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THESE De Doctorat En Science N° D’ordre : 46 / 2017 - D/S.B. RÉPUBLIQUE ALGÉRIENNE DÉMOCRATIQUE ET POPULAIRE MINISTÈRE DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPÉRIEUR ET DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE UNIVERSITÉ DES SCIENCES ET DE LA TECHNOLOGIE HOUARI BOUMEDIENE Faculté des Sciences Biologiques THESE de Doctorat en Science Présentée pour l’obtention du grade de DOCTEUR En Sciences Biologiques Option Eco-Biologie et Amélioration Végétale par MOUSSOUNI Souhila SUJET Caractérisation moléculaire de cultivars de palmier dattier (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Soutenue publiquement, le 14 Décembre 2017 devant le jury composé de : Mme ABROUS-BELBACHIR O., Professeur à l’USTHB/Alger Présidente Mme BOUGUEDOURA N., Professeur à l’USTHB/Alger Directrice de thèse Mme BENNACEUR M., Professeur à l’U.A.B.B/Oran1 Examinatrice Mr AMIROUCHE R., Professeur à l’USTHB/Alger Examinateur Mr BRAHIM-ERRAHMANI M., Maître de Conférences A à l’U.S.D/Blida Examinateur Mr DJEBBAR R., Professeur à l’USTHB/Alger Examinateur Résumé Le palmier dattier (Phoenix dactylifera L.) est le pilier de l'agriculture oasienne. Nous avons échantillonné 10 oasis réparties sur tout le Sahara algérien pour comprendre la structure de la diversité du palmier dattier. Nous avons utilisé 18 marqueurs microsatellites et un minisatellite chloroplaste pour caractériser 414 individus de dattier correspondant à 114 variétés nommées. Nous avons trouvé un coefficient de consanguinité négatif significatif, ce qui suggère la sélection active des agriculteurs pour les individus hétérozygotes. Cette analyse nous a permis d’établir la clé de détermination moléculaire des variétés algériennes. Cependant la variabilité intra et inter-variétale fournit une lecture complète de l’agrobiodiversité du palmier dattier algérien. Afin d'étudier la diversité et la structure génétique du palmier dattier dans le monde, nous avons évalué le polymorphisme des marqueurs SSR nucléaires sur un échantillonnage important et sur une large distribution géographique pour révéler les relations entre les populations de palmier des différents pays. Nous avons analysé également un minisatellite chloroplastique (CpSSR), qui est un marqueur haploïde avec un taux inférieur de mutation que les SSR nucléaires. En effet, étant hérité de la mère, le génome du chloroplaste nous fournit des informations sur l'origine de la plante mère. Le séquençage de ce minisatellite de douze paires de bases dans une région non codante au niveau de l’espaceur intergénique psbZ-trnfM montre une variation entre trois et quatre répétitions chez le palmier dattier. L’étude de ce minisatellite, chez quatorze espèces de Phoenix a montré la présence de six haplotypes dont certains présents chez plusieurs espèces. Le séquençage de quatre locus chloroplastiques chez 24 variétés a permis d’identifier les deux chlorotypes chez le palmier dattier, caractérisés par un ensemble de polymorphismes liés. Mots clés : Phoenix dactylifera L., diversité génétique, microsatellites, minisatellite chloroplastique. Abstract The date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is the mainstay of Oasis agriculture. To understand the genetic structure of date palm, we have sampled 10 Oasis in Algeria. Eigtheen molecular markers and one chloroplastic marker were used to characterize 414 individus which correspond to 114 named varieties. We found that, the negative consanguinity coefficient is significant and involved active heterozygote selection by the farmers. This analyze allow us to identify the molecular key to characterize Algerian varieties. However, the intra and inter variability study furnish the complet knowledge of agro-biodiversity of Algerian date palm. In order to study the genetic structure and diversity of date palm in the world, we have evaluated the nuclear SSR marker polymorphism on large number of sample cover important geographic distribution to make relation among date palm population collected in different countries. We have also analyze a chloroplast minisatellite marker (CpSSR), which