3684 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. AUGUST 25,
Mr. LODGE. Certainly. We have had many controversies frigeration, climatic causes,- defects in the construction of the about it; we have had to satisfy them as to the character of our vessel, storms, and the like. That frequently happens in inspection and regulation, and there is no reason why they transit. should not satisfy us. · After the meat has received its certificate from a foreign ~fr. WILLIAi\IS. Well, they do. government, is it not, under that certificate, proper to admit it, Mr. LODGE. I say satisfy us-satisfy the law that Con unct would it not be admitted? gress passes, not the Secretary. Mr. NORRIS. l\lr. President, while the Senator's question i\lr. WILLIAMS. In reference to what the Senator from has no bearing on the point that I was making in regard to this Wyoming has just said, of course some of tllese nations, de particular am~ndment, it seems to me clear, since he has pro sirous of prohibiting the entry of American meat, and not pounded the query to me, that the certificate of the foreign desirous of· saying so in so many words, went to very great GoYernment would go only to show, and would be evidence only extremes. Germany demanded an inspection of the viscera, to show, that the ii;ispection provided for by the foreign country because she knew it was practically an impossibility, and there had been made in regard to the particular meat in question. It fore prohibited our meats. She had a right to do that. We might be excluded for other reasons, of course. The point I would h~r-re a right to say here, if we wanted to, that that make on this amendment is tllat if_we pass this pro\'iso wit4- should be done, of course; but we do not want to. We are not out any change we provide one rule and one law for American trying to make this provision impracticable of administration.. meat in interstate commerce and an entirely different one that We are trying to get meat for the American people from abroad may be less exacting when the meat comes from a foreign. free of duty, but at the same time. we are trying to take every country. proper measure to see that it is hea-lthful. I de ire to offer and have pending for the consideration of tlie .Mr. LODGE. Germany was obliged to abandon· those ex committee or the Senate when this paragraph is taken up, a-s treme positions. I understand it is going over, an amendment to strike out the Mr. WILLIAMS. I understand; I was simply illustrating words commencing with the word " or," in line ~3. and ending how that would be. with the word "health," in line 25. 1\!r. . WARREN. Not only have we done that, but we ha·rn by The VICE PRESIDENT. The amendment will be stated. legislation provided for our own people a very exacting law and The SECRETARY. It is proposed to strike out of the committee regulation. I assume the Senator from Mississippi and his pai·ty amendment, commencing on line 23, page 142, the following expect that we shall be as particular as to the meat from other words: countries as we are with the packers in our own country who he~fu~atisfactory to him as being competent to protect the public are delivering food to us across State lines. 1\fr. WILLIAMS. I have no fear that the Secretary of Agri l\lr. WILLIAMS. l\Ir. President, I wish to offer an amend culture will ever admit meat from a country that does not ment to be pending when this paragraph comes back. I want to e$tablish a system that protects the public health. give notice of it now, so as to have no doubt about the point I Mr. CUMMINS. l\Ir. President-- make. After the word " inspection " I moye to in ert the v.ords The VICE PRESIDE..:.~T. Does the Senator from Nebraska "of cattle and meat." yield to the Senator from Iowa? I do that so that there will be no doubt of tile character of l\Ir. NORRIS. I yield. the inspection. . Mr. CU1\fl\IINS. I hope the Senator from Nebraska will not l\lr. CUl\11\IINS. .l\Iay I ask the Senator from ~lississippi jnst lose sight of the fact that the part of the committee amendment where that will come in? fo which he has referred relates only to the admission of meats 1\fr. WILLIAl\fS. Right after the word "inspection." upon a certificate, and without any examination on the part of Mr. GALLINGER. Mr. President, I am sure that our friends this country. I have not objected to that part of the amend on the other side feel that we haye made good progre s to-day ment so much as I ha\e to the other, which admits meats into 1n the consideration of the bill. this country without any ante-mortem inspection. - Mr. KERN. Will the Senator yield to me for a certain mo 1\Ir. NORRIS. Of course I was not discussing the Senator's tion? amendment. l\fr. GALLINGER. It is 6 o"clock, and I would be glad to .Mr. CUl\fl\IINS. I did not know whether it had caught the yield. eye of the Senator from Nebraska. Mr:"' KERN. I move that the Senate adjourn. l\fr. NORRIS. I understood, of course, the Senator's argu The motion was agreed to, and (at 6 o'clock p. m.) the Sennte ment; but this particular amendment applies to an entirely adjourned until Monday, August 25, 1913, at 11 o'clock a. m. different point. ~fr. CUMMINS. The proviso there, or the subsequent part of the amendment, simply allows meats to come in without any SENATE. home examination provided the Secretary of Agriculture finds there is a foreign system of inspection something like our own . MoNDAY, August ~5, 1913. .l\Ir. NORRIS. Ile does not even need to find that it is some· The Senate met at 11 o'clock a. m. thing like our own if it satisfies him. Prayer by the Chaplain, Rev. Forrest J. Prettymnn, D. D . .Mr. CUMMINS. No; something like our own, or what he The Journal of the proceedings of Saturday last was rend and thinks to be sufficient to protect our people. appro-r-ed. 1\fr. NORRIS. Ile may, as a matter of fact, know, and it may CALLING OF THE ROLL. be public knowledge, that it has not any resemblance to our l\Ir. SMOOT. Mr. President, I suggest the absence of a quo system of inspection. It may be nowhere near so good. If the rum. man who happens to be Secretary of Agriculture thinks it is The VICE PRESIDENT. The Secretary will call the roll. good enough, he can issue an order that will permit meat from The Secretary called the roll, and the following Senators an· that country to come in on the certificate of the Government of swered to their names : the country that it has made the inspection which he has said, AshurSt Gallinger :Martine, N. J'. Smith, Ariz. in his judgment, is good enough. Bacon Hughes Nelson Smith, Ga. l\fr. SHERMAN. 1\Ir. President, may I make an inquiry? Bankhead James Norris Smith, S. C. The VICE PRESIDE~T. Does the Senator from Nebraska Borah Johnson O'Gorman Smoot Brady Jones Oliver Sterling . yield to the Senator from Illinois? Brandegee Ken.:ron Overman Stono 1\Ir. NORRIS. I yield to the Senator. BL·istow Kern Page Suthe1•land Mr. SHER IAN. I wish to clear up my mind on one point Bryan La Follette Perkins Swanson Chamberlain Lane Pittman 'l'homas as to this amendment, or either amendment. Will meats bear Chilton Lea Pomerene 'l'hompson ing a foreign certificate thereby become incapable of being ex Clapp Lewis Ransdell Tillman Clark, Wyo. Lippitt Robinson Townsend cluded from the port of enh·y if they have spoiled in transit? Clarke, Ark. Lodge Sheppard Vardaman T have known of a good many cases where meat at the initial Cummins Mccumber Sherman Walsh point of shipment was all right, but at destination it was not. Fall McLean Shively Weeks If it comes to our port with a foreign certificate, under this Fletcher Martin, Va. Simmons Williams . paragraph, as written, will it or not be admitted? I! it comes Mr. SHEPPARD. l\Iy colleague [l\fr. CULBE:RSO~] 1s unavoid from a government whose system of inspection has been ap Rblv absent. He is paired with tlle Senator from Deln ware [Mr, proved by the Secretary of Agriculture-and on that I am nu PONT]. This announcement runy st1mcl for tlle tlny. mak:ing no que tion-it comes bearing a foreign certificate, Mr. JAUES. I wish to nunopnce thnt my collengno [l\Ir, but "°hen it rcncl.u:•s the port of entry here it may have been BRADLEY] is detained from pre. cnee hero by ren 01\ of i llnesfi!, spoiled in trnnsit, from Ynrious cnu es, such as defectiye re- He has a general pair with Urn cuntor from Inc.lltrn.:t [:Ur, 1913. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 3685
KERN]. I will ask that this announcement may stand for the HEAilINGS BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON PRIVILEGES AND ELEC.TTONS. day. l\f r. KERN submitted the following resolution ( S. Res. 170), l\fr. S:~IOOT. I desire to announce that the junior Senator which was read and referred to the Committee to Audit and from Wisconsin [l\fr. STEPHENSON] and the senior Senator from Control the Contingent Expenses of the Senate: Delaware [:Mr. Du Pmn] are detained from the Senate on ac Resolved, That the Committee on Privileges < nd Elections, or any sub· count of illness. I will allow this notice to stand for the day. . committee thereof, be authorized during the Sixty-third Congress, tq The VICE PRESIDENT. Sixty-four Senators have answered administer oaths, send for books and papers, to employ a stenographer at a price not to exceed $1 per printed page, to report such hearings as to their names. There is a quorum present. may be had in connection with any subject which may be pending be fore said committee, to cause the proceedings before said committee to RAILROAD LAND GRANTS. be printed, if by said committee deemed expedient ; that the committee or subcommittee may sit during the sessions or recess of the Senate, The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the Senate a communi and that the expense thereof shall be paid out of the contingent fund cation from the Secretary of War, transmitting, in response to of the Senate. a resolution of the 10th instant, a circuJar containing a sched THE TARIFF. ule of land-grant and bond-aided railroads of the United States, The VICE PRESIDENT. The morning business is closed. - together with a map showing such railr.oacls and their connec Mr. SIMMONS. I ask unanimous consent that the Senate tions, which, with the accompanying paper, was ordered to lie proceed with the consideration of House bill 3321. on the table. There being no objection, the Senate, as in Committee of the POST-ROAD IMPROVEMENT. Whole, resumed the consideration of the bill (H. ~ . 3321) to The VICE PRESIDE1'i'T laid before the Senate a communi reduce tariff duties and to provide re\enue for the Government, cation from the Postmaster General and the Acting Secretary and for other purposes. of Agriculture, transmitting, pursuant to law, a joint report on l\Ir. THOl\IAS. I ask un:mimous consent to turn to para the progress of post-road improvement, which, with the accom graph 404-! on page 124. It was passed over temporarily on panying paper, was referred to the Committee on Post Offices Saturday. I wish to offer an amendment to it. and Post Roads. The VICE PRESIDENT. The paragraph will be read. PETITIONS. The SECBEI'ARY. The proposition of the committee was to in sert as a new paragraph: l\Ir. PERKIKS presentad petitions of sundry citizens of Ar 404:~. Antimony ore, stibnite and matte containing antimony, but tesia, Bay City, Long Beach, Los Alamitos, and Anaheim, all only as to the antimony content. in the State of California, praying for the adoption of a pro posed tariff referendum, which were ordered to lie on the table. l\Ir. TH0l\1AS. In the first line of the paragraph I mo-ve to Mr. McLEAN presented a petition of Housatonic Valley strike out the comma after the word " ore " and to insert tbe Pomona Grange, No. 10, Patrons ·of Husbandry, of° South Kent, word "and "; and in the same line, after the word " stibnite," Conn., praying for the enactment of legislation providing for to strike out the words "and matte." the enlargement of the parcel-post system, which was referred The amendment to the amendment was agreed to. to the Committee on Post Offices and Post Roads. The amendment as amended was agreed to. . Mr. THO.MAS. I now ask unanimous consent to revert to BILLS INTRODUCED. paragraph 146, page 42, Schedule C, which relates to the same Bills were introduced, read the first time, and, by unanimous subject. In the first line of the paragraph,. after the word consent, the second time, and referred as follows : "metal," I move to insert "and matte containing antimony. but By Mr. WALSH: not containing more than '10 per cent of lead," so as to rend : A· bill ( S. 3026) to authorize the issuance of a patent to E. T. 146. Antimony, as regulus or metal, and matte containing antimony, Broadwater for the south half of the southeast quarter of sec but not containing more than 10 per cent of lead- tion 13 and the east half of the northeast quarter of section 24, And so forth. township 32 north, range 21 east, .Montana meridian ; to the The amendment was agreed to. Committee on Public Lands. Mr. THOMAS. I now ask the Senate to turn to paragraph A bill ( S. 3027) granting a pension to Mary E. Perry ; to the 485, page 136. In line 15 of that page, and the first line of the Committee on Pensions. paragraph, I move to strike out the word "fowls" and to insert By l\Ir. LIPPITT: the word "poultry," so as to read: A bill ( S. 3028) granting a pension to Rosanna B. Harris; Eggs of poultry, birds, fish, etc. A bill ( S. 3029) .granting an increase of pension to Thomas Percival; The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, the \ote whereby A bill ( S. 3030) granting an increase of pension to Lewis the committee amendment inserting the word "fowls" wns Walker· agreed to will be reconsidered, and the committee now proposes A bill (S. 3031) granting an increase of pension to Joseph A. an amendment which will be stated. Palmer; The SECRETARY. Before the word " birds" strike out the A bill ( S. 3032) granting a pension to Caroline l\fcGoue; proposed amendment of the committee, the word "fowls," and A bill ( S. 3033) granting an increase of pension to Esther in lieu thereof insert the word "poultry." Harrigan; The amendment was agreed to. A bill ( S. 3034) granting an iilcrease of pension to l\Iary A. The VICE PRESIDENT. Where shall the bill be taken up? Johnson; and l\fr. SIMMONS. P.aragraph 549 is the next paragraph. A bill ( S. 3035) granting a pension to Timothy McCarty; to The Secretary resumed the reading of the bill on page 143, the Committee on Pensions. . line 1, paragraph 549. By Mr. l\IcLEAN: . The next amendment of the Committee .on Finance was, on A bill ( S. 303G) for the relief of certain widows of soldiers page 143, line 5, to strike out paragraph 550 in the following now drawing pensions; and words: A bill ( S. 3037) granting an increase of pension to Julia JJ). 550. Meerschaum, crude or unmanufactured. Booth (with accompanying papers) ; to the Committee on Pen The amendment was agreed to. sions. The reading of the bill was continued to the end of 1ine 4 By l\Ir. SHERl\lAN: on page 144, the last line read being the following: A bill ( S. 3038) for the relief of ThOfilUS Riley; to the Com 557. Myrobolans, fruit. mittee on Military Affairs. Mr. Sl\fOOT. i\Ir. President, I should like to ask the Senator A bill (S. 303D) granting a pension to Kate A. Trapper; and having charge of this portion of the bill why the word "fruit" A bill (S. 3040) granting an increase of pension to George T. is added in that paragraph? The myrobolan is a fruit. Srni th ; to the Committee on Pensions. l\fr. THOl\IAS. The Senator from Utah will notice that the By l\ir. SHAFROTH: paragraph has not been modified by the Senate committee, and A bill (S. 3041) providing for the retirement of the national consequently I am unable to answer the Senator's question. We bank notes, the gold certificates, and the United States notes simply accepted it without examination. now outstanding by the issuance of United States notes redeem Mr. SMOOT. I desire to say, however, that there bas been able in gold and for the establishment of a 50 per cent gold no misunderstanding in relation to the importation of rnyro redemption fund; to the Committee on Banking and Currency.: bolans, for never in the history of tariff legislation has a ques A bill ( S. 3042) granting an increase of pension to Aaron B. tion in regard to their importation arisen. Everybody knows Pnge; and that the myrobolan is a fruit, and so I can not see why the A bill (S. 3043) grnnting an increase of pension to Anna T. word "fruit" is added in that paragraph. Tbere is a colllma Russell; to the Committee on Pensions. after the word "myrobolans," and then the word "fruit" is 3686 CONGRESSIONAL R.ECORD-SEN TE. AUGUST 25,
added. I think if the phraseology is retained as it is it will Mr. GALLINGER. l\Ir. President, I call attention to the spell result in a discussion and perhaps a eon.filct as to its meaning. ing of cocoanut in that paragraph. As spe1led there it is Mr. TH01\1AS. The Senate committee made no investigation manifestly incorrect. The word, of course., should be spelled of the subject at .all; but, as I ha"Ve said, simply accepted. thB c-o-c-o-a-n-u-t. That correction of spelling should be made both paragraph as we did not see any reason why it should be in line 20 and in line 21. changed. Mr. THOMAS. That is an error, of course, in both th{),._~ · Mr. SMOOT. Then I move that the W-OTd "fru1t" be stricken lines, and I moYe that the spelJing be corrected. :from paragraph 557, page 144, line 4. The VICE PRESIDENT. The Chair is going to rule that Mr. SIMJ\IONS. Mr. President, I und~rstand the Senator the spelling in the bill is a matter that can be corrected without to say that the myl'obolan is a fruit? action by the Senate. l\1r. SMOOT. There is n-0 doubt about it. Mr. GALLINGER. Still, l\fr. President, the SecTetary might Mr. SIMMONS. If that be so, what harm would that desig not have obserTed the incorrect spelUng, and therefore it is nation do? As the Sena.tor from Colorado [Mr. THOMAS] well to calJ attention to it. 1 has. said, I do- not think -any .special investigation was made Mr. THOMA'S. Idem sonans. by the subcommittee as to that, and I do not see any harm in The VICE PRESIDENT. The suggestion -0f the Senator the word "fruit" being added. Is anr pa.rt of the myrobolrui from New Hampshire was timely, but it is not necessary that not a fruit? the correction of spelling be put to a yote of the Senate. l\fr. &MOOT. Of course a part of the tree is not a fi'u1t The reading of the bill was resumed. Mr. SI lliONS. It does not refer to the tree. The Senator The next amendment of the Committee on Finance was, on from Utah does not understand that it refer to the tree. does he'.? page 144, after line 24, to sb.·ike out paragraph 564, as follows: 1\fr . .SMOOT. Not at all; but I want to call the Senator's 564. Oatmeal a.nd rolled oats and oat hulls. attention to the fact that in the pre ent law the paragraph The amendment was agreed to. simply rends "l\fyrobolans," .and now the framers of this bill ha Ye put a comma after the word "myrobolans" and b.a"Ve The na.t amendment w·-as, in paragraph 5W, page 145, line 3, added the word "frult." If it is desired that the phraseology after the word " palm-kernel," to insert " perilla," so as to read : 5G6. <;lils: Bir~h tar,. cajeput, coconut, cod, cod liver, cottonseed, shall apply only to fruit, then strike out the eomma. croton, 1chtbrol, Ju.gJ.anclium, palm, palm-kernel, perilla. .Mr. Sil\fl\f O.N.B. I think the Sena.tor from Utah is right in The .amendment was agreed to. · that suggestion. It should read "Myrobolans fruit," stJ·iking out the comma. I think the punctuation is wrong. The reading .of the bill wa.s resumed, and the .Secretary con The VICE PRESIDENT. The amendment proposed by the tinued the reading of .paragraph 556, as .follows: Soya-bean.. and .olive <>il rendered unfit -for use as food or for anv Senator from Utah will be stated. but mechanical or manufacturing purpo e , by uch means as hail The SECRETARY. In paragraph 557, page 144, line 4, after the be sfttisfuctory to the Secretary of the Treasury and under regulations word "l\lyrobolans," it is proposed to strike out the comma, to be prescribed by him ; Chin e nut oil, nut oil or oil -of nuts n-ot .specially provi-0.ed f Mr. LODGE. Ought there to be a comma inserted after the I think, being embraced in that paragraph and following the word "fl.ax"; or is it meant to read "flax waste"? • words I have quoted, the word "articles," as used in the sen 1\Ir. Sll.!OOT. ''.Flux waste." tence to which the Senator refers, would be taken in connec .Mr. S-Il\IUONS. Yes ; "flax waste." tion with those general designations above and that its meaning 1\Ir. LODGE. Then the suggestion or tlle Senator froni Utah would be limited and restricted. is correct. l\lr. SMOOT. l\Ir. President, let me call the Senator's atten Mr. S~IOOT. The comma ought to be stricken out. tion to the fact that instruments-- Ir. SUH.IONS. It is yery clear tllat tlle comma ought to be - l\Ir. SI.l\IlIONS. If the Senator will permit me, I will say stricken out. that, rather than to consume time in furtller discussion, we will The· VICE PRESIDE:NT. The question is on agreeing to the investigate the matter, and if we think, after investigation, that amendment to thE! committee amendment striking out the it is subject to the criticism of the Senator we will bring in an comma after the word "hemp." amendment. The amendment to the amendment was agreed to. l\lr. SMOOT. Just one other word, so that the Senator him The amendment as amended. was agreed to. self will get a clear understanding of what my construction of The reading of tlle bill was resumed, and paragraph 572 was the language is. For instance, it specifically names instru read, as follows: ments, including boxes und bottles, and so forth. Then below 572. Printing paper (other tbnn paper commercially ~n~wn. ns ~and 1t reads- made or machine handmade paper, japan paper, and umtat~on Japan paper by whatever name known), unsized, sized, or glued, sm t ~bl~ for .And articles solely for experimental purposes. the printing of books and newspapers, but not fbr covers or bmdings, not specially provided for in this section, valued at not above 2~ cents Where? In religious, philosophical, educational, scientific, or per pound, decaJcomania paper not printed. literary institutions. Let me say to the Senator that many Mr. LODGE. I ask that paragraph 572 may be passed o.-er. of those institutions educate certain students in agriculture, and It is connected with the paper schedule, which we have entirely tools can and must be used in that connection. They are used passed over and I think they ought to be taken up together. for experimental purposes. Under this paragraph, in my opin 1\Ir. SIUiIO:NS. That may be done if the Senator so desires. ion, where\er the authorities of an institution wanted to import 1\Ir. LODGE. They can all be taken up together when the any kind of an instn1ment, whether it were in the chemical paper schedule is considered. department, the agricultural de·partment, or any other depart 1\lr. SIMMONS. Yes; I think it will be better to debate them ment of the institution, they could import it free of duty. ut one time. l\Ir. LA FOLLETTE. Mr. President, if the Senator will per Tile VICE PRESIDENT. Paragraph 572 will be passed O\er. mit me, does not the Senator tllink that if the articles are im The reading of the biJl was resumed. ported for educational purposes, and to be used in connection The ne.xt amendment of the Committee on Finance was, jn with training the youth of this Jund, they ought to be importell paragraph 575, page 146, line 10, after the word " cut," to in ert free, whether they be tools or instrument_s, or whateyer tlley "flaked," so as to make the paragraph read: may be? . 575. P earl, mother of, and shells; not sawed, cut, flaked, polished, or 1\Ir. SMOOT. If there were a Jimit, l\Ir. President-- otherwise manufactured, or advanced in value from the natural state. 1\Ir. LA FOLLETTE. They will beimported under such regu The amendment was agreed to. lations as the Secretary of the Treasury sees fit to impose, and Tile reading of the bill was resumed, and continued to the end it seems to me clear that he will make such requirements as of paragraph 578, which is us follows: will insure their being used for educational purposes. 578. Philosophical and scientific apparatus, utensils, instruments, and l\fr. Sli\1MONS. I think the Senator is entirely correct in preparations, including bottles and boxes containing the same, specially that. imported in good faith for the use and by order of any society or institution incorporated or established solely for religious, philosophical, lr. LA FOLLETTE. I do not think the committee will ll:ne educational, scientilic, or literary purposes, or for the encouragement uny difficulty with the paragraph when they come to recon- of the fine arts, or for the use and by order of any college, academy, sider it. · school, or seminary of learning in the United States, or any State or public library, and not for sale, and articles solely for experimeutal 1\Ir.· SIMi\IONS. I think any court or board of apprnisers purposes, when imported by any society or institution of the character construing this language would, under the ordinary rules of herein described, subject to· such regulations as the Secretary of the legal construction, necesrnriJy interpolate into the sentence tlle Treasury shall prescribe. words "similar articles" as having reference to the articles .Mr. S~100T. Ur. President, one word on that paragraph. I enumerated before. call attention to the words in line 25, page 146, and the words 1\Ir. GALLINGER. l\Ir. President, I see some danger in the in line 1, page 147, reading '.'and articles soleiy for experimental provision as it is printed. purposes." The expression is too vague to be used in a tariff If the Secretary of the Treasury could trace the use of what bill. I believe it would be impossible to forecast just what e\er insh'uments are enumerated in this paragraph, he might class of articles would be entitled to the benefit of it. rt seems then regulate it. But unless we entirely depend upon tile good to me it might be construed to include everything that an faith of these institutions, which perhaps we ought to do, I can institution such as indicated in the paragraph might use for its see very clearly that they could import pretty much anything, chemical and physical laboratories or work 1·ooms. It might be saying that it was for experimental purposes. I do not know held to include furniture, fixtures, and everything required in an what they want to experiment with. These articles are desig experimental process in any such institution. I ask the com nated here as "philosophical and scientific apparatus, uteusils, mittee to consider those words and see if they are not too broad instruments, and preparations." I assume that they have been in their scope. experimented with and that they have passed into commerce,. l\Ir. THOMAS. The Senator, of course, has noteu that the and that no further experimentation would be required. articles referred to in the paragraph are to be admitted under The danger is, from my viewpoint, of a great many of these " such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall pre instruments and preparations being brought into our country scribe." ostensibly for experimental purposes, when, as a matter of fact, ..Mr. SMOOT. But when there is a specific statement in a law, they would not be used for those purposes. But as the 'com · the Secretary of the Treasury can not change the law. mittee is going to take up the matter I do not think it is worth Mr. THOMAS. I untlerstand the Senator to say tllat the while to discuss it any further. Possibly I am wrong in my language is not sufficiently specific to prevent abuse. I may interpretation of what may happen. ha. Ye misunderstood the Sena tor. l\Ir. JAMES. Does the Senator think it Tery probable that 1\Ir. Si\lOOT. That was not my intention, I will say to the these institutions, incorporated for religious, ·philosophical, edu Senato1', if I did say it. cational, scientific, or Jiterary purposes, would engage in the im l\fr. SIMMONS. I do not think the trouble the Senator an portation of these instruments for the purf)ose of defrauding the ticipates can possibly arise. Of course, the paragraph must be Government out of its revenue? construed as a whole. If the language which he criticizes were l\fr. GALLINGER. I do not think they would. I am frank standing separate and apart, no doubt his deductions would be to say to the Senator tllat I think they would act in good faith proper and sound; but, taking it in connection with the whole and not engage in smuggling or fraud. context, I think any tribunal would construe the articles re~ Mr. SIMMONS. While at first blush I think there is no ferred to as articles of a similar character and kind with those necessity for any change, if the Senator from Utah insists upon referred to above, an<.1 used for similar purposes as those re it, we will consider the question whether the paragraph should ferred to above. The Senator will notice that the paragraph be amended. But I should like to have the paragrapJ:i adopted begins: with that understanding. 578. Philosophical and scientific apparatus, utensils, instruments, Mr. Sl\IOOT. That is satisfactory to me. and preparations, including bottles and boxes containing the same, spe cially imported in good faith for the use and by order of any society . l\Ir. JAMES. Since the bill provides that works of art and or institution incorporated or established solely for religious, philo many other things may be brought in here free, provided they sophical; educational, scientific, or literary purposes. ~re to be placed in institutions where they are to be open fo ·. 3688 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. AUGUST 25, the public it seems to me as though we might risk permitting combinations with acids and compounds, not subject to duty in education~l and religions and literary institutions to impor~ this section" and insert "Quinia, sulphate of, and all alkaloids scientific instrumlmts for the betterment of humanity, without or salts of cinchona bark," so as to make the paragraph read: throwing upon them n suspicion thrrt they ~ould become smug 588. Quinia, sulphate of, and all alkaloids or salts of cinchona bark. glers of that property in order to a-void the payment of a tax. 1\Ir. JOHNSON. 1\lr. President, I ask that that paragraph Mr. S:\IOOT. If that is the case, the proper thing to. do may be passed over for the present. would be to put them all upon the free list. I have no obJeC The VICE PRESIDEI\..,.r. Paragraph 588 will be passed over. tlon to that if the Senator desires to do it. The reading ot the bill was resumed. Mr. JA.1.iES. We do place them on the free list so far as The next amendment of the Committee on Finn.nee was, in these particular institutions are concerned; but we serm;rate or paragraph 598, page 149, line 14, after the lJfOrd "Santonin," to distinguish between institutions of this chara~ter which are insert " and its combinations with acids, not subject to duty generally institutions of charity and those which are institu under this section," so as to make the paragraph read: tions for the purpose of making money. 598. Santonin, and its combinations- with acids, not subject to duty The reading of the bill was resumed. under this section. The next amendment of the Committee on Finance was, on Mr. SMOOT. Mr. President, the House reported that para page 147, after line 5, to insert a new paragraph, as follows: graph with the single word " Santonin." The Senate has added 580~. Photographic and moving-picture films, sensitized but not ex- " and its combinations with acids, not subject to duty under po ed or developed. this section." • The amendment was agreed to. In chemistry a salt is a combination of an acid with a base. The reading of the bill was resumed. . It seems to me that if you use the word" acids" it is only reach The next amendment was, in paragraph 584, page 147, line ing about halfway what the committee intended, or else the 16, after the words "carbonate of," to insert " cyanide of " ; word should not be used at all. I ask the Senator hllving this in line 17 before the word "sulphate," to strike out "and"; 1 part of the bill in charge if the paragraph would not be very in the ~e line, after the words " sulphate of." to strike out much better if it remained just as the House had it?. There t " crude or refined " ; and, in line 18, after the words " hydTate never has been any question as to the administration o1 it. of.," to strike out "crude or refined," so as to make the para- Everybody knows just what it is; and it does seem to me that graph read: with the wording here there would be a conflict. , 584. PottJ.Bh: Crude, or "black salts"; carbonate of; cyanide o.f; Mr. JOHNSON. 1\1r. President, the committee suggested this sulphate of; hydrate of, when not containing. more than 15 per cent of caustic soda; nitrate of, or saltpeter, crude, and muriate of. change because santonln does come into this country in combinl;l tion with acids, and with acids which are not dutiable. It is The amendment was agreed to. proposed t<> admit santonin in combination with such acid.s fre.e l\Ir. McCUMBER. Mr. President, I ask that pamgraph 585 of duty. It may be combined with. other acids which are duti may go over for the purpose of amendment. able, however. l\Ir. SIMMONS. Mr. President~ on Saturday afternoon we Mr. SMOOT. If that be the .case, I can not see why the com passed over some paragraphs by consent, because we took up mittee used the words "not subject to duty under this section." this schedule rather unexpectedly to many Senators, To-day, If, however, the object is as stated by the Senator,'it seems to however while I do not wish to lay down any rigid rule, I me it ought to be specifically stated, and the words " not subject should llke to have us conclude the consideration of the v:irions to duty under this section " should be stricken out. paragraphs wherever we can. Has the Senator an~ spec~al ob Mr. LODGE. Mr. President, the paragraph certainly is jection to proceeding with the discussion and consideration of wrongly punctuated. The comma after "acids" ought to come paragraph 585 at this time? out, because the paragraph applies only to acids not subject to Mr. McCUl\IBER. We have been passing over a number of duty, as I understand. If santonin is in combination with an paragraphs, with the general nnderstanding .that ~hose that acid that ls subject to duty, the paragraph does not apply; it would require argument of any kind or those m which amend does not go on the free list. ments might be offered would be taken up by themselves, and Mr. JOHNSON. I think the Senator from Massachusetts is that we would get through with the unobjected portions first. 1 entirely correct. The comma should come out. I really think the Senator will gain time if he will first elimi- l\fr. LODGE. The comma certainly ought to come out. What nu te from discussion all of the portions of this schedule to ever is done with the amendment, the comma ought to come out. which no objections will be urged. I think it will give. us a The SECRETARY. In the committee amendment, in paragraph little time to prepare the amendments and be ready to discuss 598, page 149, line 14, after the word "acids," it is proposed to them, and that the argument will be much more brief than if strike out the comma . .we were to take them up singly. The amendment to the amendment was agreed to. Mr. SIMMONS. If the Senator says he is not prepared now, Mr. "SMOOT. Mr. President, certainly the Senator will admit I will make no further insistence. I simply wished to call at that there is no use in putting those words in the section, tention not so much in the case of this particular paragraph as because if that is the case, all the Senator wants to cover is in othe'rs, to the fact that I thought we were operating Satur santonin and its combination with acids. If that is all there is day under a somewhat different rule from the one which ought to it, there is no need of putting the balance of the words in to obtain to-day, because on Saturday evening w~ suddenly en this par::1 graph. tered upon the consideration of a schedule before it was reached l\Ir. JOHNSON. If santonin is in combinn.tion with an acid in regular order. that is free of duty, the combination comes in free; but if it • Mr. l\IcCUl\IBER. I was about to ask that question of the is in combination with an acid that is dutiable, it does not come Senator, but when we came to paragraph 572 I noticed that it in free. I wish to ha e that made plain. was requested that it might go over, and the request was l\Ir. SMOOT. I simply wanted to can attention to it. granted. I theretore assumed that the chairman had taken it The VICE PRESIDENT. '.rbe question is on agreeing to the for granted that all the e objected ones should go over until we committee amendment as amended. had disposed of the unobjected paragraphs. The amendment as amended was agreed to. Mr. SIMMONS. ~hat paragraph went over because we The next amendment was in paragraph 599, page 140, line 16, wanted to consider it in connection with Schedule M, which to strike out " Cardamom " and insert " Cardamon." Jias not yet been reached. As I stated, howernr, I do not wish Mr. THOMAS. Our attention has been called to the fact, and to lay down any hard and fast rule about the matter. inYestiCl'ation shows it is correct, that the original spelling of Mr. McCU.MBER. There are only two or three items that I the wo~d and not the amendment is correct. We therefore ask shall want to have go over. - thnt the amendment be disagreed to. 1\Ir. SI1\fl\10NS. I was simply calling attention to the situa · The amendment was rejected. tion. I had hoped that to-day we would not pass over any more The next amendment was, in paragraph 599, page 149, line 22, paragq1phs than absolutely necessary. If the Senator is not after the ord " seedlings," to insert "4 years old or less," so ready however I shall not object to this one being passed OYer. as to mn.ke the paragraph read: Mr.' McCU:UBER. If I thought it would facilitate the prog 5D9. Seeds : Cardamom, caulifiower, celery. coriander, cotton, cum.min, ress of the bill, I would go right ahead now and make my dis fennel. fenugreek, hemp, hoarhound, mnngelwurzel, mustard, rape, St; cussion upon this paragraph; but I believe we·will gain a little John's bread or benn, sorghum, sugar beet, and sugar can~ for seed, bulbs and bulbOus roots, not edible and not. otherwise proTided for in time if we take it UJ.) separn.tely, later. thi section · all flower and grass seeds ; coru!e:rous evergreen seedlings l\Ir. SIMMONS. Very well. 4 yeara old ~r less ; all the toregoing not specially provided for in this The VICE PRESIDE}.."'T. Paragraph 58ri is passed O\er. section. The reading of the bill was resumed. The amendment was agreed to. The next amendment was, in paragraph 588, page 148, line The next amendment was, jn paragraph 600, page 149, line 24, 24, after the numerals "588," to strike out " Quinine, and its after the word " dip," to strike out " containing five one-hun- 1913. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 3689 dredths of 1 per cent of arsenic or more. not specially provided used are "strychnia or strychnine." I suggest that the comma for in this section," so as to make the paragraph read: be stricken out after "acids." 600. Sheep dip. Mr. SMOOT. A Senator asked me if strychnine comes in The amendment was agreed to. free as combinations of acids. I am speaking of strychnine The reading of the bill was continued to line 3, on page 150, itself. the last line read being as follows : Mr. JOHNSON. It is here upon the free list specifically 602. Shrimps, lobsters, and other shellfish. mentioned. :Mr. STONE. The Senator from Utah is mistaken. Mr. S~IOOT. Will the Senator state why the word "lob- sters" is included in the paragraph? Mr. SMOOT. - It is my opinion that with the wording here Mr. THOMAS. It was included by the House. it will come in dutiable. I am not going to say more. I will look it up and wait until the bill gets into the Senate before Mr. SMOOT. I know that the House included it. offering an amendment. Mr. THOMAS. We made no further investigation of it, but Mr. LODGE. I think the comma ought to come out after the accepted it as the House sent it to us. word " acids." Mr. SMOOT. Of course, " and other shellfish " would cer- tainly incl nde lobsters. Mr. JOHNSON. I have .already made that suggestion. Mr. LODGE. I beg the Senator's pardon. I did not hear Mr. THOMAS. It would include shrimps also. him. l\Ir. SMOOT. That is hardly a shellfish. The SECRET.ARY. In line 10, strike out the comma after Mr. THOMAS. I do not know. "acids." l\fr. SMOOT. There is not any question about lobster being a shellfish, of course. The amendment to the amendment was agreed to. Mr. WILLIAMS. Is there any question about shrimps being The amendment as amended was a.greed to. a shellfish? The reading of the bill was continued. Mr. SMOOT. I do not know. The next amendment was, in paragraph 621, page 152, line Mr. WILLIAMS. When we can say one and other shellfish, 16, after the word " Swine," to inse1·t "cattle, sheep, and all what is the trouble about saying two and other shellfish? other domestic live aillmals suitable for human food not other wise provided for in this section," so as to make the paragraph Mr. SMOOT. There is no special trouble if that is what yo~ read: want to say, but I do not think it is necessary. 621. Swine, cattle, sheep, and all othe1· domestic Uve animals suitable The reading was continued. for human food not otherwise provided for in this sec-tion. The next amendment of the committee was, in paragraph 609, page 150, line 14, after the words " a rseniate of," to insert Mr. McCUMBER. I ask that the paragraph may go over. " cyanide of," so as to make the paragraph read: The VICE PRESIDENT. The paragraph will go over. 609. Soda, arseniate of, cyanide of, sulphate of, crude •. or salt cake The Secretary continued the reading of the bill. and niter cake, soda ash, silicate of, nitrate of, or cubic mtrate. Mr. WILLIAMS. I understand that the Senator from North The amendment was agreed to. Dakota - has asked that paragraph· 621 shall go over. Why; The reading of the bill was continued, as follows : should we do that? We discussed it very freely when we 610. Soya beans. reached the other paragraph in the agricultural schedule. Why can we not let it be disposed of? If the Senator has any amend l\fr. JONES. I wish to ask the Senator in charge of the bill ment to offer, let him offer it now. We took half a day on it whether he is sure that the spelling of that bean is correct? back yonder some days ago. I received quite a number of letters in reference to that matter Mr. McCUMBER. Mr. President, I do not know when the urging that soya beans might go on the free list, and it. is my half a day was taken up. Of course I have taken no time on recollection that it is spelled s-o-i-a. Unless the Senato~ is sure it as yet, and I thought it would be better and we would save a of the spelling, it might make some difference. · little time if I would discuss those paragraphs together when Mr. SHIVELY. The spelling in the present law has been we get through with the schedule, and eliminate from the dis maintained in that respect. I think it is right just as it is. cussion all the paragraphs except those that would oblige argu~ !\Ir. JONES. Very well, then, unless I should find something ment. I still believe we will gain time by that course. I can to the contrary. take it up and take time on this paragraph, but possibly I would Mr. SIMMONS. I will state to the Senator from Washington repeat some of the arguments upon some otller paragraph. that I myself raise some of those beans, and I have been very Mr. WILLIAMS. When we had under cons1deration the much interested in them. I have discovered in reading the paragraph as passed by the House to which the free listing pro literature that the word is spelled in various ways, but in this visions were a substitute the whole subject went through the way mo1·e frequently than in any other. fullest discussion, and the hope was that the time we then con The reading of the bill was continued to line 2 on page 151. sumed would prevent the consumption of time later on. I shall Mr. THOUAS. I think in the last paragraph read the Sec not object to the request of the Senator to let the paragraph go retary read " foreign postage or revenue stamps." I think ovei-, but it does seem to me there ought to be an end of litiga~ there is no word " postage ,, there. tion somewhere. - :Mr. JAMES. The language is "foreign postage or reyenue Mr. McCUl\IBER. The Senator will find, as I think he has stamps." found in the past, that I have ne>er taken excessive time upon Mr. THO.MAS. The word "postage" does not appea1· in the any one schedule. I will state what I have to state in the form handbook. It is my mistake. - of an amendment, and will give my reasons very briefly for the The reading of the bill was continued. amendment, and will then Jet it go to a vote. The amendment of the cotnmittee was, on page 151, after Mr. STONE. Very well. Let the reading proceed. line 18, to insert as a new paragraph the following : The reading of the bill was continued to line 22, on page 152, 61511. Steel ingots. cogged ingots, blooms and slabs. die blocks or the last line read being the following: • blanks~ and billets, if made by the Bessemer, Siemens-Ma.rtin, open hearth or sim1lar processes, not containing alloy, such as nickel, cobalt, 624. Tallow. vanadium, chromium, tungsten, or wolfram, molybdenum, titanium. 1\fr. SMOOT. I should like to suggest to the Senator having iridium, uranium, tantalup:i.. boron, and similar alloys. this paragraph in charge that he insert the word "animal" The amendment was agreed to. before " tallow " in the paragraph, so that it will apply only The reading of the bill was continued. to animal ta11ow. The next amendment was, in paragraph 618, page 1521 line 9, 1\fr. WILLIAMS. Is the.re any other sort of tallow? to strike out the words " all salts thereof" and insert " its Mr. SMOOT. There is, Mr. President. There is a tallow combinations with acids, not subject to duty under this section," known as vegetable tallow, which is used for entirely different so as to make the paragraph read : purposes, and there have been conflicts already in the importa 618. Strychnia or strychnine, and its combinations with acids, not tion of it. In a case of the United States against Davis, subject to duty under this section. _ Turner & Co. it was specifically stated that it was "a mixture .Mr. JOHNSON. Mr. President-- chiefly composed of saponified fat, unsaponi:fied fat, and alkaline Mr. SMOOT. I was simply going to call the Senator's atten silicate," and it was commercia1y known as vegetable tallow. tion to the amendment offered to that paragraph by the commit 1\fr. WILLIAMS. I understand the court has decided that tee and ro state tilll-t the use of the words "its combinations with veget:tble tallow is not tallow. It is just something or other acids" eliminates strychnine from the paragraph and will make that is called vegetable tallow, but it is not tallow; and there strychnine dutisble. If that is the object the Senator had in is no trouble about what this means. It means animal tallow. view I have nothing more to say. l\lr. SMOOT. It is not animal tallow; that is what the court Mr. JOHNSON. It seems to me that the language will not says. If you want that kind of tallow to come in free, well bear the interpretation the Senator puts upon it. The words and good. I am not complaining of that, but i.f you want cnly • -- 3690 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. AUGUST 25, animal tallow to come in free the word " animal" ought to be eter"; and in line 14, after the word "than,'' to strike out inserted. "No. 14 wire gauge" and insert "eight one-hundredths of 1 inch Mr. WILLIAMS. The Senator is hypercritical. The Payne in diameter,'' so as to make the paragraph read: Aldrich bill used the word "tallow." 647. All barbed wire, galvanized wire not larger than twenty one Mr. SM:OOT. I am perfectly aware of that. . hundredths of 1 inch in diameter and not smaller thau eight one-hun dredths of 1 inch in diameter of the kind commonly used for fencing l\Ir. WILLIAMS. It did not say "animal tallow." But it purposes, galvanized-wire fencing composed of wires not larger than seems somebody wanted to get a certain kind of vegetable twenty one-hundredths of 1 inch in diameter nor smaller tha.n eight one tallow in free, and it seems the courts decided against them. hundredths of 1 inch in diameter, and wire commonly used for baling The matter is res judicata. It seems that the court took the hay or other commodities. view that the framers of the Payne-Aldrich bill took, and this The amendment was agreed to. committee took, that tallow means t allow and does not mean The next amendment was, in paragraph 649, page 156, line 21, something made out of >egetables. Any dictionary will show after the words "bop poles," to insert "hoop poles,'' so as to that tallow means just what every boy who was raised in the make the paragraph read : country knows it means. I do not see any necessity for insert 649. Wood: Logs, timber, round, unmanufactured, hewn or sawed, sided or squared ; pulp woods, kindling wood, firewood, hop poles, hoop ing the word "animal." poles, fence posts, handle bolts, shingle bolts, gun blocks or g-unstocks l\Ir. SMOOT. All I wanted was that there should be no ques rough hewn or sawed or planed on one side; bubs for wheels, posts, tion abont it and that it should simply apply to animal tallow. heading bolts, stave bolts, last blocks, wagon blocks, oar blocks, heading blocks, and all like blocks or sticks, rough hewn, sawed, or bored; Mr. WILLIAMS. There is no que tion about it. The courts sawed boards, planks, deals, and other lumber, not further manufac dedfled it; it is settled. tured than sawed, planed, and tongued and grooved; clapboards, laths, The next amendment of the Committee on Finance was, in pickets, palings, staves, shingles, ship timber, ship planking, broom paragraph G2G, page 152, line 24, after the word "quebracho," handles, sawdust, and wood flour; all the foregoing not specially pro to strike out " of nutgalls, of Persian berries,'' and the comma vided for in this section. and insert "and"; in the same line, after tbe word "bark,'' to Mr. JONES. I ask thnt that paragraph be passed over. strike out the comma and the words " of sumac " and insert a Tbe \ ICE PRESIDENT. The paragraph will be passed over semicolon; and, on page 153, line 1, after the word "chestnut,'' at the request of the Senator from Washington. to strike out the semicolon and insert a comma, so as to make The reading of the bill was resumed. the paragraph read: _ The next amendment of the Committee on Finance was, in 626. Tanning material: Extracts of quebracho and of hemlock bark; paragraph 650, page 157, line 7, after the word " Cedar,'' to in extract of oak and chestnut, and other barks and woods other than sert "including Spani h cedar"; and in line 10, after the word dyewoods such as are commonly used for tanning not specially provided "cedar,'' to insert "(Juniperus virginiana) ,'' so as to make the f or in this ection; nuts and nutgalls and woods used expressly for dyeing or tanning, whether or not advanced in yalue or condition by paragraph read: · shredding, grinding, chippin~, crushillg, or any other process ; and 650. Woods: Cedar, includin"' Spanish cedar, lignumvitre, lancewood, articles in a crude stat~ used in dyeing or tanning ; all the foregoing ebony, box, granadilla, mahogany, rosewood, satinwood, and all forms not containing alcohol and not specially provided for in this section. of cabinet wood , in the log, rough, or hewn only, and red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) timber, hewn, sided, squared, or round; sticks Ir. BRANDEGEE. Let' that go o>er. The paragraph fixing of partridge, hair wood, pimento, orange, myrtle, bamboo, rattan, reeds the duty upon these extracts, paragraph 317, was passed and unmanufactured, india malacca joints, and other woods not specially · I should like to consider the two paragraphs together. They- provided for in this section. in the rough, or not further advanced than cut into lengths suitable for sticks for umbrellas, parasols, sunshades, Mr. STONE. All right; let it go o>er. whips, fishing rods, or wa lking canes. The VICE PRESIDENT. Paragraph 626 goes o>er. The amendment was agreed to. The next amendment was, on page 153, to strike out para- Mr. TOWj_ TSEND. .Ur. Pre iuent, when we })as ed the para grapll 631, as follows : graph including mahogany lumber I gave notice that I would 631. Terra alba, not made from gyp um or plaster rock. briug the matter up at this point, but I am satisfied. after ha> The amendment was agreed to. ing discussed the subject at that time and in view of the action The next amendment was, in paragraph 644, page 155, line 14. of the Senate, that it would do no good now to offer an amend before the word " re idents," to insert " sucll,'' so as to make ment to that paragraph, so I am not going to do so. the paragraph read: l\Jr. LODGE. I ask that tile next paragraph, paragraph 651. GH. Wearing apparel. articles of personal adornment, toilet articles, be passed oyer. It is part of the paper schedule and in1oh·es nnd similar personal effects of persons arriving in the United States; but this exemption shall include only such articles as were actually the whole question of countenailing duties. owned by them and in their possession abroad at the time of or prior The VICE PilESIDE:KT. Paragraph 631 will be passed o>er. to thei1· departure from a foreign country, and as are necessary and The reading of the bill was resumed. appropriate for the wear and use of such persons and are intended for such wear and use, and shall not be held to apply to merchandise or The next amendment of the Committee on Finance was. in articles intended for other person~ or for sale : Provided, That in case paragraph 652, page 158, line 17, after the word "camel," to of residents of the United States returning fl'om abroad all wearing insert "Angora goat, alpaca"; in line 1 , after the word "·ani apparel, personal and household effects taken by them out of the United State to foref o-n countries shall be admitted free of duty, without re mals,'' to insert "not specially pro>ided for in this section"; gard to their value. upon their identity being established under appro and in line 19, after the word "animals," to insert "ancl paper priate rules and regulations to be prescribed by the Secretary of the twine for binding any of the foregoing. 'Ihis paragraph shall Treasury : Provided furthe1·, That up to but not exceeding $100 in value of articles acquired abroad by such residents of the United States be effective on and after the 1st day of December, 1913," so for personal or household use or as souvenirs or curios, but not bought as to make the paragraph read: on commission or intended for sale, shall be admitted free of duty. 652. Wool of the sheep, hail- of the cnmel. Angora goat. alpaca. and other like animals, not specially provided for in this section, and The amendment was agreed to. all wools and hair on the skin of such animal , and paper twine for The next amendment was, on page 155, after line 18, to strike binding any of the foregoing. This paragr·apb shall be ell'ect1 ve on and out paragraph 646, as follows : after the 1st day of December, 1913. 646. Wheat flour and semolina: Prnt:ided, That wheat flour shall be The amendment was agreed to. subject to a duty of 1() per cent ad Yalorem when imported directly or The next amendment was, in paragraph 653, page 159. after indirectly frnm a country, dependency, or other subdivision of govern ment which imposes a duty on wheat flour imported from the United the word "section,'' at the end of line 2, to in ert "This para States. graph shall be effective on and after the 1st day of December, And to insert the following : 1913,'' so as to make the paragrapll read: 653. Wool wastes: All noils. top waste, card waste. slnl>l1ing wa te. 646. Wheat, wheat flour, semolina. and other wheat products: P1·0- vided, That wheat shall be subject to a duty of 10 cents per bu. bel, roving waste, ring waste, yarn waste, bur waste, tbreacl waste, gar that wheat flour shall be subject to a duty of 45 cents per barrel of 196 nettcd waste, shoddies, mungo, flocks, wool exlrnct. cai·bonlzed wool, pounds, and semolina and other products of wheat 10 per cent ad carbonized noils, and all other· wastes not specially provided for in talorem when imported directly or indirectly from a country, depend this section. This paragraph shall be effective on and after the 1st ency, oi· other subdivi ion of government which imposes a duty on day of December, 1913. wheat or wheat flour or semolina or any other product of wheat im The amendment was agreed: to. ported from the United States. Mr. LODGE. The next paragraph as passed by the House :\Ir. .McCUlllDER. I n k that that paragraph may go 01er. has been stricken out and in lieu thereof the committee report l\lr. STONE. Very well; go on. a. substitute paragrn,ph. I should like to lla>e tlrnt amendment The YICE PRESIDE -T. Paragraph 646 goes o>er. passed over. It is a separate matt-er, and I think it n·ill lend The next arnen trust law, but I will present the case to the Senator. Suppose Mr. KENYON. This amendment does not touch the first there is a patented article that is manufactured by but one firm section of the act-only the second section of the act. or one individual under a patent and under a protection given Mr. SUTHERLAND. I know it does not. by the laws of the United States to the patentee or his assignee, Mr. WALSH. Mr. President, I am very much interested in would not that product also come under the provision of the the colloquy occurring between the Senators, but I am unable Senator's amendment? to hear it. :Mr. KENYON. No; not at all; because a court could not The VICE PRESIDENT rapped with his gaYel. properly decree that to be a monopoly in violation of the Sher Mr. SHIVELY. l\fr. President; will the Senator from Utah man A.ct. yield to me a moment? Mr. STOXE obtained the floor. Mr. SUTHERLAND. Certainly. Mr. SUTHERL~. Mr. President-- l\fr. SHIVELY. The amendment submitted by the junior The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from l\fissouri Senator from Iowa contemplates placing an article on the free yield to the Senator from Utah? list after there has been a judicial determination that it ha ' l\fr. STONE. I will yield if the Senator wishes me to do so. been the subject of conh·ol by a monopoly. Does not that put .l\fr. SUTHERLAND. I simply wanted to ask the Senator the. article on the free list just at the time that it is assume<1 from Iowa a question. I will postpone it until the Senator is the court has dissolved the monopoly and restored competition? through. Mr. KENYON. There are instances where the court has not Mr. STONE. . I wish to say that so far, in the consideration dissolved the monopoly. If this matter is to be discu-sed, I of the· schedules, when Senators on the other side or on this shall be glad to go into the discussion. If we are to haYe a Yote, side have asked that a paragraph should be passed over, or that or if it is to go over, there is no use in discussing it. for reasons stated it should be further considered by the com Mr. Sil\fMONS. Mr. President-- mittee, those who were in charge of the conduct of the bill have Mr. SUTHERLA.1-.TD. l\Ir. President, I thought I had the not objected. Now an amendment has been proposed. It seems floor. to me some Senators are inclined to change the rule that has Mr. SIMMONS. I think the Senator from Iowa [hlr. KEN heretofore obtained durin~ the consideration of this measure. YON] has the floor. I am of the opinion that some of them think perhaps they see a l\Ir. SUTHERLAND. No; the Senator from ~orth Carolina chance here of some political advantage-a chance to make it a is mistaken. · sort of political question. Mr. KENYON. Yes; he is mistaken. So far as I am concerned, M1-. President, I am ready to vote l\fr. SIMMONS. I may be. Theh I ask, if r may interrupt on the amendment now. I am not one of those who get fright the Senator from Utah, if he has the floor? ened and run away because they hear a little noise. I am l\Ir. SUTHERLAND. I yield to the Senator. ready to go on now, speaking purely from the individual point Mr. SIMMONS. I was going to suggest that as the matter of view. But I do say that when the chairman of the Finance has gone over-- Committee, who has been exceedingly courteous and obliging, Mr. SUTHERLAND. l\Ir. President, the matter has not gone asks that this amendment should go over for the further con- oyer. • sideration of the committee, it is a rather ungracious thing in Mr. SUil\IONS. I thought there was consent that it should itself for any Senator to object to it. I think if he desires it go over. to go oyer it should go o-rnr, just as requests made this morning Mr. SUTHERLA~"'D. The request is pending. seyeral times by Senators on t:he other side were immediately 1\Ir. Sil\f:MONS. Very well. If the matter ha.s not gone oyer, acceded to. Just why a different rule of procedure should be I shall not make the obsen-a tions I intended to make. insisted upon now I do not know, and it strikes me with dis Mr. SUTHERLA:t\TD. l\fr. President, I wish to make a very faYor. brief observation about this matter before it is acted upon, Mr. KENYON. l\Ir. President, I am not going to a~k for any either by way of sending it over or voting upon it. thing out of the regular order. If the Senator asks that the If I understand the amendment, and as I understand it at amendment go over, I shall not object. present, I should not feel justified in voting for it. If I nnuer l\fr. STONE-. No; personally, I do not care whether it goes stand the effect of the amendment, it would be to punish the oYer or not. I stand ready to vote upon it. But what I do say innocent producers of a giYen article in common with those who is that since the chairman of the committee has asked that it are guilty. If the court determines that a particular article may go over for further consideration by the committee itself is under the control of a monopoly, then it goes automatically I do not believe any Senator on the other side should protest upon the free list and protection is denied to those who are against it or object to it. producing the same article, howe\er innocent they may be of Mr. KENTON. As far as I am concerned, I do not object sharing in the monopoly. to its going over. Mr. BORAH. Mr. President-- The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from Utah yield The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there objection to the reference to the Senator from Idaho? of the· amendment to the committee? .l\Ir. SUTHERLAND. I do. Mr. SUTHERLAND. Mr. President, before the matter goes over I should like to ask the Senator from Iowa a question so l\fr. BORAH. If there is a monopoly of an article, it involves that I may understand his amendment. ' the power to fix prices. Therefore the independent producer Is it the understanding of the Senator from Iowa that if this has not very much opportunity in the field, anyway. While it amendment should be adopted, and it were found by a court seems doubtful if this amendment will be effecti'rn, yet I do that some concern monopolized the trade in a given article as not see that the amendment will hurt the independent who is between two States, that would automatically put the article already under the surveillance of the monopoly. upon the free list? · Mr. SUTHERLAND. The decision of a court in a civil pro ceeding that there is a monopoly would carry with it an injunc Mr. KENYON. I have left that absolutely where the court tion against the further maintenance of the monopoly and put determines it. That is all up to the court in a suit under the an end to it. The effect of this amendment would be to punish Sherman Antitrust A.ct. I limit it to that because I ha:rn real persons in no way responsible for the wrong after the monopoly ized all these difficulties that would otherwise arise. had been ended; at least it is presumed that it would be ended l\Ir. SUTHERLAND. I consider the matter a somewhat by the decision of the court restraining its further operation. grave one, and I desire to understand it if I can. The lan But however that may be, the second objection which it oc guage of the Sherman antitrust Jaw, :with reference to this par curs to me to make to this suggestion is that in addition to ticular subject, is not fresh in my mind; but I ham an impres imposing this as a punishment upon tho e who are O'uilty of sion that the act would be violated if the control of a particu creating a monopoly the GoYernruent is punishing itself by de lar article were monopolized as between only two States, and it priving itself of reyenue which may amount to a very . con would .not be necessary that it should be monopolized in all the siderable sum, Why should the GoYernment of the United States. States deprive itself of perhaps millions of dollars of revenue as Mr. KENYON. I can not agree with the Senator at all as a punishment to per ons who are engaged in monopolizing trade? to that. To monopolize, according to the definition gi en in the Why not puui h the persons in a more direct way by im Century Dictionary, is to create a monopoly of an article, prisoning them or by large fines, which would add to instead of to have an exclusive right of tl"1ding iu it; as, to monopolize taking from the Treasury? all the corn in a district. A monopoly in the trnffic between It does not seem to me it is a wise thing for t:IJe Government: two States would not, in my judgment, be such a rnonovoly as of the United States deliberately to deprive it elf of a ·large would be a violation against which a court would enter a amount of reyenue as a part of the punishment of a criminal decree. offender. Mr. SUTHERLAND. It would be sufficient to violate the l\Ir. BRISTOW. l\Ir. President-- first ct!tion of the act if there were a restraint of trade be The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from Utah yield tn·"C'U t"·o States. to the Senator from Kansas? 1913. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEXATE. 3693 l\fr. SUTHETILAND. I do. important pro11ositions of the bill considered the adYisafii1ity · l\Ir. BRISTO\V. 'l'he Senator from Utah suggested that of putting some prov"ision of this character in it? when the court found a monopoly to exist it dissolve it, and Mr O'GOIBIA.i.,. I can not definitely answer tlle Senator's that ended it. When was a monopoly enued in that way, and question, but I simply desire to repeat that for myself this is u what was it? Yery important question and no attempt should be made to i\lr. SUTHERLAND. I do not at the moment recall any case; dispose of it without gi\ing the committee an opportunity to but certainly the court has the power to issue an injunction in consider and report upon it. such a case. l\Ir. GALLIKGER obtained the floor. l\fr. BRISTOW. The Standai·d Oil Oo. and the American 1\Ir. SUTHERJ.i.A.ND. ~ill the Senator from New Hampshire Tobacco Co. and the Aluminum Co. of America haYe been pro nllow me? nounced monopolies. They run on just the samP, howeyer, and Afr. GALLINGER. I will yield to the Senator. this bill prote~ ts the product of e\ery one of those concerns 1\Ir. SUTHERLAND. I "·ish to supplement what I saiu on except the Standard Oil Co. this subject by calling attention to the language of tlle Sherman Ir. REED. l\Ir. President-- Alttitrust A.ct with refereuce to monopolizing trade. '.rhe second The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from Utah yield section pro•ides that- to the Senator from Missouri? Every person who shall monopolize, or attempt to monopolize, or .l\Ir. SUTHERLAND. I do. combine or conspire with any other person or persons to monopolize, :rny .Mr. REED. I am thoroughly in sympathy with choking a part of the trade or commerce among the several States or with foreign mon9poly to death by any possible means; but I wish to ask the nations shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor. Senator from Utah just what would have been the effect, in his And so on. opinion, upon the revenues of the Goyernment if at the time the So. as I understand it, if the mono11olization has extendecl, Tohacco Trust was declared to be a trust we had immediately for example, to onJy one-tenth of the trade, the other nine-tenths permitted all tobacco to come in free? How much would it haYe of the trade are to be pennlized by this provision. If it is cost the Government, in that e•ent. to ham imposed that par monopolized bet\Yeen two or three of. the States of the Union, ticular punishment upon that trust? that is a monopolization among the sewral States-it does not l\lr. SUTHERLAND. I do not remember the figures inyol\ed. have to be among all the States in the Union-and the pro 1\lr. REED. A yery large sum. ducers in all the remaining States are to be penalized by a pro l\fr. SUTHERLAND. It would ha \e been a very large sum. vision of this kind on account of acts affecting only two or Mr. S:i\.IITH of Georgia. Twenty-five million dollars. three States. Ur. REED. Twenty-five million dollars, I am informed. Mr. GALLINGER. lUr. PresiUent, there is one point which l\Ir. SAHTII of Georgia. In the same connection, I should troubles me and I should like to ask the Senator from Iowa like to ask the Senator what would become of our own people, a question. The general purpose of the amendment quite ap producing tobacco here in this. country, with an internal-revenue peals to me. Let me ask the Senator this question: Suppose tax on our home tobacco and $25,000,000 of reyenue thrown the court declares that a certain concern is engaged in produc away on our foreign tobacco? ing goods which is a monopoly or combination under the law, the l\lr. BRISTOW. Mr. President, the Senator from Georgia article so produced would, I suppose, automatically or speedily suggested that if the amendment offered by the Senator from go on the free list. Suppose that the combination is dissol•etl Iowa had prevailed we would haye lost $25,000,00-0 because of under the findings of the court, and there is not any further the tnriff duties imposed on tobacco. Of course, we would not monopoly or combination, what, then, about the duty on the h a•e lost the internal-revenue tax on tobacco. Now, why should goods produced by that former combination? How would we not all the revenue be collected by an internal-revenue tax on arrange that matter? tobacco instead of having a protective-tariff duty to bring us 'f25,000,000? Is tobacco entitled to any more consideration than 1\Ir. KENYOX. If the combination had been built up by the any other agricultural product? The Senator from Georgia is aid of tariff duties and then had been dissolved, I think we afrnid that we will lose revenue because of the remoyal of the need not be o•ercareful in considering the interests of those protective l\Ir. BRISTOW. If the Senator will permit me, I suppose imposes certain countervailing conditions. Thls does the same that instead of using the 'vord "comli'rn" I had better ha Ye in regard to the paper oYer 21 cents, which is to bear 12 per u~ecl another word, because the general impres ion which follows cent ad Yalorem, and it also imposes countervailing conditions. that language would be that designedly the Attorney General '.rhose additional duties or countervail-mg duties are based upon sought to aid these men to continue to Yiolate the la:w. I would the following conditions in the foreign country: "The imposi not charge the Attomey General with that, but I do think as a tion of any export duty, export license fee, or other charge of result of his conferences and as a result of the agreement that any kind whatsoeyer in the form of an additional charge or the public has been robbed of any benefit that might have come license fee or otherwise." Those are the conditions upon which to it from such decision. Nothing has been accomplished by the countervailing duty is to be imposed, and they are sub thnt long legal controyersy that attracted so much attention. stantially the same in the free list, except that there the coun l\lr. LEWIS. I think 'Ye now understand the Senator from tervailing duty is to i·est only upon chemical pulp, abont which Kansas. I shall say something later. l\lr. cu:~BH~S. l\Ir. President, I have suggested the scope of I wish first to take up the inadequacy of the statement of the amendment that I proposed four years ago and that is be conditions on which the counterYailing duty in paragraph 330 fore the Senate again, but I desire before I take my seat to con shall come into operation. In the case where the export of gratulate my colleague upon the soundness of the principle that wood or wood pulp is forbidden from the Province or depend he has embodied in his amendment. I congratulate him and the ency-that is, from Canada, for it all relates to Canada-there country also because he has succeeded in awakening the interest is no opportunity to impose the countervailing duty; no provi and attention of Senators to the very important and vital sub sion is made for that case of prohibition arising; and yet that ject, and if from this effort to relieYe the country from the condition is much more hostile and much worse for our trade oppression of monopolies their power is curtailed we are all to than the imposition of an export duty or of a Hcense fee. be congratulated. Inasmuch as my colleague has asked that the As a matter of fact, in Canada they are prohibiting the ex matter go OYfr or be referred to the Committee on Finance, I por_t of wood or wood pulp. ~'he cases in which it is obtained hope that his request will be accepted by Senators and that are only those in which an .Amellican company has erected a when the Finance Committee shall have considered the subject mill in Canada-I do not mean its only mill, but a mill in carefully and brought in whatever provisions it may think will Canada. meet the condition, we will then haye an opportunity to discuss Subsequent to the passing of the reciprocity act the Province the whole matter comprehensirnly as well as analytically. It is of Kew Brunswick also prohibited the exportation of wood one tllat well desenes the most serious consideration of the from its Crown lands. Senate. l\lr. WALSH. Mr. President, as I understand the parlia The Treasury Department, in ruling on the reciprocity act in mentary situation at the present time, this matter is before the Treasury Department Circular No. 48, Division of Customs, Senate on a motion to refer the amendment of the Senator from dated July 26, 1911, allowed paper from freehold lands to come in free, but subjected paper made from wood from Crown Iowa to the Finance Committee. lands in these Provinces to the duties proyided for in the Payne l\Ir. SHH.IONS. Will the Senator permit me? Tariff Act. Mr. WALSH. Certainly. Mr. SIM.MONS. Thnt amendment was before the Senate, and By an order in council dated July 12, 1912, the Proyince of I moved to refer it to the Finance Committee.