7. Pesticides use in post-harvest and from primary schist to alluvial handling and processing; deposits. The climate is Mediterranean 8. Farmer’s level of education characterized by harsh winters and cool 9. Farm ownership and farmers’ summers, due to an altitude ranging from management 1200 to 1600 meters above sea level. While, annual precipitation in the The survey was carried out throughout province varies, depending on location, the 2014-2015 growing season in 23 with an average greater than 600mm, farms located in different apple exceptional rainfall in some years may production areas of the Ifrane province. exceed 1000mm, making it more In each area, the choice of farms was favorable for fruit production. Snowfall based mainly on the availability of occurs sporadically from December to farmers to answer our questionnaire, April with variable snow heights ranging taking special care to cover the main from 20 to 60cm depending on year and apple production environments in the location. The minimum and maximum province. temperatures recorded during the past 10 years were respectively-24°C and +37°C. The data collected were organized in an These characteristics make of Ifrane excel table with lines allocated to the province an apple producing area by surveyed farms from 1 to 23 and the excellence. columns were allocated to the different criteria considered to describe each farm Inquiries with apple growers characteristics along with farmer’s phytosanitary practices. The data A questionnaire was developed to serve obtained were used to draw histograms as a guide in interviewing a number of to visualize the trends and draw apple growers selected in such a way as conclusions. to cover the diverse environments of apple production in the province. The RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS questionnaire was designed to collect the maximum of useful information on the The inquiries conducted in the 2014- phytosanitary practices applied by apple 2015 growing season revealed the growers as well as other related issues. occurrence of pests and diseases in apple The main questions addressed in the orchards, explaining why apple growers questionnaire were: resort to make massive use of pesticide applications in an effort to contain the 1. Farmer’s knowledge of main pests harmful organisms. In the following, we and diseases of apples; will present the findings of our research 2. Sanitation measures applied by for each of the criteria considered. farmer especially pruning and cleaning of orchards; 1. Farmer’s knowledge of pests and 3. Farmer’s strategy to control the most diseases of apples important pests and diseases; 4. The pesticides used and the rates Despite the diversity of applied; microenvironments in the Ifrane 5. Equipment used, its calibration and province, insects, mites and fungal maintenance; diseases attacked all of the 23 orchards

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surveyed (Table 1). This is in and powdery mildew, bacterial fire blight accordance with earlier reports by Walali caused by Erwinia amylovora was also Loudyi and Skiredj (2003),Hmimina mentioned by farmers but not as (2007 and 2008), Bouhlal (2012) important as it is on pears. This survey andSekkat (2012).The main pests confirms that the most common pests recognized by farmers in descending and diseases occurring on apple trees in order are the coddling moth the Ifrane province are those occurring (Cydiapomonella), the aphids worldwide (Brunner et al. 2002, (Mysuspersicae and other aphid species) Garthwaite et al. 2014, Butault et al. and the mites (red and yellow mites). 2010). While the most common fungal diseases known to the farmers remain apple scab

Table 1. Pests and diseases occurring in 23 apple orchards in 2015 in the Ifrane province of the Middle Atlas of Morocco.

Pests and diseases Number of orchards affected Pests alone 0 Diseases alone 0 Pests and disease combined 23

Figure 1. Sanitation practices in 23 apple orchards of the Ifrane province during the 2014-2015 growing season. (Pr+RemovCW: Pruning + removal of cut wood, Pr + Mulch: Pruning followed by mulching, PTDes: Pruning Tools Disinfected, PTNdes: Pruning

2. Sanitation measures applied by Figure 1 shows that while 83% of apple apple growers in the Middle Atlas growers eliminate cut wood from their orchards, 17% prefer to grind it and The Data collected have shown that all leave it on the orchard floor as a mulch. apple growers of the Middle Atlas pruned their apple trees during the This latter practice, while ecologically dormant stage. While pruning practiced sound, especially for soil organic matter enrichment, may present the risk of for production management purposes, it conserving and propagating pests and helps reduce the amount of pests and pathogens in the orchard, providing diseases at the beginning of the growing initial inoculum for the next growing season. season. Furthermore, 74% of the 22 surveyed farmers disinfect their pruning pest or disease problem coupled with tools before engaging in the pruning effective surveillance schemes. In this operation, while 26% of farmers still study, we wanted to know whether apple ignore this practice, suggesting that some growers of the Middle Atlas use some efforts have to be made by the extension sort of pest and disease surveillance services and education a institutions of before deciding to apply any pesticide. the region to improve this situation. The data of table 2 shows that 52% of the 23 apple growers interviewed declared following closely the weather forecasts 3. Farmers’ strategies for controlling on information media before deciding to apple pests and diseases apply pesticides, while the remaining

