Social Inclusion Open Access Journal | ISSN: 2183-2803
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Social Inclusion Open Access Journal | ISSN: 2183-2803 Volume 3, Issue 1 (2015) Special Issue Perspectives on Human Trafficking and Modern Forms of Slavery Editor Siddharth Kara Social Inclusion, 2015, Volume 3, Issue 1 Special Issue: Perspectives on Human Trafficking and Modern Forms of Slavery Published by Cogitatio Press Rua Fialho de Almeida 14, 2º Esq., 1070-129 Lisbon Portugal Guest Editor Siddharth Kara, Harvard Kennedy School of Government, USA Managing Editor Mr. António Vieira, Cogitatio Press, Portugal Available online at: www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion This issue is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY). Articles may be reproduced provided that credit is given to the original and Social Inclusion is acknowledged as the original venue of publication. Table of Contents Editorial Perspectives on Human Trafficking and Modern Forms of Slavery Siddharth Kara 1 Article Modeling for Determinants of Human Trafficking: An Empirical Analysis Seo-Young Cho 2-21 Article Assessing the Extent of Human Trafficking: Inherent Difficulties and Gradual Progress Dianne Scullion 22-34 Article Ungendering and Regendering Shelters for Survivors of Human Trafficking Daphna Hacker, Yaara Levine-Fraiman and Idan Halili 35-51 Article Safe Harbor Policies for Juvenile Victims of Sex Trafficking: A Myopic View of Improvements in Practice Kimberly Mehlman-Orozco 52-62 Article Queering the Support for Trafficked Persons: LGBTQ Communities and Human Trafficking in the Heartland Corinne Schwarz and Hannah E. Britton 63-75 Article Recognising Effective Legal Protection to People Smuggled at Sea, by Reviewing the EU Legal Framework on Human Trafficking and Solidarity between Member States Matilde Ventrella 76-87 Article The Canadian Criminal Code Offence of Trafficking in Persons: Challenges from the Field and within the Law Julie Kaye and Bethany Hastie 88-102 Article Trafficking of Women in Mexico and Their Health Risk: Issues and Problems Arun Kumar Acharya 103-112 Article Sinai Trafficking: Origin and Definition of a New Form of Human Trafficking Mirjam van Reisen and Conny Rijken 113-124 Article “Using History to Make Slavery History”: The African American Past and the Challenge of Contemporary Slavery James B. Stewart 125-135 Commentary Human trafficking and the UK Modern Slavery Bill Gary Craig 136-139 Commentary Human Trafficking: Fighting the Illicit Economy with the Legitimate Economy Louise Shelley and Christina Bain 140-144 Social Inclusion (ISSN: 2183-2803) 2015, Volume 3, Issue 1, Page 1 Doi: 10.17645/si.v3i1.226 Editorial Perspectives on Human Trafficking and Modern Forms of Slavery Siddharth Kara Carr Center for Human Rights Policy, Harvard Kennedy School of Government, Cambridge, MA 02118, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] Submitted: 20 January 2015| Published: 23 February 2015 Keywords child labor; forced labor; human trafficking; slavery Issue This editorial is part of the special issue “Perspectives on Human Trafficking and Modern Forms of Slavery”, edited by Siddharth Kara (Harvard Kennedy School of Government, USA). © 2015 by the author; licensee Cogitatio (Lisbon, Portugal). This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribu- tion 4.0 International License (CC BY). When I first began researching human trafficking and demic community across the last several years. Scholars modern forms of slavery fifteen years ago, there was from around the world and from myriad disciplines have very limited awareness of these offences, and even less contributed significantly to our knowledge of various as- scholarship. While non-profit organizations, activists, pects of forced labor, child labor, debt bondage, human and charitable foundations have worked assiduously to trafficking and related modes of servile labor exploita- raise awareness of human trafficking and to tackle root tion. To that end, I am pleased to present this special causes, investment by the academic community to ana- edition of Social Inclusion, “Perspectives on Human Traf- lyze the nature, scale, and functioning of the phenome- ficking and Modern Forms of Slavery”. This edition in- na has been slower to evolve. Indeed, much of the con- cludes an illuminating collection of scholarship from fusion relating to basic terms and concepts on the topic around the world. For example, Professor Stewart in- of modern forms of slavery has been due, in large part, forms our understanding of contemporary slavery with a to the lack of scholarly analysis of the issues. Following comparative look to slavery in the past. Kay and Hastie, on this gap has been a dearth of robust, first-hand field along with Craig, analyze crucial legal challenges relating research