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Aerodynamics Material - Taylor & Francis
CopyrightAerodynamics material - Taylor & Francis ______________________________________________________________________ 257 Aerodynamics Symbol List Symbol Definition Units a speed of sound ⁄ a speed of sound at sea level ⁄ A area aspect ratio ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ b wing span c chord length c Copyrightmean aerodynamic material chord- Taylor & Francis specific heat at constant pressure of air · root chord tip chord specific heat at constant volume of air · / quarter chord total drag coefficient ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ , induced drag coefficient ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ , parasite drag coefficient ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ , wave drag coefficient ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ local skin friction coefficient ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ lift coefficient ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ , compressible lift coefficient ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ compressible moment ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ , coefficient , pitching moment coefficient ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ , rolling moment coefficient ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ , yawing moment coefficient ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ ______________________________________________________________________ 258 Aerodynamics Aerodynamics Symbol List (cont.) Symbol Definition Units pressure coefficient ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ compressible pressure ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ , coefficient , critical pressure coefficient ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ , supersonic pressure coefficient ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ D total drag induced drag Copyright material - Taylor & Francis parasite drag e span efficiency factor ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ L lift pitching moment · rolling moment · yawing moment · M mach number ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ critical mach number ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ free stream mach number ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ P static pressure ⁄ total pressure ⁄ free stream pressure ⁄ q dynamic pressure ⁄ R -
FAA Advisory Circular AC 91-74B
U.S. Department Advisory of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration Circular Subject: Pilot Guide: Flight in Icing Conditions Date:10/8/15 AC No: 91-74B Initiated by: AFS-800 Change: This advisory circular (AC) contains updated and additional information for the pilots of airplanes under Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) parts 91, 121, 125, and 135. The purpose of this AC is to provide pilots with a convenient reference guide on the principal factors related to flight in icing conditions and the location of additional information in related publications. As a result of these updates and consolidating of information, AC 91-74A, Pilot Guide: Flight in Icing Conditions, dated December 31, 2007, and AC 91-51A, Effect of Icing on Aircraft Control and Airplane Deice and Anti-Ice Systems, dated July 19, 1996, are cancelled. This AC does not authorize deviations from established company procedures or regulatory requirements. John Barbagallo Deputy Director, Flight Standards Service 10/8/15 AC 91-74B CONTENTS Paragraph Page CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1-1. Purpose ..............................................................................................................................1 1-2. Cancellation ......................................................................................................................1 1-3. Definitions.........................................................................................................................1 1-4. Discussion .........................................................................................................................6 -
PROPULSION SYSTEM/FLIGHT CONTROL INTEGRATION for SUPERSONIC AIRCRAFT Paul J
PROPULSION SYSTEM/FLIGHT CONTROL INTEGRATION FOR SUPERSONIC AIRCRAFT Paul J. Reukauf and Frank W. Burcham , Jr. NASA Dryden Flight Research Center SUMMARY The NASA Dryden Flight Research Center is engaged in several programs to study digital integrated control systems. Such systems allow minimization of undesirable interactions while maximizing performance at all flight conditions. One such program is the YF-12 cooperative control program. In this program, the existing analog air-data computer, autothrottle, autopilot, and inlet control systems are to be converted to digital systems by using a general purpose airborne computer and interface unit. First, the existing control laws are to be programed and tested in flight. Then, integrated control laws, derived using accurate mathematical models of the airplane and propulsion system in conjunction with modern control techniques, are to be tested in flight. Analysis indicates that an integrated autothrottle-autopilot gives good flight path control and that observers can be used to replace failed sensors. INTRODUCTION Supersonic airplanes, such as the XB-70, YF-12, F-111, and F-15 airplanes, exhibit strong interactions between the engine and the inlet or between the propul- sion system and the airframe (refs. 1 and 2) . Taking advantage of possible favor- able interactions and eliminating or minimizing unfavorable interactions is a chal- lenging control problem with the potential for significant improvements in fuel consumption, range, and performance. In the past, engine, inlet, and flight control systems were usually developed separately, with a minimum of integration. It has often been possible to optimize the controls for a single design point, but off-design control performance usually suffered. -