48% have declared having no A plant protection strategy can be surveillance plan at all. This latter group defined as a plan of action designed by a engages in pesticide sprays only when farmer to achieve efficient and profitable they observe pest and disease developing pest and disease control in a given crop. in their orchards (Table 2). Effective pest control strategies are most often based on sound knowledge of the

Table 2. Pest surveillance and pesticide application decisions in 23 apple orchards in the Ifrane province in the Middle Atlas of Morocco. Criteria % of apple growers concerned Farmers applying regular pest and 0 disease surveillance schemes Farmers applying pesticides when 52 weather forecast is favorable to pests and disease development Farmers applying pesticides upon 48 observation of pests and diseases in their orchards

4. Number of pesticide treatments of the control methods available to them. applied in each of the 23 apple Furthermore, apple framers vary in their farms surveyed perception of risk of attack by various pests and diseases. Those who are risk Figure 2 shows the number of pesticide averse will tend to protect their crop to treatments applied to control pests and the maximum while those who are risk diseasesin each of the 23 apple orcahrds tolerant may apply less pesticides during the 2014-2015 growing season. This numbervaried from a minimum of 8 intheir orcahrs. It is noteworthy to point treatments in farm F1 to a maximum of out that Farme F1stands out with the 25 applications in the farm F10. These minimum number of pesticde treatments. data show the diverse beahvior of apple This can be explained by the fact that growers with regard to their this farm was supervised by an phytosanitary practices, a diversity that agricultural engineer specializd in plant can be explained by their level of protetion who implemented alternative awareness of the pest and diesae methods sur as insect trapping and the problems, coupled with their knowledge use of pheromones to disrupt the mating

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of the the coddling moth, the most a lot more treatments, which raises the important pest that necessitates a high very issue of pesticide residue on the number of pesticide treatments each harvested fruits and the accumulation of year. Aside from farm F4 which is harmful chemical in the environment. similar to F1 in terms of number of pesticide applications, the other ones use

Figure 2. The number of pesticide treatments applied in each of the 23 apple orchards surveyed in the 2014-2015 growing season in the Ifrane province. quality and causing it to be un 5. The nature of pesticides applied marketable.

Figure 3 shows the number of pesticide Aside from the coddling moth, different applications by pesticide category - species of aphids attack the apple leaves insecticides, fungicides, andmitecides- in and twigs from early stages of each of the 23 apple orcahrds surveyed development to maturity. These aphids during the 2014-2015 growing season. feed on young apple twigs and leaves On the overall, insecticides appear to be reducing their photosynthetic efficiency the most freqently used, while fungicides and consequently their growth. The rank second followed to a lesser extent occurrence of aphids throughout the by miticides. This is understandable whole growing season from early fruit because insect damages to apples are so development to maturity, compells the obvious that they retain farmers’ farmers to use insecticides to protect attention. This is the case of the coddling their crop (Butault et al. 2010; Bouhlal, moth (Cydia pomonella) that attacks 2012; Garthwaite et al. 2014; El Iraqi apples from fruit set to maturity. The and Hmimina, 2016a & b). moth lays its eggs on the surface of Second to the insecticides come the leaves or young fruits. These eggs hatch fungicides which are used against fungal after a while releasing young larvae that diseases, mainly apple scab and powdery enter the fruit skin and move inwards in mildew which are caused respectively by the direction of the seeds at the heart of Venturia inaequalis and Podosphaera the apple, thereby spoiling the fruit leucotricha (Agrios, 1988). These two 24 fungi produce spores that can be the coddling moth. It is speculated that disseminated by wind, making them to these moth-oriented chemicals may have be widely distributed in apple orchards. eliminated the natural ennemies of While apple scab tends to occur under phytophagous mites leading to the more rainy conditions,powdery mildew explosion of the latter (Hmimina 2008 & develops in apple orchards when 2011a, Sekkat 2012). Furthermore, atmospheric conditions are relatively dry Hmimina (2011) has noted that in (Mills, 1944, Agrios 1978). Morocco, mitecides were used more frequently after 1980 when mites have Thirdly, come the miticides used aginst become a problem in apple orchards due mites which have become more prevalent to environmental changes including the during the second hafl of the 20th century intensive use of wide spectrum (Hmimina 2008 & 2011, Sekkat 2012). insecticides. Chandragouda et al. (2018) According to Hmimina (2008) and who conducted a similar study on mite Sekkat (2012), the increasing prevalence resurgence on grapes corroborate this of mites is probably due to the heavy use hypothesis. of certain insecticides directed against

Figure 3. Number of pesticide applications by category in 23 apple orchards in the Middle Atlas of Morocco during the 2014-2015 growing season.

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Figure 4. Total pesticide input (g/ha) in 23 apple orchard of the Ifrane province during the 2014-2015 growing season.

