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Copyrighted Material INDEX α particles, 212 Al Qaeda, 49, 53, 55, 63 β particles, 212 Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, 259 γ rays, 212 Aluminum, 39, 48, 66 γ -based sensors, 4 Amatol, 39 µ Faraday plate, 215–217 Americium 212, 243 ∗ π to π transitions, 305 Amino-Dinitrobenzene, 187 241Am, 212 Amino-DNT, 134, 137, 162, 163, 181, 186, 63Ni, 212, 229 232, 274 Abkhazia, 315 Ammonium, 40 Acetone, 55, 56 Ammonium nitrate, 37, 39, 44, 51, 52, 59, 220 Acoustic, 158 Ammonium nitrate icing sugar, 54 Active Sensors, 4 Ammonium nitrate, powdered, 53, 54 Aden, 43 Amperometric detection, 267, 269, 279 ADNT, 134, 137, 181, 162, 163, 186, 232, 274, Amplification, 196, 198 331 Amplifier, 17 Adsorb, 77 Amplifying fluorescent polymer, 12, 28, 134, Adsorbed Explosive Molecules, 259 195, 196 Adsorption, 245, 247, 248, 250 AN, 37, 39, 52, 54 Adsorption Filter, 186 Analysis cycle time, 191 Adsorption-InducedCOPYRIGHTED Cantilever Bending, 245 Anarchist MATERIAL literature, 49, 50 Adsorption-Induced Forces, 246 Anarchist press, 51 Advection, 109, 110, 125, 127 ANFO, 44, 52–54, 220, 233, 307, 308, 331 Afghanistan, 187, 314, 315, 323 Angola, 182, 190, 314–316 AFP, 12, 27–31, 134, 137, 142, 149, 195–199, Animal noses, 177 201, 204–206, 208, 325 Animal sensors, 178 Africa, 314 ANIS, 54, 325 African giant pouched rats, 189, 315 Antibody, 286 Agriculture, 80 Antigen-antibody, 272, 273 Trace Chemical Sensing of Explosives, Edited by Ronald L. Woodfin Copyright c 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 351 352 INDEX Antipersonnel mine, 158, 161, 164 Blue/UV light, 305, 309 Anti-tank mine, 72, 161, 164, 167 Bomb makers, 49–67 AP mine, 158, 161, 164 Bomber, 242 APCI, 242, 325 Bombs, 49, 65 API, 230 Booster, 54 API/TOF MS, 29–31, 231, 325 Bosnia, 164, 313, 314, 316 APOPO, 178, 185, 186, 189, 190, 315, 325 Bougainville, 316 Aqueous state, 96 Boundary layer, 89–91, 93–95, 110, 152, 155 Area coverage rate, 190 Boundary layer, convective, 240 Area reduction, 167, 168, 184 Boundary layer, turbulent, 112 Arms caches, 323 Buffalo vehicle, 323 Armstrong’s mixture, 62 Bulk detector, 240 Army RDECOM CERDEC NVESD, 317 Bulk flow, 125 Army Research Laboratory, 310 Bulk sensors, 4 Aroma, 6 Buried explosives, 95 Aroma sensing, 177 Buried munitions, 103 ASGDI, 230, 325 Buried source, 99 ASGDI MS/MS, 29–31, 326 By-products, 93 Asmara, 313 Aspirin, 51 C-4, 50, 154, 220, 307, 308, 331 AT mine, 72, 161, 164, 167, 326 Cambodia, 190, 314, 315 ATF, 259 Camera, 309 Atmospheric pressure ionization, 230 Camouflage pattern, 183, 184, 186 Atmospheric pressure ionization time-of-flight Canals, 96 mass spectrometer, 29 Cancer detection, 7, 184, 185 Atmospheric sampling glow discharge Canines, 159, 164–167, 170, 172, 202 ionization, 230 Cantilever, 245, 249, 251, 255–259 Atmospheric sampling-glow discharge-ion piezoresistive, 252, 256 trap-tandem mass spectrometer, 29 Cap, 46, 48, 49 Attogram, 19, 163, 217, 329 Capacitive transimpedance amplifier, 215 Australia, 316 Capillary electrophoresis, 261, 264, 273, 276 Autonomous underwater vehicle, 139 Carbon disulfide, 46 Autonomous vehicle, 104 Casspir vehicle, 323 AUV, 139, 140, 147, 148, 201, 204, 326 Castor oil, 47 CCD, 305, 309, 326 Backscatter, 