INDEX

α particles, 212 Al Qaeda, 49, 53, 55, 63 β particles, 212 Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, 259 γ rays, 212 Aluminum, 39, 48, 66 γ -based sensors, 4 Amatol, 39 µ Faraday plate, 215–217 Americium 212, 243 ∗ π to π transitions, 305 Amino-Dinitrobenzene, 187 241Am, 212 Amino-DNT, 134, 137, 162, 163, 181, 186, 63Ni, 212, 229 232, 274 Abkhazia, 315 Ammonium, 40 Acetone, 55, 56 Ammonium nitrate, 37, 39, 44, 51, 52, 59, 220 Acoustic, 158 Ammonium nitrate icing sugar, 54 Active Sensors, 4 Ammonium nitrate, powdered, 53, 54 Aden, 43 Amperometric detection, 267, 269, 279 ADNT, 134, 137, 181, 162, 163, 186, 232, 274, Amplification, 196, 198 331 Amplifier, 17 Adsorb, 77 Amplifying fluorescent polymer, 12, 28, 134, Adsorbed Explosive Molecules, 259 195, 196 Adsorption, 245, 247, 248, 250 AN, 37, 39, 52, 54 Adsorption Filter, 186 Analysis cycle time, 191 Adsorption-InducedCOPYRIGHTED Cantilever Bending, 245 Anarchist MATERIAL literature, 49, 50 Adsorption-Induced Forces, 246 Anarchist press, 51 Advection, 109, 110, 125, 127 ANFO, 44, 52–54, 220, 233, 307, 308, 331 Afghanistan, 187, 314, 315, 323 Angola, 182, 190, 314–316 AFP, 12, 27–31, 134, 137, 142, 149, 195–199, Animal noses, 177 201, 204–206, 208, 325 Animal sensors, 178 Africa, 314 ANIS, 54, 325 African giant pouched rats, 189, 315 Antibody, 286 Agriculture, 80 Antigen-antibody, 272, 273

Trace Chemical Sensing of Explosives, Edited by Ronald L. Woodfin Copyright c 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 351 352 INDEX

Antipersonnel mine, 158, 161, 164 Blue/UV light, 305, 309 Anti-tank mine, 72, 161, 164, 167 Bomb makers, 49–67 AP mine, 158, 161, 164 Bomber, 242 APCI, 242, 325 Bombs, 49, 65 API, 230 Booster, 54 API/TOF MS, 29–31, 231, 325 Bosnia, 164, 313, 314, 316 APOPO, 178, 185, 186, 189, 190, 315, 325 Bougainville, 316 Aqueous state, 96 Boundary layer, 89–91, 93–95, 110, 152, 155 Area coverage rate, 190 Boundary layer, convective, 240 Area reduction, 167, 168, 184 Boundary layer, turbulent, 112 Arms caches, 323 Buffalo vehicle, 323 Armstrong’s mixture, 62 Bulk detector, 240 Army RDECOM CERDEC NVESD, 317 Bulk flow, 125 Army Research Laboratory, 310 Bulk sensors, 4 Aroma, 6 Buried explosives, 95 Aroma sensing, 177 Buried munitions, 103 ASGDI, 230, 325 Buried source, 99 ASGDI MS/MS, 29–31, 326 By-products, 93 Asmara, 313 Aspirin, 51 C-4, 50, 154, 220, 307, 308, 331 AT mine, 72, 161, 164, 167, 326 Cambodia, 190, 314, 315 ATF, 259 Camera, 309 Atmospheric pressure ionization, 230 Camouflage pattern, 183, 184, 186 Atmospheric pressure ionization time-of-flight Canals, 96 mass spectrometer, 29 Cancer detection, 7, 184, 185 Atmospheric sampling glow discharge Canines, 159, 164–167, 170, 172, 202 ionization, 230 Cantilever, 245, 249, 251, 255–259 Atmospheric sampling-glow discharge-ion piezoresistive, 252, 256 trap-tandem mass spectrometer, 29 Cap, 46, 48, 49 Attogram, 19, 163, 217, 329 Capacitive transimpedance amplifier, 215 Australia, 316 Capillary electrophoresis, 261, 264, 273, 276 Autonomous underwater vehicle, 139 Carbon disulfide, 46 Autonomous vehicle, 104 Casspir vehicle, 323 AUV, 139, 140, 147, 148, 201, 204, 326 Castor oil, 47 CCD, 305, 309, 326 Backscatter, 240 C-CD, 270, 326 Bali, 65, 66 CCRDC, 69, 326 Baratol, 39 CE, 261, 326 Barium nitrate, 39 CE-EC microchips, 266, 268 Batch, 23 CE-microchips, 267–269, 271, 278 Batchelor scale, 110, 114 CGTVA, 188, 189 BB1,50 Charge, minimum, 48 Bees, 9, 178 Charge-coupled device, 305 Benson, Ragnar, 51 Chechnya, 314 Bilateral comparison, 121, 125, 127 Cheddites, 47 Billion, 19, 20 Chemical boundary layer, 91 Bioluminescence detector, 29–31 Chemical klinotaxis, 119 Biosensors, 6 Chemical plumes, 98, 109, 111 BL, 29–31, 326 Chemical Sensing in the Marine Environment Black powder, 220 Program, 133, 201 Blasters, 56 Chemical sensors, 221 Blasting cap, 49, 63 Chemical signatures, 101, 159 Blind test, 164 Chemical vapor sensor, 196 Blue crab, 121, 124, 125 Chemical warfare agents, 281 INDEX 353