Module-7 Lecture-29 Flight Experiment
Module-7 Lecture-29 Flight Experiment: Instruments used in flight experiment, pre and post flight measurement of aircraft c.g. Module Agenda • Instruments used in flight experiments. • Pre and post flight measurement of center of gravity. • Experimental procedure for the following experiments. (a) Cruise Performance: Estimation of profile Drag coefficient (CDo ) and Os- walds efficiency (e) of an aircraft from experimental data obtained during steady and level flight. (b) Climb Performance: Estimation of Rate of Climb RC and Absolute and Service Ceiling from experimental data obtained during steady climb flight (c) Estimation of stick free and fixed neutral and maneuvering point using flight data. (d) Static lateral-directional stability tests. (e) Phugoid demonstration (f) Dutch roll demonstration 1 Instruments used for experiments1 1. Airspeed Indicator: The airspeed indicator shows the aircraft's speed (usually in knots ) relative to the surrounding air. It works by measuring the ram-air pressure in the aircraft's Pitot tube. The indicated airspeed must be corrected for air density (which varies with altitude, temperature and humidity) in order to obtain the true airspeed, and for wind conditions in order to obtain the speed over the ground. 2. Attitude Indicator: The attitude indicator (also known as an artificial horizon) shows the aircraft's relation to the horizon. From this the pilot can tell whether the wings are level and if the aircraft nose is pointing above or below the horizon. This is a primary instrument for instrument flight and is also useful in conditions of poor visibility. Pilots are trained to use other instruments in combination should this instrument or its power fail. -
Using an Autothrottle to Compare Techniques for Saving Fuel on A
Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2010 Using an autothrottle ot compare techniques for saving fuel on a regional jet aircraft Rebecca Marie Johnson Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Electrical and Computer Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Johnson, Rebecca Marie, "Using an autothrottle ot compare techniques for saving fuel on a regional jet aircraft" (2010). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 11358. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/11358 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Using an autothrottle to compare techniques for saving fuel on A regional jet aircraft by Rebecca Marie Johnson A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Electrical Engineering Program of Study Committee: Umesh Vaidya, Major Professor Qingze Zou Baskar Ganapathayasubramanian Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2010 Copyright c Rebecca Marie Johnson, 2010. All rights reserved. ii DEDICATION I gratefully acknowledge everyone who contributed to the successful completion of this research. Bill Piche, my supervisor at Rockwell Collins, was supportive from day one, as were many of my colleagues. I also appreciate the efforts of my thesis committee, Drs. Umesh Vaidya, Qingze Zou, and Baskar Ganapathayasubramanian. I would also like to thank Dr. -
Boeing Submission for Asiana Airlines (AAR) 777-200ER HL7742 Landing Accident at San Francisco – 6 July 2013
Michelle E. Bernson The Boeing Company Chief Engineer P.O. Box 3707 MC 07-32 Air Safety Investigation Seattle, WA 98124-2207 Commercial Airplanes 17 March 2014 66-ZB-H200-ASI-18750 Mr. Bill English Investigator In Charge National Transportation Safety Board 490 L’Enfant Plaza, SW Washington DC 20594 via e-mail: [email protected] Subject: Boeing Submission for Asiana Airlines (AAR) 777-200ER HL7742 Landing Accident at San Francisco – 6 July 2013 Reference: NTSB Tech Review Meeting on 13 February 2014 Dear Mr. English: As requested during the reference technical review, please find the attached Boeing submission on the subject accident. Per your request we are sending this electronic version to your attention for distribution within the NTSB. We would like to thank the NTSB for giving us the opportunity to make this submission. If you have any questions, please don’t hesitate to contact us. Best regardsregards,, Michelle E. E Bernson Chief Engineer Air Safety Investigation Enclosure: Boeing Submission to the NTSB for the subject accident Submission to the National Transportation Safety Board for the Asiana 777-200ER – HL7742 Landing Accident at San Francisco 6 July 2013 The Boeing Company 17 March 2014 INTRODUCTION On 6 July 2013, at approximately 11:28 a.m. Pacific Standard Time, a Boeing 777-200ER airplane, registration HL7742, operating as Asiana Airlines Flight 214 on a flight from Seoul, South Korea, impacted the seawall just short of Runway 28L at San Francisco International Airport. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed at the time of the accident with clear visibility and sunny skies. -