- British Columbia rernoyetl the restrictions from certain speci Mr. LODGE. The amendment has gone oYer. fied Crown lands west of the Cascade Range, and the Treasury l\Ir. Sil\DlONS. The Senator from Iowa, I understood. an Department, by order of August 12, 1912, ruled that paper nounced that he was content that it should go to the Finance made from wood cut on these specified tracts was entitled to Committee, and-- free entry. It has since been ascertained that this land was 1\Ir. KENYON. I did. leased to the Powell RiYer Paper Co., a company with an out Mr. Sll\DIONS. A_nd in substance witl1drew his amendment put of 200 tons per day, the only large paper company in for the time being. British Co1umbia and the only manufacturer of news print ~1r. LODGE. The amendment has gone o-rer by unanimous paper. This company shi11s neither · wood nor pulp to the consent, I understand. United States. l\Ir. SIMMONS. It has gone over, as I understand, at the re Immediately agitation was started by the large paper manu quest of the Senator from Iowa, and I hope we may-- facturers in the other Provincei:o:, and on December 31, 1912, the Mr. KENTON. It is my understanding that it is to be re Pro-vince of Quebec, by lieutenant goyernor in council, passed ferred to the committee. I offer no objection to that course. the following order : Mr. STONE. Let us go on with the bill. ExECGTIVE CouxcrL CHAllrnEn, The VICE PRESIDENT. The Chair .for half an hour has Quebec, 31st December, 1912. Present: The lieutenant governor in council. been anxious to inquire whether anybody objected to the amend It is ordered that the obligation to manufacture in Canada any tim ment going to the Finance Committee, and he is going to ask ber cut on Crown lands, as enacted by article 13 of woods and for that question now. The Chair hears no objection. The order ests regulations, shall not apply to the timbet· cut from the 1st day of May, 1911, and which will be cut hereafter on the timber limits herein for tlle yeas and nays will be Yacated, and the amendment will after described, and tbat all pulp wood cut from the 1st day of May, be referred to the Finance Committee. lDll, or which will be cut hereafter on the said timber limits, or the l\lr. Sil\fi\IONS. As we haYe finished the free list except paper, pa.per board, or wood pulp manufactured from the wood cut on such timber limits, may be exported free of any export duty, OL" any those paragraphs which haye lieen passed oyer, I ask that we other charge of any kind wbatsoevet', or any prohibition or resb:iction return to Schedule 1'11-papers and books-at the point where in anywise relating to such exportation. we left off when we took up the free list. Lake Kenogami (Plessis), No. 21; Mesy South, No. 26: Riviere-aux Ecorces, No. 20; l\Iesy, No. 25; River Pikauba, No. 1G; Township l\lr. LODGE. I think the two first paragraphs of the paper Dequen, No. 149; Caron, No. 29; Rivicre-aux-Ecorces west; Riviere schedule haye been reacl. Am I right? aux-Ecorces east. Mr. Sll\IMONS. Yes; the Senator is right. River St. Maurice, No. 6 west; River St. Maurice. No. 10 west; Riwr St. Maurice, No. 11 west ; Rivet· St. 1\laurice, No. 12 west; Riviere-au i\Ir. LODGE. We stopped at paragraph 330, and I made the Rat. No. 1 south; River Wesseneau, A, B, C, D. request that paragraph 330 be passed oyer. I understand that St. Maurice west, No. 13; St. Maurice west, No. 14; Trench west, is the situation, and that we went no further in the paper No. 1 ; Croche west. No. 4 ; Arriere Croche, B. Lake Clair, No. 2 west; Lake Clair, No. 2 east; Mattawan, No. 2 schedule at that time. south. No. 5 south. No. 5 rear south, No. 6 south, No. 6 rear south, · Mr. SI !:MONS. I think tlle Senator is correct about that. No. 7 south, No. 5 north. o. 7 north; Crocbe, No. 1 east. No. 3 The PRESIDING OFFICER (Ur. WALSH in the chair). If east, No. 3 rear east, No. 1 we t, No. 2 west, No. 3 west, No. l:i west; Bostonnais, No. 1 north ; Bostonnais, No. 2 north, half west. the Senator from l\Iassachusetts will pardon the Chair, the Sec WM. LEARllO:\"TH, retary informs him that paragraph 330 was read; and after it Clerk Executive Council ad Interim. was read and the corn1'llittee amendment agreed to, it was then passed oycr for further consideration. The lands exempt from prohibition as to export in this order Mr. LODGE. That is UIY memory of just what happened. are said by the Canauian papers to belong to four companies. It is certain that a large part of the land belongs to such com 1\Ir. SDHIO~S. The Senator is correct about that. Does the Senator desire to take up that paragraph now? panies. Ir. LODGE. I am ready to take it up if tlle Senator wishes. The first paragraph of the order exempts lands in the Lake I nnderstauu \Ye are nt the va11er schedule. Kenogami region wllieh are leased by tlle Price-Porritt Co. Mr. SUHIONS. Very well. This company has paper mills at Jonquiere, with a capacity of Mr. LODGE. Mr. President, paragraph 330 must renlly be 236 tons news print per day. taken in conjunction with paragraph 651 of the free list, which The River St. Maurice district lands are leased to the Lau places paper uuclcr 2~ cents a pound upon the free list and rentide Co., with paper mills at Grand Uere, capacity 210 tons 3696 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENA TE. A UGUST 25, news print per day, and to the Belgo Canadian Pulp & P aper ing letter to the premier of the Province of Quebec, signed by Co. with a capacity of 145 toru; per day. Ur. Morton. its treasurer ~ At the present time I do not know who leases the Lake Clair PORTLA...... ,o, ME., January 6,. 1913.. district, but the Canadian papers sta.te that the Wayagrunack The honorable PIUJMIER OF THE PROVI::> $150,000, while a bleached sul:phite pulp mill of the same capacity will Mr. WILLI.AMS, Para.graph 651, which provides that~ cost $450,0.00. MeehanicaUy grounfi wood pulp, chemical wood pulp, unbleached or The value of ground wood puJp f . o. b. the mill is approximately bleached, and rag pulp-- three-fourths of a cent per pound, while the v.alue of bleached sulphite pulp f. o. b. the mill is 2~ to 3 cents per IJDUnd. Shull come in free. In the manufacture of furn bleached sulphite pulp the logs are eut Then follows the proriso : into 4-foot lengths, piled, and seasoned for about six months. They are Proi:iderfo.rated false Mr. LODGEl. That does not make any difference; the word bottoms, and the pulp is thoroughly washed in them. It is then pumped " chemical " is used. The case of prohibition is covered here, through a machine tor taking out the cpn.rse pieces and thence it is run over sand settlers. so called, which are huge troughs filled with but not in paragr ph 330; and prohibition certainly ought to be dams to allow the settling of any heavy particles of dirt in the mate inserted in paragraph 330. Paragraph 651 provides that- rbll. It then goes to machiaes called screens. These machines are H' any country, dependency, ure-vince, or other subdivision of govern 1ltted with liionze screen plates, and the plates have slots cut in them ment shall prohibit the exportation of 13rinting paper, rag pulp, me ten one-thousandths of an ineh in width. The good fibers of the pulp chanicalJy grouna wopd pulp, chemical wood. pulp, or wood for use in are pulled through the e slots by suction, and after pa: slng through the manufacture of wood puJp- them are carried in -sponts to washing eBglnes, where the pulp is thor· ou~hly washetl and thickened and dropped ln to bleaching tank , a t That includes everything- which point, blettchlng liquor is added from the bleach-,mixing aoµaro.tus, and steam admitted, and the pulp is agitated in these tanks froa there shall be ~~d a duty of one-tenth of 1 cent per pound upon chc.mical wood pulp when i.mpol·tc Similar labor ill Uniteu States of America. made these crWcisms with any -view of delaying the Senate, but 100 nnskillccL______0. 13 to $0. 18 in perfect good faith for tlle consideration of the committee, and 9 1 , 8~ ~1~i~~111ed} ------· 20- I think they cleser•c cousiclerntiou if the policy of counterrnil ing duties, which both Houses haye adopted, is to be carried out 1'1~~ ~1~~L~?1ed } ------. 25 effecti yeJy. 42H skilled------.30 136 skilled------.40 Mr. WEEKS. Mr. President, I do not wish to.delay the pro It should also be borne in mind in comparing thi process with the ceeclings unduly, but this is a Yery important que tion from the ground-wood process that in making bleached sulphite pulp there must stnn spruce. ·The proposed paragraph in its un::uriended form casts the -very time the Provinces of Canada are legislating more and nside this recommendation, together with our own forests more by way of resb'ictions that compel the manufacture within thro"'Il in for Canada's benefit. the Dominion into finished products the products of her forests. The l\!ann report recommend : It is a discrimination against New England, but eyen this failed '!'hat in the long run it will be muhrnlly profitable. both to the pub to make any impression upon the House. The :Mann committee Usb <' r s ::ind other n ers of cheap pape1· in the United States, to the mills did not o"rerlook that discrimination. producing print paper, to the owners of American spruce forests, to ~be ownei·s of the Canadian spruce for ts, and to the mutual good feeh~g I ham here copies of the different acts that have been passed and respt>ct of our two coantri<'s if a considerable reduction be made m by the different Provinces of Canada applying to this subject. the tariff on the cheapei· grades of print paper, dependent, howe\er, I should like to haye such of those as are not included in the upon receiving from Cunada (so far as the supply comes from }!er) the removal of all discriminations now existing in that country or its l:Tov remnrk:s made by my colleague [1\Ir. LODGE] included in my inccs against the eKpot·tation of pulp wood into the Unlted State.. and remarks. th preventfon of future discriminations in the exportation of either The PRESIDIKG OFFICER. There being no objection, that ground wood or paper. ' order will be made. l\Iy colleague [Mr. LODGE] has pointed out in what way this The matter referred to is as follows: wi11 be prevented if the bill passes unamended. EXIIIBIT A . We mu t not lose sight of the fact that the Mllllil committee OXTA!UO. \ recommended a revision of the then existing tariff-the Dingley [Order of lieutenant governor in council, Sept. 16, 1897.] lav;·-to the following schedule: One-tenth of 1 cent a ponnd on SEcrrox 1. No timber licensee or holder of :i. peTmit engaged in cut paper valued at not over 2! cents a ponnd, and two-tenths of 1 ting, taking, or removing saw logs. or timber upon or from the land or cent a pound on paper vlllued above 2i cents a pound and not the Crown, 01· driving, floating, or towing the ame in canadian water., and no othe1· person, firm, or company engaged in or about any snch above 2! cents a pound. This -was a reduction on ordinary news work tmder the authority or with the assent of such licensee 01· holder print pnper from 6 a ton to $2 per ton. Then the Mruu.1 report of a permit, shall employ or engage, or pe'rmit to be employed or en said: gaged, in any capacity whatever in and about or in connection with such cutting, removing, driving, fioating, or towing in Canadian waters, The retention o! a duty of one-tenth of 1 cent per pound. as sug any person who is not a re ident of and domiciled in Canada, excepting gested, is justified both on the principles of a tariff for reve1;1u~ and_ a the following persons, viz : The ag~t or manager having charge or tariff for pTotection. It is not desirable to sh·ik:e down or mJlll"e tne supe1·vision of the entire lumbering operation carried on by any person. present paper mills in tbe United States. 'l'o do o would not only be firm, or company within tbe Province of Ontario, the head boo"Kkeepe.r very expensive to the present paper-mill owners and employees, but or accountant under such agent or mana~er. and one e timator or ex would probably in the future enhance the cost and price of paper: The plorer, unless under special permission ox the commissioner of Crown duty proposed is about equal to the additional cost of labor 1Il the lands expressed in writing. United States and the additional cost of materials used by the paper SEC. 4. All horses, cattle, slelghs, nnd all provisions, purk, flour, tea, mills caused by other tariff provisions. and all tools and hardware, s-ucb as chains, axes, saws. and all other tools, supplies, or mnterial of any kind whatsoever required ot· used in Contrasting the recommendation of the Mann committee made connection with the taking out of saw logs or timber cut upon Crown after a thol'Ough study of conditions both in the United States lands shall be pmchased in C:Ula.da. ruJ.d Cana .And that a certified copy of this minute, if approv€d, be forwarded to B. V. Bodwell, Esq., olicitor, Victoria. rnent above referred to. Canada has no authority to compel the Dated this 11th day of July, .A. D. Hll.'.?. Provinces to permit the exportation of wood into the Unitetl WM. H. ROSE, States without restrictions. This is absolutely a provincial Jtinister of Lancls. .Approved this 12th day of July, A. D. 1912. powe~» yet the Dominion of Canada has the power, as well as RICHARD MCBRIDE, the nght, to say upon what terms products of the United States I'rcsicling Member of the Brcc1itii·e Comwil. shall be admitted into Canada. And e\en now, in· face of all of EXHIBIT D. this discrimination, Congress proposes to turn ornr to the Do ORDER. minion of Canada, in spite of the protestations of American ExECt:JTIYE Co xc1L CIIA:.\IDER, industry and American labor, the raw products of many great Quebec, December 31, 1912. forests of our country, whereby Provinces in Canada will be Present: Tile lieutenant ~overnor in · council. financially benefited. It is ordered that the obllgation to manufacture in Canada any tim No one can deny that the American manufacturer of news ber cut on Crown lands, as enacted by article 13 of woods and forests regulations, shall not apply to the timber cut from the 1st day of May, print paper is entitled to a just protection'. If, however, it is the l!Hl, and which will be cut hereafter on the timber limits hereinafter policy of the present administration to put news print paper on described. and that all pulp wood cut from the 1st day of May, 1911, or the free list, then in all fairness there should be secured to these which will be cut hereafter on the said timber limits, or the paper, £aper board, or wood pulp manufactured from the wood cut on such t mber manufacturers a source of supply ot. their most important raw limits, may be exported free of any export duty, or any other charge of material-wood and wood pulp-without any restrictions what any kind whatsoever, or any prohibition or restriction in any wise soever. relating to such exportation. Lake Kenogami (Plessis), No. 21; Mesy South, No. 26: Riviere-aux There are many mills in this country-notably, I think, the Ecorces. -o. 20; Mesy, No. 25; River Pikauba, No. 16; Township De mills in the State of New York, at Fort Edward, Glens Falls, quen, No. 149; Caron, No. 29; Rinere-aux-Ecorces west; RivieL'e-aux and Watertown-which obtain substantially their entire supply Ecorces east. River St. Maurice, No. G west; Rivei: St. Maurice, No. 10 west; River of material from Canada-. Those mills employ a large amount St. Maurice, No. 11 west; River St. Maurice. No. 12 west; Riviere-au of capital and .many men, and unless they are protected in this Ilat. No. 1 south; River Wessenean. A, B, C, D. legislation it seems to me they necessarily must go out of St. Maw·ice, west, No. 13; St. Maurice, west, No. 14; Trench, west, No. 1 ; Croche, west, No. 4 ; Arriere Croche, B. business. Lake Clair, No. 2 west; Lake Clair, No. 2 east; Mattawan, No. 2 .l\fr. GALLINGER. Mr. President, will the Senator permit south ; No. 5 south; No. 5 rear south; No. 6 south; No. G rear_ south; me to ask him a question at this point? No. 7 south; No. 5 north; No. 7 north; Croche, No. 1 east; No. 3 east; No. 3 rear east; No. 1 west; No. 2 west; No: 3 west; No. 5 west; The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from :Mas Bostonnais, No. 1 north ; Bostonnais, No. 2 north half west. sachusetts yield to the Senator from New Hampshire? WM. LEAJUIO:XTH. .l\fr. WEEKS. Yes. Clc1·k Exccutii;e Council ver interim. Mr. GALLINGER. Is it not almost inevitable that those EXHIBIT E. milJs shall go out of business, the forests having been exhausted ~EW BRUNSWICK. in the vicinity of the mills, unless they get the products from [1 Geo. V, ch. 10.] Canada? Every timbe1· license or permit conferring authority to cut spruce or .l\fr. WEEKS. It seems to me so. Unless they are protecte EXHIBIT F. NEW IlilUXSWICK. 1909 .... ·-····· ··· -···I 777 75, 978 $409, 348, 000 $40, 805, 000 $257, 657, 000 [~far. 20, 1913, 3 Geo. V. Act re timberlands of the Province.] A license, to be known as " the pulp and paper license," which shall TH:rl P APE!i .A.!\'D WOOD Pur,p I::- RHODE ISLAXD. goes to waste; and in many sections of the North the tops of The census reports no pulp or paper establishments in Rhode Island. trees and other refuse which may be turned into paper are not CO. NECTICUT. being utilized. If this is so, it is not a question of insufficient raw material Number Wage which is involved in continuing the de,elopment of our _paper Census. of estab- earners Value of lish- (average Capital. Wages. products industry; but under the laws of to-day we are not developing men ts. number). our industry as we ha\e in the past, and our neighbors in Canada are developing theirs with extraordinary strides. 1909 .. ______From the standpoint of the paper industry it seems to me the 1, 720 $7,195,000 $924,000 $5,527,000 1 99 ...... 4951 I 1,425 3,968,000 633,000 3,565,000 committee should give further con~ideration to the proposition of putting paper on the free list. No commission has e\er Increase ...... 3,227,000 291,000 1,962,000 2 1 295 recommended that this action should be taken; and the Mann committee-a committee being made up of Democrats nnd .Mr. WEEKS. Since the passage of the act of 1909 there has Republicans alike-recommended in a unanimous report that a been a marked deYelopment 9f the news print-paper manufac duty of $2 a ton should be placed on print paper. turing business in Canada and substantially no increase in the I am not going to take the time of the Senate to discuss 1Jnite this item, I will not detain the Senate more than a few Mr. S~IOOT. So that the Senator may not misunderstand moments. rue or I him, as the case may l>e, I wish to say that iu saying On the 18th day of June, moo, when this question was be that I had reference to the }Jredictions which had been urnde in fore the Senate, I made a somewhat exhaustiYe argument on the 1911 to the effect that it would not be many years before the ~ubject. and was gratified to find that we had legi lation in that business would increase in Canada, and that through that in l>ill wllich was not entirely de ·tructive to this industry. At crease and through the competition in that country with free that time protests were made again t this propo. ed legislation paper it would then interfere with our paper manufacturers in by the Adirondack Timber Land Owners of New York; the this country. In substantiation of that, to show that the predic l! orestry Commission of .Maine; the Forestry Commission of tion had been borne out; I called attention to a list of some New Hampshire; the American Builders of Machines for thing o>er 60 new concerns incorporated in Canada, with a Paper .Making; the American Manufacturers of l\faclllnery for combined capitalization of $152,000,000, and all those organiza Paper Making; the American :Manufacturers of Paper :Makers, tions ha\e been formed since the Canadian reciprocity act. Felts, and Jackets; the American Mannfacturers of Fourdinier l\fr. JOHNSON. I think I understood the Senator, and I did 'Vire Cloth, composing 16 independent concerns; the American not misrepresent his position in the matter. But I want to call Paper and Pulp Association; the Congress of the Knights of his attention to a tact well known to me, that the forests, even Labor; the International Brotherhood of Pulp, Sulphite, and those unbroken forests in l\Iaine to which the Senator from Paper I\Iill Workers; and the International Brotherhood ·of Massachusetts alluded, are fast disappearing. I see little .Paper Makers. s1ender poles cut and floated down the rivers to-day where when So far as I know there bas been no change of opinion on the I was a boy I saw good-sized logs brought to the mills. It part of the people ~nd corporations who protested against legis will be only a matter of a few years before these forests will lation such as is contemplated in this bill. That opposition disappear. stands to-day as it did four years ago, and on the other side The places where mills are going to be erected will be where stands to-day, as he did four years ago, Mr. John. Norris, the the logs can be obtained. That is the reason why the pulp and representative of the great metropolitan newspapers of this paper industry largely of course goes over to the Canadian country, a man who has seemed to have in matters of legislation side. It is because there they get vast supplies of timber. .on this subject an influence that to my mind is quite unaecount In my own State those supplies have been pretty well bought able, but it is at the same time quite undeniable. out. The concerns which established themselves there, and I had supposed, Mr. President, from some matters that came they are good, reliable corporations, have looked ahead and to my attention a little while ago, that the committee would been farsighted enough to get supplies of spruce which will last report an entirely different vrovision from what is found in the for many years to come. I say they are all supplied, or prac bill, and I still hope that .after the discussion had to-day the tically so; and it would be pretty difficult for any big concern committee will see the wisdom of making some change in the to. go into that State and find to-day a supply of spruce which bill that will protect our own people in the manufacture of would be adequate for a paper mill of any size. The Great paper and not give the industry entirely OTer to our Canadian Nortllern Paper Co., which has a large news-pa.per plant, I neighbors. . think perhaps the largest one in the county, at l\Iillinocket, in This bill, Mr. President, from beginning to end-not inten the State of l\Ia.ine, making news print paper, has behind it tional1y-legis1ates in favor of Canada as against the United large tracts of forest land which it purchased years ago with States. It is a matter of congratulation, as' I chance to know, wisdom nnd farsightedness. on tlle part of the Canadians that they are accomplishing even With the conditions which exist with us the evil conseqnences more through the pas..;age of this bill and its enactment into law which were predicted did not follow. The price of news print than they could possibly have expected. On this matter of paper did not go down, neither did Canada flood us with paper. papers and paper making of wood pulp it seems to me that we We were able to export, as is shown by the figures I have gi-ren, could well pause and ask ourselyes seriously the question last year four times as much as we imported of this particular whether we should at least not ha>e real, genuine reciprocity kind of paper. between this country and the Dominion of Canada. I fully sympathize with the position which has been taken I content myself, Mr. President, with that -simple suggestion, and so well stated IJy the senior Senator !rom Massachusetts repeating the hope that the committee wm, upon .further con [Mr. LODGE] that something should be done, if possible, to com sideration and contemplation, come to the conclusion that we pel Canada to gi"re us access to her forest products. I should are being discriminated against in this legislation and that like to see that done if possible. But I do not believe it is nec some rea ouable degree of relief should be given to the industry essary to provide for a duty upon print paper under the condi in tlle United States. tions which exist and when the trade journals claim thnt the .Mr. JOHNSON. l\Ir. President, this is a question of vital last year has been a most successful one for the paper makers. importance to a large number of people in the State of ~faine. in this country. However, I should welcome any legislation I had the opportunity when the reciprocity bill was before Con which w-0uld compel Canada to open up her forest products so gress to offer at that time the predictions which were made by that we might get them for the use of our mills. But at the people interested in paper making in my State, and in others present time I know of no way that we can legislate to make as to the result which would follow the passage of that Jaw. Canada let us have her forest products unless she desires to That went into effect August 1, 1911, I believe, and since that do so. The countervailing duty which has been put in the bill, time the importations of paper from Canada which have come and to which the Senator from :Massachusetts called attention, in free have equaled somewhere about 80 per cent, I think, the is but a slight one, resting only upon the chemical wood pulp, Senator from Utah [l\Ir. SMOOT] stated. Since that time we and that is but a small part of the impo1·tations. I think he have had tree importations of news print paper, not only of is not quite correct in saying that we do not import any from paper "'£alued at 2t cents a pound, but of paper paying as high Canada. I think we import some. as 4 cents a pound. Mr. LODGE. I mean spruce. The bill, the Senate will notice, admits free of duty only paper Mr. JOHNSON. Some of it comes from Norway, Germany, costing 2t cents a pound. That is intended to take news print and Sweden. paper, the commercial -ralue of which is about $40 a ton. Above l\Ir. LODGE. It is not an effective retaliation. that, paper which enters into the making of magazines and Mr. S~IOOT. Can the Senator give us a reason why the books bears a rate of duty under the bill of 12 per cent ad countervailing duty only applies to chemical wood pulp and not Yalorem, a >ery little less than it bears under the Payne to the mechanically ground wood pulp? Aldrich law. That is an equivalent Dd valorem of a little over Mr. JOHNSON. No; .I will have to confess that I do not 15 per cent. There is some slight reduction made. understand why it should not have beeri applied to all kinds of The Senator from Utah said that the predictions made when pulp as well as chemical wood pulp. we had the reciprocity hearings in reO'ard to the effect upon l\lr. SMOOT. I believe I· know myself why a powerful or our llaper makers in. this country and upon our paper interests ganization in this country wants it to apply only to chemical had been borne out. I want to call attention to the fact that \VOocl pulp. It is because of the fact that the importations arc last year we produced in this country $90,000,000 worth of so small that they amount to nothing, and all they are inter paper valued at less than 2} cents a pound; that we imported ested in is to have mechanically ground wood pulp come in. I only $!)40,000 worth; and that we exported $3,700,000 worth of wondered why mechanically ground wood pulp was not included ·that same kiud of paper. here in connection with the chemical wood pulp. hlr. SMOOT. Wm the Senator permit me? .M:r. JOHNSON. I am unable to give the Senator the intor The PRESIDI~G OFFICER. Does the Senator from :\Jaine .mation he asks for. I know that the chemical wood pnJp is yield to the Senator from Utah? used only to a slight extent in the manufacture of print paper. l\Ir. JOHNSON. Certainly. About one-fifth is chemical wood pulp, and about one-fourth is 3704 CONGRESSIONAL REOORD~SE.J..; ATE. AUGUST 25, mechanically ground wood pulp. The proportion is about four the industry in their States, <isfy their own con ciences and to one. at the same time, judged by any just standards, maintnin their l\fr. Sl\100T. Then I ask the Senator does he .not belie\e party fealty, but because of intlueuces hat lrnYe beeil brought tbat the duty hould apply to mechanically ground wood pulp to bear from all quarters, from the highest to the lowest, I fear the same as to chemical wood pulp? If we are going t~ have a greatly that no such amendments will be offer d by those Sena countervailing duty at all, should it not apply to both? tors, and if offered by others will bo by them "Votecl ngainst. I l\Ir. JOH .,. ON. I would be Tery glad to state my personal believe there are Senators on the other side of the Chamber opinion about it. I should like to see it apply. from wool-growing States who do not belieye in the policy of Mr. SMOOT. Then I hope the Senator will change the free wool, who believe that such a policy will be most harmful , scheduJe and make it apply to all pulp. to their State and people, who could avert such a calamity by Mr. CLAitK of \\'yoming. Mr. President, the pious hope just proposing an amendment restoring wool to the dutiable list if expressed by the Senator fTom New Hampshire [l\lr. GALLINGE:Il] not at its present rate, at least at such a moderate rate as and which is now repeated by the Senator from Utah [l\Ir. would minimize the disaster. This would in no sense mean SYOOT] that the committee would take this and other schedules that the theory of a tariff for revenue had been abandoned or under more careful and prayerful consideration before final ac that th~ result would be a virtual reenactment of the Payne tion does not find any echo in my mind. Upon· that point I have law, but would simply mean that in tariff, as in other legisla a few observations which I have been desirous of making, and I tfon, some respect would be paid to the nece sities and welfare think I will take this opportunity. of the States represented by such Senators; but I fear no such I am fully convinced that, so far as this bill is concerned, amendment will be by them offered, and if it shall be offered by any and all argument is utterly futile. Undoubtedly the J.'e other Senators they will be i;ecorded aO'ainst it; their judgment sult is already fixed both in Committee of the Whole and in and consciences an.d the welfare of that industry in their Stutes the Senate. The Democratic Party in this body believes, will be in bond until the passage of this bill. or at lea t accepts, the conclusion that the verdict of a But it is. still urged as a reason for the passage of this bill, Democratic caucus is the last word of wisdom on the ques or, perhaps, to be more accurate, as an excuse for its passage, tion of the tariff. It is the first time, in this body at least, that some bill must be passed because of the iniquities of the when the conscience of the rep1-esentntive of a State and the present law. That argument does not appeal to me. If the interests of his State are both sought to be smothered by a purpose is t-0 pass a just and scientiilc bill, suited to present majority vote in secret caucus. It is no secret that on this conditions, that evidence must, however, be found in the bill measure if each Senator was free to vote as his conscience and itself and not In. comparison with any other bill or law. I will, judgment dictate, the bill as it would finally pa s the Senate howeyer, pause to say that in the compari on of the present bill would be a vastly ditferent bill in many of its provisions from and the Payne-Aldrich law, that law does not suffer in the the one now before-us and which, against rhyme or reason, will slight€st degree. I am not one of those who see no good in the be w1itten into law under a false plea of party loyalty and present law. My belief is that under that law the country has against the be t judgment of the majority of the Members of had a period of prosperity which it is an idle dream to think tbis boc.ty. It is gene-rally believed that the party edict has en~n can be continued or approached under the pending bill. The gone out that tllis bill mu.st be vot.ed for as prepared, and that Aldrich law took due notice of the welfare of established and no amendments, even i! they should be in themselves just and growing industrie a.nd recognized the necessity of a difference beneficial, shall be for a moment accepted or tolerated unless the of wage and cooditions between the American workman and the same shaH be proposed by the Democratic members of the workman beyond the seas. This bill, both in its terms and in Fiu:mce Committee. The Democratic majority have in theil.· the statements of its sponsors and advocates in this Chamber, action in preparing, presenting, and pa sing this bill struck a frankly and affirmatively disregards both. The Payne-Aldrich blow at the very foundations of our Govei'nment. Free and law recognized the protective policy general1y npplied to pro open discussion :md liberty of conscience is as effectually de ducer and manufacturer alike. The present bilJ cuts the manu stroyed as though it were done by armed force or the leaden facturer to the quick and leaves the farmer and other pro:lucer bullet. of America stripped to the buff and sends him to compete on An almost incomprehensible fact in connection with this bill unequal and destructive terms in the open market of his own is the complete reYersal of conviction which has taken place on country. :i:.;o, l\lr. President, the Aldrich law does not suffer by the other side of this Chambe1·; Senators who for years have comparison, and it would be well for this country if in the been preaching against closed committee doors and the party construction and consideration of this measure we had tbe caucus haYe suddenly seen a new light and now, judged by their wise counsel and the broad knowledge of the former Senator action at least, believe that the part of wisdom is found in pre from Rhode Island. paring this bill behind locked doors and with a secrecy that You Selliltors from beet-sugar States benr no command from makes every former action along that line look like the widest your States nor from the Nation to strike down a great and publicity; Senators who have preached and clamored insistently, growing and beneficial industry of that Stn.te at the command in season and out of season. for the widest publicity in legisla of party caucus. You :l.re not impelled to do so on the ground th·e procedure, htffe consented to an iron-bound and copper that a revenue tariff is for the best intere ts of the country, for riveted agreement on this great measure, which affects as no your own tariff mnkers have repeatedly declared that sugar is other legi lation can affect the great mass of the American peo par excellence the great and natural revenue producer, large ple. For the first time in the history of Congress the party in results, easy and sure of collection, and equitably distributed. caucus on general legislation has made- it appearance in the You are throwing away a magnificent revenue, de~troying a Senate, and I am told that under the persuasirn influence of great indush·y, crippling your States, and benefiting no one ex the party lash. Senators are going to vote items and schedules cept the foreign grower and the great sugar-refining companies, into this bill against their own judgment and conscience and long since conYicted of falsifying weights and uefraudin..