Chemiluminescence, 39, 219 Crack cocaine, 59 Chemiluminesence detector, 28 Crawler, 139 Chemiresistors, 12, 27 Crawler robot, 143 Chemometrics, 18 Critical diameter, 36 Chemosensory tracking, 119 Croatia, 181–184, 190 China, 66, 315 CROMAC, 181, 326 Chlorate-based explosives, 51, 65 CRRDC, 72, 73, 326 Chlorates, 44, 46, 48, 51, 66 CSIR, 178, 180, 184, 326 Chromatography, electrokinetic, 279 CSME, 133–136, 201, 208, 326 Chromophores, 197, 200 CSS, 138, 143, 326 Citric acid, 51, 61 CTIA, 215, 216 Clandestine chemist, 40 Current, 96, 134 Coastal Systems Station, U. S. Navy, 138, 318 Curve recognition program, 309 Cold Regions Research and Engineering Cyranose, 9 Center, 69 Cold Regions Research and Engineering DADP, 55, 56, 331 Laboratory, 72 DARPA, 127, 136, 151, 153, 159, 164, 179, Comparisons between dogs and chemical 201, 208, 300, 326 methods, 164, 181, 202 DDNP, 40, 331 Comp-B, 39, 154, 159, 331 Decomposition, 59, 78 Comp-B2, 39, 331 Decomposition products, 180, 186, 188 Complex aroma, 190 Defence Science and Technology Laboratories Complex dielectric constant, 303 (UK), 208 Composite explosives, 53 Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Composition-B, 39, 154, 159, 331 136, 151, 172 Computer code, 102 Deflagraton, 250, 253, 257–259 Computer models, 102 Degradation, 92 Concentrating, 17 Degradation products, 162, 181, 276 Concentration, Dehydration, 55 in environment, 18, 25, 30, 81, 88, 89, 91, Demining, 189, 313–316 93–95, 101, 102, 104 humanitarian, 168, 179, 190, 313–316 field experience, 152, 156, 168, 171, 201 DENEL, 178, 184 instrument sensing, 223, 228, 266 Department of Energy, 201 minimum possible, 20, 23 Department of Homeland Security, 259, 281, in plume, 110, 112–115, 120, 125 317 Concentration fields, plumes in, 115, 116 Department of Transportation, 36 Concentration gap, 26, 27 Desert Publications,49 Concentration gradient, plumes in, 114 Detasheet, 220 Concentration maps, underwater plumes, 137 Detection dogs, 313–316 Concentrator, 240 Detection limits, 217 Contact-less, 303 minimum, 156 Contactless conductivity detectors, 270 Detector, electrochemical, 28, 30, 268 Contactless conductivity microchip, 269 Detector, electron-capture, 145, 219, 221 Contaminated, 160 Detonable, 48 Contamination, 167 Detonate, 36 Convection, 77, 78, 96, 109 Detonation front, 36 Convective Detonation velocity, 38, 53, 54 boundary layer, 240 Detonation wave, 36 dispersion, 154 Detonator, 46, 63 transport, 135 homemade, 51 CO-OP, 50, 65, 331 Dew, 93 Correlation function, 121–123 Diatomaceous earth, 46 Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Dichlorates, 44 (South Africa), 178, 180, 184 Diesel fuel, 52–54 354 INDEX