Overview of Pressure Coefficient Data in Building Energy Simulation and Airflow Network Programs
PREPRINT: Costola D, Blocken B, Hensen JLM. 2009. Overview of pressure coefficient data in building energy simulation and airflow network programs. Building and Environment. In press. Overview of pressure coefficient data in building energy simulation and airflow network programs D. Cóstola*, B. Blocken, J.L.M. Hensen Building Physics and Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands Abstract Wind pressure coefficients (Cp) are influenced by a wide range of parameters, including building geometry, facade detailing, position on the facade, the degree of exposure/sheltering, wind speed and wind direction. As it is practically impossible to take into account the full complexity of pressure coefficient variation, Building Energy Simulation (BES) and Air Flow Network (AFN) programs generally incorporate it in a simplified way. This paper provides an overview of pressure coefficient data and the extent to which they are currently implemented in BES-AFN programs. A distinction is made between primary sources of Cp data, such as full- scale measurements, reduced-scale measurements in wind tunnels and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, and secondary sources, such as databases and analytical models. The comparison between data from secondary sources implemented in BES-AFN programs shows that the Cp values are quite different depending on the source adopted. The two influencing parameters for which these differences are most pronounced are the position on the facade and the degree of exposure/sheltering. The comparison of Cp data from different sources for sheltered buildings shows the largest differences, and data from different sources even present different trends. The paper concludes that quantification of the uncertainty related to such data sources is required to guide future improvements in Cp implementation in BES-AFN programs. -
How to Make My Air Glide S Work Properly
How to make my Air Glide S work properly Originally written by Horst Rupp. Many thanks to Richard Frawley who edited and retranslated this article into proper English. 2014/11/21. The basic prerequisite for the Air Glide S, in particular the AHRS part, to work properly so that the extraneous ‘noise’ (gusts, wind shifts, perturbations etc) can be removed is to ensure that it is set up correctly. The instrument is very sensitive and the installation needs to be done in a way that ensures that only the correct inputs are being sensed. Most legacy instrument installations take all pressures from probes at the rudder fin. And most unfortunately, many of them use the total energy (TE) pressure from the fin to feed in parallel a mass-measurement variometer with a capacity flask (in Germany mostly a Winter) and a pressure sensor probe variometer such as the Air Glide S (no capacity flask). There are many publications indicating the deterioration (mostly damping) of the pressure sensor probe measurements by the stream of air mass in and out of the capacity flask. So, it is obviously a somewhat bad idea to do that to your Air Glide S. This interference with a mass measuring instruments is certainly not compliant with the above mentioned basic prerequisite. Fortunately, the Air Glide S can be compensated by total pressure (called electronic compensation as opposed to TE compensation). This is a new feature of the Air Glide S arriving with V 1.1. Total pressure and TE pressure carry more or less (depends on quality of probe) the same information - but for the sign : Total pressure is static pressure PLUS pitot pressure, TE pressure is static pressure MINUS pitot pressure (probe compensation factor (~)-1). -
Upwind Sail Aerodynamics : a RANS Numerical Investigation Validated with Wind Tunnel Pressure Measurements I.M Viola, Patrick Bot, M
Upwind sail aerodynamics : A RANS numerical investigation validated with wind tunnel pressure measurements I.M Viola, Patrick Bot, M. Riotte To cite this version: I.M Viola, Patrick Bot, M. Riotte. Upwind sail aerodynamics : A RANS numerical investigation validated with wind tunnel pressure measurements. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, Elsevier, 2012, 39, pp.90-101. 10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2012.10.004. hal-01071323 HAL Id: hal-01071323 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01071323 Submitted on 8 Oct 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. I.M. Viola, P. Bot, M. Riotte Upwind Sail Aerodynamics: a RANS numerical investigation validated with wind tunnel pressure measurements International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 39 (2013) 90–101 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2012.10.004 Keywords: sail aerodynamics, CFD, RANS, yacht, laminar separation bubble, viscous drag. Abstract The aerodynamics of a sailing yacht with different sail trims are presented, derived from simulations performed using Computational Fluid Dynamics. A Reynolds-averaged Navier- Stokes approach was used to model sixteen sail trims first tested in a wind tunnel, where the pressure distributions on the sails were measured. -