~ your which they belie\e will seriously injure their own States and Government. And to what end? Do you think the breakfast cripple, if not utterly destroy, legitimate industries without table will be any cheaper because of the $50,000,000 you are giv compensating benefits to the Nation at large. ing to the refineries? You are well aware that sugar is about the It is, of course, urged, both in private and in public discussion, only article of general consumption that has not responded to that a Senator should make concessions on single items in this the rise of prices in this country and the world over, and that bill in order to supplant the present law with a real Democratic while any re ise in price would be pa sed on to the consumer, measure "all wool and a yard wide," and with the "name any benefit from a reduction io the taritr would stop with the blown in the bottle," and that the choice lies between the exist foreign producer and the American refiner. It is an unex ing law and the measure now before us, and that party regu plainable thing to me that Senators will vote into this bill free larity is to be tested by the ability to swallow this bill practi sugar, with all its attendant consequences-loss of revenue, u cally without amendment as to policy or rates and without the great industry destroyed, depreciated land "Values, and clos1ng cros ing of a " t " or the dotting of an " i," but the choice does the door to future splendid development and early supply for not lie between the present law and the proposed bill. It could 311 home consumption-at the demand of other Senators, with no lie bet,yeen the vresent law and the proposed bill amended in command from their own State or from the country at large. such particulo.rs as that individual judgment and conscience And this sacrifice of personal judgment and the best and mjght not be smothered and so that legitimate industries might proper legitimate interests of States and constituents, with all not be entirely destro -ea.. I belieYe it is in the power of Demo llie attendant disastrous results, are to be brought about in the cratic Senators on tllis floor, from sugar-producing States, who name of party regularity. The individual Senator becomes a do not belieYe in free sugar, who do beliern that it will work simple a..nd responsive machine whose sole duty and ambition is great ho.rm in their States, and who do not believe that free to mechanically register the will of the majority of his party sugar, judging from nuy party declaration, is or should be colleagues, and that majority, in turn, receiyes the comlllands made test of 1,arty lr>yalty, to so amend this bill as to presen·e and surrenders its legislath·e integrity and judgment to the per· : 1913. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEN ATE. ~; 3705 suasive influence of Executive interference. Of comse, this is wage earner, by virtue of that difference, his share in whatever denied by our friends across the aisle. It is denied that any prosperity this country may enjoy. This contention in reference improper influence has been or is Being exerted by the Execu to the wa..ge earner is held as only a part of the theory of the tfre, and assert with apparent candor and a knowing wink protectionists. The advocates of this school of politics also tllat the Democratic caucus did not pass any resolution binding claim that protection is necessary in order to keep alive certain particular Senators to abide by the will of the majority. What American industries. is improper influence by an Executive, and what is the binding Another element that enters, more or less accepted by all force of caucus action depends probably on the point of view. those of this faith, is that protection is essential in order to One of the results of this legislation, and, indeed, a prime start development of enterprises in America, properties which purpose, is to largely increase the imports of goods produced in without protection would not be started or de•eloped. It has foreign countries by foreign labor. Analyzed, just what does been very interesting to some of the Democrats to see the dif this mean? The statisticians of the committee estimate the in ferent lines of argument offered. The ·first inception of the idea creased importations for the year will be $123,000,000. With an of protection was based upon the necessity that this country equal market and an equal ability to purchase, this means that stood face to face with developing its own manufacturing enter~ $123,000,000 worth of goods heretofore produced in our own prises and other industries where like enterprises and industries country and with our own labor will be produced abroad. At a were developed in older countries, and these being developed in low estimate the actual labor in the cost of such goods here foreign countries were able to supply the markets of the world would be 23 per cent, or more than $30,000,000. In othc words, at a price which could not be maintained by the industries in this bil1, aside from the injury to our manufacturers, proposes America, by virtue of the fact that the cost incident to estab to take $30,000,000 annually from the wages of the American lishing these industries and training unski1led labor put them at workman and generously. donate that amount, by the mcere pas such a disadv.antage that they practically could not live and sage of this bill, to the foreign producer and the foreign work compete with old and well-established lines of industry similar man. I am a protectionist, and this argument and conviction to the ones they were attempting to promote. In the beginning appeals to me as it does not to our friends on the other side of this seemed to be a plausible line of argument. In this present this Chamber. In my vote I am, upon my conscienc_, compelled debate on the tariff question, men not only of the Republican or to consider the question of wages and o.ther cost-s of produc protectionist faith, but some Democrats, have been so bold as to tion, and being so interested in the wages, I want, with all my state that certru.n industries, among them sugar, were made pos heart, to produce in America, so far as is possible, the goods to sible by protection, had only lived by virtue of protection, and supply the needs of the American market. In other words, I would die withollt it. But the most strenuous advocates of the ha•e the earnest wish that, so far as possible, America shall do protective theory are those, both of the standpat faction and her own work. Therefore I can not look with your complacency the progressive faction in the Republican ranks, who maintain on the sorry spectacle of trllllsferring $30,000,000 annually from that protection ts essential for the benefit of the American the pay envelope of the American workman to that of the work laborer. men in like indastTies across the sea. We are in this bill throw I shall not take up a great amount of time of the Senate, but ing open to the labor of the world the splendid American mar I wnnt to call attention to this particular pllase of their argu ket, the greatest on earth; and as you boast that in fixing rates ment-their love of the laborer, their desire to see ihat be gets in this bill no consideration whate-ver has or will be paid to the an .American wage; in other words, that he becomes the sole cost of production, including labor, that means that you are object of their legislation and practically the sole beneficiary of planning to admit to our market full competition of foreign whatever duties are levied upon an article that he is employed labor with our own, with no consideration of the differences of to produce. I shall take as an illustration the manufacture of wage scales, standard of living, or any of the other differences cotton goods .. With this I am more familiar, perhaps, than with of conditions here and abroad. This can produce but one final any other form of manufacture in America. result, and that will be an equalizaoon of wag-es in the compet 1\Ir. Taft originated a Tariff Board. After a lengthy seIT:ice ing industries here and abroad. and supposedJy fairly minute research into this subject the I for one do not like that outlook. I do not believe conditions commission ha·rn practically reached the conclusion that the cost or the country demand such a sacrifice, and at the risk of of manufacturing cotton goods in America and abroad is about a.rousing the ire of my friend, the distinguished senior Senator equal. They submit numerous tables to show that in some of from Missouri, I must submit that as it appears to me the the heavier and coarser fabrics America can manufacture future industrial condition of the Nation under this bill is far cheaper than Europe, while in some of the finer goods the for from rosy. The Senator from Missouri was, I am afraid, in eigner or European manufacturers can manufacture cheaper something of a temper when he was scolding Senators on this tban America. The labor cost in the two countries can only be Bide because of their style of debate. In his haste to avert the ascertained by taking the total number of those employed in effect of just criticism of the bill, he attacked the integrity of producing a given amount at home and abroad; in other words, the debate on this side in the following remarkable language: I am attempting to show, and will attempt to show, that in this Every Senator who has spoken on that side has in some way assured country, on account of certain conditions, the labor cost in cot the country that ruin was coming by leaps and bounds. And, Mr. ton manufacturing is less per unit of product here than in l'refiident, I believe it to be true that it is a part of the fixed program of the Republican side of this Chamber to create a widespread impres Europe. This is because in this country labor-saving machinery, sion and a fear throu~hout the country of coming disaster, with the has been installed, reducing the number of operatives to a mini hope of precipitating industrial and commercial conditions that will mum and substituting machinery to the maximum. redound to their party and political advantage. The Tariff Board report, beginning on page 10, says : l\Ir. President, the Senator from Missouri is mistaken. The English manufacturers make little use of automatic looms, of which Senators on this side are not prophets of evil, but they know there were less than 6,000 in May, 1911, in the whole of England, while in the United States there are well over 200,000. It is estimated that the tariff history of this country and are impressed with the there are now about 10,000 of the§!e looms in use in Engla.nd and alJout danger and folly of this bill, and some of them, at least, believe 15,000 on the Continent. Where automatic looms can be used a sin~le that if the· bill were especially designed to cripple the American weaver commonly tends 20 looms and sometimes as many as 28. The result is that whereas the output per spinner per hour in England is farmer in hiS" own country, drive the American mechanic from probably as great or greater than in this country, tb~ output per our own shops, and finally force the American manufacturer to weaver per hour is upon a large class of goods- nu unfair and destructive competition in our own market place, Practically all- then that design has been most skillfully and ruthlessly carried Iess than in the case where automatic looms are used in this country out. and plain looms in England it is very much less. Mr. S:MITH of South Carolina. Mr. President, we have just In the Harvard Economic Series, volume 7, Dr. Melvin listened to another dissertation upon the iniquities that are Thomas Copeland, writing upon the subject " The cotton-m::mu about to be perpetrated upon the people of this country, espe facturing industry of the United States," in chapter 4, says cially upon the so-called American laborer, and I wish merely what I shall read in a moment. for a few moments to submit some figmes, to show just what I invite the attention of Senators to this fact, because I wish goocl faith we are keeping in this respect, which I have prepared to show that not only are labor-saving devices used in this carefully from authorities in this country that I quote, and I country, but that where labor-s:wiug devices are installed cheap hope Senators will, if they doubt the accuracy of the :figures, immigrant labor is put to tend those automatic machines, to the take the pains to ascertain whether or not they are correct. detriment of American labor, which our friends on the other In the discussion of the tariff the argument used by the pro side of the Chamber have so insjstently s..'l..id are the objects of tectionists in the main has been to the effect that it is necessary their tender care. I invite their attention to thjs economist. to legislate for protection in order to grant to American wage 1\1.r. SMOOT. Mr. P resident-- earners a higher rate of wage than obtains in foreign countries. The PRESIDING OFFI CER D-0es the Senator from South This is based upon the contention that the genius of our Govern Carolina yield to the Senator from Utah? ment, differing from foreign Governments, should insure to the M r~ SMITH of South Carolina. I do. . 3706 CONGRESSIOKAL -RECORD- SENATE. AUGUST 25, ~Ir. SMOOT. I suppose the Senator from South Carolina machine from 6 to 8. and the width of the lap from 8~ inches to 12 inches. Yet the quality of the work was not impaired. The effect of knows that it has been admitted that automatic looms are these improvements has been to cut in two the labor cost of combing, usetl more largely in this country than in Europe, as he has doubling the output per operative. stated? On page 73 he says: .Mr. SMITH of South Carolina. I merely want to suggest to The rin~ frame, unlike tbe mule, required little experience or skill. the Senator from Utah. before he again interrupts me in the Consequencly the wives and children of the French Canadian, tbe Irish man. the Pole, and tbe other foreigners that we find in the mill to-day line of my argument, that I shall be glad to hear him when I could be employed as ring spinners. Here, as in many other American haYe finished, for I do not care to have the continuity of what industries, the possibility of employing the unskilled immigrants and I am about to pro-rn, and which I think I shall prove, inter the adaptation of machinery to tbat end has been an important factor rupted in the minds of Senators. So, if the Senator will per in promoting the success of manufacturing. mit me, he may aek me any question he desires at the close of On page 74, continuing the same argument, he states : my remarks. The fnndamcntal re.'lsons for the throwing out of the mules from the l\Ir. SMOOT. Of course, if the Senator objects, I have American mills are those just stated- nothing to say. Which I recapitulate, namely, the strong nature of the labor l\Ir. SMITH of South Carolina. I object. unions operating the mule spindles in the foreign country- l\Ir. CLARK of Wyoming. 1\Ir. President-- the lower labor cost of spinning on the rin.g frame, the greater output per operative, and the possibility of employing "cheap labor" for this The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from South work in this country. Carolina yield to the Senator from Wyoming? 1'lr. LIPPITT. 1\lr. President-- . Mr. SMITH .of South Carolina. If the Senator from Wyo The PRESIDI TG OFFICER. Does the Senntor from Soutll ming will allow me, I think I have a message for the Senate Carolina yield to the Senator from Rhode Island? which they are waiting impatiently to hear. l\Ir. S~IITH of South Carolina. ·Well, l\Ir. President, I 1\Ir. CLARK of Wyoming. I want to challenge the quotation _should like to keep this matter together; but if the Senator the Senator from South Carolina has made. I want to ask will ask me any question when I am through I will be glad to him if the quotation which he has made is not interspersed answer anything that I can. with his own language? l\lr. LIPPITT. I am quite willing to leave it in that way. l\lr. S.MITH of South Carolina. I indicated where my own l\Ir. SMITH of South Carolina. Again, ·the same author interpolation was and also what the Tariff Board said; and if says, in reference to knotting machines in tying broken threads: the Senator will tarn to page 10 of their report he will see it, and he will see some other quotations that are even more perti The knottcr saves at least 10 per cent in the time of spooling. nent than that. Tho e who are familiar with the operation will know exactly l\Ir. CLARK of Wyoming. I haYe read it, and I think the what that means- Senator in bis citation, giving the quotation direct from the Moreover its economies do not stop there, since it ties the ends better than they are tied by hand. Consequently in warping the ;yarn of its Tariff Board report, should quote accurately. tying. there are fewer breaks, and less time is lost in piecing. In 1\Ir. S~IITH of South Carolina. I will not allow the Senator weaving, its effects are no less apparent, since bad knots arc very likely from Wyoming to challenge the accuracy of my quotation. I to cause imperfections in the cloth. The percentage of " seconds" in weaving is cut down by its use. will take it verbatim, et literatim, et " spellatim." He can turn to page 10 of the report and find it. That means imperfect cloth. Last but not least, the knotter not only reduces the labor cost by Mr. CLARK of Wypming. I take the Senator's statement just saving time. but also makes possible the employment of less skilled labor made, that which he has on the wrjtten page, and the statement by doing the work which required most skill on the part of the taken down by the stenographer and I think they will show operative. that the Senator did-I do not beliern be I want the attention of the Senate particularly here, for the eighty-three one-hundredths person - per room ·and 1.79 · per· sleeping room in households the heads of which were native born. The average rea on that we have heard on this fioor arguments to the effect monthly rent payment per eapit11 in immigrant households was $1.47, that in the higher and finer grades of our manufactured goods and in households the heads of which were native born $2.41. None we need a greater protection because of the greater labor cost. of the households the heads of whlch were of native birth used alI their' rooms for sleeping purposes, while 3.3 per cent of the immigrant house I am quoting this author, who himself is ranked as one of the holds slept in all rooms. Of the families the heads of which were first authorities, and Senators can investigate for themselves as native born 6.9 per cent, and of those the heads of which were foreign to whether or not he is telling the facts. He says : born G.1 per cent, owned their homes. Those warp stops which had been introduced prior to the Civil War I hope the Senators will keep that in mind, as there is a were adapted only to looms weaving coarse cloth. With the increase significant fact to follow. in the manufacture of fine and medium goods it became desirable to Of the foreign-born employees 57 per cent :ind of the nativ~ born apply warp stop motions to the looms on those grades, and as a result 42.6 per cent were married. Of the employees of foreign birth 80.6 of the successful use of finer and thinner wire in their manufacture per cent were able to read, and 77.8 per cent able both to read and to write. they are now found in every up-to-date mill on all grades of work. Of the total number of foreign-born employees of non-English-speaking These stop motions have received their greatest improvements and ex races 42.l per cent were able to speak English. The naturalized per ploitation in this country. As a result of the use of the stop motion sons among the employees of fO!·eign birth 21 years of age or over and an increase in the length of the shuttle the piece rate for weaving and resident in the United States at least five years form a propor was reduced 33i per cent in Fall River. tion of 29.8, while 8.8 per cent had taken out first papers. Only 7 In speaking of the improved loom-the Northrop loom-the per .cent of the foreign-born wage-earning males in the households studied, and 11.3 per cent cf the native born were members of labor same au thor says, page 86 : organiza ti ens. It has reduced the lab-0r cost of weaving one-half, a fact which ls particularly significant, since the labor cost of weaving prectously It will be seen from this quotation that the average weekly e-0nstituted one-half of the entire labor cost of manufacturing cotton wage for male employees 18 years of age and over was $9.68, cloth. This saving has resulted from the increased number of looms or about $1-62 a day; for females 18 years of age and O\er, per weaver. One weaver now tends from 14 to 30 Northrop looms where before he tended a to 8 common looms. At the same time less $7.97, or a fraction over $1.25 a day. - skill is required on the part of the operative. That is the average. I do not know what the lowest was On page 90 he says the number of looms per weaver in the nor what the highest was. English mills is about one-half of that in American mills, and Also that the average annual earnings of the male heads of summing up his entire observations on the American manu families who weTe employed as cotton-mill operaQ_ves was $470, facture of cotton goods, he says : and that 32.2 per cent of all the families-which included 6G SOO Owing to the strength of the labor unions in the English cotton mill operatives studied by this commission-were dependent industry the weaver is paid at the same rate per cut without reference upon the earnings of the male members, which means that if to the number of looms which he tends. In American mills, on the contrary, a weaver is paid less per cut when he tends more looms. they were heads of families there was more than the head und As I have shown by these quotations, the whole trend of that their annual dependence was $479. If there wer~ but two-husband and wife-their annual income was $235 each; if American manufacture has been to install labor-saving devices, there were an R¥erage of three, it was slightly over $100. increasing the quality and output per machine, and vastly in 'Ihe report did not give the average membernhip of the families. creasing the number of machines, and thereby the amount of It is also to be obsen-ed that 85 per cent or more were product per individual, while there has been no appreciable foreigners. increase in wage to the individual who now tends a greater number of machines and makes a greater output. In the last part of the paragraph quoted it states only 7 per It will also be obse1'Tecl that both the Tariff Board and Dr. cent of the foreign wage-earning males and 11.3 per cent of the Copeland, from whom I have quoted, show that as the me native born were members of labor organizations. Now, it will chanical devices are perfected the necessity for skilled labor be observed that Mr. Copeland says that the reason why Iabor js eliminated and the more ignorant, less-skilled laborers are saving devices could not be successfully employed in Europe brought into service, decreasing the labor cost and increasing was because of the strength of the labor organizations, they the labor production. being in old countries, with homogeneous population, with a In this connection I quote from the Immigration Commission, loug line of hereditary operatives, tlley demanded a certain volume 1, No. 747, 1910--11, on page 304: scale, of wages per piece; and it made no difference how many in Information was secured for a total of 66,800 cotton-mill operatives in labor-saving devices were installed or ow great was the the Korth Atlantic States, and a detailed study made of 1,061 house crease per operative, the devices simply increased the income holds the heads of which were employed in the cotton-goods manu of the operative and not the income of the mill, whereas in facturing industry. or the total number of employees 68.7 per cent were of foreign birth, 21.S per cent were of native birth but of foreign America, by virtue of the fact that we are the dumping ground father, and 9.4 per cent we.re native born of native father. for every nationality and race and tongue and kindred under Mr. S~HTH of Arizona. Does that refer to New England? the sun, it is impossible to organize into a compact labor or 1\Ir. S::.\UTH of South Carolina. To the North Atlantic ganization alien races, because of a barrier of difference of States-the New England States. I continue the quotation from speech, difference of training, difference of nation, and the con the report of the Immigration Commission : sequence is that, according to the testimony of the Immigration Of the races of old immigration, the French Canadians, English, and Commission, the manufacturers of New England have installed Irish were principally employed, these races reporting to the number their labor-saving devices, eliminated the necessity of skilled of 13,043, 5,274, and 4,287, respectively. The southern and eastern labor, ai:id by virtue of !J1e impossibility of organizing, as I say, Europeans were represented in greatest numbers by the Poles, with 8,920; the Portuguese, with 5,911; and the Greeks, with 2,739. Of the these allen people of diverse tongues and diverse nationalities male operatives of foreign birth 15.8 per cent and of the females 34.5 are employed at the miserable price of $470 per family per year: per cent had been engaged in the same industry abroad. On the other and with a system that increases a.s the machinery increases the hand, 56.2 per cent of the male and 50.7 per cent of the female em ployees who were foreign . born had been farmers or farm laborers in output for the benefit of the manufacturer, while the laborer their native countries. The average weekly wage for male employees himself receives no increase. 18 years of age or over was $9.68 and that for females 18 years of age On page 511 of the report of the Immigration Commission, it or over was $7.97. The average annual earnings of male heads of families who were employed as cotton-mill operatives were $470 and says: the average annual family income was $791. Of the total number of The Americans, who formerly composed the bulk of the cotton-mill families studied 32.2 per cent depended entirely upon the husbands for operatives in the North Atlantic States, at the present time form only their support, while 9.3 pP.r cent were maintained by earnings of hus about one-ter:th of the total number of the employees in the cotton band;:; and the payments of boarders or lodgers, and 18.9 per cent by mills, and are divided in about equal proportions between males and earnings of husbands supplemented by the contributions of children. females. If the employees of the second generation of immi.,.rant races or, in other words, persons native born of foreign father be added to Mr. KENYON. I know the Senator does not want to be in this pure American stock, <>r thos.e native born of native father, the terrupted. but I wish merely to inquire if this report shows total number of native-born operatives amount to about three-tenths the ages of the children employed? of the operating forces of the North Atlantic mills. The remaining part of the operatives, or about seven-tenths, is composed of employees -0f Mr. SMITH of South Carolina. It does not. I did not notice foreign birth. Of the total foreign-born operatives about one-half are that. I would have been glad to have done so; but I was trying repr~sentatives of races of southern and eastern Europe and the Orient to condense, tn order to present certain facts -and fix them in the remainder being composed mainly of Engllsh Irish. and French Canadians, with a relatively small number of Scotch, Germans, Swedes, the minds of Senators. Dutch, and French. The French Canadians, among the foreign born, Mr. KENYON. Was that investigation limited to the North are employed at present in ~eater proportions than any other race, tlie ern States? proportion of French-Canadian cotton-mill operatives exceeding that of the Americans. The English famish about on~tenth and the Irish Mr. S.MITH of South Carolina. O~ no; I will have something about one-twentieth of the total number of employees in the industry. to say later in reference to other States. The report continues: Of the operatives from southern and easti:rn Europe, the Poles, Portu Of the households the heads of which were foreign born 21.2 per guese, and Greeks, in the order named, furnish the largest proportions cent had boarders or lodgers as against 14.5 per cent of those the heads the total number of these races constituting more than one-fourth of of which were of native birth. The attempt to reduce the cost of the total number employed. More than 30 othe1• races from southern livinp; or to supplement the earnings of the heads of families by keep and eastern Europe are working ln the cotton mi1ls of the North At ing boarders or lodgers resulted in a high degree oi'. congestion, es lantic States; the north and south Italians, Lithuanians, and Russians pecially in the immigrant households. The average number of person~ are numerically the most important. Several oriental races., including pet· room in households the heads of which were foreign born was 1.26, Turks, Persians, and Syrians, are also found. The larger part of the and the average number per sleepi!lg room 2.13 as contrasted with female employees at the present time is made up of English, Irish, :md 3708 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD--SEN lTE. AUGUST 25, French-Canadian operatives, of both the first and second generations-, per cent less wages than New England is willing to pay the together with large proportions of Portuguese and Polish women. The American females, as already stated, form only n.bout one-tenth of the people who come from abroad? New England pays her nntivc total number· of femalC:' operatives. born Americans more than she pays these people from abroad; Fall River, New Bedford, and Lowell, Mass.; Iancbester, N. H.; and and yet the Senator from South Carolina. i boasting that in his other centers of the same sort, all have a large proportion of French Cnnadians, Manchester showing the highest per·cent:lge of em~loyees of own State, for more hours of employment, he is satisfied to pay that race. Manchester has also the largest proportion of Pollsh opera 66~ per cent of the wage New England pays. th·e , although that race is well represented in the other three cities. l\Ir. S.JII'l'H of South Carolina. When we take iuto consid The lr"ish and English, who are employed extensively in all localities, ham their largest representation in Lowell and New Bedford. The Por eration the number of millionaires there are in the ~ ·ew Eng tugue It are employed in largest proportions in New Bedford and Fall land section and the number of millionaires we ha1e in our River. Only an unimportant percentage of Greeks are working in Fall section, I do not think the Senator and I wm find much to Rinr and New Bedfo1·d, but in Manchester, N. H .. the Greeks make up one-twentieth, aud in Lowell more than one-seventh of the total number argue about. of operatives. The other races are scattered in comparatively small Mr. LIPPITT. I will say to the Senator from South Carolina · numl.Jers through all the localities. that I think it is no great credit to the people of his own Therefore, according to the showing of the report of the Immi State, 'Yith labor only two-thirds the price of the labor in New gration Commission, there is no incentive to the nati"rn-born England, if he has not a few millionaires down there. American to enter into the mill ""°ork, for the reason that it Mr. SMITH of South Carolina. I will say to the Senator in mnke no difference how long he may be employed therein there reply, that taking the population, the per capita wealth, and is no chance, comparatively, for his skill to add anything to his the difficulties under which we labor through our miserable earning capacity. This is delegated and handed o-rer to the banking currency system, we ha\e so many commissions to Ame1·ican inventor, who, immediately upon the wage of the pay, by 1irtue of certain unfortunate conditions to which I operative becoming burdensome to the mill, finds a device that will not now acl,·ert, that we have maintained the integrity and eliminates him and his skill and turns it over into the hands the purity of our people and have not opened our doors to the of the ignorant immigrant. Therefore, according to the testi foreigner; and have not, except so far as economy required, in mony of the 'Tariff Board report, the comments by Dr. Cope stalled labor-saving machinery, and wherever we have done so land, the report of the Immigration Commission, the plea of we have appointed a native to operate it. But I wish to say to the protectionists that we need these high duties for the benefit the Senator from Rhode Island that I am not here making a of American labor is a miserable sophistry, a lie that is not plea for my mill owners as against his mill owners, for the borne out by any facts. reason that I rather ·suspect that a great deal of New England It is plain from the quotations that I have been at pains to capital is down in the South, taking ach-:rntage of the poverty gather that the only protection that an American nafrre-born of the people to help pile up some o:f tho e millions in New laborer has is the price of the steerage passage from Europe to England. America, and such law as Congress may see fit to pass restrict 1\Ir. LIPPITT. I suspect the Senator from South Carolina ing immigration into this country. was very glad to see come there whatever proportion of New In sharp contrast to the wage of $470 a year for the heau of a England capital is invested in those mills. family engaged as an operati"rn in cotton manufacturing I do not desire to carry this discussion further now. As soon according to· the World Almanac for 1902-in Massachusetts as the Senator is through I shall take occasion to read the exact alone there were 324 millionaires, more than three times as figures representing the wages that are paid in the New Eng manv as in all the Southern States combined. In the nine land mills and in the mills of the section of the country which cotton-growing States of the South that produce the entire raw the Senator so honorably represents. I only wish to say now, material there were in North Carolina, in 1902, one of these if he will allow me, since he says the South has not opened her nine cotton-growing States, 8 millionaires; in South Carolina, doors to immigration, that if I am not mistaken it was only 5; in Georgia, 5; in Arkansas, 5; l\Iississippi, 3; Florida, 7; two or three years ago that the Representatives of his own State Texas, 34; Louisiana, 27-a total of 94. While in Mussachu were so anxious to get immigration that the citizens of Charles setts, Vermont, Connecticut, l\Iaine,. New Hampshire, and Rhode ton, S. C., formed a committee for the purpose of trying to get Island there were 520. When the number of millions they. own immigrants there. They found it was r..n utter failure, how is taken into consideration there was nearly a thousand times eYer, because the immigrants from the foreign countries went to more millions in the New England States than in all the cotton the part of the United States where they could get the highest growing States combined. We produce the raw material that wages, and the people of South Carolina. were unable to make sur1plies all the cotton manufacturers of America, and as a re any progress in persuading them to come there, for the simple sult of our splendid system of economics in this country, the reason that the market for their wages was so much higher in States that produce $1,000,000,000 worth of the raw material other part::; of the country. do not produce a single millionaire among those engaged in .Mr. SMITH of South Carolina. I will say to the Senator cotton growing, while in the New England States the millionaire from Ilhode Island that we ba·rn not gotten the taste of that manufacturers are numbered by the hundreds. It was reported sort of thing out of our mouths yet. We are not accustomed. ancl debated on the floor of the Senate a few days ago-whether to that sort of cattle, and we shipped them back where they facetiously or in earnest I was not exactly able to determine came from. that the Senator from Rhode Island, Mr. LIPPITT, when interro I have submitted these facts for the reason that the conten· gated, before he became a Sena.tor, before the Ways and Means tion of the protectionists that they desire protection for the pur Committee of the House, as to what he considered a great fortune, pose of benefiting American labor is absolutely untrue and not said three-quarters of a billion. l\Ir. LIPPITT was then spokes borne out by the facts. man for the cotton manufacturers of the New England States. Another element in this question of whether or not the rates of I presume, as some Senator asked during the debate, any duty on cotton are necessary, I invite the attention of the Senate thing under that was a small fortune. It would be quite inter to the fact that a few days ago, under the di cu sion of the meta 1 esting if we had one of the mill operatives from the New Eng schedule, it was developed that where England had her supply land States before us and asked him what he would consider a of raw material in the form of iron ore and iron-manufacturing reasonnble competency for himself and his family while he is plants, that the cost of freight from England to the ports of lhing on $470 a ye~r. America gave a yery fair protection to the American manufac 1\Ir. LIPPITT. l\Ir. President-- turer of like goods. In other words, it was claimed by those The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from South debating this question that the extra cost of freight from the Carolina. yield to the Senator from Rhode Island? European or the English manufacturing point to the ports just .Jir. SUITH of South Carolina. I do, since I ha·rn mentioned about measured the difference in cost of production in America hi name; yes. and abroad. This, I take it, would be accepted by protectionists Mr. LIPPITT. I merely wish to ask the Senator from South in reference to practically most of the articles of any appre Carolina if the wage paid in his State for this same occupation ciable bulk where the raw material and the manufacturing plant is not in the neighborhood of one-third less than that paid in are both in foreign countries as well as in this country. In the New England, and if the hows the people work in his State are case of cotton, America p~oduces practically 70 per cent of the not more than 10 per cent greater for that wage, and if it is total world's supply. not true that there is practically no age Jimit for the children The foreigner is dependent on America for his raw material. employed in the cotton mills in his State? An English manufacturer buys his cotton in America at the _ :\Ir. SMITH of South Carolina. I will reply to the Senator very same price that the American manufacturer buys his. He from Rhode Island that those we employ in my section of the ships that cotton from the interior point where it is purchased country arc native born, and whatever they get goes back to to the port, pays the local or through freight from the pur an American for the work an American does, and we haye not cba.sing point to the port, pays the expense of the purchaser, used the pauper labor of Europe to displace him. ·pays the expense of exchange from English money into Ameri Mr. LIPPITT. I should like to ask the Senator from South can money, pays the compressing, the expense incidental to Carolina if he thinks native-born Americans should be paid 33 loading aboard the vessel, the ocean freight rate, the ocean in- 1'913. CONGRESSIONAL-REC ORD~SEN ATE. 3709 snrance, slfip·s it aero 8 the ocean to Europe, 1.here defrays ex l\Ir. GALLINGER. l\Ir: P resident, t he Senator from New pen es of unloatling and the Joeal freight from the European Hampshire does know better than that. The Senator from port to the mill whereYer situated. conyerts it into cloth, re New Hampshire knows that the ignorant foreigners about whom ships it through the same channels at practically the same ex the Senator is talking constitute the >ery lowest class of labor pense or. greater back to· America, and undersells, according to in this country, next to. the colored labor of the South. the claims of the protectionists, the American manufacturer to Mr. LIPPI'l'T. And the white labor. such un extent that the American manufacturer must have 35 Mr. GALLINGER. . And the white labor of the South as or 40 per cent duty on the goods, while the American mills are well-certainly the mountain labor. . located, practically half of them, within ca1ling distance of the I will ask the Senator from South Carolina whether be has cotton fields. It makes no difference what argument may be taken the t rouble to ascertain how many millions of dollars used as to the cheapness of ocean freight or the discrimination these foreigners haYe sent back to their homes in the lands from of the ruilToads in the interior, or what other argument may which they came, and how many millions of dollars they have be put up, if it is true that the Englishman can manufacture put in the savings banks of New England during the last year? and sell his goods made out of American cotton in America l\Ir. S~IITH of South Carolina. I will state to the Sena tor cheaper than the American manufacturer can sell them, then from New Hampshire that about a year ago I made a speech whene>er an American purchases a piece of cotton goods he on this floor in which I called attention to the fact-I nm not pays tlle _freight from the cotton fields of the South to Europe sure I am accurate as to tlle figures, but this is about the pro and other incidental expenses attached thereto plu~ the cost of po1:tion-that the amount of money brought into this· countrS" conYersion by the European mills plus shipment back here of _the for the decade from 1900 to lDlO by foreigners as compared finished article. No kind of sophistry, no kind of distortion of with the· amount of money sent out by foreigners was about facts or twisting of figures, can disprove that statement. as 1 to 10. In other words, the foreigners who came into In other words, to put it in another form, the protecUonists this country in the decade from moo to 1910 sent out of this .my tllat the A.meric::m manufacturer can not manufacture cotton country something like a billion dollars-my figures may not goods in the cotton fields of America any cheaper than the l>e exactly accurate-while they have brought into this country oost of handling the cotton crop from here to Europe, hiring something over $200,000,000. European labor to manufacture it, and ship it back to America Ur. GALLINGER. Yes; nnd that blllion of dollars wns com plns the duty. According to this contention of t.lle protection posed of their surplus earnings, and yet the Senator is tnlking ists it would be economy on the part of the cotton producers al.lout their being ill treated so far as wages are concemed. of America to engage Englishmen to manufacture their goods, llir. SUITH of South Carolina. Tlle Senator must reruem!Jer ship the whole crop abroad, bring it back to America without a that Ile knows, and that it is notoriously true, as be can walk duty, and sell it at 35 to 40 per cent less, now claimed by the down the street and see at any time, thnt the axerage soutllern protectionists. European coming into this country lives in a manner in which The~e are some of the facts that I wou1d like to lay before no ~.