Differential reflection spectroscopy, 5, 303 negative ion mass spectrometry, 29 Differential reflectogram, 306–308 negative ion MS, 231 Differential reflectometry, 303 Electronic ionizing techniques, 212 Differential x ray, 219 Electronic sensor technology, 221 Diffusion, 71, 72, 75, 77, 78, 84, 97, 110, 162 Electroosmosis, 263 Diffusive, 104 Electroosmotic flow, 263 Diffusive flux, 75 Electropherogram, 267, 268, 272–274, 276 Diffusivity, 73, 85, 111 Electrophoresis, 263, 264 eddy, 117 Electrostatic discharge, 58 molecular, 126 Elephants, 178, 323 Discrimination algorithms, 207 EMRTC, 321 Diurnal concentration predictions, 103 Energetic material, 35 Diurnal cycle, 93 Energetic Material Research and Testing Diver-deployed, 141, 146 Center, 321 DMNB, 220, 232, 233 Energy budget, 18 DNB, 20, 74, 92, 160, 161, 267, 270, 272, 274, Environmental conditions, 166 331 Environmental Fate and Transport, 70, 99, 102 DNT, 20, 71, 80, 81, 83, 86–88, 92, 94, 134, Environmental Protection Agency, 201 137, 157, 160–163, 168, 206, 207, 231, EOD, 313, 316, 318 232, 267, 274, 278, 279, 331 EOF, 263, 264, 276, 326 DoD, 201 Equilibrium vapor concentration, 155 Dog’s nose, 182, 183 ERC, 159, 160, 162, 163, 165, 166, 169, 171 Dog’s Nose Program, 136, 151, 153, 201 Eritrea, 313, 315 Dogs, 7, 94, 159, 164, 170–172, 177, 190, 191, ERW, 15, 70, 76, 96, 315, 316, 326 323 ESD, 58, 59, 61, 62, 326 performance of, 202 ETD, 219, 220, 222, 242, 326 Doped silicon, 251 Evapotranspiration, 77, 162, 165 DoT, 36, 326 EVD, 8, 179, 327 DR, 303, 306, 309, 326 Explosive(s), 35 Dragon Runner(robot), 203 charge, 69, 71 Drift region, 213 compounds, 199 Drift time, 213, 214 detection, 195 Drophammer, 49, 58, 59 detection systems, 220 DRS, 5, 303, 326 device, improvised, 12, 15, 51, 64, 66, 70, Drying, 86 76, 95, 98, 165, 201, 317 Dual x-ray tomography, 220 formulations, 39 Dust, 182, 183, 190 homemade, 43 Dynamite, 46, 66, 220, 331 improvised, 43–67 ordnance disposal, 313–316 E50,61 plume, 148 ECD, 145, 221, 326 trace detection, 219 ECNIMS, 29–31, 231, 326 vapor, 190, 245 Eddies, 109, 110 Explosive Remnants of War, 15, 70, 76, 96, Eddy diffusivity, 117 315, 316 Edge of the plume, 123 Explosive-related compounds, 159 EF&T, 70, 99, 102, 326 EGDN, 220, 232 Electrochemical, 265, 266 FAA, 220, 243, 259 Electrochemical detector, 28, 30, 268 FAIMS, 221, 327 Electrokinetic, 261 False alarm rate, 164, 202 Electrokinetic chromatography, 279 False alarms, 158 Electron capture False negative, 13, 219 detection, 221 False positive, 13, 219, 221, 238, 240, 304 detectors, 145, 219, 221 Fate and transport, 152 INDEX 355

FBI, 208, 317 Foster-Miller Talon, 138, 203 Federal Aviation Administration, 220, 243, 259 Fourier transform, 225 Femtogram, 19, 163, 179, 196, 201, 217, 231, Fourier transform, ion cyclotron resonance 329 mass spectrometry, 318 Fertilizer, 52 Fourier transform mass spectrometer, 225 Fertilizer-based explosives, 51–55 Freezing, 92, 95 Fertilizer-grade AN, 52 FRET, 286–300, 327 FGAN, 52, 53 Friction, 46, 58, 61, 62 Fick’s law, 110 Friction sensitivity, 66 Fido, 134, 145, 151–153, 156, 160, 162–164, FTMS, 225, 226, 327 167–170, 172, 179, 181, 182, 195, 196, Fulminate, 46, 60 199–201, 203, 204, 205, 206, 208, 323 Fido XT, 203, 204, 208 GA, 50, 51, 327 Field Gamma-based sensors, 4 experience, 177, 190 Gas chromatography, 167, 219, 221 practice, 184 /chemiluminesence, 28 test, 164 /differential ion mobility spectrometer, 28 Field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry, /electron capture detector, 29 221 /ion mobility spectrometer, 29 Field ion spectrometer, 29 /mass spectrometer, 28, 29 Filament, plume, 101, 110, 112, 114, 119, 125, /surface acoustic wave, 28 135, 144, 155–157 Gaussian, 155 Filamentary, 104 Gaussian distribution, 135 Filamentation, 101 Gaussian profile, 115 Gaza Strip, 63 Filter materials, 186 GC, 145, 219, 221 Filters, 171, 323 GC/DMS, 28–31, 327 FIS, 29–31, 327 GC/ECD, 29–31, 327 Flash powder, 48, 51, 66 GC/IMS, 29–31, 327 Fluoresce, 197 GC/MS, 29–31, 327 Fluorescence, 136, 195, 197, 198, 200, 265, GC/SAW, 29–31, 327 274, 279 GC-CL, 28–31, 327 Fluorescence images, 295, 299 GC-ECD, 145 Fluorescence quenching, 199 Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Fluorescence resonance energy transfer, 287 Demining, 178, 322 Fluorescent GICHD, 178, 322, 327 chromophore, 198 Global Training Academy, Somerset, Texas, detector, 29, 30 179 polymers, 195 GPR, 5, 158, 169 Fluorophores, 136 Gradient, 114, 119 Flux, 73–76, 91 Griffin Analytical, 221 Flux rate, 23, 87 Ground AN, 54 Flux rate nomenclature, 25 Ground penetrating radar, 5, 158, 169 FMX, 50, 51, 327 Guerrilla’s Arsenal,50 FMX Revised Black Book,50 Gunpowder Plot, 43 FOI, 178, 186–188, 327