240 C-CD, 270, 326 Bali, 65, 66 CCRDC, 69, 326 Baratol, 39 CE, 261, 326 Barium nitrate, 39 CE-EC microchips, 266, 268 Batch, 23 CE-microchips, 267–269, 271, 278 Batchelor scale, 110, 114 CGTVA, 188, 189 BB1,50 Charge, minimum, 48 Bees, 9, 178 Charge-coupled device, 305 Benson, Ragnar, 51 Chechnya, 314 Bilateral comparison, 121, 125, 127 Cheddites, 47 Billion, 19, 20 Chemical boundary layer, 91 Bioluminescence detector, 29–31 Chemical klinotaxis, 119 Biosensors, 6 Chemical plumes, 98, 109, 111 BL, 29–31, 326 Chemical Sensing in the Marine Environment Black powder, 220 Program, 133, 201 Blasters, 56 Chemical sensors, 221 Blasting cap, 49, 63 Chemical signatures, 101, 159 Blind test, 164 Chemical vapor sensor, 196 Blue crab, 121, 124, 125 Chemical warfare agents, 281 INDEX 353 Chemiluminescence, 39, 219 Crack cocaine, 59 Chemiluminesence detector, 28 Crawler, 139 Chemiresistors, 12, 27 Crawler robot, 143 Chemometrics, 18 Critical diameter, 36 Chemosensory tracking, 119 Croatia, 181–184, 190 China, 66, 315 CROMAC, 181, 326 Chlorate-based explosives, 51, 65 CRRDC, 72, 73, 326 Chlorates, 44, 46, 48, 51, 66 CSIR, 178, 180, 184, 326 Chromatography, electrokinetic, 279 CSME, 133–136, 201, 208, 326 Chromophores, 197, 200 CSS, 138, 143, 326 Citric acid, 51, 61 CTIA, 215, 216 Clandestine chemist, 40 Current, 96, 134 Coastal Systems Station, U. S. Navy, 138, 318 Curve recognition program, 309 Cold Regions Research and Engineering Cyranose, 9 Center, 69 Cold Regions Research and Engineering DADP, 55, 56, 331 Laboratory, 72 DARPA, 127, 136, 151, 153, 159, 164, 179, Comparisons between dogs and chemical 201, 208, 300, 326 methods, 164, 181, 202 DDNP, 40, 331 Comp-B, 39, 154, 159, 331 Decomposition, 59, 78 Comp-B2, 39, 331 Decomposition products, 180, 186, 188 Complex aroma, 190 Defence Science and Technology Laboratories Complex dielectric constant, 303 (UK), 208 Composite explosives, 53 Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Composition-B, 39, 154, 159, 331 136, 151, 172 Computer code, 102 Deflagraton, 250, 253, 257–259 Computer models, 102 Degradation, 92 Concentrating, 17 Degradation products, 162, 181, 276 Concentration, Dehydration, 55 in environment, 18, 25, 30, 81, 88, 89, 91, Demining, 189, 313–316 93–95, 101, 102, 104 humanitarian, 168, 179, 190, 313–316 field experience, 152, 156, 168, 171, 201 DENEL, 178, 184 instrument sensing, 223, 228, 266 Department of Energy, 201 minimum possible, 20, 23 Department of Homeland Security, 259, 281, in plume, 110, 112–115, 120, 125 317 Concentration fields, plumes in, 115, 116 Department of Transportation, 36 Concentration gap, 26, 27 Desert Publications,49 Concentration gradient, plumes in, 114 Detasheet, 220 Concentration maps, underwater plumes, 137 Detection dogs, 313–316 Concentrator, 240 Detection limits, 217 Contact-less, 303 minimum, 156 Contactless conductivity detectors, 270 Detector, electrochemical, 28, 30, 268 Contactless conductivity microchip, 269 Detector, electron-capture, 145, 219, 221 Contaminated, 160 Detonable, 48 Contamination, 167 Detonate, 36 Convection, 77, 78, 96, 109 Detonation front, 36 Convective Detonation velocity, 38, 53, 54 boundary layer, 240 Detonation wave, 36 dispersion, 154 Detonator, 46, 63 transport, 135 homemade, 51 CO-OP, 