is known as haploid with mutation rate less than nuclear SSRs markers and so evolve differently. This chloroplast minisatellite marker, as mother heritage, gives information on the origin of the plant. The sequencing of this minisatellite marker of 12 base pairs in the non-coding region in the level of psbZ-trnfM shows variability within three or four tendems in date palm. The study of this minisatelllite in 14 species of Phoenix has shown the presence of six haplotyps and some of them are present in many species. The sequencing of four chloroplastic loci in 24 varieties allowed identifying the two chlorotyps in date palm characterized by linked polymorphism. Keywords: Phoenix dactylifera L., genetic diversity, microsatellites, chloroplast minisatellite. ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﻧﺨﯿﻞ اﻟﺘﻤﺮ ھﻮ أﺳﺎس زراﻋﺔ اﻟﻮاﺣﺎت. اﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﻨﺎ ﻋﯿﻨﺎت ﻣﻦ 10 واﺣﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺰاﺋﺮ ﻟﻔﮭﻢ ﺑﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻮع اﻟﻮراﺛﻲ ﻟﻨﺨﯿﻞ اﻟﺘﻤﺮ. اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻨﺎ 18 ﻣﺆﺷﺮات اﻟﺘﺘﺎﺑﻌﺎت اﻟﻘﺼﯿﺮة اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺮرة اﻟﻨﻮوﯾﺔ و ﻣﺆﺷﺮ اﻟﺘﺘﺎﺑﻊ اﻟﻄﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺮر ﺑﻼﺳﺘﯿﺪي ﻟﺘﻮﺻﯿﻒ 414 ﻓﺮد ﯾﻤﺘﻠﻮن 114 ﺻﻨﻒ. ﻟﻘﺪ وﺟﺪﻧﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻘﺮاﺑﺔ ﺳﻠﺒﻲ، ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻨﺸﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺰارﻋﯿﻦ ﻟﻸﻓﺮاد اﻟﻤﺘﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ. ﺳﻤﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ ھﺬا اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﻔﺘﺎح اﻟﺘﻘﺮﯾﺮ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻸﺻﻨﺎف اﻟﺠﺰاﺋﺮﯾﺔ. ءان اﻟﺘﺒﺎﯾﻦ داﺧﻞ وﺑﯿﻦ اﻷﺻﻨﺎف ﯾﻘﺪم ﻗﺮاءة ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻮع اﻟﺒﯿﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ اﻟﺰراﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﺨﯿﻞ اﻟﺠﺰاﺋﺮي. ﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻮع واﻟﮭﯿﻜﻞ اﻟﻮراﺛﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﺨﯿﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ، ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺑﺘﻘﯿﯿﻢ ﺗﺒﺎﯾﻨﺎت اﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮات اﻟﻨﻮوﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺨﯿﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻲ واﺳﻊ ﻟﻠﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﻨﺨﯿﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان. ﻗﻤﻨﺎ أﯾﻀﺎ ﺑﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ اﻟﺘﺘﺎﺑﻊ اﻟﻄﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺮر ﺑﻼﺳﺘﯿﺪي اﻟﺬي ھﻮ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ اﻧﻔﺮادي ﻣﻊ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻄﻔﺮة ﻟﺪﯾﮫ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮات اﻟﻨﻮوﯾﺔ، وھﻜﺬا ﺗﻄﻮره ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ. ﻷﻧﮫ ﻣﻮروث ﻣﻦ اﻷم، ﺟﯿﻨﻮم ﺑﻼﺳﺘﯿﺪات اﻟﺨﻀﺮاء ﯾﻮﻓﺮ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺣﻮل أﺻﻞ اﻟﻨﺒﺘﺔ اﻷم. ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ اﻟﺘﺘﺎﺑﻊ اﻟﻄﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺮر اﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﺛﻨﻲ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ازوﺗﯿﺔ و اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﯿﻨﺎت ﯾﻈﮭﺮ اﻻﺧﺘﻼف ﺑﯿﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ وأرﺑﻌﺔ ﺗﻜﺮار ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺨﯿﻞ. وﻗﺪ أظﮭﺮت دراﺳﺔ ھﺬا اﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮ اﻟﺘﺘﺎﺑﻊ اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺮر اﻟﻄﻮﯾﻞ، ﻋﻨﺪ أرﺑﻌﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻧﻮع ﻓﯿﻨﯿﻜﺲ وﺟﻮد ﺳﺘﺔ ﻧﺴﺦ، ﻣﻊ وﺟﻮد ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ أﻧﻮاع ﻓﯿﻨﯿﻜﺲ. ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ أرﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻮاﺿﻊ ﺟﯿﻨﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﺳﺘﯿﺪات اﻟﺨﻀﺮاء ﻓﻲ 24 ﺻﻨﻒ ﺳﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺨﺘﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺟﯿﻨﻮم ﺑﻼﺳﺘﯿﺪات اﻟﺨﻀﺮاء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺨﯿﻞ، وﺗﺘﻤﯿﺰ ﺑﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ. Remerciements Voici sans doute la partie la plus libre de ce manuscrit, mais pas nécessairement la plus évidente à écrire. Cette thèse est le fruit de longues années de travail au cours desquelles plusieurs personnes ont aidé de près ou de loin à la réalisation de cette thèse. Je vais donc essayer de n’oublier personne dans la longue liste que je dois dresser, et leur exprimer toute ma gratitude. Je remercie très sincèrement Mme le professeur BOUGUEDOURA Nadia, ma directrice de thèse, pour son encadrement et son implication dans le travail. Cette thèse n’aurait pas vu le jour sans son soutien, ses encouragements et sans les efforts qu’elle a déployés pour avoir un cadre de travail confortable. Ses conseils, ses critiques, ses corrections et tous les échanges réguliers avec elle au cours de ma thèse ont certainement été la lumière qui a guidé et éclairé mes pas. Je n’oublie pas non plus que grâce à elle je suis partie au Sahara où j’ai pu visiter différentes oasis, des expériences qui ne s’oublient pas. De la science, de sa rigueur, de sa passion et son extraordinaire connaissance du palmier dattier, elle m’a donné du meilleur d’elle-même. Je suis devenue passionnée du palmier dattier, et je sais qu’il y a encore à apprendre. De tout cœur, professeur, je vous dis : MERCI. Jean-Christophe PINTAUD…que lui dire ? Quels mots utiliser pour lui exprimer toute l’émotion de mon cœur, toute ma reconnaissance ? Il m’avait adopté comme étudiante et sœur, il m’avait tout appris, tout donné. Avec la plus incroyable des générosités. Je me souviendrais encore et toujours du début de l’histoire, son déroulement, et sa fin. Avec joie et bonheur, car des souvenirs, j’en ai eu avec lui et sa famille que des très bons. Sa disponibilité totale, sa patience et sa pédagogie m’ont permis de comprendre beaucoup de choses importantes. Jean-Christophe, aujourd’hui, tu n’es plus parmi nous. Je me souviens avec une grande nostalgie de notre première rencontre de travail à Montpellier, il y a huit ans, comme si c’était hier. Tu es devenu un précieux ami pas un collègue ni un encadrant. Tu étais un grand passionné de palmiers. J’ai beaucoup appris de toi et je ne t’oublierai jamais. Que ton âme repose en paix. Mes premiers véritables contacts avec la génétique remontent à mon premier stage à l’IRD de Montpellier avec Bertha LUDENA-PINTAUD, à qui j’exprime toute ma reconnaissance pour son initiation aux techniques de biologie moléculaire. Sa patience et ses connaissances seront toujours pour moi une source d’inspiration. Son amitié et ses conseils ainsi que son soutien dans ma vie personnelle et de recherche ne m’ont jamais fait défaut. Bertha, je te dois beaucoup et j’ai eu la chance de t’avoir à mes côtés. Yves Vigouroux, ma reconnaissance à votre égard est énormément large. Si j’ai pu finaliser mon article, c’est sans doute avec votre soutien, le plus ferme. Yves a toujours un nouveau test à faire, une nouvelle formule à redémontrer. Bon, même si je n’arrivais pas toujours à le suivre dans ses délires il m’a quand même fait découvrir les statistiques, les analyses de structure, le logiciel R, la génétique….voilà qu’il m’avait légué une base certainement durable. Je n’oublierais pas aussi toute l’aide et facilitation qu’il m’a apportée pour les démarches administratives. Aux membres du jury : Je remercie Mme le professeur ABROUS Ouzna d'avoir accepté de présider le jury de cette thèse. Je remercie Mr le professeur AMIROUCHE Rachid, d’avoir bien voulu accepter d’évaluer ces travaux pour améliorer la qualité de ce manuscrit. Je voudrais également remercier Mme le professeur BENNACEUR Malika, pour son soutien constant, ses précieux conseils et pour l’ensemble de toutes les discussions scientifiques et autres que nous avons pu échanger, qu’elle trouve ici mes sincères reconnaissances. A Mr le professeur DJEBBAR Reda, j’exprime toute ma gratitude pour avoir accepté d'examiner cette thèse et de faire partie de mon jury.
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