WM@ 93,@ 2,807,165 United States Patent O Ice Patented Sept
Sept. 24, 1957 w, KUZYK :TAL 2,807,165 CRUISE CONTROL METER Filed NOV. 5. 1953 m razona ovnnnvc Henn »119m sfuma »no ,.4 ' mmmcrcg, VILA-IHM. KUZYK DONALD. C. WHITTl-CY PCQ,WM@ 93,@ 2,807,165 United States Patent O ice Patented Sept. 24, 1957 2 1 and the Machmeter is also connected by a pipe 14 to a Pitot head (not shown) which senses the dynamic air 2,307,165 pressure, the latter being dependent upon the airspeed of the aircraft. The term “altitude” as used herein refers CRUISE CoNTRoL METER to the “pressure altitude” of the aircraft rather than to William Kuzyk, Weston, Ontario, and Donald Charles the absolute altitude in vfeet or another linear unit. Whittley, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada, assignors, by Mounted in front of the scale 10b of the altimeter 10 mesne assignments, to Avro Aircraft Limited, Malton, is a transparent disc 15 held by a rotatable bezel ring 16. Ontario, Canada, a corporation The bezel ring 16 is enclosed by an annular rim 17. Application November 3, 1953, Serial No. 390,014 Along its inner edge the rim 17 has a peripheral flange 17a which is secured to the panel 12 and surrounds the Claims priority, application Canada December 16, 1952 scale 10b, and along its outer edge the rim 17 has a periph 4 Claims. (Cl. 73-178) eral flange 17b. The bezel ring 16 is rotatably supported within the rim 17 on spaced apart idler pinions 18 and a drive pinion 19, rollers 20 being provided between the This invention relates to aircraft instruments and par bezel ring 16 and the outer flange 17b of the rim. -
Twins in an Ever-Changing Business Aviation World, Turboprops
Textron is betting big 16 with the Cessna Denali that turboprops have a solid future. Twins Dornier Seastar After several years of uncer- tainty, the centerline push-pull, all-composite amphibian twin appears back on track after the Dornier family formed a new joint venture (Dornier Seawings) to manufacture the aircraft with China’s Wuxi Industrial Development Group and the Wuxi Communications Industry Group. It then struck a deal in February this year for component airframe parts for the first 10 aircraft to be manu- factured at Diamond Aircraft’s by Mark Huber plant in London, Ontario, and shipped to Dornier Seawings in 16 Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany, In an ever-changing business aviation world, turboprops for final assembly. Produc- represent timeless value in a steady market segment. tion eventually will be shifted to China. The interior of the Seastar Perhaps it is appropriate that things do not move very fast in the turboprop segment. Consider this: can be tailored to many dif- the Dornier Seastar first flew in 1984, was certified in 1991 and apparently will at last enter production ferent operations: personal, later this year. Or that Cessna, after dipping its toes in the pressurized turboprop single market for the commercial, government or better part of a decade, finally decided to jump into the pool this year—with the Denali—and likely will corporate missions. It fea- tures a light and spacious have an aircraft to customers by 2020. Or India’s NAL Saras. After three decades of development, two cabin that can be equipped flying prototypes and reportedly nearly half a billion dollars, the Indian government finally decided to with various configurations, pull the financial feeding tube and kill it. -
Richard Lancaster [email protected]
Glider Instruments Richard Lancaster [email protected] ASK-21 glider outlines Copyright 1983 Alexander Schleicher GmbH & Co. All other content Copyright 2008 Richard Lancaster. The latest version of this document can be downloaded from: www.carrotworks.com [ Atmospheric pressure and altitude ] Atmospheric pressure is caused ➊ by the weight of the column of air above a given location. Space At sea level the overlying column of air exerts a force equivalent to 10 tonnes per square metre. ➋ The higher the altitude, the shorter the overlying column of air and 30,000ft hence the lower the weight of that 300mb column. Therefore: ➌ 18,000ft “Atmospheric pressure 505mb decreases with altitude.” 0ft At 18,000ft atmospheric pressure 1013mb is approximately half that at sea level. [ The altimeter ] [ Altimeter anatomy ] Linkages and gearing: Connect the aneroid capsule 0 to the display needle(s). Aneroid capsule: 9 1 A sealed copper and beryllium alloy capsule from which the air has 2 been removed. The capsule is springy Static pressure inlet and designed to compress as the 3 pressure around it increases and expand as it decreases. 6 4 5 Display needle(s) Enclosure: Airtight except for the static pressure inlet. Has a glass front through which display needle(s) can be viewed. [ Altimeter operation ] The altimeter's static 0 [ Sea level ] ➊ pressure inlet must be 9 1 Atmospheric pressure: exposed to air that is at local 1013mb atmospheric pressure. 2 Static pressure inlet The pressure of the air inside 3 ➋ the altimeter's casing will therefore equalise to local 6 4 atmospheric pressure via the 5 static pressure inlet.