50, 65, 331 Dew, 93 Correlation function, 121–123 Diatomaceous earth, 46 Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Dichlorates, 44 (South Africa), 178, 180, 184 Diesel fuel, 52–54 354 INDEX Differential reflection spectroscopy, 5, 303 negative ion mass spectrometry, 29 Differential reflectogram, 306–308 negative ion MS, 231 Differential reflectometry, 303 Electronic ionizing techniques, 212 Differential x ray, 219 Electronic sensor technology, 221 Diffusion, 71, 72, 75, 77, 78, 84, 97, 110, 162 Electroosmosis, 263 Diffusive, 104 Electroosmotic flow, 263 Diffusive flux, 75 Electropherogram, 267, 268, 272–274, 276 Diffusivity, 73, 85, 111 Electrophoresis, 263, 264 eddy, 117 Electrostatic discharge, 58 molecular, 126 Elephants, 178, 323 Discrimination algorithms, 207 EMRTC, 321 Diurnal concentration predictions, 103 Energetic material, 35 Diurnal cycle, 93 Energetic Material Research and Testing Diver-deployed, 141, 146 Center, 321 DMNB, 220, 232, 233 Energy budget, 18 DNB, 20, 74, 92, 160, 161, 267, 270, 272, 274, Environmental conditions, 166 331 Environmental Fate and Transport, 70, 99, 102 DNT, 20, 71, 80, 81, 83, 86–88, 92, 94, 134, Environmental Protection Agency, 201 137, 157, 160–163, 168, 206, 207, 231, EOD, 313, 316, 318 232, 267, 274, 278, 279, 331 EOF, 263, 264, 276, 326 DoD, 201 Equilibrium vapor concentration, 155 Dog’s nose, 182, 183 ERC, 159, 160, 162, 163, 165, 166, 169, 171 Dog’s Nose Program, 136, 151, 153, 201 Eritrea, 313, 315 Dogs, 7, 94, 159, 164, 170–172, 177, 190, 191, ERW, 15, 70, 76, 96, 315, 316, 326 323 ESD, 58, 59, 61, 62, 326 performance of, 202 ETD, 219, 220, 222, 242, 326 Doped silicon, 251 Evapotranspiration, 77, 162, 165 DoT, 36, 326 EVD, 8, 179, 327 DR, 303, 306, 309, 326 Explosive(s), 35 Dragon Runner(robot), 203 charge, 69, 71 Drift region, 213 compounds, 199 Drift time, 213, 214 detection, 195 Drophammer, 49, 58, 59 detection systems, 220 DRS, 5, 303, 326 device, improvised, 12, 15, 51, 64, 66, 70, Drying, 86 76, 95, 98, 165, 201, 317 Dual x-ray tomography, 220 formulations, 39 Dust, 182, 183, 190 homemade, 43 Dynamite, 46, 66, 220, 331 improvised, 43–67 ordnance disposal, 313–316 E50,61 plume, 148 ECD, 145, 221, 326 trace detection, 219 ECNIMS, 29–31, 231, 326 vapor, 190, 245 Eddies, 109, 110 Explosive Remnants of War, 15, 70, 76, 96, Eddy diffusivity, 117 315, 316 Edge of the plume, 123 Explosive-related compounds, 159 EF&T, 70, 99, 102, 326 EGDN, 220, 232 Electrochemical, 265, 266 FAA, 220, 243, 259 Electrochemical detector, 28, 30, 268 FAIMS, 221, 327 Electrokinetic, 261 False alarm rate, 164, 202 Electrokinetic chromatography, 279 False alarms, 158 Electron capture False negative, 13, 219 detection, 221 False positive, 13, 219, 221, 238, 240, 304 detectors, 145, 219, 221 Fate and transport, 152 INDEX 355 FBI, 208, 317 Foster-Miller Talon, 138, 203 Federal Aviation Administration, 220, 243, 259 Fourier transform, 225 Femtogram, 19, 163, 179, 196, 201, 217, 231, Fourier transform, ion cyclotron resonance 329 mass spectrometry, 318 Fertilizer, 52 Fourier transform mass spectrometer, 225 Fertilizer-based explosives, 51–55 Freezing, 92, 95 Fertilizer-grade AN, 52 FRET, 286–300, 327 FGAN, 52, 53 Friction, 46, 58,
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