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Children of Immigrants' Religious Identity and Political Engagement

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Children of Immigrants' Religious Identity and Political Engagement CHILDREN OF IMMIGRANTS’ RELIGIOUS IDENTITY AND POLITICAL ENGAGEMENT ACROSS EUROPE Tamara van der Does Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Sociology, Indiana University June 2018 Accepted by the Graduate Faculty, Indiana University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Doctoral Committee Patricia McManus, PhD Clem Brooks, PhD Jennifer C. Lee, PhD Dina Okamoto, PhD May 24th, 2018 ii Copyright c 2018 Tamara van der Does iii Acknowledgments This dissertation would not have been possible without a functioning educational system that allowed me to pursue my interests. I am lucky to have the skills and background necessary to be valued academically. More specifically, I want to thank the National Science Foundation and the Global Religion Research Initiative at Notre Dame University for funding this project. Beyond structural help, this dissertation is also the product of many years of hard work with the support of a strong community. I am extremely grateful for the kind and honest mentors I found at Indiana University. I would like to especially thank my committee chair and advisor, Patricia McManus. Patricia has not only provided me with constant support and encouragement, but she would often take the time to push me to work harder and think more deeply. She motivates me to be a better researcher and I hope to continue learning from her moving forward. I also want to deeply thank the other three members of my committee. Jennifer C. Lee has mentored me since the beginning as if she were my chair, supporting me through academic and financial hurdles. Clem Brooks and Dina Okamoto also always made themselves available to meet and discuss my work: Clem gave me invaluable insights on any topic imaginable and Dina counseled me as I was grappling with complex theoretical concepts. Other faculty at IU have helped me throughout the years with both my research and teaching. I would especially like to thank Robert Robinson, Art Alderson, Brian Powell, and Brian Steensland. Five years ago, Brian Steensland assigned a book for his religion class with my interests specifically in mind; this book became the cornerstone of my dissertation. Before joining IU, professors at Wheaton College showed me how to think critically all the while promoting social justice. I want to thank Robert Brabenec for encouraging women in mathematics both academically iv and financially, and Noah Toly for teaching a global social science course that sparked my interest in sociology. The friendships I made at Indiana University have carried me through the PhD program. I want to especially thank Natasha Quadlin for creating a sense of camaraderie in our cohort and for being an example of excellence and kindness in academia. Throughout the years, I have shared moments of extreme stress and joy with all my fellow cohort members. Elizabeth Martinez, Jacob Miller, Trent Mize, Elizabeth Zack, Dan Rudel, MK Tilly, and Eric Sevell, you will always have a special place in my heart. I also want to thank many others at IU who offered their friendship and support: Orla Stapleton, Emma Cohen, Zoe Caplan, Maria Gerth, Jessica Herzing, and Sarah Ludwig-Dehm among others. I was also lucky to collaborate with two extremely intelligent and hardworking women: Jaime Kucinskas and Muna Adem. Finally, I want to thank Shawna Smith for her mentoring and friendship while I was her TA in Michigan. Thanks to my friends outside of the sociology department, I was able to lead a balanced life in graduate school. I want to thank Artemy Kolchinsky for his love and support during times of great stress. Artemy helped edit many drafts and, as a result, I learned what it means to strive for perfection. I also want to thank my roommates and friends with whom I shared so many magical moments during my time in Bloomington: AB Scherschel, Chris Harshaw, Blake Edwards, John McCurley, Julie LeH´egarat, Emma McDonell, Leslie Drane, and Ari Sen. I wish I could take all of you with me on to my next adventure. More than anything, I want to thank my family. My parents have always encouraged me to pursue my academic interests. Both my self-confidence and rigorousness stem directly from my upbringing. Most of all, they have taught me to care about human experiences on a global scale. I am also grateful for my brothers, grandparents, aunts, uncles, and many cousins who have always given me unconditional love and support. I want to especially thank my cousin Sarah Murru and my grandmother Charlotte Kroeker. They are the only ones outside of my committee to have read this dissertation in full. v Tamara van der Does CHILDREN OF IMMIGRANTS’ RELIGIOUS IDENTITY AND POLITICAL ENGAGEMENT ACROSS EUROPE In contrast with the secularization trend among Christians in Europe, the constant flow of immigrants since WWII has led to a rise in religious diversity and religiosity. How do minority religious groups integrate into the European political landscape? This dissertation investigates the salience of religion for children of immigrants from all faith traditions during their process of incorporation into European societies. I propose that religion is a source of politicized collective identities. Moreover, I argue that the Muslim identity is distinctive in that it functions as a racialized pan-ethnic identity: an imposed categorization that unifies individuals from different backgrounds to encourage political mobilization. I first apply lon- gitudinal methods to analyze the co-evolution of religiosity and national identities among adolescents as they progress through secondary school in four Western European countries. I find that Christian children of immigrants and natives become more secular over time; how- ever, religious identities and religious practices continue to be more important for children of immigrants as compared to natives. Moreover, Muslim children of immigrants increase their participation in religious services all the while developing a stronger attachment to their European national identities. Turning from adolescents to adults, I then use multilevel data from twenty European countries to examine how religiosity among children of immigrants is shaped by regional and national contexts. Except for Muslims, the religiosity of children of immigrants is lower in regions with lower native religiosity. However, both Muslim and Or- thodox children of immigrants are more religious in countries with stronger multiculturalism and anti-discrimination policies. Finally, I examine the relationship between religion and political engagement among adult children of immigrants across Europe. I find that children vi of immigrants’ involvement with religious communities and sense of group consciousness are both associated with more political acts. The relationship between religious attendance and political participation is stronger among Muslims and among children of immigrants living countries with broader multiculturalism policies. Taken together, these findings suggest the resurgence of religion as a meaningful and resourceful identity for children of immigrants, the continuing importance of multiculturalism policies, and the emergence of new political communities. Patricia McManus, PhD Clem Brooks, PhD Jennifer C. Lee, PhD Dina Okamoto, PhD vii Contents List of Figures xi List of Tables xii 1 Introduction: Children of Immigrants’ Religious Identity and Political Engagement Across Europe 1 Core Questions ..................................... 4 Politicized Religious Identities and Pan-ethnicity .................. 8 Collective religious identity and religiosity ................... 9 Politicized religious identities in adolescence .................. 9 Religious boundaries in Europe ......................... 10 Muslim pan-ethnicity ............................... 12 European States and Religion ............................. 14 Europe and the secularization hypothesis . ................... 14 History of migration in Europe ......................... 15 Multiculturalism policies ............................. 16 Religious Organizations and Political Engagement .................. 17 Resources from religious organizations ..................... 17 Religious group consciousness .......................... 18 Mosques as pan-ethnic organizations ...................... 19 Outline of Dissertation ................................. 20 2 The Development of Religious Identities and Religious Behaviors for Children of Immigrants in Adolescence: Towards or Away from the Mainstream 23 Politicized Religious Identities and Religious Behaviors in Adolescence ....... 24 Baseline Religious Identity and Behavior: Migration and Incorporation ...... 27 Religion Under Bright Social Boundaries ....................... 29 Pan-ethnic vs. Reactive Religious Identities ..................... 31 Previous Findings on the Religious Identities and Religious Behavior of Children of Immigrants in Europe ............................. 34 viii Data Source, Measures, and Method ......................... 36 Data source and case selection .......................... 36 National contexts ................................. 38 Adolescents’ religious identities, religious behaviors, families, and experiences of boundaries ............................... 40 Method: Latent Growth Curve Analysis . ................... 44 Results .......................................... 47 Baseline religious identity salience and religious behavior
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