Following plumes, 99 H50, 58, 61 Forster¨ energy transfer, 199 Half-life, 92, 162 Forster¨ resonance energy transfer, 286–300 Halifax, 134, 148 Fort A. P. Hill, 169 Halo Trust, 315 Fort Belvoir, 167, 317 HD, 179 Fort Leonard Wood, 164, 169, 201 Helhoffite, 46, 50 Fort Ord, 15 Helicopter, 181 Foster-Miller, 138, 139, 143, 145, 203 Henry’s Law, 80, 81 356 INDEX

Hexamethylene triperoxide diamine, 37 Integral length scale, 122, 123 Hexamine, 51, 61 Interferent, 171, 172, 206, 258 Hidden Markov methods, 104 International Civil Aviation Organization, 220 High performance liquid chromatography, 28 International Committee of the Red Cross, Hitachi, 221 158 HMM, 104, 327 Internet, 49, 50 HMTD, 37, 39, 48, 49, 51, 55, 60–63, 154, Iodates, 44 220 Ion cyclotron resonance, 225 HMX, 37, 39, 220, 231, 232, 307, 308 Ion mobility spectrometer, 27–31, 211, 212, Homemade 214–216, 219–221, 228–230, 236, 240, detonator, 51 242 explosives, 43 Ion trap ion mobility spectrometer, 28 initiator, 63 Ion trap/TOF MS, 226 Homogeneity, 101 Ionization, 228 HOMO-LUMO, 305 Ionizing element, 212 HPLC, 28–31, 267, 278 IR, 158, 323, 327 HPLC-UV, 188 IR spectrometry, 29–31, 221 Humanitarian demining, 168, 179, 190, Iraq, 314–316, 323 313–316 iRobot, 203 Humidity, 184 Irrigated fields, 96 Hybrid MS, 226 IRS, 29–31, 221, 327 Hydrogen peroxide, 51, 56, 61 Israel, 55, 64, 316 Hypochlorites, 44 ITIMS, 28–31, 327 ITMS, 224, 227 ICAO, 220, 327 ICBL, 314 James Madison University, Mine Action Icing sugar, 51, 54 Information Center, 322 ICRC, 158 Jane’s Information Group, Jane’s Mines and Idaho National Laboratory, 252 Mine Countermeasures, 322 IE, 43–67, 317, 327 Jordan, 55, 60, 63 IED, 12, 15, 51, 64, 66, 70, 76, 96, 98, 165, 201, 317, 327 Kahoolawe, 15 Impact, 58, 61 Karm´ an´ vortex street, 127 Improvised Kd , 81, 83 explosive device, 12, 15, 51, 64, 66, 70, 76, Kd’, 82, 94 95, 98, 165, 201, 317 KH , 80, 81 explosives, 43–67 Kieselguhr, 46 initiator, 63 Kinepac, 54 Improvised Munitions Black Book, Vol I,50 Kolmogorov scale, 110, 114 Impurities, 58 Ks/a,94 IMS, 27–31, 211, 212, 214–216, 219–221, Kuwait, 314 228–230, 236, 240, 242, 327 IMS manufacturers, 216 Lab-on-a-chip, 28, 261, 263–267 India, 314 LabVIEW, 307, 309 Indonesia, 65, 66 Lakes, 96 Infrared, 158 Laminar flow, 98, 119 Infrared spectrometer, 29 Landmine, 31, 73–77, 85–98, 157–159, 162, Ingesting, 212 164, 165, 169, 188, 313–316 Initiation, explosives, 48, 59 Landmine signature chemicals, 92 Initiator, homemade, 63 Landmine soil probe, 168–170 Inorganic oxidizers, 39 Laos, 315 Insects, 9, 94 Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, 158 Institute of Soldier Nanotechnologies, 208 Laser-induced fluorescence, 112, 271, 280 Insult, 40, 48 Lead azide, 40 INDEX 357