\.merican \\On1d li'rn. Refuse bananas and a few rotten the Senate. Tlley are facts that can be verified by any student oranges constitute almost his enti~·e blJl of fare; and in spite of who takes the time to study the situation. . his getting but $470 a year he does sa>e enough to send back In conclusion, Mr. P resident, what I haye attempted to prove large sums to Europe. · is this: Not only -have we installed labor-saving devices in Ur. GALLINGER. Who is to blame for his living in that America for the purpose of eliminating the labor cost, but we manner? haYe installed cheap immigrant labor to take adrnntage of the :i.\Jr. S:~lITH of South Carolina. The protecti>e system which labor-saving devices to such an extent that the ·members of the brings him here and supplants American labor with him. Immigration Commission, two of whom are l\Iem!Jers of this Mr. GALLINGER. Why, he can go home at any time tlrnt 11..e body-the Senator from Vermont [Mr. DILLINGHAM] and the gets enough money to pay his passage; and these people ha>e Senator from Massachusetts [Mr. LoDGE]-state that the ma an abundance of it. They haYe an abundance of it in the snvings jority of all the operatives in the mills of the North Atlantic banks of New England- millions and millions of dollars. When States are these foreign laborers. If we are going to stand the Greek war broke out there was no trouble about hundreds fairly and squarely by American labor, we ought to shut the of these people drawing money from the savings banks and doors to the importation of this European influx; and when going back to Greece to fight the battles of their country; and we have installed labor-saving devices which increase the out the same thing is true of Italy. put, we ought to give the American laborer the benefit of those l\fr. S~IITH of South Carolina. The Senator from New labor-saving devices. Hampshire will not gainsay the fact that when they went back · Buckle says, fo his History of Civilization, that the only three their places were taken by others of the same kind of stuff, steps in civilization are wealth, leisure, and learning. If we and the Americans did not supplant them. are patriotic Americans and do find some means by which the Mr. GALL~GER. 1\Iost of them who were not k'illed are laborer may be in a measure released from toil and become the back now, occupying tlle same places they formerly hel Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. But wages have been increased. These are statistics se1en years when the Senator from South Carolina stands in his place here old. and girns a list of the wages paid in the cotton mills of New l\Ir. LIPPITT. I will say further that I thoroughly agree En!!land as though they were fow wages, when he gives sta with the Senator from Georgia that these figures do not repre fartics after statistics about the wages that are paid to the sent the wages that are paid to-day in his State or in any different classes of employees in the cotton mills of New other Southern State. England and criticises the nationality of the people to whom Mr. GALLINGER. Or in New England. those wages are paid, although in his own State the wages that Mr. LIPPITT. They have been advanced since that date; are paid in the same industry do not exceed 66! per cent of and also the figures the Senator from South Carolina has been what New Englund is paying, and although those wages are reading in the same way do not represent the present wages in paid, not for the 54 or 56 hours weekly that prevail in New New England. They also have been advanced, and they have England, but for hours of labor per week that run from 60 to been advanced a larger amount than the wages in the South, if 6G, and although those wages are paid, not to young people I understand it correctly, for this reason : When you advance ·whose age for employment must exceed 14 years as in New wages 10 per cent and the wage is $7 a week, you advance the England, but to children who e age for employment is practi wage 70 cents a week; but when you advance wages 10 per cent cnlly without limit, where children 10, 11, or 12 years of age are and the wage is $5 a week, you advance it 5-0 cents a week. c.-mploy~d for GO hours a week, longer hours than a grown man Those are the·two conditions which prevail in the South and is employed in New England cotton mills, I scarcely know how the North. to answer such a charge. Now, let ine go on. I have gone so far, I think, as to give Nernrtheless, I shall take occasion to· answer the Senator in the average wages which are paid on cotton yarns between the the only way in which an answer is irrefutable. I will quote two sections, the New England States and the Southern States. from the census report of 1905. I am reading from the com Now, let me put into the RECORD the average wages that are pendium, I think, of that census, on page 24, which gives, in the paid in converting plain cloths for printing and for converting first place, the a rnrage weekly earnings of all wage earners in purposes in the two sections. The average on this product of the cotton mills of New England and of the Southern States. all wage earners in New England was $7.62; in the Southe»n For cotton yarns the a T"erage of all the wage earners for States $4.16, 3.46 more in New England than was paid in the New England js $6.93 a week, almost $7. For the Southern South. For men 16 years and over, 8.52 in the North, $5.14 in States it is $3.95, not quite $4. Seven dollars in New England the South. • and $4 in the State of South Carolina as an a·rnrage of all the Women, 16 years and over, $7.23 in New England and $3.77 worker in the mills. in the States of the Carolinas, Georgia, and Alabama-$7.2.3 ~Ir. S~fITH of South Carolina. 1\!y attention was distracted and $3.77, a difference of $3.46-practically 50 per cent more in for just a minute. From what is the Senator quoting? the New England States than in the South. .Mr. LIPPITT. I am quoting from the Census of Manufac Mr. LODGE. For all laborers? tures of 1905, which are the last figures on this subject that Mr. LIPPITT. That is the average for women 16 years and ha\e been collated, as I underE.tand it. Kow let us go on. over. Men 16 years and over jn the Northern States, $8.22. In l\Ir. LODGE. In all the mills? tlle Southern States, including South Carolina, $5.12. Some Mr. LIPPITT. In the cotton mills only. All the figures that $3 a week more is paid in the Northern States than is paid in I have given are the figures for the cotton industry of the two South Carolina, and the Senator from that State says that the sections. wages in New England are not as high as they should be. Children under 16 years, $4.45 as against $2.73. Well, 1\!r. President, I am not going to deny that it would A little farther down is given the per ·cent of distribution not be an advantage to the whole country if the wages of labor between the number of children employed. I am not going to perhaps were higher, but I shall have something to say in a read au these figures. There is almost a half a page of them. few minutes, after I have put these statistics in the RECORD, I have read the representative ones, and anyone interested fur in regard to one of the reasons why wages in the cotton industry ther can find ample "Verification of what I am saying among tn New England a.nd in the woolen industry· of New England the other figures here. nre not higher. Per cent of distribution of children earning less than $3. Women 16 years and oT"er in New England, $5.88; in the Children under 16 years of age who, earned le s Uum $3 in South, $3.76. New England, 12.1 per cent; in the South, 66.9 per cent-that Children under 16 years, $4 in New England and $2.54 in the is, making yarns. Southern States, for 10 per cent more hours than any man On printing cloth, in New Englund, 15.4 per cent; in the .works in any cotton mill in any New England State. South, 58.8 per cent. In the South from 58 to 66 per cent of the .Mr. Sl\IITH of Georgia. I wi h to ask the Senator to read children employed earn only $3 per week as again t 12 to 15 that statement once more. Is it that the average pay of women per cent in New England. Yet the Senator from South Caro over 16 years of age is only three dollars and something a week? lina confines his criticisms to New England. Mr. LIPPITT. N<>; children under 16 years of age. Now, here is some comment that is made by th~ Census De Mr. SMITH of Georgia. I thought the Senator said o-rer 16, partment. It is also to be found on page 24 : and I was sure that was incorrect. The average weekly earnings of the men in the 11 establl hments selected to represent the production of cotton yarns in New England l\Ir. LIPPITT. If I did so I read it wrong. I should ha"Ve amounted to 8.22. or $3.10 more than the average for the men em said children under 16 years. ployed in the 45 selected establishments manufacturing the same prod Mr. SMITH of Georgia. I may have misunderstood the ucts in the Southern States. In the case of women the average weekly earnings in the same establishments in New England were $5.88, or Senator. $2.12 more than the average for operntives of this class in the selected l\Ir. LIPPITT. I did give what the women 16 years and over mills of the South. The children employed in the northern mllls earn d earned. It is $3.76 in the Southern as against $5.86 in the on an average 4.60 a week. which was 2.06 tnore than the average Northern States. That is the average. earnings of the children in the southern mills shown in the table. Mr. S:~HTH of Georgia. Over 16 years of age? Mr. President, that is a statement of the facts in regard to Mr. LIPPITT. Women 16 and over. Of course, the Senator those two sections, not as I have drawn it out of-my imagina understands that a woman of 16 is a child; at least she is in tion, not as the selected figures of some writer whose purpose the North. I read the official figures. in writing I do not know, but the official figures of the Census Mr. SMITH of Georgia. I understood the Senator correctly Bureau taken under similar conditions in the two sections. as stating that the pay in the factories .of women 16 years and If the Senator from South Carolina in his remarkable ar over is less than $4 a week? raignment of New England wages thinks thut the industry Mr. LIPPITT. Three dollars and sernnty-six cents in the there is carried on under conditions that are not in accordance Southern States, according to the census report of 1905. · with American institutions, I would like to ask him what he 1\Ir. SMITH of Georgia.. My reason for interrupting the thinks the men who for the last 20 years have built up and Senator is that I am sufficiently familiar with the facts in my maintained that industry in New England bad to contend with · own State to know that that is utterly incorrect. when they found in the market place the cloths made in the Ir. SMOOT. That is the average. I should liL:e to state southern mills at wages $3 a week less than they had to pay that the rune tlling happens very often in quoting the average and being sold at prices that the employers of tbe high-priced price paid for men in the woolen mills or the cotton mills of labor of New Eno-land bad to compete with? this country. It is not what is paid a man or ~ woman, but it It may be that the industry there is not carried on under as is the a,·ernge price, taking in all the number who may be em creditable conditions as it might be. I neyer yet haye seen au ployed, and whether it be for short or long hour . indu try in whiCh impl'ovemeut could not be mad , nnd I oo fr. GALLINGER If tlle Senator from Rhode Island will not ciaim that improYement can not be mad in the w:1y tllis permit me, very probably both in the North and the South those industry and tlle other manufacturing indu tries are carried 1913. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-. SENATE. 3711 on in my own-section of this country. But I do say that con she always has stood, behind her rock-bound coast, the cc·atral sidering the competWou of tlle low wages with which New figure of that matchless New England country. England has struggled for the Just 20 yen.rs it is a remarkable She has been the pioneer in humane Jabor le;;is!ntiou. She tribute to the skill, the efficiency, bard labor, and hard thought has gathered into her hospitable arms the industrially op of the man::igers of these Kew England factories that to-day pressed of every nation. She has welcomed them, educated ' there are 18,000,000 spindles still running in what nre called them, assimilated them, and shared witll them her heritage of tile Kew England States as compared with 12,000,000 spindles fre2dorn. First the Irish came, fleeing from famine in their own that ·ha1e been established in the South. country.. At first they were ridiculed for their uncouth ways I for one do not object to the establishment of these indus and grotesque costumes, but to-day they are foremost in her trie in the South. I am glad to see them established there, councils. Then came the French-Canadians. "Birds of pas ::incl I would not hafe for a minute brought up thls comparison sage," they were called because they sent home their suri1lus between the Caroliuas anu my own section of the country if the pay and sometimes went back themselves. To-day they stand unfounded charge had not just been made by the Senator from among the sturdy yeomanry of New England. The governor of South Carolina as to the way the industries of New England my own State is one of them, a man whose patriotism is as were carried on. I believe that the effect of these manufactur broad and generous as any American, regardless of what ing industries in the South is going to be :m enormous help to parentage he sprung from, and whose popularity bas given him our entire Nation. I know that they are progressing in a re the honor of being elected more times to that office than anv markable way; that starting with a crude form of manufactur man in the history of the State, I think, certainly of recent ing output, they are going up into the higher and more per years. Then came the Portuguese and the Italian and now the fected forms of it. Polander and the Greek. I have no doubt that as time goes on the humane conditions They came there not as the slave comes, in shackles and in that exist in New England will be established in the cotton mills tears, but gladly, with smiling lips and laughing eyes, and they of the South. I haYe no doubt that in the not distant future ~nt back their letters to their relatives and friends and neigh the Carolinas and Georgia will establish laws limiting the age bors, who. in response to these white-winged messages of hope, of employment of women and children to what in the North is tra1elecl over thousands of miles of land and sea to share in already considered reasonable. I see the Senator from Georgia the prosperity of Massachusetts. [J\Ir. SMITH] smile. There are 140,000,000 cotton spindles in the world to-day, Mr. S.i\IITII of Georgia. We haye already adopted a child scattered in almost every part of the globe; but these people labor Jaw. who want to improve their condition do not go to the mills of ~Ir. LIPPITT. It was only three weeks ago that the Legis China or Japan or India or Ce~lon. They do not look for work latme of Georgia failed to adopt-- in Italy or France or Germany or Belgium or Russia. They do l\lr. SMITH of Georgia. We ha·rn already adopted a law lim not knock at the mill doors of England's 60,000,000 spindles. iting child labor to 14 years. They do not go to the Carolinas or to Georgia, but they do come Mr. LIPPITT. I beg the Smator's pardon. to help run the 18,000,000 spindles of New England, because l\1r. SMITH of Georgia. But it is true. I had the pleasure there is not on this globe to-day, nor was there yesterday nor of addressing the legislature on it myself when they adopted was there on any yesterday since that far-off day when the it, and we have adopted some laws limiting the ages of those departure of .Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden made the who work. I concede that we haYe not gone as far as I would wearing of clothes necessary, a single spot where the men and be willing to go. women engag~d in the textile industry receive now or ever did 1\lr. LIPPITT. l\Ir. President, the remarks of the Senator receile as high wages for such short hours of ~abor and under from Georgia are entirely in line with what I was prophesying such humane conditions of employment as they do in Massachu would be the cas~ and what I expect will be the case as this setts and her sister New England States. industry progresses in that region. I do not for one minute hlr. SUITH of South Carolina. l\Ir. President, I should like claim that the people of the section tlle Senator from Georgia to make just one observation. The Senator from Rhode Island represents and the section that I represent differ in humanity, has been at pains to show the difference between tho wages but I do claim that the great pioneers in that class of legisla paid in the South and in the New England States. The Sena tion have been the New England States. tor, of course, is entirely familiar with the difference in the If what the Senator from Georgia says is correct about his conditions that exist in the South as compared with those State having adopted a law limiting the employment of children which have existed in the New Englar.d Stutes, and the differ to 14 years, I am very glad to know it. I can only say that ence bebveen an old-established industry and a new one. only three weeks ago I read in one of the New York papers a The Senator ca11ed attention to the difference between the statement that a law to that effect had been passed by the wages of children employed in the Southern States and in the house of representatives of his State, but that the senate had New England States. The Senator will not forget, nor will the refused to pass it and it was not put upon the statute book on Senate forget, that the conditions in that section of the cou11- that account; and even at that the law proposed only limited tr:,· were such that even children of tender age not only had to the employment to 13 years and not 14, as it is in Kew Eng work in a factory to support life, but they had to work in the land. I accept the correction of the Senator from Georgia fields as well. They were compelled to do this, not only by and I have no doubt that what he says about it is trne. the exigencies of a terrible war, but by ihe horrible imposition Mr. SllI'.rH of Georgia. There was an exception in the case placed upon them as an agricultural country having to ·pay the of indigent women. The proposition was to strike out that ex burdens of a protective tariff without any retnrn whatever. We ception, but the limitation was passed about four or five years had no remedy. We had to buy from you, and all om earnings ago. went to you. 'J:herefore, you could establish your pla11ts, and Mr. LIPPITT. I should like to ask the Senator, did not that you could exact from us a stipend that you were not entitled limit the employment of children to 12 years of age? to. We- ha1e not yet reached the point of installing all labor l\Ir. SMITH of Georgia. No; 13 or 14, I do not remember saving machinery in order to supplant American industry, but which. There was a limitation in the case of indigent women whene1er we did put in labor~saving machinery we employed or widowed mothers, and we ·were unwilling to strike out that native-born Americans to attend it. When we shall have got limitation. ten through the initial expense of installing our factories, we Mr. LIPPITT. I am sure if a proper law has not been passed will gradually rise to a point, I hope, where tlle manufacturing it will not be many years before it will be. will be done in the South. l\lr. SWANSON. Mr. President, I desire to ·state that in I ask the consent of the Senate to have the following read in Virginia we have had a law for three or four years limiting answer to the argument of the Sena tor from Rhode Islund child labor to 14 years, and it is rigidly enforced by a strong f Jr humane treatment of the operatives in the mills in Massa force of factory inspectors. chusetts and in that section of the country. It comes from a 1\lr. LIPPITT. I am very glad to know that Virginia has New York paper of repute, and I would be glad to have just followed the precedent set by Massachusetts, and really Massa that short article read. chusetts should be given the credit for it, for Massachusetts has Mr. LIPPITT. What is the paper? been the pioneer in all that class of legislation. · :Mr. SMITH of South Carolina. Collier's Weekly. I should Now, Mr. President, I think I have said enough to show that like to have the article read. the arraignment by the Senator from South Carolina is certainly The VICE PRESIDE~T. Is there objection? The Chair not altogether well founded. • hears none, and the Secretary will read as requested. He has critici~ed Massachusetts. I am not a resident of that The Secretary proceeded to read the article. great Commonwealth, but I am her near neighbor and ardent Mr. LIPPITT. :Mr. President, my attention was momentarily admirer and will say to the Senator that she stands to-day as diverted. Does this refer to some particular concern? 3712 OONGRESSION AL RECORD-SENATE . Mr. SMITH of South Carolina.. It does not; it merely has Carolina [Mr. SMITH] seems to make the remarks which I ha.Ye reference to the manufacturing interest there. It refers to now to deliver particularly appropriate. I wi h further to say ;Lawrence, Mass., where the strike occurred. that if, during the de~ivery of my remarks, it should occur to The Secretary r2Sumed and concluded the reading of the any Senator that my line of reasoning is incorrect or that my article, which is as follows : historical referenC'es are inaccurate, I shall very cheerfuliy [From Collier's Weekly.] welcome interruptions, for no one is more desirous of being A PORTRAIT OF PROTECTION. correct and having inconsistencies and irulccuracies, if any . The woi·ds quoted below are taken from a description of l,awrence, there be, pointed out than am I. So I premise my remarks Mass., written at the time of the tertile strike there a little over a by saying that I shall be pleased to have any interruptions made year ago: TIIE OWNERS. THE WORKERS. which any Senator may see fit to make. The stock is closely held by As I went amQng the tenements Mr. President, a local newspaper, the Evening Star, if I, about 600 stoekholders. A few of Lawrence I was struck by the remember correctly. once said that "The high-tariff speech a stockholders who are still living extraordinary absence of old men Senator m3:kes lives after him, but the low-tariff speech he bought into the company at a and old women. Very few of them, time when the stock was very indeed. are brought from Europe. makes is oft interred with his bones." 'There is a vast deal of Jow-as low .as 75 a share--and The mills want only strength and history summed up in that paraphrase, but I doubt if it contains have seen their property rise in health, and when they have milked much of prophecy. value more than fiftyfold, until to- the cream of youth from human rlay the same shares are worth ity the remainder goes to the scrap The opponents of the pending tariff bill seem to predicate their $.3,800. • • • heap. • • • gravest objections to it, and appear to base their most serious * • • Among them are some No man can support a family opposition to it, upon the ground that in drafting the bill of the finest people in New Eng- on $300 or 400 a year, even land. Many live in Boston, and though he lives in the meanest the Democratic l\Iembe.i·s of the Senate and House did not afford are among the most cultured and way. The result was that the the highly protected industries of the country an opportunity delightful people in the world. wife also had to go into the mills, to thwart the will of the people, depri\e them of the fruits of Among them are representatives followed by one child after another -0f some of the strong old families as fast as they arrived at the legal their justly en.med \ictory in the recent election, allow these of Massachusetts, such names as age. This meant living in dark highly protected industries further to exploit the people, ancl Lowell, Lawrence, Lyman, Cool- tenements. It meant taking in continue to fatten on unearned increments. In other words. idge, Amory, Ayer. It can almost lodgers to the point of indecent be said that the aristocracy of crowding. Some of the tenements the chief ground of objection which the Republican minority Boston is based upon the profits of of Lawrence are the worst I ever present to this bill is that this minority were not allowed to the textile mills of New England. saw. • • . • I did not find any write the bill. The Republican minority-and I say nothing llany of them are interested 1n eases of actual and immediate "all good works." I know as a starvation such as were reported with disrespect or unfriendliness-has filled the circumambient fact that there are no people in· in certain newspapers, but it is an atmosphere with lugubrious jeremiads-with mournful, doleful the country who have contributed undoubted fact that there is an complaints-because the Democratic majority did not violnte more liberally to. the education appalling amount of underfeeding. and uplift -0f southern negroes, to I asked the ages of many young its pledged word to the American people and hand over to this mi ions in HawaiL and to many people I met, and they looked Republican minority the great duty of writing this bill. The other good causes than these men and they we1·e--stunted, not fully Democrats jn Congress were commissioned by the American of Boston. But about conditions de'°eloped. • • • in the d:uk alleys of Lawrence, Thousands also in this city, people at the last election to perform this function i)f revising whe1·e their own money comes which frequently suffers from over the tariff downward, and it would have been the part of political from, apparently they know very production of c1oth, go underclad. little nor do they want to know. In the crowds of strikers in the treachery for the Democrats of the Senate to haye evaded the Ilere, indeed, is an astonishing streets on those bitter March morn issue. fact. which I feel like having ings the number I saw without To some persons tariffs seem to be insoluble mysteries, ab printed in large letters: overcoats and evidently too thinly struse cryptograms, and it is my opinion that some of our tariff "ot a single large stockholder clad was very great. And in their i11 the La1c1·ence mills lives in Lato- homes, wherever I went, the tend barons and their apologists have adopted a policy of mystifying rence. Not one. • • • ency was to crowd into the the tariff question by muddying and darkening the situation as A textile working town is not a kitchen and save coal by keeping pleasant place to live in-dirty only one room warm. much as possible to shut out the light. wooden buildings, dfrty streets, un- The result of all this ls a high Jean Baptiste Colbert defines a tariff to be" an art of taxation lQvely looking people, chenp goods death rate, especially from diseases which consists in so plucking the goose a.s to obtain the largest in the store windows, no good so- resulting from exposure and poor ciety. So the Qwners live in Bos- sanitary conditions, like pneu amount of feathers with the least possible amount of squawk ton and elsewhere. Not only this, m-onia. Also the young children ing." but there is only one of the im- die at an appalling rate (169 per A tariff may be imposed solely for and with reference to the portant mill managers who lives 1,000) ; I thought of the 154 in Law1-ence. The others live in pauper burials in Lawrence in production of revenue (called a revenue tariff or a tariff for the beautiful, peaceful town of 1910--a higher rate in proportion re-venue), or for the artificial fostering of home industries (a Andover or elsewhere out of the to the population than that of protective tariff), or as a means of coercing foreign Go1"ernments. city. Not only this, but many of New York City-and among people the well-to-do citizens of the where pauper burial is a lasting as in the case of retaliatory tariffs intended to compel the grant town-the merchants, the bankers. disgrace to the family that sur of reciprocity privileges. In United States history the most im even some of the mill foremen and vives. portant tariffs are: The high protective tariff of 1828, called by overseers-have moved out of the • American workmen with Amcr citv of Lawrence and are residents ican standards have dlsapeared its opponents "the tariff of abominations,'' which led to the nul· and voter in .Andover or Methuen from the textile industry and lification mo\ement; the ta1iff of 1833, ltnown a.s the " compro or elsewhere. Drive out from Law- even the solid Enj?lish and Scotch mise tariff," introduced as a compromise mes.sure by Henry rencc in almost any direction and workers are now flying before the Y-OU will see the fine homes of immigrants from southern Europe, Clay, which pro\ided for a gradual reduction in the duties year these 'Pe-Opie crowning all the hills. who can, or will attempt to, exlst by year until 1842, when they should stand at 20 per cent as !l And you will find the very people on lower wages. horizontal rate; the Walker tariff of 1846, framed by Robert J. who have deserted Lawrence, where The result of this condition has all their property interests are lo- been that Lawi·ence has for years Walker, then Secr~tary of the Treasury, which modified the cated. excoriating the corrupt po- been governed by saloon keepers, protecti\e duties and grouped articles into various schedules at litical conditions of the city. dive owners, and petty grafters. different rates, all of the articles in each paying the same rate; The tendency of the high protective tariff' has been to separate the the Morrill tariff, introduced by Justin S. .Morrill, which in community into two widely distant classes. We are just coming to see that an economic system which produces this effect is not one which a creased the dutie on iron and wool, substituted specific duties dem()cracy ought to foster. The end of it will come soon. for ad valorem duties and in general fixed rates somewhat :Mr. ASHURST obtained the floor. above those of 1846. Since the Morrill tariff n high protective l\Ir. GALLINGER. Mr. President, will the Senator from tariff has been maintained most of the time. The McKinley Act Arizona kindly yield to me for one moment? of 1890 raised duties to a high point. The Wilson Act of 1894 The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from Arizona was a miserable pretense and the act was denounced as a piece yield to the Senator from New Hampshire? of "party perfidy and national dishonor," although it lowered Mr. ASHURST. I do so \ery cheerfully. duties in many lines, and the suspicion has been created (un .Mr. GALLINGER. Mr. President, in the near future I shall founded, of course) that some of the antagonism displayed by discuss this question at considerable length. I only wish now the Republican minority against the pending bill arises from to say that the death rate in Lawrence, Mass., is much lower the chagrin and disa!Jpointment experienced by the minority than the death rate of the District of Columbia. I want also over the fact that the Democratic majority has not repeated the to say that the average death rate from tuberculosis in the performance exhibited with reference to the Wilson bill. 