Wie Es Kam, Dass Die Japaner an Einer Gitarre Nun Doch Cool Aussehen

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Wie Es Kam, Dass Die Japaner an Einer Gitarre Nun Doch Cool Aussehen 617 Oliver Seibt (Köln) Jenseits der Authentizität, oder: Wie es kam, dass die Japaner an einer Gitarre nun doch cool aussehen WirJapaner hatten immerKomplexe, weilwir so kleinsind. Wirdachten,wir könn- tenaneiner Gitarreniemals so cool aussehen wiedie Europäerund Amerikaner. […] Doch den Komplex habenwir überwunden.Früherfolgten wirden Trends aus Übersee. Nunfolgen dieAusländer unserem Trend. So wird KONISHI Yasuharu,Kopfdes japanischenDuosPizzicato Five,ineinem Artikel mitdem Titel»Sushifür dieOhren.JapanischePopmusik fülltinDeutschland dieClubs« zitiert, der1997inDieZeit erschien.1 Irgendetwasscheint da kürzlich passiert zu sein mit der (Selbst-)Wahrnehmung japanischerPopmusiker:Ebennoch uncooleEpigonen west- licher Vorbilder,bevölkern siejetzt alsTrendsetter dasdeutscheFeuilleton. Wasaberist der Grundfür dieMinderwertigkeitskomplexeehedem, undwas hatdazugeführt,dassan ihre Stelle dasneueSelbstbewusstsein trat,das aus KONISHIS Äußerungen spricht? Popularmusik istwestliche Musikoderzumindest in Auseinandersetzungmit west- licher Musikentstanden, einUmstand,anden nichtzuletzt diejapanischeBezeichnung popyura¯ ongaku stets erinnert.Das in der hauptsächlich fürfremdsprachigeBegriffege- brauchtenSilbenschrift Katakana geschriebeneAdjektiv popyura¯ (popular) istdirektaus demEnglischen übernommen;der Terminus ongaku wird seit demspäten19. Jahrhundert alsjapanischeÜbersetzung deswestlichenMusikbegriffs gebraucht, zu dem es zuvor keine japanische Entsprechunggegeben hatteund der sich,wie PeterAckermann 1995 schreibt, »imZuge der ÜbernahmewestlicherVorstellungs-Kategorienpraktisch unbemerktdes ja- panischenBereichs der Klangproduktionbemächtigen konnte.«2 Wenn also ›Musik‹schon eine ausdem WestennachJapan übernommeneKategorie darstellt, fürdie einexistenter, aber bisdahin in anderen Bedeutungszusammenhängen gebrauchterjapanischerTerminus verwendet wird,somussdas Gleicheerstrecht fürdie KategoriePopularmusik gelten. Natürlich gabesauchvor der Meiji-Restauration 1868 in JapanMusik,die im quantita- tiven Sinnepopulärwar,urban,die massenmedial verbreitetwurde oder aufdie andere der Eigenschaften zutrafen,die gemeinhingebraucht werden,umPopularmusik in essentialis- tischerWeise zu definieren.3 Nurlässt sich Popularmusik nuneinmalnicht definieren, indem 1 StephanDüffel, »Sushi fürdie Ohren. Japanische Popmusik fülltinDeutschland dieClubs«, in: Die Zeit 3. 1. 1997. 2 PeterAckermann,»Dürfen wirvon ›Japanischer Musik‹ sprechen?«,in: LuxOriente.Begegnungender Kulturen in derMusikforschung,hrsg. vonKlaus Wolfgang Niemöller, Uwe Pätzold undChung Kyo-chul, FestschriftRobertGünther zum65. Geburtstag, Kassel 1995,S.87–101,hier: S. 101. 