Leakage, 73, 183 Microgram, 19, 329 LED, 200, 327 Micromachined, 246 LIBS, 158, 327 Milligram, 19, 329 LIF, 112, 271, 280, 327 Mine Action Information Center, James Limit of detection, 8, 23, 27, 31, 179, 181, 231, Madison University, 322 233, 234, 254, 258, 277 Mine(s), 73–76, 164, 167, 168, 183, 189, 191, Liquid phase, 80 323, 323 Lithium ion battery, 215 clearance, 190, 313–316 LOC/HPLC, 28–31, 327 clearers, 323 Locating the point source, 118 detection, 186 LOD, 8, 23, 27, 31, 179, 181, 231, 233, 234, detection dog, 164, 167, 178, 313–316 254, 258, 277, 327 low-metal-content 158, 159 Low-metal-content mines, 158, 159 signature, 165, 166 Luminescent semiconductor nanocrystals, warfare, 318 285 Mine Detection Rats, 315 Mine protected vehicle, 323 Maltose binding protein, 286 Mine resistant vehicle, 191, 323 Manus, 316 Mine Warfare Association, xxv, 322 Mapping a plume, 104 Minefield, 158, 164, 177, 190, 314, 323 Marine environment, 148 Minelites,´ 47, 51 Mass flux, 152 Minimum charge, 48 Mass fraction, 83, 84 Minimum detection limit, 156 Mass production, 246 Minimum possible concentration, 21, 24 Mass Spec Analytical, 221 Ministry of Defence, Australia, 318 Mass Spectrometry, 211, 219, 220 MINWARA, xxv, 322 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 134, MIP, 221, 328 154, 195 MIPT, 281 Mathematical models, 104 MIT, 134, 154, 172, 179, 195, 208, 328 MBP, 286–299, 328 MNT, 232, 332 MDD, 178–180, 183, 184, 186, 189, 191, Model(s), 328 computer, 102 Meander, 126, 127 mathematical, 103 Mechem, 8 plume search, 104 MECHEM, 8, 165, 167, 170, 171, 178, 181, tracking, 104 182, 184, 185, 190–323, 315, 323 Molar MECHEM Explosive and Drug Detection density, 19 System, 165, 178 MEDDS, 8, 95, 165, 170, 178–182, 184–186, extinction coefficient, 285 190, 191, 328, 323 volume, 19 Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Moldability, 51 Terrorism, 281 Mole, 20 MEMS, 205, 208, 328 Molecular Menchen gegen Minen, 314 diffusion, 110, 114 Mercury fulminate, 40, 48, 49, 60 diffusivity, 126 Metal detector, 14, 158, 159 weight, 20, 21, 229 Meteorological conditions, 100 Molecularly imprinted polymer, 221 MgM, 314 Monochromatic light, 304 Microbial degradation, 77, 78 Monolayer films, 248 Microbiological processes, 92 Monomolecular explosives, 53 Microcantilever, 245–259 Morocco, 55, 64 piezoresistive, 253 Morogoro, 188 Microchip, 261, 268, 276 Mozambique, 164, 182, 188, 189, 315 Microfabricated, 250, 261 MPV, 323 Microfluidic, 261 MRV, 191, 323, 328 358 INDEX

MS, 211, 219–222, 228, 229, 231, 236, mass, 18 240–242, 328 parts per, 19, 20, 330 MS/MS, 224, 228, 230, 233, 242, 328 Non-linear dependence of ion mobility, 28 MSn, 224, 228, 328 Norwegian Peoples Aid, 8, 178, 183 313 Munition, 71 NPA, 8, 178, 183, 313, 328 MW, 21, 229, 329 NQR, 4, 179, 328 Myanmar, 314 NRe,90 NRL, 300 Nagorno Karabakh, 315 NSF, 127 Naminbia, 323 Nuclear magnetic resonance, 4 Nanogram, 19, 217, 329 Nuclear quadrupole resonance, 4, 179 ng/g, 19 NVESD, 151, 167, 179, 181, 183, 184, 208, ng/L, 19 317, 328 Naval Explosive Ordnance Disposal, Technology Division, 318 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 259, 317 Naval Postgraduate School, xxv OB, 36 Naval Research Laboratory, 317 Octahydro-1, 3, 5, 7-tetranitro-1, 3, 4, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Panama City, 5-tetrazocine, 37 318 Octol, 39 NB, 45, 46, 50, 53, 274, 332 Odor of mines, 323 Negative ions, 212 Odor plumes, 97, 99, 103, 182 Neutron-based sensors, 4 Odor-gated rheotaxis, 124, 125, 127 New Guinea, 316 Office of Naval Research, 96, 133, 134, 149, New Mexico Institute of Mining and 201, 208, 281, 300 Technology, 321 Oklahoma Center for the Advancement of Newsgroups, 56 Science and Technology, 208 NG, 37, 220, 232, 307, 308, 332 Oklahoma City Memorial Institute for the Nickel 63, 212, 229 Prevention of Terrorism, 208 Nitramines, 38 Olfactory sensors, 183 Nitrate(s), 44, 48 ONR, 96, 133, 134, 149, 201, 208, 281, 300, ester, 37 328 groups, 66 Optical spectrometry, 221 Nitric acid, 46, 54 Organic matter, 92 Nitric-acid-based explosives, 46 Organic peroxides, 48, 51 Nitro esters, 180 ORNL, 259, 317 Nitro groups, 36 Orthogonal, 213 Nitroarenes, 38 Orthogonal signals, 256 Nitrobenzene, 45, 46, 53, 65, Orthogonality, 14 Nitrocellulose, 37, 180 Oxanite, 46 Nitrogen dioxide, 46 Oxidizers, 46 Nitroglycerin, 37, 220, 232, 307, 308 Oxygen balance, 36 Nitromethane, 45, 54 Nitronapthalene, 46, 47 P50,61 Nitrourea, 55 PA, 46, 48, 51, 328 NLDIMS, 28–31, 328 Package bombs, 51 NM, 45, 332 Packaging, 18 NMR, 4, 328 Packbot, 203 NO2,36 Paladin Press,49 NOKSH, 178, 328 Palestinian, 54, 55, 64 Nomadics, 134, 145, 151–153, 166, 167, 170, Paraffin, 47 178, 179, 182, 195, 201 Particulate sensing, 182 Nomenclature, Partition coefficient, 247 concentration, 18, 20 Partitioning, 77–79, 84, 96 flux rate24 Parts per nomenclature, 19, 20, 330 INDEX 359

