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Copyright by Mitsy Anne Chanel-Blot 2014 Copyright by Mitsy Anne Chanel-Blot 2014 The Dissertation Committee for Mitsy Anne Chanel-Blot Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: “You Know Haitians…”: The Challenges of Community Organizing Among the Haitian Diaspora in Paris, France Committee: Edmund T. Gordon, Supervisor Kamala Visweswaran João Costa-Vargas Terri Givens Lok C. Siu “You Know Haitians…”: The Challenges of Community Organizing Among the Haitian Diaspora in Paris, France by Mitsy Anne Chanel-Blot, B.A., M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August 2014 Dedication To the halfies, hyphens, and in-betweeners, searching their past for answers and finding only a mirror. Acknowledgements I remember pouring over acknowledgements when I read people’s dissertations— at first for the gossip (you can find out quite a bit!) and then out of wonderment—could I fill a page or two of thanks? I needn’t have worried. I first became interested in anthropology thanks to the brilliant Jacqueline Nassy Brown at Hunter College in the City University of New York. After suffering through pre-med classes like chemistry and calculus, in my Introduction to Anthropology class I finally found a place where I understood the language being spoken, and became obsessed with learning more. Paired with the marvelous Rupal Oza, the director of the Women and Gender Studies program at the same institution, I received a top-notch liberal arts education that inspired me to follow in these women’s footsteps and pursue a career in academia. In spite of this foundation, I would say that it wasn’t until I reached the University of Texas at Austin that my real education began. I think everyone who met me in 2007 can attest to the rapid personal growth I underwent in trying to keep up with my peers both intellectually and fashionably. Words can’t even begin to convey how important and essential this process was for me, and I am forever a changed person as a result of having been surrounded by such amazing activists, artists, intellectuals (who incidentally also taught me that one can be all three at once.) As a graduate student, your personal and professional life is often one and the same. My colleagues were my confidants; the people I saw as mentors were sometimes the people I ached to comfort. I wouldn’t have gotten through graduate school or become who I am today without: Alix Champan, Tane Ward, Juli Grigsby, Courtney Morris, v Gwendolyn Ferretti, Maya Berry, Sarah Ihmood, Chelsi West, Mohan Ambikaipaker, Takkara Bruson, Jaqueline Smith, Traci-Ann Wint, Nedra Lee. I would like to offer my deepest gratitude to Dr. Edmund T. Gordon for taking me on his already overcharged plate. His mission to support Black and Brown students (“by any means necessary”) was always clear, and I appreciated him believing in me even when I didn’t believe in myself. I strive to be as focused and driven as he is, while also learning when to step back. I would like to thank my other committee members, Kamala Visweswaran, Joao Costa-Vargas, Lok C. Siu, Terri Givens, for their guidance and support in my process. I would also like to thank all the other professors who had an instrumental role in my academic training, notably Jemima Pierre, Jafari S. Allen, Joni Omi Oshun Olomo Jones, King Davis, Maria Franklin, and Suzanne Seriff. My education has been generously and fully funded all the way, from high school to my doctorate—which is both a good thing and a bad thing. I am EXTREMELY grateful to the full ride from Saint Francis Preparatory High School, to the Macaulay Honors College at the City University of New York, and to the University of Texas at Austin, more specifically the John L. Warfield Center for African and African American Studies, the Department of Anthropology, the Teresa Lozano Long Institute of Latin American Studies, and the Graduate School of UT Austin for their support of my professional development and personal growth as a scholar. I often can’t believe that it has been already a year and a half since I left France, and I thank my lucky stars that I had such an opportunity to live in such a beautiful city and meet such amazing people. I would like to thank all the members of PAFHA for opening their doors and hearts to me, including Mackendie Toupuissant, Jacques Nesi, Geoling Moise, David Charles, Marie-Venise Saint-Victor, Michel Fevry, Ralphson Pierre, Romel Louis-Jacques, Esther Saint-Ville, Simon Paul and Violande Toussaint- vi Glaude. A special thanks goes out to Judith Chavalarias, my partner in crime at PAFHA. I would also like to thank the members of Collectif 2004 Images, Dimitri Bechacq and most especially Anne Lescot, whose friendship I couldn’t have done without during my lonelier days in Paris. In my last few months of dissertation writing, I felt compelled to make the move to Boston in order to jumpstart the next phase of my life. It was a challenge to continue writing while working full-time, but I would like to thank my colleagues Aliza Sir and Chenelle Brown, as well as the LIFT-Boston staff including executive director Maicharia Weir-Lytle and program manager Tim Postaid for supporting me emotionally and encouraging me to take the time I needed to finish. A special shout-out to my best friends who make life more fun! Although they have only been in my life for a couple of years or less, without Michael Bridgett and Susan Porter I know I wouldn’t be as sane as I am today. I am also incredibly grateful for my other best friends whom I’ve known for close to or more than a decade, including Christelle Toussaint, Tamarra Amazan, Chinelo Njaka, and Aubrey Dillon. I feel a love for all of you that I can’t even begin to express. Thank you for your reciprocal love, which has made it possible to make it through twelve years of school. Lastly, I would like to acknowledge my mother. She and I certainly don’t see eye to eye, but this research and my interest was only possible because of how I was raised. I thank her for giving me the tools and training to be an independent, stubborn, and resourceful woman, enabling me to strike out on my own and seek out answers to questions she was unable to answer. I stand on her shoulders, in full recognition of all that she went through and sacrificed in order to give me the life she wished she had. vii “You Know Haitians…”: The Challenges of Community Organizing Among the Haitian Diaspora in Paris, France Mitsy Anne Chanel-Blot, Ph.D. The University of Texas at Austin, 2014 Supervisor: Edmund T. Gordon This dissertation focuses on the experiences of Haitians living in France who are active in organizations seeking to benefit Haiti. Focusing on “hometown associations”— collectives formed by members of the diaspora who are generally from the same town, that engage in activities and projects for the benefit of their home country—my main question is how do a group of Haitians, committed to transnational engagement between France and Haiti, manage the challenges, pressures, and expectations in being a “diaspora” in light of the category’s increasing institutionalization? Previous research has examined the impact of hometown associations in nations such as Mexico, but I sought to understand their importance in the context of personal, national, and international agendas, agendas that often neutralize or undermine the purpose of hometown associations. Despite increasing attention by national and international policy makers citing diasporas as integral to the survival and growth of struggling nations, my research shows that there is little support given to such collectivities, especially in the case of the Haitian diaspora. I argue that diaspora as a category has become more institutionalized, and as a result is inhibiting progressive, grassroots change more that it viii empowers. My research hopes to highlight this trend so that policy makers and humanitarians can take a step back to better identify the future of diaspora as a geopolitical force for change in countries like Haiti, and gauge whether it can still function under the weight of its signification. ix Table of Contents Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................... x List of Tables ................................................................................................................................... xiii Chapter 1: Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1 Out of One Diaspora, Many ....................................................................................................................... 20 Transnationality as Identity and Theory ........................................................................................... 33 Subject Formation .................................................................................................................................................... 38 Diasporic Citizenship .............................................................................................................................................. 40 Research Settings, Fieldwork, and Methodology ........................................................................... 42 Chapter Breakdown ...................................................................................................................................
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