3 Hayariuta (wörtl.modischesLied) wurdendie populärenLiederder Edo-Zeit genannt. In denVer- gnügungsvierteln undTheaternder Metropolenwurdensie vonGeishas, Kabuki-DarstellernoderStraßen- musikern meistzur Begleitung derLanghalslaute shamisen vorgetragen,und Verlagshäuser beauftragten 618 Musikalische Globalisierung und kulturelle Identität in Japan und China maneineodermehrere Eigenschaften nennt, dieeineMusik aufweisenmuss, damitman siezu Rechtals Popularmusik bezeichnen darf.Was Popularmusik istund wasnicht,wirdabhängig vom jeweiligensozialenund kulturellenKontext diskursiv verhandelt. Unddementsprechend wird dieseerfolgreiche, urbane Musikder Edo-Zeit (1603–1868)inJapan rückblickend eben nichtals popyura¯ ongaku klassifiziert,sondern als dento¯ ongaku,als traditionelleMusik. Erst nach der nichtganzfreiwilligenÖffnungdes Landes nach über 200Jahrenselbst- gewählterIsolation undder Meiji-Restauration 1868 gelangtenMusikformen,die im anglo- phonen Westen als popular music klassifiziert wurden,nachJapan –und mitihnen das Konzept.Zögerlich zunächst,denninder Meiji-Zeit (1868 –1912) gehörtepopuläre Musik nichtunbedingt zu den Errungenschaften,zum Zwecke deren Imports japanische Fach- leuteinden Westenentsandtworden wären.Erstinder Taisho¯-Zeit (1912–1926)nahmdie Intensität,mit der populäre Musikaus dem WestennachJapan gelangte,zu. Amerikanische undjapanischeBands wurden engagiert, um dieGäste aufden zwischen den USA und JapanverkehrendenPassagierschiffen zu unterhalten, undbrachtendie neuestenHitsder TinPan Alleyindie japanischenHafenstädte.Und mitzunehmender Verbreitung des Grammophonsgelangten auch immermehrTonträger mitpopulärer Musikaus den USA undEuropanachJapan.Dortwurde dieMusik unterdem Oberbegriff jazu (Jazz) rezipiert, auch wennsie mitder afroamerikanischen Musikinden meistenFällen nichtvielzutun hatte. So werdendie 1920er JahreinJapan auch häufigals jazu-jidai bezeichnet,als Jazz- Ära, unddie mobo und moga,die in derneuesten westlichen Mode gewandeten ›modern boys‹und ›modern girls‹ aufden Straßen Tokyos, wurden zu ihrem Sinnbild.Mit der Etablierungder japanischenSchallplattenindustrie in der zweitenHälfteder 1920er Jahre stiegdie Zahl der Produktionen mitjapanischen Interpreten.4 AlsNamefür dieseneue Artpopulärer japanischerMusik,die in starkemMasse vom jazu beeinflusstwar,setzte sich dieBezeichnung ryu¯ ko¯ka (modisches Lied)durch.5 Textdichterdamit,neueVerse zu landläufigbekannten Melodien zu verfassen,die in Form vonFlug- blättern, kawaraban (wörtl.Ziegeldruck), aufden Straßen undinden Buchhandlungen verkauft wurden. ZurpopulärenMusik derEdo-Zeitsiehe u.a. Gerald Groemer, »Edo’s TinPan Alley. Authorsand Pub- lishersofJapanesePopularSongDuringthe Tokugawa Period«, in: Asian Music 27/1(1995),S.1–36, und Gerald Groemer, »PopularMusic in Japanbeforethe TwentiethCentury«, in: TheGarland Encyclopedia of WorldMusic, Bd. 7: East Asia.China,Japan,and Korea,hrsg. vonRobertC.Provine, TOKUMARU Yoshihikound J. Lawrence Witzleben,New York undLondon2002, S. 739–741. 4 ZurEntwicklung derjapanischen Schallplattenindustrie siehe KAWABATA Shigeru, »The Japanese Record Industry«, in: PopularMusic 10 (1991),S.327–345. 5 Ryu¯ ko¯ka istdie sino-japanischeLesungder gleichen Kanji-Folge,die in derjapanischen Lesung haya- riuta schoninder Edo-Zeit alsBezeichnung fürpopuläre Lieder gedient hatte(vgl.Fußnote3). Zur japanischenPopularmusik derMeiji-und Taisho¯-Zeit siehe NAKAMURA To¯yo¯ ,»EarlyPop Song Wri- ters andTheir Backgrounds«, in: PopularMusic 10 (1991),S.263 –282,das vonder JapanBranchofthe InternationalAssociation forthe StudyofPopularMusic (IASPM-Japan)herausgegebeneHeft AGuide to PopularMusic in Japan,Kanazawa1991, und MITSUI Toru,»Interactions of Imported