Parts per quadrillion, 19, 20, 163, 330 transport models, 102 Parts per trillion, 19, 20, 163, 330 following 99 Pasquill’s stability classes, 99 PMA-1, 75, 160, 161, 164, 328 Passive sensors, 3 PMA-2, 75, 161, 328 PD, 14, 17, 26, 164, 202, 222, 230, 236–238, PMDS, 17, 328 330 PMDS/DVB, 17, 328 PDK, 59, 328 PMT, 137, 200, 305, 328 PE-4, 154, 332 Polydimethylsiloxane, 17 Pentiptycene, 196 Polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene Pentolite, 39 copolymer, 17 Pentyerthritol tetranitrate, 37 Polymer, 136, 137 Perchlorates, 44, 48, 66 Ponds, 96 Performance, 202, 279 Poor Man’s C-4,50 Permanganates, 44, 66 Pore, 79 Permeability, 73 Pore saturation, 79–80 Peroxide, 39, 44, 48, 49, 55, 65, 66 Portability, 281 Peroxide detection kit, 59 Portal, 240–242 Personnel screening, 240, 241 Positive ions, 212 PETN, 20, 37, 39, 40, 49, 58, 59, 61, 62, 154, Potassium 180, 220, 229, 231–234, 253–255, 307, chlorate, 44, 46–48, 50, 65 308, 332 perchlorate, 48 Petroleum, 46 Powdered AN, 53, 54 PFA Ed. note: P FA and P FP are equivalent, ppb, 19, 222, 329 each preferred by some authors, 14, 17, PPM2, 75 164, 330 ppq, 163, 179, 182, 201, 329 PFP Ed. note: P FA and P FP are equivalent, ppt, 163, 222, 230, 254, 259, 329 each preferred by some authors, 222, 230, Precipitation, 162 235–239, 330 Preconcentration, 208, 230, 276, 281 Phlegmatize, 46, 47, 50 Preconcentrator, 102 Photoluminesence spectra, 285 Precursors, 51, 52 Photomultiplier, 137, 200, 304 Pretoria (South Africa), 170, 323 Photoresist, 261, 262 Prilled AN, 53 Picogram, 19, 179, 217, 233, 249, 254, 329 Prills, 52–54 Picric acid, 38, 46, 51, 332 Primary, 48 Piezoelectric detector, 29, 30 Primary explosive, 61 Piezoelectricity, 250 Probability of detection, 14, 17, 26, 164, 202, Piezoresistive, 250 222, 230, 236–238 cantilever, 252, 256 Probability of false alarm (= false positive, microcantilever, 253 equivalent terms), 14, 17, 164 = Pigs, 7 Probability of false positive ( false alarm, Pipe bombs, 65 equivalent terms), 14, 223, 230, PIRA, 50, 53, 54, 63, 65, 328 234–239 PL quantum yield, 288, 328 Probe, 169, 170 PL spectra, 285, 299, 328 Probing, 159 Plant uptake, 78 Propellant, 35 Plants, 91, 102 Provisional Irish Republican Army, 50 Plastic explosives, 154, 157 Puddles, 89, 186 Plume(s), 70, 96–100, 104, 112–116, 126, 127, Pyrotechnic, 35, 48, 65 134–138, 142, 144–148, 155, 157, 182 Pyrotechnicians, 56 edge, 123 mapping, 104 QA, 182, 316, 328 search models, 104 QD(s), 285–300, 328 stability, 99 bioconjugate, 290 tracing, 104 lifetime, 294 360 INDEX

