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The Case of the Haitian Diaspora Cédric Audebert

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The Case of the Haitian Diaspora Cédric Audebert Caribbean Migration Spaces and Transnational Networks: The Case of the Haitian Diaspora Cédric Audebert To cite this version: Cédric Audebert. Caribbean Migration Spaces and Transnational Networks: The Case of the Haitian Diaspora. Border Transgression and Reconfiguration of Caribbean Spaces, pp.71 - 93, 2020, 978-3- 030-45939-0. 10.1007/978-3-030-45939-0_4. halshs-03089380 HAL Id: halshs-03089380 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-03089380 Submitted on 28 Dec 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Caribbean Migration Spaces and Transnational Networks: The Case of the Haitian Diaspora Cédric Audebert* In M. Moïse and F. Réno (eds.), Border Transgression and Reconfiguration of Caribbean Spaces, Palgrave Macmillan, 2020, pp 71-93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45939-0_4 Abstract The Caribbean region’s cultural and spatial borders mirror its underlying identities: shifting, fluid and constantly changing. The Caribbean migration experience provides a dynamic platform for renewed understandings of boundaries as shaped by transnational reticular territories. This chapter explores the extent to which states must integrate their diasporas as part of their economic and diplomatic policy, given the huge impact of exiled communities on their homelands’ growth and international outreach. Haiti and its diaspora are the most illustrative textbook case, when it comes to such contemporary dynamics. Such a differentiated spatial system acting as a network should encourage us to review our analytical categories and representations of borders and identities; Haitian identities are constantly being reshaped both in and out of the country. Keywords: Caribbean – Diaspora – Haiti – Migration – Territory - Transnationalism Introduction Over the past few decades, the deep-rooted structural crisis underlying the economic, social and political alienation of the vast majority of the Haitian people has reached an unprecedented magnitude—thereby unveiling the diaspora’s crucial role in Haiti’s economy and local social structures. Given the diaspora’s demographic weight and influence on the local economy, culture and politics, challenges to the Haitian society’s future can no longer be tackled separately from the spread of its population beyond national borders. As a result of systemic insecurity affecting all aspects of daily life— especially in the economic, political and environ- mental spheres—emigration gradually spread across all social classes and regions in Haiti throughout the twentieth century. The two million Haitian nationals that currently live abroad account for about 20% of their homeland’s population. The outcome of this dynamics on the transnational * Directeur de recherche au CNRS. Laboratoire Caribéen de Sciences Sociales, CNRS / Université des Antilles, Martinique, e-mail: [email protected] structure of Haitian social relations is remarkable (Audebert 2002, 2004a, 2012). Pionner research has shown that transnational practices embedded in family, economic, logistic, cultural and informational networks have grown more structured in the context of the development of historical relations between Haiti and the United States, as well as of transnational practices resulting from the multiple identity strategies embraced by migrants according to shifting political contexts in both host and home societies (Basch et al. 1994; Laguerre 1998; Glick Schiller and Fouron 1999; Stepick 1998). However, core Anglo-Saxon sociological and anthropological research on Haitian migration has mainly been limited to the North American context. In other words, it fails to consider the experience of the majority of Haitian migrants throughout the World. Several collective works have recently attempted to take into consideration the diversity of Haitian migration contexts, mostly through monographies or comparative assessments of their Caribbean journeys (Jackson 2011; Joint and Mé rion 2011). Their international and transdisciplinary perspective has undoubtedly contributed to a better understanding of the plurality of Haitian experiences abroad. They have but partially fulfilled the challenge of comprehending the global space dynamics and rationales embraced by transnational agents from a diasporic perspective. My research on the Haitian diaspora aimed at facing that recurring scientific challenge by looking at the full range of diasporic locations as well as migration territories and transnational networks in view of grasping the uniqueness and coherence of that globalised social body (Audebert 2012). Nonetheless, much remains to be done to grasp the complexity and richness of the processes underway within this diaspora. Over the past thirty years, social science studies have come to define diasporas based on a minimum of four criteria: geographic dispersion, the existence of a distinctive diasporic identity, an internal diasporic structure grounded on the linkages between its hubs, as well as significant symbolic ties to the homeland (Sheffer 1996; Anteby-Yemini et al. 2000; Ma Mung 2000, 2012; Dufoix 2003; Pré vé lakis 1996, Hovanessian 1998). Unlike the “transmigrant” figure, whose incentives for transnational ties come down to social status and prestige in the hometown, diasporic migrants sustain relationships that connect them around the world through a strong sense of national belonging (Bruneau 2004). In that light, a geographical approach focused on the diasporic dimension is bound to fill the gaps found in previous research, especially as it allows for a more global and dynamic perspective on how the Haitian migration space and its networks operate over time (Audebert 2012). While The Haitian Diaspora did bring out the connection between global and local scales—not to mention close interactions between cities, migration routes and diasporic structures—it has failed to account for more recent geographical dynamics in Latin America—Chile, ecuador, Peru and Brazil in particular. especially after the 2010 earthquake, Brazil has become an increasingly popular destination among Haitian migrants. While the need to establish migration networks involving Suriname and French Guiana—another major migration destination for Haitians— initially played a significant part in boosting the Brazilian destination, Haitian migration to Brazil is now self-sustaining, as shown by the expansion of labour migration networks that connect the Amazonian states to Sao Paulo, and Brazil’s southern states (Silva 2012, 2017; Joseph 2015; Nieto 2014). By way of a theoretical and conceptual preamble, we will focus on the transnationalisation of Haitian social networks and the spatial system of interactions that characterise it. This spatial model results from a survival strategy that implies uprooting personal, family and collective destinies from Haiti while actively preserving pre-existing core social structures. In that view, the emergence of a collective organisation abroad endowed with a certain continuity in time and space redefines the relationship of the Haitian people to its homeland and to migration. While local social ties paradoxically rely more and more on long-distance connections, migration does not seem to be perceived so much as a fracture—or a hiatus—as a way of expanding one’s social networks and living space. Therefore, I examine how diaspora as a territory affects social reproduction, social cohesion and Haitian identity. Hence, it proves crucial to identify the key agents in such a spatial dynamics in order to grasp how not only specific networks but locations affect that scheme. For the originality of the territorialisation processes of Haitians abroad stems from their ability to articulate their migration project and experience on both local and global scales. The Diasporisation of the Haitian Society: The Spatial Manifestation of An Internationalised “Marooning”? Originally referring to the West Indian slaves who risked their lives trying to flee the coercive plantation system—the term “marooning” now refers increasingly to the case of Haitian migrants (Hurbon 1987). For most Haitians, their country’s troubled history (from the plantation system to the present day) is one of an everlasting quest for justice and freedom. However, the perpetuation of the plantation system after independence, the isolation and embargo that affected Haiti during the nineteenth century, or the State’s willingness to extend its commercial, tax and political control to even the most remote rural areas—not to mention the social consequences of US military occupation and Duvalierist dictatorship throughout the twentieth century—have caused economic, political and cultural freedom to continuously dwindle for a majority of Haitians. Individuals began to leave the country as a result of historico-structural and situational constraints. Haitians have gradually come to construe that “someplace else” as one of the last realms of freedom and growth within their reach, although at a heavy price. Their international dispersion has taken place in the dual context of
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