andIndigenous Musics in Japan. AHistoricalOverviewofthe MusicIndustry«,in: WhoseMaster’sVoice.The Development of PopularMusic in Thirteen Cultures,hrsg. vonAlisonJ.Ewbank undFouli T. Papageorgiou,Westport, CN 1997,S.152 –174.Zur Geschichte desJazzinJapan sieheE.Taylor Atkins, Blue Nippon. Authenti- catingJazzinJapan,Durhamund London2001, undWilliam Minor, Jazz Journeys to Japan. TheHeart Within,Ann Arbor2004. Seibt: Jenseits der Authentizität 619 Zu Beginnder Sho¯wa-Zeit (1926–1989)schwand der Einfluss westlicher Popularmusik zunächst im Zuge desinder zweitenHälfteder 1930er JahreaufkeimendenNationalismus, unddie ryu¯ ko¯ka-Komponisten begannen,sichverstärkt traditionellen Formen japanischer Musikzuzuwenden. Nach Beginn desPazifischenKrieges 1941 erließ dasMinisterium für Innere AngelegenheitenOrder,dassamerikanischeoderbritischeMusik weder live noch in Aufnahmengespieltwerdendürfe. Nach dem ZweitenWeltkrieg wurde der Name ryu¯ ko¯ka alsOberbegriff fürdie japani- sche Popularmusik der Vorkriegszeitdurch den Terminus kayO¯kyoku ersetzt, mitdem fort- an der in der Traditionder ryu¯ ko¯ka stehendeMainstream der popyura¯ ongaku bezeichnet wurde.Während die ryu¯ ko¯ka der 1930er Jahreinder erstenHälfteder 1950er Jahreeine Renaissance erlebensollten,die schließlich zurAusbildungeines eigenständigenGenres, enka,führte,6 wurde dieweitere Entwicklungder japanischenPopularmusik in den Nach- kriegsjahren vor allem durchdie Konfrontation mitneuen Popularmusikidiomenaus dem Westengeprägt,die in ersterLinie über dasFar East Network (FEN), dieRadiostation der in Japanstationierten US-amerikanischenStreitkräfte, insLandgelangten.Das Ge- neralHeadQuarter engagierte japanische Musiker, um zurUnterhaltung der GIsauf den Militärbasen zu spielen, unddiese eignetensichzudiesemZweckedie auf FEN gespielten Country&Western-Titel autodidaktischan. Bald formiertensichaberauchunabhängig davon in den Metropolen Tokyound OsakajapanischeBands wiedie WagonMasuta¯ zu (Wagon Masters)umihren Sänger KOSAKA Kazuya, dieins Japanische übersetzte Cover- Versionen US-amerikanischerHitsvortrugenund deren Musik uesutan (Western)genannt wurde.7 Ebenfallsüber FEN gelangte in den1950erJahrender Rockabilly bzw. Rock’n’Roll nach Japanund sprach dortdas gleichePublikuman, dassichzuvor fürCountry &Western begeistert hatte. Uesutan-Musiker wie KOSAKA Kazuya oder HIRAO Masaaki vonden O¯ rusuta¯zuWagon (AllstarsWagon)wandten sich nundem rokkabirii (Rockabilly)zu, sangen in den jazu-kissa,den Jazz-Cafés aufder Ginza,japanischeVersionen der Lieder von ElvisPresley oder Paul Anka undahmtenAuftreten undGarderobeihrer westlichen Vorbilder bisins kleinste Detailnach. DieBezeichnung Rock’n’RollsolltesichinJapan allerdings niedurchsetzen.Währendinden USA seineafroamerikanischeHerkunft den Rock’n’Rollzueiner ArtOppositionssymbolwerden ließ, dasweißenJugendlichen dazu diente,sichgegen dieGenerationihrer Eltern aufzulehnen,begriff manden Rockabilly in Japanvor allem alsDerivatder Country&Western-Musik.Schließlich hatteman ihn über dieselbenKanälekennengelernt.8 Betrachtet manPhotographien oder Schallplatten- 6 Zu enka siehevor allem ChristineR.Yano, TearsofLonging.Nostalgia andthe Nation in Japanese Popu- larSong,Cambridge, MA undLondon2002.
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