6. Quantities of pesticides applied in methods. Furthermore, these farmers apple orchards in the 2014-2015 who are rsik averse, not accepting to take growing season any risk of pest attack on their crop, end up applyng more pesticides. Figure 4 shows the total quantity of active ingredients in grams per hectare, 7. Quantities of active ingredients per applied in each of the 23 apple orchards pesticide category investigated during the 2014-2015 growing season. It shows that the Figure 5 shows the quantities of active pesticide input varied from slightly over ingredients (g/ha) for each of the 3 25 kg of active ingredients per hectare in pesticide categories -insecticides, farm F1 to over 70 kg in orchardsof fungicides and miticides- applied in the farms F16, F15 and F17. This variability 23 orchards surveyed. On the overall, in pesticide input among apple farms, these quantities are largely dominated by depends on many factors including insecticides followed by fungicides and farmers’ perception of pest and disease miticides. This is understandable since risk and their awarness ofavailible insecticides are more frequently used to alternative pest control methods. It is cope with the more frequent invasions of noteworthy to point out that Farm F1 was insects, especially the coddling moth and managed by an agricultural engineer the aphids. However, farms F2, F23, and specialized in Plant Protection who is F14 used less insecticide, suggesting that well aware of alternative pest control either less attacks of pests in these methods such as the use of feromones orchards or simply that farmers are using disrupting the mating of the coddling alternative methods to control the moth insects. The other orchards in insects. These farms must be examined which insecticide input is higher are closely to find out an explanation to this managed by farmers who may not have situation. the same skills and knowledge and therefore not aware of these alternative 26

Figure 5. Quantities (g/ha) of active ingredients per pesticide category -insecticides, miticides and fungicides- in 23 apple orchards of the Ifrane province in the Middle Atlas of Morocco during the 2014-2015 growing season.

Figure 6. Type of pesticide spraying equipment used by apple growers and their calibration. seeking thorough wetting of the trees, 8. Spray equipment and its usually until runoff, might apply calibration excessive amounts of pesticides. Therefore, it is quite understandable that Figure 6 show that 96% of the surveyed larger volumes of pesticide mixtures are apple growers use the air blast sprayer sprayed onto single trees. These larger (atomizer) as this equipment is readily volumes of pesticides applied by available in the local market. It is widely handgun sprayers are more likely to used among the farmers because it is leave more pesticide residues on or in the convenient for the rapid execution of fruit harvested as well as in the orchard pesticide applications. The remaining environment. Furthermore, the handguns minority of 4% still use handgun held by hands expose the pesticide sprayers to treat taller trees in older applicators to greater human health risks orchards. In this latter case, the farmers than the air blast sprayers. This situation 27 Raada & al.

is aggravated even more when the time overlooking the vital importance applicators do not use any individual of choosing the right active ingredients protection equipment (Hmimina, 2011b). to be alternated in order to avoid pest resistance build-up. Concerning this Regarding sprayer calibration, the data of aspect precisely, figure 7 shows that 74% Figure 6 shows that 57% of the surveyed of the surveyed apple growers declared apple growers do not calibrate their spray alternating active ingredients used to equipment before each pesticide control pests in their orchards, especially application, while the remaining 43% the red mite which according to their declared they always calibrate their experience, rapidly developed resistance sprayer. These data show that there is an to the miticides used. However, when urgency for framers education along this asked about the active ingredients they line. applied, some farmers did not know precisely, but said they were sure they 9. Alternation of active ingredients used different brand names. Obviously, and compliance with safety period. this does not mean they have alternated active ingredients since different The data collected showed that most of commercial brands may contain the same the apple growers interviewed have active ingredients, or active ingredients declared relying on the advice of local with similar mode of action. pesticide distributors in selecting pesticides for their orchards. In fact, Regarding the safety period separating during the interviews, we came to realize the last pesticide application from the the great trust the farmer shad in their time of fruit harvest, the data collected local pesticide suppliers. This trust is show that 78% of apple growers declared motivated mostly by payment facilities complying with this safety standard the suppliers concede to their clients when it is indicated on the label of the beside the advice they provide to them. pesticide used, while 22% remain Moreover, apple growers have declared ignorant of this important standard. that pesticide price was an important criteria in choosing a pesticide, most of

Figure 7. Pesticide alternation and compliance with safety period before harvest(Alter + SPBH: alternating pesticides + respect of SPBH, Alter + NoSPBH: alternating pesticides but no respect of SPBH, No Alter + SPBH: no pesticide alternation + respect of SPBH, No Alter + No SPBH: No pesticide alternation + no respect of SPBH).

