Television News Coverage of the CIA Drone Program Darcy Bedgio
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Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2015 Inside the Echo Chamber: Television News Coverage of the CIA Drone Program Darcy Bedgio Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF COMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION INSIDE THE ECHO CHAMBER: TELEVISION NEWS COVERAGE OF THE CIA DRONE PROGRAM By DARCY BEDGIO A Thesis submitted to the School of Communication in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Degree Awarded: Spring Semester, 2015 Darcy Bedgio defended this thesis on December 3, 2014. The members of the supervisory committee were: Jennifer Proffitt Professor Directing Thesis Stephen McDowell Committee Member Andy Opel Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the thesis has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A huge thank you to Dr. Jennifer Proffitt for her guidance and knowledge throughout this process. This manuscript would never have come to fruition without her support and encouragement. Her countless revisions and feedback have made me into a better researcher and writer. I would also like to thank the other members of my committee, Dr. Stephen McDowell and Dr. Andy Opel, for serving on my committee and providing insightful perspectives to my topic and approach. I would also like to thank my parents, for their love and support throughout this undertaking. Zack, thank you for the endless encouragement and support, especially in the final stages of writing. You have been an incredible boyfriend throughout the process. A final thank you goes to my sisters, their support and many (many) text messages brightened even the longest research days. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ vii Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ viii Chapter One: Introduction ...............................................................................................................1 1.1 The Structural and Historical Factors Behind News Coverage ..............................................3 1.1.1 A Brief History of U.S. War Coverage ..........................................................................3 1.1.2 A Brief History of Structural Factors.............................................................................8 1.1.3 The Media-Military-Industrial Complex .....................................................................10 1.2 Media Coverage of the CIA Drone Program ........................................................................12 Chapter Two: War Reporting and Drones .....................................................................................15 2.1 Drones: What They Are, Their Uses and Their Controversies ..........................................15 2.1.1. The Controversies Around Drones .............................................................................17 2.1.1.1 Legality of Targeted Killings .................................................................................17 2.1.1.2 U.S. Image Abroad ................................................................................................19 2.1.1.3 The Kill List ...........................................................................................................20 2.1.2 On the Importance of News Coverage .........................................................................22 2.2 Media Coverage of War: Reoccuring Patterns .....................................................................22 2.2.1 Media Coverage During Prior U.S. Military Interventions .........................................23 2.2.2 Addresing the Failures of the Media in War Reporting ...............................................27 2.2.3 Summary of Literature on the Structure of the Media System ....................................28 Chapter Three: Political Economy .................................................................................................31 3.1 Theoretical Foundations .......................................................................................................31 3.2 The Propaganda Model .........................................................................................................34 3.2.1 Ownership ....................................................................................................................35 3.2.2 Reliance on Advertising ...............................................................................................37 3.2.3 Reliance on Official Sources .......................................................................................39 3.2.4 Flak ..............................................................................................................................40 3.2.5 Anti-Communism ........................................................................................................42 3.3 The Propaganda Model and War Coverage ..........................................................................43 3.4 Methodology .........................................................................................................................44 iv Chapter Four: Ownership ...............................................................................................................49 4.1 The Companies .....................................................................................................................50 4.1.1 Comcast/General Electric ............................................................................................50 4.1.2 Disney ..........................................................................................................................53 4.1.3 News Corporation ........................................................................................................55 4.1.4 Time Warner ................................................................................................................58 4.1.5 Viacom/CBS ................................................................................................................61 4.1.6 PBS ..............................................................................................................................62 4.2 Think Tanks, Sources, and the Media-Military-Industrial Complex ....................................67 Chapter Five: The Coverage 2002-2008 ........................................................................................72 5.1 Cable News Coverage from 2002-2008 ................................................................................73 5.1.1 Cable News Coverage: Legal Issues ............................................................................73 5.1.2 Cable News Coverage: Ethical Issues ..........................................................................82 5.2 Broadcast News Coverage from 2002-2008 .........................................................................84 5.2.1 Broadcast News Coverage: Legal Issues .....................................................................84 5.2.2 Broadcast News Coverage: Ethical Issues ...................................................................86 5.3 Sources Used from 2002-2008 .............................................................................................90 5.3.1 Cable Network Sources ...............................................................................................90 5.3.2 Broadcast Network Sources .........................................................................................91 Chapter Six: The Coverage 2009-2013..........................................................................................94 6.1 Cable News Coverage from 2009-2013................................................................................94 6.1.1 Cable News Coverage: Legal Issues ............................................................................94 6.1.2 Cable News Coverage: Ethical Issues .......................................................................119 6.2 Broadcast News Coverage from 2009-2013 .......................................................................135 6.2.1 Broadcast News Coverage: Legal Issues ...................................................................135 6.2.2 Broadcast News Coverage: Ethical Issues .................................................................145 6.3 Sources Used from 2009-2013 ...........................................................................................151 6.3.1 Cable Network Sources .............................................................................................151 6.3.2 Broadcast Network Sources .......................................................................................158 Chapter Seven: Visual Coverage .................................................................................................161 7.1 Cable News Clips................................................................................................................162 v 7.2 Broadcast News Clips .........................................................................................................171 Chapter Eight: Conclusion ...........................................................................................................175