that can guide scholarship, investment, and ac- to human trafficking in Canada and the UK respectively. tivism, and help frame the complex questions relating to Acharya presents health consequences of sex trafficking law, economics, human rights, gender, poverty, corrup- in Mexico, and Reisen and Rijken outline new forms of tion, migration, the rights of children and minorities, and trafficking in the Sinai Peninsula. LGBT issues are inter- many other issues that are fundamental to our under- rogated, along with the roles of corruption and issues of standing of human trafficking. gender in human trafficking shelters. The authors have While extensive field research into human trafficking individually and collectively made vital contributions to remains a challenge, I have been pleased to see a signifi- our understanding of human trafficking, and I hope their cant increase in analysis of the offence from the aca- scholarship will inspire additional analysis of these issues. About the Author Siddharth Kara Siddharth Kara is the Director of the Program on Human Trafficking and Modern Slavery at the Har- vard Kennedy School of Government, and a Visiting Scientist on Forced Labor at the Harvard School of Public Health. He is the author of several books and articles on modern slavery, including Sex traf- ficking: Inside the business of modern slavery and Bonded labor: Tackling the system of slavery in South Asia. Siddharth Kara currently advises the United Nations, the U.S. Government, and several other governments on anti-trafficking policy and law. Social Inclusion, 2015, Volume 3, Issue 1, Page 1 1 Social Inclusion (ISSN: 2183-2803) 2015, Volume 3, Issue 1, Pages 2-21 Doi: 10.17645/si.v3i1.125 Article Modeling for Determinants of Human Trafficking: An Empirical Analysis Seo-Young Cho Faculty of Business and Economics, Philipps-University of Marburg, Barfüßertor 2, 35037 Marburg, Germany; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-6421-28-23996; Fax: +49-6421-28-21740 Submitted: 23 June 2014 | Accepted: 6 August 2014 | Published: 23 February 2015 Abstract This study aims to identify robust push and pull factors of human trafficking. I test for the robustness of 70 push and 63 pull factors suggested in the literature. In doing so, I employ an extreme bound analysis, running more than two million regressions with all possible combinations of variables for up to 153 countries during the period of 1995–2010. My re- sults show that crime prevalence robustly explains human trafficking both in destination and origin countries. Income level also has a robust impact, suggesting that the cause of human trafficking shares that of economic migration. Law enforcement matters more in origin countries than destination countries. Interestingly, a very low level of gender equality may have constraining effects on human trafficking outflow, possibly because gender discrimination limits fe- male mobility that is necessary for the occurrence of human trafficking. Keywords extreme bound analysis; human trafficking; push and pull factors; robustness Issue This article is part of the special issue “Perspectives on Human Trafficking and Modern Forms of Slavery”, edited by Siddharth Kara (Harvard Kennedy School of Government, USA). © 2015 by the author; licensee Cogitatio (Lisbon, Portugal). This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribu- tion 4.0 International License (CC BY). 1. Introduction ing? To the present, the outcome of investigations on these questions is inconclusive and there is little consen- Human trafficking is an emerging problem that is rapid- sus on the prime factors determining human trafficking ly growing today (Interpol, 2009). Income disparity be- in the literature. Among many factors suggested in the tween the affluent North and (relatively) impoverished literature, some factors are important determinants of South is still considerable, if not increasing, and peo- human trafficking in some studies, while in others they ple’s aspirations to seek better opportunities have be- do not have a significant impact and other factors are come greater, as information on life in other parts of suggested as crucial causes, instead. Such discrepancy is the world is now more readily available than ever be- mainly caused by several critical challenges that human fore due to the development of mass media news out- trafficking researchers are currently facing. lets and the internet. Economic motivation explains the First, as research on human trafficking is still in its phenomenon of human trafficking to a great extent, infancy, there is no exemplary model identifying the given that most victims of human trafficking are initial- determinants of human trafficking. Thus, the choice of ly migrants with economic reasons (International Or- variables for estimation tends to depend