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10. Use of pesticides in post-harvest before harvest or after harvest, while treatment 22% do not use any post-harvest pesticide treatment. It is probable that In the Ifrane province, apple harvest may these 22% of farmers not using post- take from 15 days to two months, harvest fungicides are those with small depending on the size of the orchards, size farms choosing to sell their produce the maturity of apple varieties used as as fresh apples directly on the market. well as on the altitude of plantations. Because the majority of apple growers These long periods of fruit picking and use post-harvest pesticide application, it handling provide many opportunities for becomes urgent to monitor pesticide several fungi to infect the fruits and residues in the treated produce during the cause crop spoilage in storage or in storage period as well as along the marketing chain. transit. Figure 8 shows that 78% of farmers use fungicides application to control post-harvest diseases either

Figure 8. Post-harvest (PH) pesticides use in apples farms in Ifrane province during the 2014-2015 growing season.

11. Farm ownership and farmer’s pesticide as their budgets will allow, to education harvest “clean” apples that will attract clients. Furthermore, some of the apple Almost all of the apple growers own growers in need of money by the end of their orchards and operate their farms the season chose to sell their crop on the directly. In such a setting, apple growers tree to speculators who have no tend to pay more attention in selecting knowledge of pesticide application and pesticides to maximize their apple handling, especially with regard to the production and minimize their costs. In safety period before harvest. Thus, the the absence of official pesticide residue lack of awareness of these speculators of control in marketed apples in Morocco, the residue problem and/or their ethics farmers would be tempted to use as much may expose local consumers to pesticide

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intoxication risks. Consequently, these continuing education of all farmers is intermediaries should be educated to the highly desirable in order to protect farm residue problem on the apple they labor (pesticide applicators), consumers handle. and the environment against pesticide misuse and hazard. Concerning farmer’s education, figure 9 shows that 50% of the apple farm owners 12. Practices that need urgent or managers had a diploma of technician improvement in agriculture, 20% had a high school level of education and 12% had only a Table 3 presents the percent conformity primary school education, while 10% of farmers practice with what is currently were illiterate. Managers holding a know at the international level. The degree of agricultural engineer percent deficit observed in farmers’ key supervised only 2% of the apple farms, practices in the far right column of table such as the case of farm F1. Even though three highlights the practices that need these figures are far better that those urgent improvement. These practices are encountered in other agricultural sectors calibration of spray equipment and the in Morocco, it is essential that the fruit necessity for farmer to have a strategy sector should be given utmost for controlling the most important pests importance, given the importance of and diseases. In the third place, farmers fruits in human diet of the consumers, need to be instructed on the necessity of especially children. The fact that there alternating the active ingredients they use are only 10% illiterate managers, one to combat the harmful organisms. might assume that the majority of apple growers (90%) can read instructions concerning pesticide use. However,

Figure 9. Level of education of apple growers in the Ifrane province.

30 Table 3. presents the percent conformity of farmers practice with what is currently know at the international level.

Farmers’ observed key practices Percent Percent Conform Deficient Calibration of equipment 43 57 Farmer’s strategy to control the most important pests and diseases; 52 48 Alternation of active ingredients to avoid pest resistance; 74 26 Pesticides use in post-harvest handling and processing; 78 22 Safety period before harvest and pesticide 78 22 Sanitation measures applied by farmer especially pruning and 83 17 cleaning of orchards; Type of equipment used to apply pesticides 96 4 Pesticide use in accordance with target pest and disease problems; 100 0 in the less treated orchard to over 70 kg Aside from the three prominent practices a.i./ha in the most treated orchards. This that need urgent improvement to reduce shows the importance of farmer pesticide input in orchards and therefore education in reducing the pesticide input into the environment, apple growers need to preserve the human health and the to b educated on the right usage of the environement. post-harvest pesticides and the safety period separating the last pesticide Even though 74% of apple growers treatment from fruit harvest in order to interviewed declared alternating protect the human health of consumers. pesticides to avoid pest resistance, especially in mites, farmers’ declarations CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS may be subject to caution, since they were not sure about the active Based on the data collected in this study ingredients contained in the commercial the following conclusions can be drawn: brands alternated.

Farmers do not have clear and specific The spraying equipments are not strategies to control the pests and properly calibrated in about 50% of the diseases prevailing in their orchards. In farms, which could lead to more or less 52% of the cases,these strategies were effective treatment or more pesticide input in orchards. limited to watchingweather forecasts on information media before deciding to Regarding the safety period separating apply pesticides. The remaining the last pesticide application from fruit 48%have no surveillance plan and harvest, 78% of apple growers declared engage in pesticide spraying after they complying with this norm when it is observe pests and diseases developing in indicated on the label, while 22% remain their orchards. in complete ignorance of this safety

Pesticide applications varied from a standard. It is imperative to educate the minimum of 8 treatments in Farm latter group to this important safety norm. F1supervised by anengineer in plant protection, to a maximum of 25 in other Our study is the first of its kind to orchards supervised by managers having identify apple growers’ phytosanitary less education, thus bringing pesticide practices deficits, thereby helping input from 25 kg of active ingredients/ha establish priorities for a plan of action to improve the situation.

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