'The great textile manufacturing cities of New England is less than Dingley Act of 18D7 in general increased duties, and finally the average death rate of the New England States, including came the net of August 5, 1009, known as the Payne-Aldrich la.w, the country towns. So such statements as have been read, whose indefensibly high rates of duty hurled the Republican which have been written for a purpose, are not conect. Party from the lofty eminence upon which a succession of I thank the Sena.tor from Arizona. for his comtesy. dazzling victories had placed it to the lowest depths of political l\Ir. ASHURST. Mr. President, I shall occupy but a Yery disaster. few moments, and I address the Senate at this time because The subject of re•enue was a ve:rntious one in the time of the the abfo and illuminating speech of the Senator from South United Colonies and of the United States under the Articles of 1913~ CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-BEN ATR 3713 Confederation. Until 1789 the various States controlled the impo l\fr. Vice President Dallas, in casting the deciding vote upon sition of customs duties. Each State that had a seaport applied the tariff .act of 184.6, explaining his vote, said: its own tariffs and no two tariff schedules were alike. Protec For more than 30 years the system of hlgh taxation hns prevailed tion was begun in the first tariff act wh-0se object, said its pre with tluctuations of success and failure. It ought to be remembered that this exercise of the tax power was originally intended to be tem amble, inter alia was "the encouragement and protection of porary the design having been to foster feeble infant manufactures, manufactures." especia'lly such as were essential to the advance of the country in time of war. These industries, starting as saplings, have taken root and The tariff bill of 1789 was the first matter debated in the become vigorous, expanding, and powerful, and are prepared to enter Committee of the Whole in the :first House of Representatives. the field of fair, free, and universal competition. James Madison, who :Introduced the subject, was then in the In 1864, referring to the tariff bill then under discussion, Sena early matm·ity of a life of much usefulness. His wisdom as a tor l\Iorrill, of Vermont, said: counselor, and his superiority as a draftsman o_t laws and e-0n This is intended as a war measure, a temporary measure, and we stitntions were everywhere recognized. He said, among other must give it our support. things, in his speech of April 8, 1789, "A national revenue must In 1890 Secretary of Agriculture Rusk, in the Harrison Cabi be obtained, but the system must be su~h an one that while it net, speaking in reference to the sale of agricultural machinery secmes the object of revenue it shall not be oppressive to our to foreign farmers and wheat growers at less money than they constituents," and he urged the collection of this national are sold to the American farmer, said : re-venue without oppression upon the people. The next day the This will not do, and I need not effer anf argument to prove the general discussion began and 1\Ir. Fitzsimmons, of Pennsylvania, weight of the truth of the. assertion. Th~ firs thing the farmer wil~ do whose father-in-law, Robert l\feade, was at that time the richest when be is acquainted with the facts will be to make a bowl agamst man in Philadelphia, stated that he extended his views further the trusts and protection that does not protect. than the other speakers, and among other observations, he Senator Edmunds said: stated that th~ duties should be calculated to encourage the In the main, all these taxes come out of the consumer. protection of our infant manufactures. Here we see a line of In 1899 Gov. 1\Iount, of Indiana, said to the Republicans: division drawn by a Pennsyl.ania hand. Madison had proposed R~move the protection from the articles controlled by the trusts, revenue as the chief object, and Fitzsimmons, the Pennsyl thereby permitting open competition, and see how quickly these trusts vanian, suggested pl'Otection as the chief object. So the tariff will come to their senses. bill of 1789 was approved on July 4. One of its objects, I re Horace Greeley, in his Political Economy, says : peat, according to the preamble, was the " protection of infant Whoever will consult Alexander Hamilton's report on manufnctures, industries." Inasmuch as many of these industries have been the writings of Matthew Carey, Hezekiah Niles, and others, with the speeches of Henry Clay, Thomas Newton, James Todd, Walter Forward, protected ever since that date it would seem, as was well said Roland C. Mallary, and other forensic champions of protection with the by the Senator from 1\Iontana [Mr. MYERS] and the Senator messages of our earliest Presidents-Washington, Adams, Jefferson, from Kentucky [Mr. JAMES] in their recent speeches in the Madison, Monroe, and Jackson-and the messages of Govs. Simon Sny der, George Clinton, Daniel D. Tompkins, De Witt Clinton, and others Senate, that these infants by this time should be old enough to can not fail to note that they champion not the maintenance but the wean. Suckling calves, however, never wean themselves; when creation of home manufactures. When transportation was expensive, you attempt to wean a suckling calf it bellows, and the longer money high, markets local. manufacturers were given temporary prot«~-c tion to offset these conditions, but at no time was the measure consid its weaning is postponed and the larger it grows, the louder it ered permanent and to be indefinitely extended for the benefi t of well will bellow, and thus these protected industries are to-day, just developed indush·ies. as they were on July 4, 1789, an" infant mewling and puking in Starting with premises of which there may be no dispute, W'.! the nurse's arms" and still bellowing lustily for protection. have only to be careful of om· steps to reach a conclusion of During the past six months, however, it has frequently been which we may be absolutely certain, and we may test problems stated that a number of highly protected industries were not by analyzing, separating, and combining them. e pecially complaining at this time over the fact that they are EYery political truth must of necessity be a moral truth. He no longer to have special favors in the way of tariff bounties. would be a bold man who would say that a protective tariff If they have ceased eomplaining it is probably because they are which taxes th~ many for the em·ichment of the few-is a imilar to Joseph Addison's valetudinarian, who continued to moral truth; yet if such a protectirn tariff is not a. moral truth, complain that he was dying of starvation until he became so it is not a political truth. corpulent and healthy that he was shamed into silence. Every person is by intuition a fairly good political economist, We have all read history, and we remember the description especially as it relates to his own income, and it does n-0t require of the system in vogue in England in the seventeenth and familiarity with calculus or the Euclid for a man to ascertain eighteenth centuries, where the Government exchanged earl whether be is growing richer or growing poorer. Every house doms, dukedoms, and estates for votes. We have read with wife knows that she dQes not grow richer when she is required shocking amazement of the avarice of the Duke of Marlborough, to pay $1.92 for $1 worth of sugar, as she is required to do who for gold and power, without scruple and without shame, under the Payne-Aldrich tariff bill. The farmers of the Nation betrayed both the exiled and the reigning monarch. We have are quite accurate reasoners, and it does not require a lab-0red read of the sordid rapacity of Seymour, Leeds, and Sir John speech or the services of an analyst to convince the farmer that Trevor, but their :r,:aids upon the earnings and revenues of the he is not growing richer by being required to pay $120 for $100 people were tame and prosaic when compared with the spolia worth of farm implements. tions committed by some of the ta.riff laws in United States It has been stated in the Senate that "the proposed tariff history. bill bears the birthmark of ill will against the American Some tariff beneficiaries pretend. and profess to look upon the farmer." C-0nsider, for instance, sewing machines. I presume protective system with yeneration, and resent any suggestion of that in nearly every farmhouse of this Nation there will be tariff reduction with simulated indignation and affected alarm. found a sewing machine. Under the Payne-Aldrich bill when Year in and year out, campaign after campaign, they have held the farmer purchased $100 worth of sewing machine he re -out the delusive hope that if the voters will sustain a protective ceived $70 worth of sewing machine and $30 worth of protec tariff system every person would eventually reach the goal of tion. Under the pending bill when the farmer pays $100 on unlimited prosperity; but there is no parallel in American his sewing machines he receives $100 worth of sewing machine. tory where promises have been so prolific but so barren of per Is this an evidence of ill will? Under the Payne-Aldrich bill, formance. when the farmer pa id $100 on agricultural drills, mowers, horse- The early history of the United States conclusively shows that . rakes, and so forth, he received $85 worth of agricultural drills, all, or nearly all, of the public men of the various political par mowers, horserakes, and so forth, and $15 worth of protection. ties looked upon the protective system as temporary only and Under the pending bill it is proposed that when an American never contemplated that the protective tariff would remain a farmer pays $100 for agricultural implements he will receive permanent system in this Government. $100 worth of implements. Is this an evidence of ill will? The In 1833 Henry Olay said: distinguished Senator from :Minnesota. [Mr. CLAPP], during the Give time, cense agitation for nine years, and the manufactories in course of his able speech in the Senate on August 13, said: e>ery branch will sustain themselves against foreign competition. Last summer, I think it was, the gentleman who was conducting ?.Ir. Taft's campaign issued a statement to the people of the country in In 1840 he said : which he showed the total amount of tariff revenue received at the cus No one in the commencement of the protective policy every supposed tomhouses of the Nation. I do not just recall the figures. It seems to that It was to be perpetual We hoped and believed temporary protec me it was about $500,000,000, which, divided by the accepted f)-Op u la tion of the country, left something Hke $7 or 8 to each individu~l; tion extended to om· infant manufactories would bring them up to enable and be closed that statement with the suggesfi.on: "Is there -any them to withstand ~ompetition with those of Europe. If the protective policy should cense in 1842 it would have existed 2G years from 1816, patriotic citizen who would object to contributin~seven 01· eight dollars 18 years from 18244nite as long as at either of these periods its a year toward the unparalleled prosperity of the united States? " Ev~ry Republican, every Progressive, and eve1·y Democrat ridiculed friends supposed might be necessary. the idea that a man in this day and age could force upon the Amel'ican 3714 CONGR.ES$IO~ AL RE001lD-SENATE. AUGUST 25, peoille a belief that the only tax they bo"I"e by reas-on of a protective Machine Co. do manufacture in this country T"ery, yery ex tarifI was the tax paid at the customhouses. His statement was at tackC'd from one end of this country to the other, and especially by our tensiYehT. Democn1tic friends, and justly attacked. It was, sir, almost an insult l\fr. Sl\IOOT. Certainly. to the intelligence of the American people to try to make an American citiz<'n to-day believe that his only contribution under the protective .i\Ir. l\.IA..RTL TE of New Jersey. They ha-.;-e a plant at Eliza 1at·iff upon c-0mpetitive article , and they must be competitive if they beth, N. J., in which I pas eel a good part of my life, in which are protected, is the little paltry sum that is collected at the custom they employ over 7,000 hands. For many years it has been hou es. in Four years ago, I think it was. sitting here in my seat, I listened told us Elizabeth, in each campaign, by the owners or their to an argument f1·om the lips of the senior Senator from Georgia agents-I ha.Ye stumped under the shadows of their factories f~fr. IlJ.CON], in .which be went on and gave the figures to show the hundreds of times--that the high tariff was necc ary in order rn~t sum that private individuals and corporations collected from the people through a protective tariff as against the small sum that the to pny the wage to the laboring men. The fact is that within Government received from the protect ive tariff at the customhou es. the past six: months. since we haye had under consideration Without further taxing tile patience of the Senate, I ask the Democratic tariff bill which proposes to put sewing ma unnnimou consent that I may here insert a table which I haYe chines on the free Ii t, the Singer Sewing 1\Iachine Co., in tend prepared showing a list of some articles used on farms, with of carrying their hops to Germany or to Scotland to manu th rate of -duty under the Payne-Aldrich tariff blll and the facture, as has been threatened by many other concerns; or, a. rate of duty under the propo ed la~Y. the Senator now says they will do, to Scotland, have laid out The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there any objection? The Chair plaus for an addition costing orer $1,000,000 and for the employ hen rs none. ment of o-ver 5,000 men in that immediate T"icinity. This ha. The matter referred to is as follows : been done with the full knowledge of the fact that the bill making se-wing machines free of duty was about to be passed. This I know: They haYe appealed to the common council of Tariff tax Tariff tax on each the city of Elizabeth for th~ privilege of closing some street on each $100 worth $100 worth under in order that they may make further and greater exten ion . Name of article. under I cite tllis as one of the notable examples-not like the Sharp pendllg Payne bill. Aldrich les eparator Co., of Penn ylvania, who, it is said, are going bill. to Germany. This concern is going to stay. It profits un doubtedly will be curtailed; but there is a rich field yet for the Plows ...... None ...... 15 Singer Sewing Machine Co. Hon·ows ...... _...... __.... _...... do ...... 15 Mr. S~\fOOT . Tlle Senator certainly mu t ha-.;-e mi uncf r Harvesters ....•. _...... _...... _...... do ...... i~ stood what I ·a i Mr. Sl\IOOT. Just a minute, and then I will not take any • Th~n, you· receive for a year's work $433.33. Let's see what you can . f th S t .c.., A-· do with. yonr money, presupposing that you are really willing to get more o f the t1me o e ena or .u·om .cu. izona. along ~th the cheapest things. Now, the· figures we are going to give :Mr. l\IARTINE of New Jersey. I ask the Senator's pardon. are estimates based on average prices in various localities, and the Ur. ASHURST. Of course I yield, but I wish to conclude the quantities named will vary, too, according to localities, so that these Although there Is a slight chemical element in sugar refining, the the United States at from 31 to 3~ cents a pound. This price, of industt·y is an almost purely mechanical one. In a high-grade modern course, would be subject to fluctuations, u1Jward and downward; but it refinery little human labor is requited. The p1incipal work is done by represents a fair average. It bas been shown also that well-managed machinery. . beet-sugar refineries, established in sections where beets can be advan- , The tremendous bearing of the abnormal duty on raw sugar on the tageously grown, rather than in neighborhoods not favorable to beet daily life of the American people may be partially understood by the cultivation, could sell sugar at an equally low price and still make fair te ·timony of Claus A. Spreckels, president of the Federal Sugar dividends on their invested capital. The tariff on sugar simply serves Refining Co., an independent organization, who informed a congressional to keep up the Wall Street price of water securities at the expense of committee that the duty on raw sugar increased the price of sugar to the American people as a whole. consumers 1n the United States about 2 cents a pound. Before 1887 there was free competition in the sugar industry of This would mean an extra and unnecessary cost of more than the United States. In August of that year Harry D. Havemeyer $130,000,000 on the 7,504,795,200 pounds of sugar consumed in the .brought about a consolidation, in the form of a $50,000,000 trust, c1m11try in 1910. It may be that Mr. Spreckels's estimate of the average of the 17 leading sugar-refining companies which controlled 90 per duty on raw sugar was too high, and that, assuming the lowest average cent of the sugar industry and trade of the country. This conspiracy rate of duty, the extra burden borne by the people in 1910 was nearer to secure a monopoly resulted at once in the dismantling and aban to $110,000,000. . donment of the factories of the North River Sugar Refining Co.; the But the vital thing to remember is that only part of this enormous Dick & Meyer Co. ; Moller, Sierck & Co. ; the Oxnard Bros. Co. ; Bay sum, so wrung from the masses, goes into the National Treasury. Stat.e Su&"ai: Refining Co. ; Forest City Sugar Refining Co. ; and St. Nea l"ly all the rest of it goes into the pockets of the sugar refiners, Loms Refinmg Co. In 1889 the factories of the De Castro & Donner con trolled by a few multimillionaires. Sugar Refining Co. and of the Havemeyer Sugar Refining Co., in The suga1· tax grinds bard on the poor. Stale bread may be made Brooklyn, wer-e also dismantled. The monopolies. under Mr. Have into puddings with the help of sugar. Sweetened rice may enrich the meyer's ruthless le3dershlp, went at their work boldly. humblest meal. The broken fragments of coarse fare, the leavings and pickings, may be turned into palatable dishes, with the addition of THE TRUST A~D MR . .ARBUCKLE. sugar. A few handfuls of flour, with a little suga1-, may be transformed The formation of the Sugar Trust resulted in mighty profits. Ap into cake and, with the cheapest fruits, into pies. Coffee and tea parently the American public was at the mercy of Mt'. llavemeyer and become luxuries when flavored with sugar. The candy consumed in his fellow conspirators, for the independent refiners were in a weak the "Gnited States every year, mostly by the working masses, costs position. But in 1890 the New York court of appeals declared the $500.000,000. Nine-tenths of this candy is of the cheaper sort used trust to be illegal whereupon Mr. Havemeyer had the combination re by those of limited means. With sugar or sirup pancakes are a joy. united in the form of the American Sugar Refining Co., under the laws Sugar refines and bewitches porridge and corn mush. Even a slice of of New Jer ey, with a capital stock ot $50,000,000, which was after bre~d becomes an enchanted thing when sirup or molasses is poured wards incre::u;-ed to $75,000,000. over it. llowever, the work of completing the plot to control sugar and give It is the poor, above all, who feel the weight of the duty imposed on the tru~t an. actual power of taxing the people went on. The elder sugar, for it touches their necessities morning, noon, and night, and Claus Spreckels and two of bis sons surrendered their refineries in every day in the year ; and such a tax on food, maintained year in and California and in Pennsylv~nia to tbe sugar king. The Delaware year out, reminds one of the intolerable food conditions in England of Sugar House, the Franklin Sugar Refining Co., and the E. C. Knight which Buckle wrote : Co. we1·e captured and eliminated from the field. Presently the trust "It is now known that marriages bear a fixed and definite relation to the price of corn ; and in England the experience of a century bas conh·olled 08 per cent of all the refined sugar made or sold in the proved that, instead . of having any connection with personal feelings United States. they are simply regulated by the average earnings of the great mass of lt boots little to tell the story of alternate coercion, seduction, and the people ; so that this immense social and religious institution is not double intrigue through which the monstrous sugar plot was realized by only swayed, but is completely controlled, by the price of food and by l'lfr. Havemeyer and his friends and hirelings. In those days Mr. the rate of wages." Havemeyer was the loudest advocate of free raw sugar. His agents With free sugar the fruit growing and canning industries of the were everywhere pressing the fight for a reduction in the tariff. The country would be gt·eatly stimulated. When there is a great crop of trust was anxious to destroy the weak but growing beet root sugar strawberries, peaches, apJ?les, cherries, or any other fruits that lend industry in the West. The whole country is familiar with that des themselves to prese1·ves, Jams, and jellies, and when these wholesome Fi~~~~s.and ceaseless struggle between the trust and the beet-sugar fruits are so cheap that the poorest may buy them, a large part of the crop perishes In decay because the price of sugar is too high to per In the meantime tall John Arbuckle ga>e battle to the trust. Mr. mit families of limited means to make p1·eserves or jams. This is a Arbuc:kle ~nd his brotb~r C.barles had been wholesale grocers in Pitts common form in which great losses are inflicted on the people generally bur~, but m the early eighties he came to New York City, established a and upon fruit growers particularly. The professional preserving in coffee-roasting plant in Brooklyn, and developed an enormous business in ~offee put up in small paper bags. About 1890 the· Arbuckle firm, dustries of the United States use more than 240,000 tons of sugar a which had become enla1·ged by the addition of William A. Jamison, year. It is estimated that the preserving done in homes uses three William B. R. Smith, and James N. Jarvie, began to put up and sell times as much as the factories. The enormous annual losses inflicted on a large scale packages of sugar put up in paper bags. .John in this way upon the fruit growers of the country, to say nothinJ7 of Arbuckle was a Il}an of genius, energy, and courage, and the business the deprivations suffered by the consuming public, c.ught to be sufficient of the Arbuckle Bros. grew prodigiously. The firm owned a remark to arouse general attention to the destructive character of the excessive able weighing machine whlch made paper bags and filled them with an duty on s1.Jgar and the direct economic and social disaster which it almost uncanny exactness. The Arbuckles bought their sugar from the works. The shameful character of this high tax on imported raw sugar was trust. shown only a few months ago, when the beet-sugm· refiners deliberately But the greedy eyes of Mr. Havemeyer- were upon that wonderful robbed the AmE:rican peopl~ of at least $10,000,000 in a single season weighing machine which enabled the ind~~endent firm to build up such by an unjustified advance in prices under cover of the tariff on raw an enormous trade in package sugar. 'Ibe trust wanted to buv the sugar. Thls is the sober truth. machine, but the Arbuckle brothers refused to sell it. Thereupon Mr. - The growing European beet-sugar crop of 1911 indicated a marked Havemeyer ordered the trust not to sell any more sugar to the firm shortage. In addition to this, there was a shortage of 300,000 tons of which had dared to refuse obedience to him. raw cane sugar in Cuba. In consequence of this, the price to the refiner John Arbuckle's answer was characteristic of the man. Ile at once ,, of imported raw suga1· advanced almost 2 cents a pound. The retail started to build a sugar refinery of his own in Brooklyn. Enraged price of refined cane sugar advanced from an average of 5 cents a pound by this defiance of the Sugar Trust the Havemayer intere ts bought to nearly 8 cents a pound. control of the Woolson Splce Co., of Toledo, Ohio, and began selling Now, this had nothing to do with the beet-sugar refiners. Out of package coffee at cut rate.~ in order to break down the trade of Arbuckle the 3.500.000 tons of sugar consumed in the United States, the beet-sugar Bros. Mr. Havemeyer and John Arbuckle met about that time. refiners furnished less than 500,000 tons. These refiners were not in Said Mr. Havemeyer, "Mr. Arbuckle, I want to buy 60 per cent of ar;.y way affected by the advance in the price of imported raw s"ugat·. your sugar refinery." They paid no more for their beets than before. They gave the farmers Said Mr. Arbuckle. simply, "As long as I live and have my health the smallest price at which they would consent to &'row beets. There and strength you will never own one penny's interest in either my was no reason why they should have advanced prices. '.I.'he cost of sugar or coffee business. But the world is wide and there is no reason producing beet sugar was just what it had peen, neither more nor less. why we can't both live in it." Yet, as soon as imported cane sugar-which had to pay a heavy duty Then followed a furhms war between the American Sugar Refining in addition to the advance in price-rose to nearly 8 cents a pound at Co. and the Arbuckle Bros. When John Arbuckle originally went into retail! the beet-root sugar refiners, acting in conce1·t with the powerful the sugar business be told bis partners that he was too old to under Arnet· can Sugar Refining Co., in cold blood increa.sed the price of beet take anything new, but when be was attacked hy the trust he forgot root sugar to just a. fraction below the staggering price of c:me sugar. his years and white hair and engaged in the battle in a way that has The extra prefits extorted from the American public by the beet-sugar become historic. Mr. llavemeyer undersold the Arbuckte Bro . and refiners in that one campaign are moderately estimated at about $10,- the Arbuckle Bros. undersold the trust. The price of sugar went 000,000; and in the face of spoliation like this, without the slightest down sensationally. There was no truce and no parley. By 1900 the benefit to the farmer who grew the beets, the Sugar Trust lawyers will Arbuckle Bros. bad lost several hundred thousand dollars in the fight tell you that the immense duty on raw su"'ar should be maintained in and $2,000,000 of the trust's surplus had disappeared. Mr. Have ordei· to encourage beet sugar as an infant i!JdUS~ry of the United States. meyer abaudoned the fight and raised the price of sugar again. John The committee of wholesale grocers which, m cooperation with the Arbuckle had fought the trust to a standstill. independent refiners, has taken the matter up, puts the case in this Still tlle trust containued to absorb its competitors. It bought up way: the National Sugar Refining Co.A of New J ersey- in which transaction "The excessive profits made possible by our high tariff are obtained l\fr. Havemeyer received $10,0uO,OOO of stock as a gift-and tbat in refining and not in cultivating sugar beets. ' enabled the trust to close the Mollenllauer Sugar Refining Co. out of all "E>idence of this is found in the fact that the total ca8italization business. But, about 1903, Claus H. Spreckels, who disagreed with bi!'! of the domestic beet-sugar factories exceeds $100,000,00 , and, as father, who had surrendered to the trust, had built· the independent stated above, they produced only 450,u95 tons of sugar. A cane-sugar Federal Refinery, at Yonkers, and started in to figllt all competitors. r efinery, located -in New York, with $10,000.000 capitalization, bas a producing capacity of nearly 400,000 tons. This is sufficient to show TIIE TRt:iST ITSELF. that the domestic beet-sugar men have capitalized their ability to exact While the trust was trying to strangle its rivals, the beet-sugar excessive profits from the consumer by reason of our high ta1-i.tl' in industry had grown in the West. It wa able to undersell cane sugar fact they have capitalized the tariff. ' in the intuior of the ccnntry. Mr. Havomeyer decided to capture the "This contention is further supported by the fact that beet fac beet-sugar industry in orde1· that . the trust might be in a position to tories do not grow tbek own beets if it can possibly be avoided. Thev realize its dream of :m absolute monopoly and tax the country at will. prefer to have the farmer do this part of the work, and then ' screw., Up to 1898 only 40,000 tons of refined beet sugar were made in tbe him down as much as possible on the price of sugar beets delive·red at United States. But under the stimulation oi the tnriff of 1897 bee"t the facto1·y. It is true that thet·e are some factories that do cultivate sugar profiklction had increased to 165,000 tons in 1901. Rom e beets, but this is only done where it is found impossible to get Intent on capturin:; the beet root sugar industry, Mr. Haveroever farmers to grow them in sufficient quantities to supply the factory, or increased the capita.1 of the' American Sugar Ilefining Co. from in the way of con n less rate of duty than that imposed upon the component paper of chief value goods, thus causing great hardship and Joss to the American value of which such article is made." manufacturer and honest importer; also a loss of revenue to the Gov lfc ask that no change be made in this paragraph, as our manufac ernment on account of smaller duties paid. turers have adapted themselves to it, and under present pl'ices, low We earnestly hope that your honorable committee will adopt the cost of production in "foreign countries, and conditions of the ma1·ket above suggestiong, and thus mainta'.in an important industry. in this country the rates in this paragraph are equitable. '£HE DIAMOXD MiLLS PAPER Co., We call particular attention to· the fact that up to the present time New 1"01"1;,, N. Y. Tery little of the papers mentioned in the first section of this paragraph SMITH PAPEn Co., are made in this country, and for that reason thi§! section of the above Lee, Mass. parn~raph is practically a tarifr for revenue only, and therefore should c. H. DEXTER & Soxs, certainly not be reduced, but should be maintained at the present rate Windsor Lock.s, Oonn. or increased, if in the judgment of your committee it be wise to do so. THE ANCIIOn MILLS PAPEU Co., Under the rates fixed in this paragraph the manufacturers in this Windsor Locks, Oonn. country are brought into direct and reasonable competition with the TIIE AKCilA:ll PAPER l\fILLS, foreign market. A lowering of these rates would drive the American 1-.-eio York, "ti-. r. manufacturer out of the market, destroy competition, and leave the FRAXKLI~ PAPER 1\fILLS Co., market open to the foreign manufacturers. Jersey Oiity, N. J. The following table shows the relation of the present duties on these JERSEY CITY PAPER Co., · papers to their final value when they reach this country in competition Je1·sey Otty, N. J. with the same kinds and grades of pape1· manufactured in this country. By JOHN R. & JOH..'< H. BGCK, The above paragraph divides these papers into two classes: • Attorneys. l!'irst. Those " weighing not over G pounds to the ream of 480 sheets, on the basis of 20 by 30 inches." The VICE PRESIDENT. The question is on agreeing to the amendment of the committee. Yalue per unit of quantitY------$0. 246 Specific duty, 6 cents per pound------• 06 The amendment was agreed to. Ad valorem duty, 15 per cent______. 037 l\Ir. JOHNSON. I ask that paragraph 332 be passed oYer at • 343 this time for further consideration. (See report of Treasurer for fiscal year ending June 30, 1912.) The VICE PRESIDENT. It will be passed oyer. The value of this paper to the American manufacturer is something The next amendment of the committee was, on page 101, to more than the above value with the duties added. It is impossible to strike out paragraph 333, in the following words: state the precise value, but it is certainly from 35 to 40 cents per pound. The records of impo1·ts and duties furnished by the Department of 333. Pictures, calendars, cards, labels, flaps, cigar bands, placards, Commerce and Labor show that from 1909 to 1912 the yearly imports and other articles composed whoily or in chief value of paper litho of this paper have increased from 575,812 pounds to 843,084 pounds. graphically printed in wllole or in part from stone, metal, or other Second. Those " weighing over 6 pounds and less than 10 pounds to material (except boxes, views of American scenery or objects, and music, the ream, etc., 5 cents per pound and 15 per cent ad valorem," and illustrations when forming part of a periodical or newspaper, or Ynlue per unit of quantity ______$0. 