QD(s), (Continued) RHD, 50, 328 -based nanosensors, 296 Rheotaxis, odor-gated, 124, 125, 127 protein assemblies, 295, 299 Rhodesia, 323 -protein biconjugates, 287 Ribbons, 101 -protein conjugates, 286, 298 Rivers, 96 QitToF mass analyzer, 232, 328 Robotic crawler, 137 QitTof MS, 27–31, 226–228, 230, 231, 233, ROC, 236–238, 329 328 RONCO, 315 Quadrillion, 20 RP helicopter, 181 Quadrupole Russia, 316 ion trap, 224 ion trap –time of flight mass spectrometer, SAM, 252–256, 329 28 Sample volume, 30, 31 mass analyzer, 222 Sampling, 16, 281 /TOF MS, 226 Sampling time, 23, 26 Quantum dot(s), 285–300 Sandia, xxi, 70, 86, 134, 178, 186, 215–217, fluorospores, 286 240, 243 Quantum Magnetics, 179 Sandia National Laboratories, xxi, 70, 86, 134, Quantum yields, 285 178, 186, 215–217, 240, 243 Quench, quenched, quenching, 136, 195, 197, Satellite(s), 178, 323 198, 206, 207 Saturation, 84 SAW, 11, 27, 246 Rack-a-Rock, 46, 47, 50 Scans, 213, 214 Ragnar Benson, 51 ScentPrint, 185 Ragnar’s Homemade Detonators,50 Schmidt number, 111 Rain, 93 Scintrex, 221 Raman spectrometry, 221 Seabed, 70, 78 Rapid plume tracking, 125 SeaDog, 12, 134, 135, 137–142, 145–147, Rats, 7, 94, 177, 185, 186, 188–190, 323, 149, 201, 204, 205, 329 315 Seafloor, 97 RDX, 20, 37, 39, 40, 57, 61, 62, 149, 154, 180, Seal(s), 73, 78, 79 186, 222, 230, 231, 232–234, 253, 307, Seamines, 78, 79, 96 308, 332 SeaPup, 142, 146, 148, 329 READ, 135, 231, 328 Search pattern, 102 Receiver operator characteristic, 236 Security screening, 219 Receptor-based coatings, 247 Selective layers, 247 Receptor-based sensing, 247 Selectivity, 134, 199, 202, 206, 245, 246, 252, Recovery time, 200 255, 304 Regeneration, 255 Self-assembled monolayers, 252 Relative humidity, 93 Self-initiating, 63 Relative sensitivities of animals and electronic Semi-active sensors, 4 systems, 190 Semtex, 154, 220 Remote environmental monitoring unit, 140 Sensing, 18 Remote explosive scent tracing, 165, 178 Sensitive, 40 REMUS, 139–142, 145–149, 204, 205, Sensitivity, 18, 23, 26, 134, 146, 177, 179, 201, 328 202, 222, 225, 234, 246, 249, 255, 258, Resolution, 224–226, 229, 281 265, 275, 281, 303, 309 Resolving power, 234–236, 238, 239 relative, of animals and electronic systems, Resonance frequency, 245–247, 250, 251, 190 258 shock, 46 Response time, 202 threshold, 23 REST, 8, 95, 165–167, 169, 171, 178, 179, to ESD, 59, 62 181, 184–186, 188, 189, 328 to friction, 58, 59, 62, 63, 66 Reynold’s number, 90, 96, 126 to impact, 58 INDEX 361

Sensor spacing, 123, 124 SPME, 17, 135, 169, 214 Sensors, Sprengel, 45, 46, 49 active, 3 Spring constant, 249 gamma-based, 4 Sri Lanka, 314, 315 neutron-based, 4 Stability of air, 100 olfactory, 183 Stable, 40, 100 passive, 3 Static sensitive, 62, 66 semi-active, 3 Stealth, 304 Sequential batch mode, 26 Stoney’s formula, 247 SERDP, 201, 208 Strategic Environmental Research and Shining Path, 54 Development Program, 201 Shock sensitivity, 46 Streams, 96 Shock wave, 36 Sub-zero conditions, 92 Shoot-out, 177 Sudan, 315 Signal processing, 11, 18 Sugar, icing, 51, 54 Silicon nitride, 248 Sulphuric acid, 56 Sloping ground, 167 Surface (of sensor) Smell, 323 acoustic wave, 247 Smokeless powder, 220 acoustic wave sensors, 11, 26, 247 Smuggling, 180 -adsorbed molecules, 249 Sniffing, 182, 183 effect sensors, 11 SNL, xxi, 70, 86, 134, 178, 186, 215–217, 240, Surface (of soil or munition) 243 concentration, 89 Sodium chlorate, 50, 51, 65 contamination, 71–73, 75 Software, vapor flux, 86 curve recognition, 309 Swipe, 212, 219, 242 LabVIEW, 307, 309 Syagen, 221, 243 Soil, 160, 161 moisture, 85, 92, 93 particles, 78, 79, 84, 183 T2TNT code, 103 -sampling probe, 169, 170 Talon (Foster-Miller robot), 203 surface, 95 Tandem MS, 226 vapor probe, 169, 170 Tasmania, 316 Solar heating, 100 TATP, 35, 37, 39, 40, 48, 49, 54, 55, 57–66, Solar radiation, 93 154, 220, 232, 332 Solid phase extraction, 276, 278 TEA, 28, 39 Solid phase microextraction, 17, 135, 169, Terrorist, 45–67 214 Tertiary explosive, 54 Somalia, 315 Tetrazoladine, 41 Somaliland, 314, 316 Tetryl, 20, 38, 41, 48, 186, 275–277, 307, 308, Sonar, 133 332 Sorb, 79, 84, 89, 91 Thermal convection, 91 Source, 156 Thermal energy analyzer, 28, 39 South Africa, 170, 178, 323 Thermedics, 221 South Korea, 316 Thermo-redox, 28, 29 Soviet mines, 88 Time averaged, 101, 119, 120 Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command, Time-averaged concentration, 115–117 140, 149 Time-of-flight, 212, 224 SPAWAR, 140, 149, 329 TM-62, 72, 88, 169, 329 Specificity, 17, 234 TMA-5, 75, 164, 329 Spectrometery, 11 TMM-1, 72, 75, 161, 329 Spectroscopic detector, 29, 30 TNB, 20, 160, 161, 163, 232, 270, 272, 273, Spectroscopy, 11 275–279, 293, 296, 297 362 INDEX

