Name: ______Class Period: ______

Into the Wild: Genre Notes and Context What is transcendentalism?

What are the four major premises of transcendentalism?

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Who are the authors associated with Transcendentalism?

Context refers to the world in which a text was written. The following informational essay will provide you with information about the “context” of Into the Wild. Understanding why something was written is key to understanding the text itself and later will become crucial to your analysis.

Directions: Read each paragraph. Give the paragraph a heading. Then in the column to the right, explain what the paragraph tells you to expect from the novel

Heading: ______Into the Wild t ells the true story of the journey of 24-year-old C hristopher McCandless into Alaska’s Denali National Park and Preserve, where he starved to death in an abandoned bus after spending four months foraging and hunting game. Intelligent but burdened by anger at his brilliant but overbearing and imperfect father, McCandless went entirely without human contact for four months in an attempt to purify himself of what he felt were the evils of civilization. American nonfiction writer J on Krakauer meticulously reconstructs every stage of McCandless’s journey and relates other, shorter trips McCandless made before determining that he would spend the rest of his life in the wild.

Heading: ______A pre-eminent journalist of the American outdoors, Krakauer first published an extremely popular article about McCandless in the magazine O utside in 1993, after seeing a write-up of his death in T he New York Times. I nto the Wild e xtends Krakauer’s original investigation of McCandless’s life and death into a meditation on American male adolescence, the complications of father-son relationships, and the role of nature and the wilderness as furthering the great American myth of self-reliance. In the 1990s, questions of changing gender relationships and the role of manhood and manliness in sustaining national and cultural identity were very much in the air, part of a long series of cultural changes begun by the counter-cultural movements initiated after World War II. By the time Christopher McCandless made his trip into Denali National Park, the American frontier could no longer be said to exist. I nto the Wild t hus documents both the disappearance of the American ideal of masculine self-reliance and a rising, late twentieth century awareness of environmental crisis. Heading: ______Into the Wild’ s internal structure is both carefully arranged and complex, drawing from multiple American literary traditions both mainstream and high-brow to craft a landmark example of twentieth century American mixed-genre nonfiction. Krakauer works through intensely emotional material gathered from first-hand interviews to examine the consequences of McCandless’s death on the people close to him, rendering I nto the Wild a study of risk-taking behavior and its effects as much as it is an adventure story. In some ways, I nto the Wild i s also a work of literary criticism or intellectual biography. Krakauer scrutinizes the same books McCandless is known to have read, too, including the fiction of Leo Tolstoy and the nonfiction of Henry David Thoreau, lending I nto the Wild a distinctly intellectual, even scholarly tone absent from most mainstream writing about the outdoors. The history of American nature writing, especially regarding the American West, also influences I nto the Wild. K rakauer himself cites Thoreau, Wallace Stegner, and John Muir. In keeping with the genre of investigative biography, Krakauer also details McCandless’s early life and interviews his family as well as the helpful strangers who became his friends during his travels.

Heading: ______In addition to the portrait he offers of McCandless’s journey and psychology, Krakauer also relates an extreme outdoor adventure of his own, rendering the book an example of memoir or personal essay. When Krakauer was in his early twenties, he nearly died during an attempt to summit the Devils Thumb in Alaska. Into the Wild t hus blends personal essay and investigative nonfiction with biography and autobiography. This genre, which appears in many different forms, can be traced back to a number of American literary influences and origins, including the magazine writers Studs Terkel, Tom Wolfe, and Susan Orlean. Insofar as I nto the Wild a ttempts to resolve the mystery of how McCandless died, it shares a tradition with Truman Capote’s I n Cold Blood a nd American true crime stories generally.

Heading: ______Like many nonfiction works developed from magazine fiction, I nto the Wild’ s style is largely objective. Its rigorous description of camping, hitchhiking, and the American outdoors remains one of Krakauer’s signatures as a writer. The book’s artful, nonlinear narrative is not typical of most twentieth century journalistic writing and represents another of Krakauer’s more recognizable traits. Recent editions of I nto the Wild include additional research into what McCandless could have eaten that led to his death by starvation, a mystery Krakauer could not resolve by the publication of the original O utdoor a rticle. Krakauer’s own fixation on McCandless’s story and his engagement with doubters and critics of McCandless’s life also informs the book’s revisions.

Heading: ______Into the Wild spent two years on the N ew York Times b estseller list when it was first published in 1996, and it remains one of the central works of late twentieth century American nonfiction. It also accrued to its author a number of awards and was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize. Krakauer’s other works include the nonfiction bestsellers I nto Thin Air, an account of the most deadly Everest ascent of all time, and U nder the Banner of Heaven, which investigates the nature of Mormonism and polygamy. Krakauer remains one of the most lauded American nonfiction writers, especially on the subjects of outdoor adventure, nature, and mountain climbing. His work as a journalist for O utdoor a nd other publications has been collected in E iger Dreams. In 2007, I nto the Wild w as adapted into a nonfiction feature film directed by Sean Penn.