142 of bound or unbound books, accompanying the same, not specially pro vided for in this section) shall pay duty at the following rates: Labels. Specific duty, 1 cent per pound______• 05 flaps, and cigar bands, if printed entirely in bronze printing, 15 per .Ad •alorem duty, 15 per cent______• 021 cent ad valorem ; if printed otherwise than entirely in bronze printing, but not printed in whole or in part in metal leaf, 25 per cent ad valo .213 rem ; if printed in whole or in part in metal leaf, 30 per cent ad valorem ; The value to the American manufacturer of this second class of booklets, books of paper, or other material for ~hildren's use, not ex papers is practically the same, to wit, 21 cents, thus leaving an abso ceeding in weight 24 ounces eacb, fashion magazines or periodicals, lute competition in this grade. printed in whole or in part by lithographic process, or decorated by band, booklets, decorated in whole or in part by hand or by spraying. PARAGRAPH 413. whether or not lithographed, 12 p~r cent ad valorem ; decalcomanias in "413. Writing, letter, note, handmade paper and paper commel'cially ceramic coloi·s, whether or not backed with metal leaf, and all other known as handmade paper and machine handmade paper, Japan paper, decaicomanlas, except toy· decalcomanias, 20 per cent ad valorem; pic and imitation Japan paper, by whatever name known, and led~er, bond, tures, calendars, cards, placards, and all other articles than those here- record, tablet, typewriter, manifold, and onionskin and imitation onion · inbefore sp~cifically provided for in this paragraph, 20 per cent ad skin papers. calendered or uncalendered, weighing 61 pounds. or over valorem. per ream, 3 cents per pound and 15 per cent ad valorem; but if any such pape1· is ruled, bordered, embossed. printed, lined, or decorated in And in lieu thereof to inser~: an.v manner other than by litbogrnphlc process it shall pay 10 per 333. Pictures, calendars, cards, booklets, labels, flaps, cigar bands, cent acl valorem in addition to the foregoing rates: Provicled, That in placards, and other articles composed wholly or in chief value of paper computing the duty on such paper every 180,000 square inches shall be lithographically prfnted in whole or in part from stone, gelatin, metal, taken to be a ream." 01· other material (except boxes, views of American scenery or '>bjects, We suggest the following amendment to paragt·aph 413: and music, and illustrations when forming a part of a periodical or Insert, in line G, after the words " per ream," the words " whether in newspaper or of bound or unbound books, accompanying the same, not reams or in any other form." specially provided for in this section) shall pay duty at the following The renson we suggest for the abo>e change is as follows : rates: Labels and flaps printed in less than eight colors (bronze print La1'ge quantities of this class of paper are being imported and classi ing to be counted as two colors). but not printed in whole or in part of fied as printing or tracing paper in rolls, on which classification lower metal leaf, 15 cents per pound; cigar bands of the same number of duties arc paid. These papers are subsequently sold in this country by colors and printings, 20 cents per pound ; labels and flaps printed in the importer as imitation onionskin, etc., after being cut into com eight or more colors (bronze printing to be counted as two colors), but mercial sizes. This has resulted in underselling the American manu not printed in whole or in part of metal leaf, 20 cents per pound; cigar facturer, and also has resulted in a loss to the United States Govern bands of the same number of colors and printings, 25 cents per .pound; ment of the duties pl'operly chargeable. labels and flaps printed in whole or in part of metal leaf, 35 cents per pounrt; cigar bands printed in whole or in part of metal leaf, 40 cents SCHEDULE N-PABAGR.APH 475. per pound ; booklets, 7 cents per pound ; all other articles not exceeding 475. Pipes and smokers' articles: Common tobacco pipes and pipe eight one-thousandths of an .inch in thickness, 15 cents per pound ; bowls made wholly of clay, valued at not more than 40 cents per gross, exceeding eight one-thousandths of an inch and not exceeding twenty lo cents per gross ; other tobacco pipes and pipe bowls of clay, 50 cents one-thousandths of an inch in thickness and less than 35 squarn incbe~ per gro s and 25 per cent ad valorem ; other pipes and pipe bowls of cutting size in dimension, 6 cents per pound ; e:g:ceeding eight and not whatever material composed, and all smokers' articles whatsoever, not exceeding twenty one-thousandths of an inch in thickness and 35 square specially provided for in this section, including cigarette books, ciga inches and over cutting size in dimension, 8 cents per pound; exceeding rette book covers, pouches for smoking or chewing tobacco, and ciga twenty one-thousandths of an inch in thickness, 6 cents pe1· pound, pro rette paper in all forms, 60 per cent ad valorem. viding that in the case of articles bereinbefore specified the thickness We al o beg to refer to the item of cigarette papers included in Sched which shall determine the rate of duty to be imposed shall be that of ule rT. paragraph 47:3, "Pipes, smokers' articles." etc. It is respect the thinnest lithographed material found in the article, but for the fully sugge ted that this is the paragraph where it prope1·ly belongs, purpose of this paragraph the thickness of lithographs mounted or but no le s duty than GO per cent ad valorem, the rate assessed under pasted upon paper, cardboard, or other matel'ial shall be the combined the present tarilT, will enable domestic manufacturers to compete with thickness of the lithograph and the foundation upon which It is mounted the foreign producer. The importation of these articles amounted in or pasted; books of paper or other matel'ial for children's use, litho value for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1912, to $600,972.50, with graphically printed in whole or in part, not exceeding in weight 24 du ties amounting to 300,583.50. ounces each, 4 cents per pound; fashion magazines or periodicals printeu It is a well-known fact that the proportionate cost of labor is much in whole or in part by lithographic process or decorated by band 6 ~reater in all paper mills making tissue paper or other high-grade and cents per. pound ; booklets, wholly or in chief value of paper, decoratetl exp<'nsive pape1·s than in those making the cheaper grades. in whole or in part by hand or by spraying, whether or not lithographed, 'The following comparisons indicate the conditions of our mark£:t as 12 cents per pound ; decalcomanias in ceramic colors, weighing not over cont rasted with those in Germany, which country would be the chief 100 pounds pei· thousand sheets, on a basis of 20 by 30 inches in dimen gainer ty lowering the tarifr on these grades of paper. sions, 60 cents per pound : weighing over 100 pounds per thousand sheets 'The ta tistics as to German wages are obtained from the report of the on a basis of 20 by 30 inches in dimensions, 15 cents per pound · all German Imperial Government supplying labor items of German mills other decalcomanias, except toy decalcomanias, 20 cents per pound.' for the sear lDlO. as incorporated in the report of the United States conS\Jl general, Robei·t P. Skinner: ~Ir . LODGE. l\Ir. President, the lithographic industry is a Germany. very large one. There are some 40,000 wage earners employed RkillPd labor ______8 cents to 16 cents per hour. in it. It is purely domestic. I think they ha\e no exports to Unskilled labor______6 cents to 11 cents per hour. speak of. I will not undertake to argue the case of this pro America. Sk!llrd labor______25 cents to 50 cents per hour. posed reduction, because I know the reduction will be made, but n killed la!Jor ______13 cents to 25 cents per hour. I should like to ask leaYe to have printed in the RECORD a memo In addition to wbi.ch, labor in America works shorter hours than rial from the press feeders, men who work at this busines . I similar labor in Germany. This is strong proof that labor bas obtained also should like to have printed a letter from a n~ry huge a large share of benefit from the present tariff act, and if the tariff is reduced on these papers labor must eventually give up a portion of its lithographic company in my own State. I desire to put in the gain. RECORD the objections to the reductions that are proposed. to We mo. t earnestly request that the present method of having a specific be made. clnty as ell as ad valorem duty be continued oµ these papers, becau c from oul' experience we have found that when an ad valorem duty only The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there objection? The Cllair is to be collected there is a constant temptation to importers to under- hears none. 3720 I co GRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. AUGUST 25, The papers referred to n re as follows : And will it not hit hard the American workmen to have this work done abroad? A memorial addressed to the Committee on Finance of the United Cutting the duty on calendars will not reduce the pl"ice of the goods States Senate. sold by the man buying the calendars, but it will mean tbat American In tl:!e interest of the 40,000 wa .... eworkers engaged in the American manufacturers will have less calendars to print and less work for Jitbo.0 Tnphic industry, not only in the allied trades but in all depart American workmen. re.ents necessary to the completion of the lithographic product, a re Gentlemen, these few illustrations should be convincing enough to spectful bnt most emphatic protest is herewith submitted against the prove that the proposed cuts in our schedule wlll not benefit the con reduction in Schedule M as proposed in II. R. 3321, as a basis of which sum~g public, but will Injure the American workmen. '!'be general protest w~ submit as follows : pubhc ls not appealing for a reduction in the lithographic schedule; the The American lithographic indu try is solely a domestic industry, o.nly ones appealing for this reduction are the importers, who want the enimged in producing a commodity marketable only in the United States, lithography consumed in this country printed by foreign workmen; and H having no foreign market, due to the fact of the lower wages and we American workmen protest against this. We are compelled to sup longer hours under which foreign lithographic workmen are employed, port our country in times of peace, as well as war; and we can not do • 11 of which makes competition not only impracticable but impossible. it wel~ unI~ss we have .work. :.rhere might be reason to bring about a With this condition in mind, facing the inevitable fact that even reduct10n ir the consummg publlc was demanding it but they are not. nnder our present tariff law we are already to a very large extent at Why do not they open up a plant in this counth and g°lve work to this moment compelled to meet the competition forced by active and the Am~rican people under the present taritr rate? One firm has moved energetic importers securing orders on this side to be produced by its entue plant to New York from Germany and is employing · our foreign workmen, we feel justified ill.. contending that the proposed re people. duction as contemplated in the House bill will seriously interfere with Prior to the Pa:yne-Aldrich bll_l you were unable in the city of Wash tl:!e steadiness of our present employment, which we may well add here ington to buy -a Vlew card or picture card that was not mnde in Ger is as much an important question to us as the amount of our weekly many. Thanks to the present tariff rates, you are now able to buy a wage it. elf. picture o.f the White House and other national buildings that is printed As a matter of fact, our industry already shows signs of a possibly by American workmen. tlull season, brought on, we believe, not through any deliberate attempt The import~r says that the present tariff rate is prohibitive. As an on the part of the employer, but on the part of large customelS through answer to this. we refer you to page 258 of the Government Tariff the mere probability or possibility of a change or reduction in the Handbook, which will show you that importations have inc1·eased under present tariff law. the present tariff law. . For your information let us state that the American lithographic in We could cite many other cases, but feel that enough has been stated dustry is one of the highest paid industries, outside of the diamond cut to show that American workmen will be injuriously affected if any ter., in this country. The skill demanded of its craftsmen is acquired change is made in the existing law. We appeal to you to make no only after years of earnest study and much labor; one enters our chang:e. We want work ; the cost of living, increasing as it is, makes industry as a boy and must pass through the various branches before that imperative. So we ask you to give preference to American work he reaches the ultimate goal of highest perfection. Our workmen men over foreign workmen, when it ls clearly shown that the "'eneral repr~-ent the highe t type of the American workmen. More than 95 public is not abused or overtaxed. " per cent are citizens, born or naturalized ; one language is spoken in In closing, we appeal to you to give thi your earnest consideration onr shops; and a mutual love and interest in our country is shown on and car~ful thought, and that our industry will be judged alone and on all side . its ments ; and that our efforts to convince you will be fruitful of re And these are the men who ha>e invested the best years of their ~~~~·e a~~- remove from our minds the frightful thought of dull times life in this indnstry, believing their Government would foster it, aid it to expand and thereby increase the opportunity to secure employment. Thanking you in 11dvance for any consideration given I am They did not expect that their Government through any legislation Respectfully, ' ' proposed or enacted would retard its expansion and most likely start it W. 0. COAKLEY, on a road of decline by allowing the cheap labor abroad to put their Gcneml President International ProtecUve Association of commodity in competition with American workmen in the United Lithographic Press Feeders, Uniteci States a11a Canada. States market, while the cheapness of their labor prohibits us from putting our American production in competition with theirs in their BOSTO~, l\IAss., A1n-il 16, 1913. own market. Hon. HEXRY CA.Bo:r LODGEl, Our industry is composed of the following craftsmen : Lithographic United States Senate, Washington, D. C. artists. pressmen, transferrers, prove1·s, engravers; the wages of whom DEAR Sm: In reference to Schedule M, paragraphs 337 and 341, range from $20 to $100 per week, in accordance with the skill required. pages 82 and 83, H. R. No. 10, the proposed retluction in duties in In addition we have the stone grainers, press feeders, paper cutters, lithographic material is such an extreme cut in the rate that it will and embosser , all of whose wages range from 14 to $20 per week, seriously cripple the lithograph business in the United States. The nnd in many ca.ses higher; and then· we have the press tenders, bronze reduction in the rate is a serious matter and yet the Ways and Means feeders, and many thousunds of men and women engaged in putting Committee have embodied in their bill the tariff on a strictly ad the finishing touches on our product before it reaches the ultimate valorem rate. consumer. • As far back as the Wilson bill, it was recognized that the ad valorem Prom the above you may readily get a brief idea that it is a highly rate as applied to lithography was a delusion and a snare, and for that skilled trade, paying a wage in excess of industries enjoying a higher reaso~ the authors of the bill-althou~h D~mocrats, .as the present rate of protection. It is most unjust. to compare our industry with majonty of the Ways and Means Committee 1s-recogmzed the justice some other industries which seek to employ labor willing to live at a of having a specific rate, which they applied to most of the items on standard lower than ours. the lithographic schedule. We want to be judged alone on our mE:rits. If our ports of entry The Dingley bill made some further additions to the items bearing are thrown open to the labor of the world, we must meet their com specific rate, and the Payne-Aldrich bill was made an absolutely petition here, and in addition it is unreasonable for us to be compelled specific rate as applying to the general line of lithography. The con to meet a competition of the production of the same workmen when tention of the American lithographer that the rates atrecting lithog they are engaj?ed and employed abroad. Their low wages and longer raphy should be specific was indorsed strongly by the customs officials hours especially place us at a thorough disadvantage to them. Is it having to do with the enforcement of the law, as tt is absolutely im fair, now, to try, as some of the importers and foreign workmen's possillle for any person to decide upon a fair valuation of lithographic friends would wish to do, to create a condition between this country work, as there are so many different conditions entering into this such and abroad whereby the foreign workmen would have a better chance on as 11uantity ordered, the method of production, etc. ' printing such lithography as the American consumer might desire, When the lithographic schedule was on an ad valorem basis or a while the low-wage conditions abroad deny us the same right? partly ad valorem basis, it was notoriou.s that the goods were under The dominant party was not put in power for this purpose ; it was valued and there was no means of preventing same. to rectify wrongs and not create them. Downward revision, in our Our company employs from 800 to 1,000 people all at the highest humble judgment, was not meant to place the American workmen in rate of wages, and wages that are as four to one as compared with .open and unfair competition with the markets of the world. To do so Germany, although in order to hnve no controversy on this point the 'ln our industry would ine-ritably tend to lower our standard of living National Association of Employing Lithographers-of which we are to that of otlier countries, not through any reduction of our weekly members-in brief filed with the Ways and Means Committee (of wage, but through lack of work. which we inclose copy) stated the basis as about three to one, being It must be borne in mind that in the event of lack of work in our in the wages claimed by the Germans, as stated In the message of Mr. dustry our working people can not find equally remunerative work in Taft (S. Doc. 68, pp. 1-2, 61st Cong., 1st sess.) . Taking this basis other industries. Such a thing is impossible; our people have spent of the German cost of labor as supplied by the Germans in the message year in attaining their skill and could not work at any industry except of the President above referred to, it shows (the labor cost of lithog at its lowest order; you could not expect a lawyer who had lost his raphy being 45 ,per cent) that in order to provide for the differential practice to make an equally good living as a dentist. Neither can a in the cost of labor here and in Germany, we would require a.d valorem lithog1·:ipher. rate of 43 per cent. but an ad valorem rate of 43 per cent would be If iUe proposed revision is enacted into law the general consuming wrong on account of the undervaluation that would be resorted to. public· will not benefit by it at all ; the only beneficiaries of . such re In the brief of the National Association of Employing Lithographers, duction will be the few lithographic importers and the foreign workmen. ; on page 8, column B, it sho s the duty reduced to the specific rate that and the sutrerers will be the American workn:en. To this end here are should oQ.tain in order to provide for this difi'.erential in wages. a few illustrations: We appreciate that as one of the minority members of the Finance Lithographic cigar labels are used ln 1 color and upward to 15 Committee it may be difficult for you to render that assistance to colors ; some at times desire more style to their box and use metal leaf. American industry that you have always extended he1·etofore; at the Therefore some labels a.re ten times as expensive a.s others. Does any same time we believe that if the minority will insist upon having the consumer of a cigar notice any change in the price when the label is Finance Committee grant hearings, so that the matter can again be changed to a less expensive one? Therefore the consuming public will gone into, the protests that would be otl'lired to House um No. 10 would not benefit by the proposed cut; if enacted into law the beneficiary will be so strong that the majority of the Finance Committee might make be the foreign workmen ; the sufferer the American workmen. recommendations independent of the Ways and Me:i.ns Committee. The same principle will apply to the cigar band ; the proposed reduc Anything that you can do will be much appreciated; also any sug tion will not change the price of a cigar ; it will only result, as before gestions as to the proper procedure under the circumstances. stated. in a detriment to our work people. Yours, very truly, Will the proposed cut in decalcomania make the retail price of a THE FORBES LITHOGR.APII MFG. Co., Singer sewing machine, an Underwood typewriter, or a Steinway piano F . .T. BLAXEY. less because by the cut in decalcomania duties one-quarter of 1 cent Is .Mr. SMOOT. I n that connection I desire to say that I baYe \!laved in decorating the machine? We all know that the general publlc w ill be paying the same price for the above instruments regardless of a memorial addressed to the Committee on Finance of the t he cut; and we further know that the American workmen will suffer United States Senate similar to the one just presented by the :md foreign labor benefit thereby. Senator from l\fassachusetts, but as he has presented a memorial Will the retail price of a booklet with colored cover and insert, which r epre ·ents only about one five-hundredth part of the cost of manufac on the subject I shall not present the one I have. t ure per thousand, be less if the cut in the tariff is made, as provided Mr. GALLINGER. Mr. President, this is a matter in which in the Underwood bill? Will such a cut be a benefit to the consumer? I have felt a great deal of interest; but while I greatly regret 1913. CO:NGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 3721 thn t these large reductions have been ma.de, I shall not ask for PARAGilAPH 3S2. a yea-and-nay vote. The importations of this line of goods are Note that photographic paper, sensitized and ready for use in making photographs, pays the same duty as the plain basic paper. Thera already very large, and it seems to me that it would be good should be a compensatory duty of nt lenst 10 per cent. policy for us to encourage domestic production rather than to Compa1·ison of Payne-Aldrich rntes with U11dcricood bill (par. 334) . lower the duty and encourage additional importations. The latter, however, seems to be the policy of the Senators in charge Old duty Proposed Rf:?duc- of the bill. Of course, we have got to submit to it, and it Price per pound. .I duty. tion. would be idle to waste time in calling the roll. So I simply will content myself with the obsenation I ha-ve made. Per cent. P er cent. Per cent. The °' ICE PRESIDE!'"T. The question is on agreeing to the 5 cents ...... 75 25 50 committee amendment. 6 cents ...... 65 25 40 The amendment was agreed to. 7 cents ...... 58 25 35 8 cents ...... 52 25 27 The reading of the bill was resumed. 9 cents ...... 48 25 23 The next amendment of the Committee on Finance was, in 10 cents ...... 45 25 20 paragraph 334, page 103, line 21, after the word "note," to in ert the word "drawing"; and in line 25, after the word We suggest a uniform duty of 40 per cent. " typewriter," to strike out the word "manifold," so as to make H. A. lUOSES. Chairman. the paragraph read : CHABLES McKER!':OX. A. W. ESLEECK. 334. Writing, letter, note, drawing, handmade paper nnd paper com mercially known as handmade paper and machine handmade paper, l\fr. S~IOOT. The equivalent ad valorem under the present japan paper and imitation japan paper by whatever name known, and ledger, bond, record, tablet, typewriter. and onionskin and imitation law on writing paper enumerated in this paragraph is 45.2-3 per onionskin papers calendered or uncalendered, whether or not any such cent, and it is now proposed to reduce it to 25 per cent. paper is ruled, bordered, emb<>ssed, printed, lined, or decor11ted in any The VICE PRESIDENT. The question is on agreeing to the manner, 25 per cent ad vulore.m. committee amendment. .i\Ir. LODGE. l\Ir. President1 I merely wish to say, that this The amendment was agreed to. reduction on writing paper is a very seyere one. I have here a The reading of the bill was re urned; and the Secretary read table that was calculated on some earlier drafted tariff bill, in paragraph 335, as follows: wllich it was proposed to impose a duty of 30 per cent, whereas 335. Paper envelopes, folded or flat, plain, bordered, embossed, here it is 25 per cent, and the i·eduction on the basis of 30 per printed, tinted, decorated, 01- linecl, 15 per cent ad valorem. cent ranges from 56 per cent to 27 per cent. They are enor l\lr. SHEff:\IAN. l\Ir, President, I wish respectfully to protest mous reductions. This is a vei·y expensh·e grade of paper, against the rate of duty fixed in that paragraph. The paragraph made by mills which have to import a great deal of their ma fixes an ad valorem rate of 15 per cent on paper envelopes. The terial, on some of which they have to pay a heavy duty. I paper stock out of which the en-velopes are manufactured is h:lYe a brief stutement here, which I shall ask to have printed dutiable at 25 per cent ad valorem. The em·elope manufac in my remarks, and I shall say nothing further about the turers in this country, who are obliged to buy paper stock with matter. the rate fixed at 25 per cent, find themselyes in a -very disad The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, permission to vantageous position in the market. It is a discrimination, not do so is granted. intentionally made I am quite sure, but, nevertheless, the effect The statement referred to is as ·follows: of it is of a highly dicriminating character. It puts the paper • WilITI:XG-PAPER L....-DL"STRY. manufacturer on the market with a 25 per cent duty on the Inve tment------$34,000,000 Employees------16, 000 stock, while it puts his product on the market with only a 15 Wages annually ______. ______$10,000,000 per cent rate of protection. It is in the same category as a There are 88 mills located in the following States: J\I.aine, Massa number of other productions. Taking a larger subject to illus chusetts. Connecticut, Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio, Michigan, Wis trate tlle same thing, wheat for a time was proposed to be made consin, District of Columbia. dutiable at 10 cents a bushel under the House bill rate, while LABOR CO~DITIONS. flour was free listed. The manufacturer of paper envelopes in The departments in our mills which work 24 hours per day are run on three shifts of 8 hours each, and in those departments which work this country finds himself in precisely the same condition when days only the 9-hour day prevails. No children are employed, and paragraph 335 is read alongside of paragraph 332, which con women work 50 to 54 hours per week. No women or minors are em tains in it the paper stock which the manufacturer is obliged ployed at night. The work done by women is light and not injurious to h ealth. The mills are well lighted and ventllated and no injurious to buy on the market for the manufacture of the article. It fumes or gases are employed in the process. puts him in a Yery disadvantageous position in the manufacture WAGES. and will result in some injmy to the industry. The following comparisons indicate the conditions in America as Before resuming my seat I wish to giye notice that on to contrasted with those in Germany, which country will be the chief morrow at the conclusion of the address of the senior Senator gainer by lowering the tariff on these grades of papers. The statistics as to German wages are obtained from a report of the German Imperial from Kentucky [Mr. BRADLEY] I shall address the Senate on Government incorporated in a report by the United States coru;ul gen House bill 3321. eral, Robert P. Skinner. I GERM.A.NY. Mr. JOHNSON. Mr. President, wish simply to make a sug Skilled labor, 8 to 16 cents per hour. gestion, in ansW"er to what the Senator from Illinois has said, unskilled labor, 6 to 11 cents per hour. that there is in the present law the same difference between AMERICA. en-velopes and writing paper. The paper out of which envelopes Skilled Jabor, 25 to 50 cents per hour. are made is now dutiable at 40 per cent and the em-elopes at 20 Unskilled lab :Mr. SHEIL\L..\.:N". Vnde1· the present law is there both a spe The SECRETARY. In paragraph 337 paae 104 line 12 after cific aud an ad ·rnJorern duty? the word "unbound," it is proposed by the co~ittce to' sfrike Mr. HUGHES. No; it is merely an ad ·rnJorem duty. There out "including," anu insert "not specially proYicled for, 15 ver is in the existing law an ad valorern rate of 20 per cent upon cen_t ad Yalorem"; in line 16, aftei· the word ' foreaoing" plain em·elopes. to msert " wholly or in chief Yalue of paper " · in line 20 aft~r The reading of the bill was resumed. the word " inch," to insert " in thickness " ; 'in line 23' after 1 The next amendment of the Committee on Finance was, in th~ word "cards," to strike out ' occupying 35...square in~hes or paragraph 3SG, page 104, line 9, after the word " paper," to less of surface per view " ; and in line 25 after the word " form " strike out "and wrapping paper not specially pro-\ided for in to sh·il:,e out "45 per cent ad valorem," ~nd insert " 25 cents i1~r this section," so as to make the paragraph read: pound, so as to make the paragraph read: 336.. Jacquard designs on ruled paper, or cut on Jacquard cards, and 337~Books of all kinds, bound or unbound not specially prnvided parts of such designs, cardboard and bristol board, press boards or for, 1<>. '!er cent ad valorem; .blank books, slate books and pamphlets, 11i-ess paper, papCL· han~ngs with paper back or composed wholly or in engravm,,,s, p~otographs, etchmgs, maps, charts, music in books or chief value of paper, 25 pe1· cent ad valorem. sheets, and prmted n;iatter, all the foregoing, wholly or in chief value of paper, and not. specially provided for in this section 15 per cent The arnenclment was agreed to. ad valore~. Views of any landscape, scene, building, place or locality The Secretary proceeded to read paragraph 337. in the Umted States, .on C3;rdboayd or paper, not thinner than eight one-t~onsand~s of ;t. mch rn thickness, by whatever process printed .i\lr. STEilLING. l\Ir. President, it seems to me that para o_r produc~d, mcludmg those wholly or in part produced by either graph 337 ought to go over and be considered in connection with llthograph1c or photogelatin process (except show cards) bound or unbound, or in any ot!Ier form, 2[) cents per pound; thinner' than ci.,.ht paragraph 434 on the free list, which refers to books and pam one-thousandths of 1 mch, $2 per thousand. ., p!1Jets printed in languages other than Englis~. I ask that par agra11h 337 go over. The amendment was agreed to. ~fr. G.ALLINGEil. To what paragraph in the free list does l\I~'. G~LINGER. Ur. President, I simply rise to express the Sena tor refer ? gra_tification at the fact that the duty, as I understand, on :;\Jr. STERLIN"G. I hnse asked that paragraph 337 go over, to "news. of any landscape, scene, building, place, or locality iu !Je cousidered in connection with paragraph 434 of the free list. the U!11ted Sta!es." ha~ been largeJy increased by the Senate i\fr. JOHNSON. I did not hear the Senator, but I understand committee. This is an mdustry that was made uossible only a t hn. t he refers to books printed chiefly in other languages than few yea1~s ago by a provi.sion in the law. It has developed into the English language, does he not? a ~arge mdus~·y, employmg a great many people, and they are dolllg a magmficent work, I think equally as good as is done ~fr. STERLING. Yes, sir. ::.Ur. ·JOHNSON. The classification is different here-- ~n Germany or in any other foreign counh·y. I am delighted., Mr. STERLING. The first clause of paragraph 337 refers if I understand the matter correctly, to observe that the duty to all books not specially provided for, and provides an ad has been kept at a point where there is no danger of the in n1lorern duty of 15 per cent; but it would seem, from a reading dustry being harmed. of fue remainder of the paragraph and a reading of paragraph l\Ir. LODGE. l\Ir. President, I desire to say that the duty on 434, that books and pamphlets printed chiefly in languages books has hitherto been confined to books in the EngJi h lcm other than English are the only other books not specially pro guage less than 20 years old, and th'e duty for many, mnuy years. has been 25 per cent. A large reduction has been runue vided for. Mr. LODGE. Those are stricken from the free list, and that in paragraph 337. tllrows them under this paragraph at 15 per cent. I think the Speaking from some knowledge of the question of book I two paragraphs should be considered together, as the Senator wi~l say that it is true that more and more of our printing' is sugge ts. berng done abroad. Our wages have risen here over 30 i1e:..· .Jlr. STERLIN"G. Yes; that is what I have asked. cent and the working hours have decreased. Mr. HUGHES. I suggest to the Senator that the paragraph In a brief which I shall later ask to have printed, I find the nrny be considered now, as the question can be taken up in con foliowing statement : nection with the consideration of paragraph 434 of the free list. Proprietary article manufacturers and dealers in patent mediciars and many others arc now having their advertising literature prinb~d The VICE PRESIDEI\!"'T. Does the Senator from New Jersey abroad and distributed in this country through the foreign mails and "'ish the I>aragraph to be acted on now? publishers of periodicals and magazines who give bound ·books us pre· miums with a year's subscription are beginning to ship their electro Mr. JOHXSON. We should like to have it ren.d by the Sec type plates abroad to be printed from. retary am1 acted upon. The VICE PRESIDENT. The Senator from North Dakota The interest which has been shown by Congress in the priutiug has a ked that the paragr.aph go over. trade is best witnessed by the fact that under the copyrigl.lt l\Ir. RTERLING. I will say that the first clause in paragraph laws no book can be copyrighted which is not made iu 1his 337 is the important clause and has relation to paragraph 434. country. An English author seeking a copyright must haYe his The first clause in paragraph 337 imposes u duty of 15 per cent book printed in this country. au ni.lorern on books of all kinds, bound and unbound, not The profits in the printing trade have not been great. ::mu sp· dally provided for. the competition has been so severe that the employees iu that ~lr. HUGHES. Will the Senator permit an interruption 1 business for the past two years have not averaged OYCl' ::?GO .Jlr. STERLING. Yes, sir. days' work out of 300 working days. I know how great the .J1r. HUGHES. The Senator, I presume, de ires to make a competition has been not only in p1inting our books but iu bi1;d change with reference to certain books that have been stricken in:g them. The binding business, especially that of fine bindings, from the free list? J;ias been almo t extinguished in this country under present legis l\!r. STERLING, Yes. lation, and I do not think it can possibly stand very much rnoro l\Ir. HUGHES. The fact that the Senate agrees to this para reduction. gn1ph will have no effect upon that. It is the free-list para This is a matter affecting particularly the printers; it has graph in which the Senator is interested, so that we can agree nothing to do with the publishers. They can easily have their to this without affecting that in any way. -Of course, if anything printing done wherever it can be done the cheapest. Mn.uy is done in connection with the paragraph on the free list which books now come over in sheets. would umke it necessary to return to this paragraph, that can I wish to haYe printed in the RECORD two brief statements be done later. which have been made and which I have here, one fToru the Ir. STERLING. If that is certain, I have no objection to the Typothetre of the City of New York and the other from the consideration of this paragraph, but I think books not otherwise Allied Printing Trades Council of Greater New York, compo...,ed ~pecially provided for in the first clause of paragraph 337-- of working printers and constituting one of the largest and 1\lr. HUGHES. If we put them upon the free list, they are most important trade organizations in the country. I ask that ~pecially proYided for. the statements to which I have referred may be printed '1ith l\[r. NELSON. If the Senate amendment to paragraph 43i my remarks. js disagreed to, that would settle the matter and would leave The VICE PRESIDENT. In the absence of objection, per the provision as the House bill had it. mission is granted. l\lr. HUGHES. The Senator is correct about that. The matter referred to is as follows: Mr. NELSON. On Saturday I asked that paragraph 434 go BRIEF OF THE TYPOTHETE OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, A"N" OI:GAXIZ.J.. over with a view to having it further considered by the com TION COMPOSED OF OVER 100 PilINTIXG AKD PRINTING S UPPLY llOUSES, BEFORE THE COi\IMITTEE O"N" WAYS AND MEANS, UNITED STATES JIOCSE mittee, so as to see if the House provision could not be restored. OF REPRESENTATIVES, IIN THE MATTER OF 'l'ARIIi'l>' DATE ON BOOKS AND l\Ir. HUGHES. The action we are attempting to take now PRINTED MATTER. is in perfect accord with that understanding. For almost 50 years the tariff rate on books and printed matter b.as '.rh2 VICE PRESIDENT. The Chair understands that para been 25 pe1· cent ad valorem. Since the act of 1864 to the t11'esent day it has been uniformly the same. This is ::i. significant ci.rcum-tance graph 337 will be considered. The Secretary will state the when it is remembered that in that time there have been many tariff amendments to the paragraph. acts in the preparation of which the same carefnl and diligent invcsti- • 1913'. OONGRESSION AL RECORD-SENATE . 3723 gatlon of the- condJtions of the trade have been made as is now being Impo1·tatio11s of ?looks and othe1· printed matte1· between the yeai·s macle by- the pi!e ent committee. Beginning with 1887 wages have 1907-1911. steadily increased ~over ~O per cent) nnd working hours have steadily Free o! duty: decreased (over· 20 per cent~: 1007------~------$3,379,182 It would appear therefore that the time has come for an increase of 1~08 ______~---~------3,071,173 the tariff rate to at least 35 per cent if this industry is to continue to employ, hundreds of thousands of workmen at high wa1"'es. Durmg the last" three years great quantities o! printing that was formerly done in this country has been done abroad. . Importations of bool~s an.d otl1er printed matter betic)cn the 11ears Propl'ietary articfo manuiacturers and dealers in patent medicines ~8r~======JSOi-1.912. ~:ig8:~r~ an 3724 co~ GRESSIO:N '\_L RECORD- SEN.A.TE. AUGUST 25, that sufficient stati tics are gi•en to show that the abuses already exist. in the United States and the small amount imported; and. they were The foilowing is a table taken from page 4941 regarding bookbinding, of the opinion that a little more competition Should be introduced. whieh was fil ed by one of the bookbindet·s in this city, a firm that had On analyzing those conclusions, we tlnd that there is no reasonable to compete mot·e than othe1· firms with the foreign manufacturers: excuse for !ncluding the money invested in newspapers. the money in "'l'he American extra binder is unable to compete with the foreigner, vested in magazines, and that money which is invested in what may be first, because his wages vary, as follows: • termed purely commercial printing-that is, printing wbi~h would have "EXGLAXD. to be done in this country regardless of how low the tal'itI may be. In "Girl ~ , 10s. to lGs. ($2 to 4). other word , they bu ed their conclusions on the amount of money in "Forwarders. 30s. ($7.50). vested in the printing industry as a whole, when they should have only "Assistant finisher, 32s. to 36s. ($8 to . 9). arrived at thtir conclu ·ions accordin_g to that part of the industry in " Finishers, 3Gs. to 44s. ( $D to 11). w~ich there. is comp tition. with foreign countrie . If th y had done this, w_e feel very well satisfied that there would not he any serious " UXITED STATES. complamt on our part, for the Yery good reason that they would not "Girls, $8 to $10 (increase 250 to 400 per cent) . have recommended the present reduction. " Forwarders, . 21 (increase 200 per cent). Now, there are no monopolies or trusts in the printing trades. It " Assistant finishers, $20 to . 