TNT, 20, 21, 37, 39, 40, 44, 48, 54, 59, 66, 71, Underwater 74, 80, 81, 83, 87, 88, 92, 94, 133, 135, chemical plumes, 133 136, 144–148, 154, 156, 159, 160, 163, explosive devices, 133 168, 169, 171, 172, 179, 180, 182–184, objects, 95 186, 187, 190, 196, 201, 206, 207, 220, plumes, 98 222, 229–234, 253, 256, 257, 259, 267, unexploded ordnance, 133 270, 272–279, 286, 293, 296, 300, Unexploded ordnance, 12, 70 305–308, 323, 332 UNi, 54, 55, 332 TNT equivalency, 49 United Nations Mine Action Service, 313 TNT spectrum, 307 University of Arizona, 215 TNT vapor strips, 171 University of Western Australia, 322 ToF, 212, 213, 224, 225 Unstable, 100 TOFMS, 225, 227, 329 Urea, 40, 54 Torpex, 39 Urea nitrate, 54, 55, 64, 220 TR, 28–31, 329 USAF, 208 Trace chemical sensor, 5, 69 USMC, 73, 88, 203 Tracking algorithms, 104 USN Coastal Systems Station (Panama City), Tracking, chemosensory, 119 149 Tracking problem, 119 UUV, 12 Transport, 161 UUXO, 133, 135, 136, 148, 149, 329 Transportation Security Administration, 208, UV, 200, 261, 262, 303, 307, 329 220, 242, 243, 259 UXB International, 316 Triacetone triperoxide, 35 UXO, 12, 15, 70, 73, 74, 76, 95, 96, 98, 134, Triazolidine, 41 149, 189, 313–316, 329 Trillion, 20 Uzbekistan, 55, 63 Trinitrotoluene, 37, 332 Triple quadrupole MS, 226 Vapor Tritonal, 39 concentrator, 169 TSA, 208, 220, 242, 243, 259 detection, 246 Tuberculosis, 185, 315 detector, 157, 158 Turbulence, 90, 96, 99, 100, 126, 127 flux, 86 Turbulent, 109, 155 flux rate, 184 Turbulent boundary layer, 112 phase, 78, 79 Turbulent chemical plume, 118, 120 plume, 152, 156, 157, 183 Turbulent mixing, 109, 110, 113, 122, 125, pressure, 80, 155, 158, 196 127 sensors, 5 Turbulent plume, 119 signature, 157, 163, 165 Turbulent water flow, 111 state, 89, 97 Turkey, 55, 60, 63, 64 Vapor capturing material, 185 Vapor concentration, 162, 180 Vapor concentration, equilibrium, 155 U.S. Army, 73 Vaseline, 47, 50 U.S. Army Night Vision and Electronic Sensors VBIED, 65, 66, 329 Directorate, 151, 172 Vegetation, 182, 190 U.S. Army Engineer Research and Vehicle borne IED, 65, 66 Development Center, 69 Vietnam, 315 U.S. Army Humanitarian Demining Program, Volatile, 40 167 VS-50, 75 U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Vultures, 181 Firearms, 220 U.S. Marine Corps, 73, 88, 203 Wasps, 9 U.S.S. Cole, 43 Weather, 99 Ultraviolet, 261 Weed killer, 51, 65 Unburied explosives, 98 Wetting, 87 INDEX 363

Wheatstone bridge, 251 x-ray tomography, dual, 220 WHOI, 140, 149, 329 Wind, 100 Yemen, 314 Wind tunnel, 213 Yoctograms, 217 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, 140, 149 Yugoslavia, 161, 314 x-ray, 4, 240 Zeptograms, 217 x-ray tomography, 219 Zimbabwe, 323