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Transnational Crime and the Developing World

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Transnational Crime and the Developing World Transnational Crime and the Developing World Channing May Dev Kar andMarch Joseph 2017 Transnational Crime Spanjers 1 1 June 2016 Global Financial Integrity Transnational Crime and the Developing World Channing May March 2017 Copyright © 2017 by Global Financial Integrity®. Some rights reserved. This report is published under a Creative Commons Attribution license (CC BY). For more information on the license, visit: http://creativecommons.org. Global Financial Integrity® and the Global Financial Integrity Logo are registered trademarks of Global Financial Integrity. Global Financial Integrity Global Financial Integrity is pleased to present here its analysis of Transnational Crime and the Developing World. This follows a similarly named report we produced in 2011, which received considerable attention around the world. Unfortunately, transnational crime in multiple categories continues to grow in every region. The international community has been aggressively combatting drug trafficking for more than 40 years, yet supplies of drugs are undiminished and prices have not risen. Often utilizing the same channels, human trafficking for forced labor and sexual exploitation has exploded. Counterfeiting and pirating of pharmaceuticals, consumables, luxury goods, and intellectual property is the biggest single transnational criminal activity, likely exceeding US$1 trillion in retail value. Illegal logging, mining, fishing, wildlife trade, oil theft, and trafficking in cultural property withdraw hundreds of billions of dollars of resources from developing countries. The illegal organ trade preys upon the poor, while arms trafficking protects the criminals. The global community is failing in efforts to curtail transnational crime. Why? Largely because law enforcement is focused on the materials and manifestations of the crimes rather than on the money the crimes generate. Take just one aspect of the transnational crimes analyzed in the following pages—drug trafficking—as an example. The United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime estimates that globally 40 percent of cocaine and heroin are interdicted somewhere between production and consumption, but less than one percent of drug money is ever recovered. The United States Drug Enforcement Administration and similar organizations across the globe concentrate heavily on seizing drug products and expend far fewer resources on tracking and blocking drug money. The truth is, drug traffickers can afford to lose not just 40 percent but 60 or 80 percent or even more of their product if they can keep more than 99 percent of the revenues. The fight against transnational crime needs to be redirected to combatting the money the crimes generate. This means shutting down the global shadow financial system that facilitates the moving and secreting of illicitly generated funds. The good news is, none of this is technically difficult. It is a matter of political will. Our great appreciation is extended to Channing May and Christine Clough for this thoughtful and comprehensive analysis of transnational crime, one of the most serious issues we must address in the 21st century. Raymond Baker President Global Financial Integrity March 27, 2017 Transnational Crime and the Developing World iii Global Financial Integrity iv Contents Glossary..................................................................................................................................................... ix Executive Summary................................................................................................................................... xi I. Introduction............................................................................................................................................ 1 II. Drug Trafficking..................................................................................................................................... 3 III. Trafficking of Small Arms and Light Weapons...................................................................................... 13 IV. Human Trafficking................................................................................................................................. 21 V. Illegal Organ Trade................................................................................................................................. 29 VI. The Illicit Trade in Cultural Property..................................................................................................... 35 VII. Counterfeiting and Piracy................................................................................................................... 43 VIII. Illegal Wildlife Trade........................................................................................................................... 53 IX. Illegal, Unreported, Unregulated Fishing............................................................................................. 61 X. Illegal Logging...................................................................................................................................... 69 XI. Illegal Mining....................................................................................................................................... 75 XII. Crude Oil Theft................................................................................................................................... 83 XIII. Policy Recommendations.................................................................................................................. 93 XIV. Conclusion........................................................................................................................................ 99 Appendix: Methodology........................................................................................................................... 101 Bibliography............................................................................................................................................. 117 About....................................................................................................................................................... 147 Transnational Crime and the Developing World v Tables and Figures in the Report Table X1. The Retail Value of Transnational Crime...................................................................... xi Table A. Inflation Adjusted Value of Global Drug Market, 2014 (US$)............................................... 3 Table B. Price vs. Distance: Colombian Cocaine (US$, street wholesale).................................. 5 Box 1. Brief History of Drug Trafficking in Mexico...................................................................... 10 Table C. Composition of Illicit Arms Trade.................................................................................. 13 Table D. The Average of an AK-47 Around the World (US$)....................................................... 14 Table E. Price vs. Distance: The Weapon’s Route....................................................................... 15 Table F. Seizure by Location, 2013.................................................................................................. 17 Figure I. Estimated Annual Profits from Human Trafficking by Region (US$ billion)................... 21 Figure II. Profits and Victims........................................................................................................ 22 Table G. Human Smuggling vs. Human Trafficking..................................................................... 23 Table H. Regional Trends in Laundering the Proceeds of Human Trafficking.............................. 25 Table I. Retail Prices of Organs (US$).......................................................................................... 29 Table J. Kidney Transplants: Vendors vs. Recipients.................................................................. 30 Table K. Prices Paid to Kidney Vendors Around the World......................................................... 30 Table L. Participants in the Illegal Organ Trade........................................................................... 31 Table M. Notable Art Heists......................................................................................................... 36 Figure III. Trade-Based Money Laundering Scheme................................................................... 40 Table N. Trade in Counterfeit and Pirated Goods, 2013 (US$).................................................... 43 Table O. Trade in Digitally Pirated Goods, 2015 (US$)................................................................ 43 Table P. Top Counterfeited Items and Brands............................................................................. 46 Box 2. Pharmaceutical Crime...................................................................................................... 47 Figure IV. Terrorist Financing and Counterfeiting......................................................................... 49 Table Q. Sample Retail Market Prices (US)..................................................................................... 54 Table R. Poacher vs. Consumer Prices (US$)............................................................................. 55 Table S. Illegal Wildlife Markets................................................................................................... 55 Box 3. Superstition vs. Reality: The Case of Ivory and Rhino Horn............................................ 56 Table
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