22 (increase 150 per cent) . bas been impossible to organiz~ ·one up to the present time. and owing "Finishers, • 24 to $30 (increase 150 per cent) ." to the small margin of profit upon which printers do their business the The table following, taken from page 4944, is filed by the same manu industry is not very attractive to people who would like to organize a facturer and is also very useful : trust or monopoly. We are of the opinion, from out· expet·iences with Schedule sho1 ing tlle percentage of labor cost as compared icith the the printing trades and our knowledge of other industries, that pi·inters totai amount r eceived for binding 1,000 books and single copies fa do a larger business on a narrower margin of profit than any other c:ctra binding. industry in the country. They are now reduced to the minimum, and if the tariff bars are going to be let down and they are thrown into competition with the cheap labor of foreiipi countries it is going to Price result in a very serious injury to our busme s. It Wl.111 mean that a Ex- Mate- charged Net Per Labor pense rial Di<;- amount cent large number of our people will be thrown out of employment, that we cost. for count. re- of will not be able to keep up either the high wages or decent working con cost. cost. binding ceived. labor. ditions which have been securnd through our power of organization. perM. We sincerely trust that your committee will give this matter their ------,_------deepest consideration and investigation, and we are sure that after you have done that there will be no reduction in the tariff rates on pl'inted Paper-covered books ...... 12.50 $6.25 Sl.00 $22. 00 $0.66 $21. 34 58 matter. Cloth-covered books ...... 60.50 30.25 15.25 120. 00 3.GO 116.40 52 Placing this office at 'your disposal for any information or assistance Do ...... 20. 75 10. 40 12. 75 51.00 1.53 49. 47 42 we can render, I remain, Do ...... 31.00 15.50 27.00 85.00 2.55 82.45 37 Yours, very truly, PETER J . BRADY, Secretary . . Cheap leather books ...... 92.00 46.10 14 . 00 330. 00 9.90 320. 00 30 Cloth-covered books ...... 61.00 30.50 100.00 220. 00 6.60 213. 40 28 Mr. GALLINGER. l\lr. President, I wi~h to give notice that Commercial, extra bind- when the bill is being considered in the Senate I shall a k for ing, per copy ...... 93 . 24 .32 1. 75 .051 1.69! 54 Extra binding, rare book, a yea-and-nay vote on the first amendment in paragraph 337, per copy ...... 24.60 6. 15 4.25 40.00 ...... 40.00 60 reducing the duty on book~ to 15 per cent. The reading of the bill was resumed. On page 4966 is the following table, taken from an investigation made The next amendment of the Oommittee on Finnnce wns, on by the United States Department of Commerce and Labor, and it is page 105, to strike out all of paragraph 340, in the following authentic: words : Table of compai-atli:e 1cages of compositors ancl pressmen of the United States and continental Europe. 340. All papers and manufactures of paper. or of which paper i the component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this section. 25 per cent ad valorem. Country. Workmen. Weekly wages. 'i::?;.Y And to insert in lieu thereof : 34.0. Papers or ca.rdbc;ard, cut, die cut, or stamped Into de igns ell.· shapes. such as initials, monograms, lace, border , or other form . and UNITED STA TES. all po t cards, not including American view , plain, decorated. embossed, Compositors, hand ...... 25. 00 to $30. 00 48 or printed. except by lithographic proce s, and all papers and manufnc N Y k C-0mpositors, machine .... . 26. 00 to 30. 00 ture of paper or of which paper is the component material of chief ew or · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · Pressmen, flat-bed ...... 26. 00 to 30. 00 value, not specially provided for• in this section, 25 per cent ad Talorem. Pressmen, rotary ...... 32.00 48 ENGLA..."'(D . ! The amendment was agreed to. Compositors, hand ...... 10.0(J The reading of the bill was resumed, and the Secretary pro London...... {Compositors, machine ... . . 12.00 50 Pressmen ...... 12. 00 to 15.00 50 ceeded to read paragraph 341, on page 105, uncler the heading SCOTLAND. . "Schedule N-sundries." Compositors, hand ...... 8. 50 l\lr. HUGHES. I ask to have that paragraph passecl oYer. Edinburgh...... {Compositors, machine .... . 10.00 50 Pressmen ...... 9. 00 to 12.00 50 'l'he VICE PRESIDENT. It will be passed over. GERM.ANY. . The reading of the bill was resumed. B" lin }Compositors ...... 9. 00 to 10.00 54 vr · · ·· · ············ ······ tPressmen ...... The next amendment of the Committee on Finance was, on 7. 00 to 9.00 54 page 106, to strike out paragraph.342, in the following words: FRANCE. {Compositors, hand ...... 8.00 60 342. Braids. featherstitch braids. fringes, gimps, gorings, all the. fore· ;paris ...... •••...... •...... Compositors, machine .... . 12. 00 48 going of whatever material composed, and articles made wholly or in Pressmen ...... 10. 00 60 chief value of any of the foregoing not specially provided for in this section, 50 per cent ad valorem. The above table deals only with pressmen and compositors. No And to insert in lieu thereof the following : information is given as to the other branches of the printing industry, 342. Ramie hat braids, 40 per cent ad valorem ; manufactlll'es of such as photo-engraving, electrotyping, and bindery work; but it is ramie hat braids, 50 per cent ad valorem. safe to assume the diITerence in the wages paid in electrotyping and photo-engraving is about the same as that paid for composition and The amendment was agreed to. presswork. As to the pi·ie:es paid for bindery work, I believe it is in the tables given on pages 4941 and 4944 .., The next amendment was, in paragraph 343, page lOG, line 10, When .reading the testimony giyen at these hearings it is advisable after the word " bark," to strike out " ramie," and in the same to note that all of the people who appeared in favor of a reduction of paragraph, line 16, after the word " bark," to strike out the tariff on printed matter are publishers and not manufacturers, and only a small percentage of the manufacturers have appeared before '.' ramie," so as to make the paragraph read: your committee. Tho e few who have appeared have very ably pre 343. Braids, plaits, laces, and willow sheets or squares, compc;sed sented to you the reasons why the tariff on printed matter should wholly or in chief value of straw, chip, gra s, palm leaf, wlllow, o ier, remain as it is, and particularly the Bible manufacturers have given rattan, real horsehair, cuba bark, or manila hemp, suitable fot· making good reasons why Bible should not be placed upon the free list. or ornamenting hats, bonnets, oi· hood , not bleached, dyed, colored, or We hope that you will take all of these things into consideration and stained, 15 per cent ad Yalorem; if bleached,,.dyed, colored, or stained, give them your closest attention. We beg to submit the following 20 per cent ad valot·em ; hats, bonnets, and hoods compr.scd wholly or in amendments "to the proposed tariff bill, which amendments were sub chief value of strnw, chip, grass, palm leaf, willow, osier, rattan, cuba mitted to the Democratic caucus, but went the way of all other amend bark, or manila hemp, whether wholly or partly manufactured, but not ments-received no serious consideration from that body: blocked or trimmed, 25 per cent ad valorem ; if blocked or trimmed, "Amend, section 337, page 82, line 12, by striking out the figures and in chief value of such materials, 40 per cent ad valorem. But the ' 15 ' and inserting in lieu thereof the figures ' 25 ' ; also by striking out terms "grass" and "straw" shall be understood to mean these sub in line 21, same section and page, the figures ' 12 ' and insertin$ in lieu stances in their natural form and structure, and not the separated thereof the figures ' 25 ' ; also by striking out in line 1, pa.ge ?:S3, same fiber thereof. section, the figures ' 20 ' and inserting in lieu thereof the figures ' 25.' "Amend, section 341, page 83, by adding after the word ' including' The amendment was agreed to. in line 20 a. new line to read as follows : ' Bibles, comprising the books l\fr. LODGE. l\Ir. President, I wish to call attention to the of the Old or New Testament or both ' ; and by striking out of the proposed bill all of section 427, pag_e 105, lines 6 and 7; also by striking fact that in this paragraph the duty has been left the illlle on out of section 341, page " 3, line z4, the figures '15' and inserting in braids, which are the raw material of the indnstry and which lieu thereof the figm· ~ s '25 ' : also by striking out in section 341. page are largely imported, while the duty on tlle finished product 84, line 7, the figures ' 4u' and inserting in lieu the1·eof the figures ' 70.' " In our efforts to find out how the Ways and Means Committee has been seYerely reduced. I haYe called nttention to se,·eral a rrived at their conclusions for a reduction in the tariff rates on such incidents in tlle bill, where n double bnn1 n is i1ut npon printed mattet· we found tllat they had estimated according to the the American manufacturer, and he is not only expo eel to the to me the raw material and the others ought both to have been Mr. WEEKS. Not to the same extent, however, been.use we reduced, or neither. import more than three times as many brushes as we export. As showing the competition which we are obliged to meet, Mr. HUGHES. Our exports are quite considerable, as the I desire to submit an extract from a consular report as to the Senator will see. · manufacture of hats in China, which I think ought to be con Mr. WEEKS. Yes; I notice that they are about one-third of sidered by the committee in this connection. I shall not ask the imports. to have it read. Mr. HUGHES. ~ Those interested in the manufacture of The VICE PRESIDE~"'T. Without objection, the matter re brushes came before the committee and made their arguments, f erred to will be printed in the RECORD. and the opinion of the committee was that this was a fair rate. The matter referred to is as follows: I am not prepared to say that we would not have lowered- the TSINGTAU, CHINA, March 24, W18. rate further had we not considered this a legitimate object for Transmitting report on the manufacture of straw hats, I have the raising revenue. We found brushes were being exported to quite honor to inclose herewith a report on the manufacture of straw hats a considerable extent. In this district. 1.rhis report is submitted in response to a request for will information on the subject by 1Ir. Charles H. Guye, of 568-578 Broac"J, Mr. WEEKS. I think the Senator find that the importa way, New York, N. Y., and I ha'\e the honor to request that a copy tions are made entirely to nonm:mufacturing countries con be transmitted to him. • tiguous to us, and not to manufacturing countries. I have the honor to be, sir, Ur. BRISTOW. I simply desire to call the attention of the Your obedient servant, J"NO. A. BRISTOW, American Vice Consul i11, Charge. committee to the duty on brooms and brushes. The Senator MA.J.'\'UFACTUJlE OF STRA.W HATS IN '.1.'SINGTAU DISTRICT. from Massachusetts complains of the reduction on brushes from The manufacture of straw hats for sale to Chinese and to foreigners 40 per cent to 35 per cent. Broom corn has been placed on the has been made the subject of investigation by the straw-braid exportel"S free list, and in the case of manufactures of broom corn the of Tsingtau for several years. The possibilities for the success of such duty has been reduced from 40 per cent to 15 per cent. Broom an enterprise were enormously increased by que!1e cutting am~g the Chinese which seemed popular among them durmg and followmg the corn goes directly from the producer of broom corn, the farmer, revolnti~n in 1911-12. It is evident now to a traveler in North to the manufacturer. China that this radical change of custom has reached only a very small This is simply another indication that wherever the farmer percentage of the population. Whi.le there is a market among foreigners and those Chinese who has a direct or indirect interest in a product the lowest possible have come in contact with foreigners in the treaty ports, It is assumed duty is placed on it or .jt is put on the free list. that in establishing a factory for the manufacture of straw hats greater dependence would be placed on the sale of a very cheap hat. S9me The manufacturers of bristle brushes complain of a duty of protection for the head is necessary to the majority of the populat10n, 35 per cent; but the agricultural classes in our part of the whose work keeps them outside under a powerful sun for long hours. country 'are not treated with anything like the consideration Should queue cutting become prevalent the market is there. First among the Tsingtau exporters to show his faith in the possi that the manufacturers of the finer articles of commerce are. bilities of the trade, was an English straw-braid exporter. He had an Mr. LODGE. I will say to the Senator, in that connection, unfortunate business experience while seeking capital from the Chinese, that the makers of brooms feel this just as severely as the and was finally obli~ed to start on a very small scale. As indicated farmers. Of course they are the farmers' customers. above, greater attention was given to the manufacture of a large; soft hat, costing about 8 cents· to make, and retailing at 20 or 25 cents. Mr. BRISTOW. Certainly. Bettet· grades retailing at 40 cents and $1, also find sale. Mr. LODGE. They will be, they think, put out of business. Eight chea'p J"apanese machines are used in this factory, costing As to bristles, I think some of those come from the farms. about ~12 gold each. The braid used is that rejected by the English exporter, so the factory enjoys an advantage over the small Chinese l\lr. BRISTOW. But the farmer has very little interest in manufacturer who uses perhaps only enough braid for one machine. the bristles. Those are a by-product of the packer. The farmer The establishing of a separate agency for the Frovince of Shantung by the Singer Sewing Machine Co., with headquarters in Tsingtau, does ha.-e a very great interest in the growing of broom corn, has brought to the field a foreigner, who, by reason of his interest in howe.-er. the sale of hat-making machines, has stimulated interest in the industry i\Ir. NELSON. If the Senator will ·yield to me, as a farmer under consideratiou. He has sold two machines to a German firm in 'l'singtan who wishes to experiment, and has recently made several I will say-that when we butcher hogs we never save the bristles. sales to a mission school in the interior, where straw-braid and straw Mr. LODGE. I will not enter upon a discussion of the matter, hat making is taught. The output from this school is entirely the as I know it is useless to attempt to change the duty; but I cheap grade of hat. The German Government has long been interested In the establish .should like to ask that some letters from constituents of mine. ment of the straw-braid industry inside the Territory of Kiaochow, who are deeply interested in this matter, may be printed at this where it would not be affected by disturbances, and where the product point. / could be improved by closer supervision. Their efforts have not been The VICE PRESIDENT. In the absence of objection, that entirely successful, but a school bas been established, and in connection with this it has recently been proposed to open a straw-hat factory order will be made. under foreign management and using Chinese capital. The Singer The matter referred to is as follows: Sewing Machine agent is endeavoring to furnish the machines which will be installed in this factory, and is exhibiting in connection with an BOSTO~, MASS., lJiay 26, 1913. exhibit of the work of the straw-braid school several hat machines in Hon. HENRY CABOT LODGE, operation. This proposition, if carried out, will be the first attempt to Senator frnm Massachusetts, Washington, D. C. - take up the business on a large scale In Tsingtau. • DEAR SIR : In the tariff bill now before the Senate of the United The competition of the hats made in Japan from Chinese braid will States, the Underwood bi.ll, H. R. No. 10, it is proposed to reduce the be most keenly felt. Those hats retailing at about 20 cents gold are duty on house brooms from the present duty of 40 per cent ad valorem considered better by the coolie than the cheaper hats made here. to lo per cent. Further details and figures with regard to the factory first men Owing to the very large number of small factories throughout the tioned, will be available in a short tlroe, and will be submitted as a country engaged in manufacturing brooms such keen competition is supplement to this report. produced that the margin of profit to the manufacturer is now very Information regarding the manufacture of hats in Shanghai, Canton, small. so that any increased importation of foreign brooms will work and Hongkong can be more satisfactorily obtained by addressing the a real hardship on those now engaged in broom manufacturing in the offices in those ports United States. Already brooms are being imported from Japan in con Respectfully submitted. siderable quantities, and with the proposed reduction of the duty J"apan J"xo. A. BRISTOW, will be able to flood the country with her cheap-made goods to the Vice Cons1tZ in Ohm·ge. detriment of those in this country who are paying American wages for TSINGTAU, CHI~A, March 24, 1913. their labor. We earnestly request that you use your best efforts against any re The reading of the bill was resumed, and the Secretary read duction in the present tariff on brooms in the interest of your constitu paragraph 344, page 106, as follows: ents engaged in this business in the State of Massachusetts. 344. Brooms, made of broom corn, straw, wooden fiber, or twigs, 15 Yery respectfully, per cent ad valorem; brushes and feather dusters of all kinds, and hair L£E Brwo:u & D'GSTER Co. pencils in quills or otherwise, 35 per cent ad valorem. · Mr. WEEKS. I should like to ask the Senator in charge of FLonExcE 1\1_.L~UFACTURING Co., Flo1·e11ce, Mass., Apri l 80, 1913. this schedule what reason .was advanced for reducing the duty Senator HEXRY CABOT LODGE, on brushes. There seems to be keen competition in th!!t in Washington, D. 0. dustry in this country and in foreign countries as well. In a DEAR SENATOR LoDGE : Perhaps it is utterly useless for us or any speech made here not long ago I called the attention of the other manufacturers in our line to make any appeal in behalf of the tariff schedule as it affects our line of brushes. Your personal attitude, Senate to the fact that English and Japanese made brushes are· of course, we are thoroughly familiar with, and lmow that if the matter used in the cloakrooms of the Senate; and I notice, from the were of your own doing rou would at least give us a courteous hcm·ing. statistics of . importations, that there seems to be very keen While the Ways and Means Committee of the House have not made a very big cut in our schedule, at the same time a cut of 5 per cent on competition, not only in this country, but with foreign countries. brushes means as much as some of the terrible cuts that have been Mr. HUGHES. I wish to say to the Senator that the investi made on some of the other schedules. gation we made led us to the conclusion that this was n fair While we heartily appreciate the position in which you find yomself at the present time, perhaps you will be unable to do very much for competitive rate. I think, perhaps, brushes could have stood us, at the same time we feel that we should like to Jay the facts before more of a reduction, but there is considerable revenue involved. you, and ask that you l>e good enough to do whatever you consistently The fact that imported brushes appear in our cloakrooms does can to have the duty on brushes at least retained where it is at the present time, namely. 40 per cent ad valorem. What Wl! really ought not mean anything in particular. You will find our brushes in to have is 50 per cent, which would not be in any sense probil>itiye and the very countries from which these brushes are impo_rted. not at all protective. L--234 3726 CONGRESSIONAL-"R.ECORD-SENATE. AUGUST '.25, I t:lo not wan't fo 'burden you with all th~ 6eta11s, as 1 kI1-0w you have i j'.rirther ·prool' -0t · Io.bor costs in :.Japan. ·a f-ew ears ago an plenty to ·do as ii: is. and nre already .in po, session -of mo.re bt:iefs than importer of .Japanese products sent us some toothbrush bnndles ..made you can possibly Te.ad, so I just merely wish to call the matter to your of _bone xe_ady to have the bristles drawn ln. The -price be quotca, duty attention In this way, and would appreciate anything that you ean do paid 1:0 r ew York, in comparison wifh similar handles made in our for not only us but the brush manufactm·ers as a whole. own factro·~', hewed nn adva11tage in fa"l"OT of the Ja:pn.nese maker o:r The writer will 1Jrobably have to be in Wa:ihington some time during 25 per -cent. in spite of the -v.ery fact that ;mo3t o.f the bone u.c;ed in t he middle of the month, when the tariff bill is reportea to the Senate, 1 the manufacLLn·e of toothbrush bandles ls 'bought i.n the ntted States in the capacity o.f a .member of·a committee sc~ected by the brush manu- -nnd shipped ·to Japan. While it is improbnale tba-t 'handle for "t-0oth fnctm·ers of the Umted SU1t , to do Her~mg i~ our P-OWer to have brirs~es will he made in Japan ancl sent to this country (Uilited tirtes) , .the sehednle put back .to &-0 per ·cent, o.r, if r>o-ssilile, advnnced to -00 we imp1v give these fa'cts to show i:bat labor costs in th.e brush in })ei.' cw..t.. The la~t~r I ihink will lJrobahly be out of the question under ' dustry, esJ?ecia11y tooth ·and toilet brns"hes, are lower in Jn_pan than t he e.rtstiJ.lg ond1ttons. ' a_nywherc m the world, and in Y:iew of tlle rapidly increasing i pcn·ta- With h:m~~st regards, I n.m, tions of brushes from .Japan, nnr dndustry .is not srrfficiently prntected. Curdially, yours, W:u. ConDES. Although the ·United States Government does not perm1t .Japanese FLor-.E-.~'t'E, 'i\L\.Bs., Jmtuary 2.0, _ la.l>ot· to w..tcr, it seems inconsistent that it does ,Permit one of Japan's 1913 JITOdu~.s m the form o.f brushes to come in in "inci~easingly large Hon. OSCAR w. UNDEUWOOD, ll. c., qunutities. - 1uonlUU ----___------______-~---______------~.430,3211,681,640 United Bt:Ltes. Great .Britain. 1010------1 ,732,200 i8B:::::::::======:::::::::::::::::: ~: 6M: ~~g Sex. Per:week. Sex. .Perwcelc. For .many years we naxe been manufacturing toilet brushes, and for a number of years we have tried to make so:me popular priced tooth- brnsbes, but find with our labor costs we .are unab1e to compete with the European and Asiatic manafactru·ers, where most ot tl.lis class of Bristle sOTters and washers.-·- Males ... Sl.5. 00-l24. 00 .Males.- . SS-00-- S9. DO 6.00- 9.00 . .. do .... 8.00- 9.00 merchandise jg rralle, because i:.he-y are able to bring these ·goods into Pan hands .... - . ------.. Females. __ do .. __ tlle United .States for even less money thnn our actual bare m.anu- Paiutbrushmakers...... --·-··· :Males __ _ 15.00- 2LOO 13. 00- 15. 00 .facturing costs. CUnsequently we employ 1css labor than we would .H a:ndl.{l -shaper.s (toilet - .do . ... 12. 00- 18. 00 __ do_- ·- Up tolD:OO if brusbe" :were pro'tected ; .c:extaln1y The brush industry bas never been -brushes). protected tmdl'r a protective tarlJI. A few faett! bearing on ·the 'Jap- Tiristl:e"J]ickers ______"Females. -4. 50- G.00 ifem.ales. 2.50- 2. 75 anere labor conditions J:u.r.nish positive evidence ft.at nn equitable tariJ! -Todthbmshes (dmw-ers), 'Per .:.do .... p'to 2. 40 . .. do ... . Up to 1.3- for revenne -Out;: should .be on n bighm- .a.a -valorem basis. gross. In Japan children are more or less empleyed -at about 1 cent 11ei:- Bh:n:ing-brush ma.1;:ers ...• ---- Males . - - TI. '00- 18. 00 .•.-Oo. --- 3."00- 3.50 hour (we -employ n1:> children)_ Women in the 'United States -ea-rn from Borers ...... ------· · ... do. - -- 18. 00- 21. 00 . . . do. ·-· U-p to 5. 00 10 cents to 20 cents .pm· llour; .in .J'apan women en.rn from"'!}; to 2 Drawing.hands.. ------··· .Females.J !l. 00- 9.00 .. . do ...• Upto 3.W <'0.llts per bom. Male iab01· in ·the United States .is paid .from 15 i:o iFinishers, pnlishing., etc. ·---- ... do. - --. 4.56- 7.00 Boys and 2 . .00- 2.50 35 cents per hour; in Jnpn.n m:iale labor is pfilil 5 cents .pex hour. . . . . girls. 4.00 Up to Workers in Japan woxk :from 7 -a. m. to 6 p. m. 1 (lays 11 week, gen- Begmners, b.oys a11d girls. ---- !>fi11ors •. .'Mules. :do. ___- ·- .co crnlly 312 day· a -year-one large factory works 330 .days .in a year.. · 'Toothbrush~handle makers, Males .... Up to l .00 6-00- '/.00 When modern brush machinery is lntroauced in ..Japan. ·such as is best. in general use in Europe, especially in Germany .and Austria, ~oupled Toot~orush-hanfile makers, ... do .... Up to 1.S.lJO l3oysand 2.50- -L50 with the .Japanese low-priced labor, the brush inaustry in the 'United ordinaxy. -girls. States would be practically ruined. 1913. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 3727 , 11.ustrh .-Blintl skilled workers rarn per day GO cents; seeln~ skilled ployees are females and 12 to 15 per cent are minors; in the villages wo1·ker>; earn per day $1.20. Brushworkers are very largely blind, per the percentage of minors is somewhat higher. The annual production haps 50 per crnt are blind, and much cf the. work is done in homes. is of the value of about $3,335,000, of which total only about $250,000 Germany.-Average male employed, per week, $6.66; average female is from the factories outside Nuremberg. employed, per week, $3.33; skilled males earn, average, $7.14 to $9.76; " In Nuremberg there are 20 brush factories. One large concern skilled females earn, average, $4.05 to $5.47. In small village, all the largest in Germany-which employs about 1,100 ; three others minors-males, $2.14 to $4.28 · females, 95 cents to $1.67. emplor from 100 to 200 each ; the others are all very small concerns, Japan.-Males, 28 cents to S8 cents per day; females, 13 cents to 18 sometimes with only half a dozen employees and from that number cents per day; children, 8 cents to 11 cents per day. up to 75 or 80. One factory in the town of Dinkelsbubl has about 100 Above rates are for all departments of brush making. employees and smaller concerns in the villages of Markt, Bechofen, Drawing hands, female, up to 22 cents per day. · Wilhermsdorf, Burk, and Schopfioch gives employment to about GOO Employees work in Japan from 7 a. m. to 6 p. m., seven days a week; persons. 'rhe so-called factories in these villages depend to a very generally 312 days a year. One large factory 330 days a year. considerable extent on " house industry "-that is, the work is done Our company the Florence Manufacturing Co., have our factory here in the homes and the whole family participates to a greater or less at Florence, :Mass. We have a cash capital invested of $2qo,ooo. in extent. When there is no work in the fields, father, mother, and all the manufacture of brushes. We employ over 500 persons makmg t.;nlet the children turn to brush making. Wages are much lower than in brush~s from the raw materials to the finished goods; that is. all the the city factories and these grades of goods are there turned out at wood and bone work, handles, etc. Our pay roll is between $200:0.00 much less cost than would be possible in the larger concerns. and $212,000 yearly. We are also using in very _large quantities " The brush industry here in Nuremberg is apparently a vei:y pros lumbe1·. bone, aluminum, steel, leather, lac9uer~ varmshes, and many perous one. The largest concern here has for a number of years de other supplies that are produced in the Umted ~tates. clared a regular annual dividend of 15 per cent. The leading con There are very few large brush manufacturers in the United States ; cern here, which has a branch factory in the United States and ships most of the brushes made come from small factories .. There is no brus!J much raw material and partially finished products, is the largest trust or combination in the United States. Competition between Ameri concern of its kind in Germany. Only one-third of its employees are can brush manufacturers is very keen and profits are not at all large. males, two-thirds being females. Of male employees 13 per cent are We export a verw few of our brushes, and what we export we sell at minors and of the female employees, 12 per cent. The average wage the same prices as we do. to the United States market. We do not paid to male employees is $6.66 per week and the average wage paiil solicit export business ; it comes to us in most cases direct. due to ~he female employees is $3.33 per week. Skilled male workmen earn $7.14 fact that our brushes are trade-marked and have a national reputation to $9.76 p& week, and skilled female brush makers from $4.05 to created through advertising, and in this way we get inquires in a small $5.47 per week. · way from foreign countries. " Still another Mush manufacturer, whose plant is located in n small Respectfully submitted. village some distance from Nuremberg, states that about one-third of FLORENCE MANUFACTGRIXG Co., his employees are female and about one-fourth of all employees are WILLIAM CORDES, minors. The wages in bis factory vary from $2.14 to $4.28 per week ; Treasurer and General Manager. for minors from 95 cents to $1.67 per week." These wages are much less than are paid in the United States for corresponding work and equal quantity turned out by a worker. FLORENCE, MASS., January 20, 1913. Germany has increased . its exportation of brushes to the United Ilon. OSCAR w. UXDERWOOD, M. c., States from $187,428 in 1905 to $416,900. in mu. Chairman Ways and Means Committee, Washington, D. 0.: In England boys and girls, in fashioning simple stocks, polishing, BRISTLES-SCHEDULE N, PARAGRAPH 411. etc., when they become proficient, earn from $2 to $2.50 per week. On starting work in a brush factory girls are paid as low as 60 cents Statement by Flo'!'ence Manufacturing ·co., Florence, Mass. a week until they become acquainted with the work and boys starting We are further handicapped in the manufacture of brushes by being are paid a little more. obliged to pay 7l! cents per pound duty on bristles, which are not pro Fancy too1!hbrush handles are all fashioned by band by men who duced to any extent in the United States. We petition that this duty earn from $6 to $7 a week at this trade. Handles that do not require be either r educed or removed entirely. If it is required !or revenue great skill in the making, yet that are not the straight, ordinary kind, purposes, we would be willing to have it rem'ain as it is, provided the duty on brushes is made 50 per cent ad valorem. !.re~k~ade by both boys and girls who earn from $2.50 to $4.50 pet· Respectfully submitted. FLORENCE MANUFAC'l:URING Co., While competition with European manufacturers-Germany, Eng WILLIAM CORDES, land, France, and Austria-is very severe, yet it does not compare with Treas1lrer and Generai Manager. the terrible competition that we are experiencing with Japan. The Government prevents Japanese labor from entering the United States, but one of its products, in the form of brushes, is arriving constantly in very large quantities and increasing in volume very rapidly, the in BosTo~, January 21, 1913. crease being 3,85G per cent since the McKinley Taril'r Act became Hon. IIE~RY CA.BOT LODGE, effective in 1891, as can be readily determined from the United States United States Senate, Washington, D. 0. Treasury Department statistics covering the time stated. DEAR Srn: We inclose you a brief on the matter of importation of brushes, the duty on which now is 40 per cent, and we think should be Japanese b1·i1sh importations. as expressed in the brief, 50 per cent. 1891 ______$15,872 We hope you will be able to interest yourself in our behalf, and do 1892 ______2fJ, 618 what you can for us. 1893------30,632 Thanking you in advance, we remain, 1894 ______45 , 402 Yours, respectfully, A. & El. BURTON' Co., 1895______57, 268 CARTER, Treasuret·, F. H. 1896------~------~------59,369 1897------88, 065 1898______101, 256 1899 ______12~ . 20 2 Hon. OscAR W. U~DERWOOD, - Chairman Ways and Means Committee, Wash-ingto1i, D. 0. 1900______130.093 1901 ______191,911 DEAB Sm : The undersigned individual brush manufacturers of the 1902 ______195,782 United States respectfully reque6t your honorable committee on con sider the following facts regarding tariff as it affects the brush industl"y. 19041903------~------______327356.45, 1406 We are not bound together by any trade agreements or combinations 1905 ______294,991 of any kind whatsoever, and no likelihood of any ever being brought 1906 ______317, 123 about. BilUSHES. 1909 ______401,274 Schedule N, paragraph 410. The present duty on brushes is ~O per l~8~======:==== !~~:3 ~8 cent ad valorem. 1910------510, G52 We petition that brushes be made subject to 50 per cent ad Vl!.lorcm, 19121911------~------______802736, 923781 . for the following reasons. Brnsh manufacturing in the United States is an industry whlcb Years 1891 to 1912--21 years-3,856 per cent increase. suffers abnormally from competition by foreign brush manufacturers. The for egoing and a few facts bearing upon the Japanese labor con It ls an unfortunate fact that fully one-fourth, or perhaps more, in ditions furnish conclusive evidence that as equitable tariff-for-r evenue market value of all the brushes consumed in the United States are of duty should be on a higher ad va.lorem basis. foreign manufacture. In Japan children are more or less employed, at about 1 cent per With a tariff for revenue duty approaching the difference in the cost hour. Women in the United States earn from 10 cents to 20 cents per of labor and other items of the cost of production, all brushes consumed hoUl'; in Japan from 1?; cents to 2 cents per hour. :Male labor in the in the United States could be made here. The brush industi·y has never United States is paid from 15 cents to 35 cents per hour; in J apan been protected under a protective tarill'. male labor is paid about 5 cents per hour. Of the kinds of brushes in which labor is the principal Item of cost, Employees work in Japan from 7 a. m. to 6 p. m .. 7 days a week, more than one-half used here is manufactured abroad. generally 312 days per year. One large factory, 330 days per year-. Tooth and nail brushes are nearly all foreign made, as a visit to any There are about 8,000 persons engaged in the brush industry in the drug or department store will verify. United States, of which number only 304 are minors. Hair and other toilet brushes are considerably more than one-half Capital invested, about $11,000,000; value of product, about $15,- foreign made. 000,000; number of establishments, about 400. An abstract from United States Consular Reports in r egard to brush Impo;·ts of brushes of all kinds into tlte United States, fiscal y ear 1912. making in Japan and Austria shows clearly the very low prices for labor in this industry. T he United States Department of State bas Imported from : received reports of American consuls at Nuremberg, Germany, and BelgiumAustriU------~------______$36, 806 London, England, giving information as to rates of wages in those 7,753 countries in the manufacturing of brushes. The following is from France------· 749, 189 the r eport of the American consul at Nuremberg : GermanY------ 448,550 " The manufacture of brushes is a very considerable industry in England------~--- 211, 998 602,923 in Nuremberg and vicinity. This branch of industry here gives em AllJapaD------other countries ______ployment to about 3,000 men, women, and children; 2,300 of whom 9,930 nre employed in the factories in Nuremberg and 700 in the smaller Total ______2,067, 149 factories in near-by villages. In the city about two-thirds of all em. 3728 OONGRESSIO:N AL RECORD-SENATE. AUGUST 25, 'A comparison of llmer-ican an.a foreign tNJ[Jes fn .brus7i manufact1H~ing. legitimate or otherwise. It is a large indush·y in my State. I deSire, however, to record iny prophecy that the substitution United States. Great Britain. for the present duty -0f this one, however large it seems to be will aRnihilate the business. I think it is impossible for th~ Sex. Per week. Bex. Per week. shell-button enterprises to be carried on under an ad valorem duty at all unless that ad rnlorem duty were so la.rge that. in itself it would be shoch.'i:ng. The only way in which to protect Bristle sorters and :washers •.. Males •.. 15. 00-!24. 00 Males .•• 38. 00-$9. 00 'l'an hands...... _ .• F.emales -0. 00- 9. .oo ... do ....• 8. 00- '9.00 tt.e industry is by putting a speci.fic duty upon these low-grade ".Pamtbrush makers ...... : Males_ .. 15. 00-- 21. 00 •.• do .... . 12. 00-15. 00 buttons. Handle shapers ~to i 1 e ;t •.• do. __ _ 12. 00- 18. 00 ... do .... . Up to 10.00 Mr. SMITH of Georgia. Does the Senator mean that the bru.. tinting between the high quality of buttons and those about Mr. OUMUil~S. They can not ~e imported at all,. and tbey which the rates make little or no difference. are not imported. l\fr. CUl\IMINS. Why is not the Senator from New Jersey l\fr. SIMMONS. The rate is 48. per cent now, and this bill willing, at any rate, to convert the 50 per cent ad valorem into contains a rate of 40 per cent. a specific duty and put it upon these buttons? l\.Ir. CUUMINS. Of course- the Senator from North Carolina Mr. HUGHES. I will tell the Senator from Iowa why. It has beguiled himself with these figures a long time. There are would be necessary to establish a specific rate of duty on a line none of these buttons imported. There can not be any equiva- , basis for each size of button practically. My investigation of lent ad valorem duty. There are buttons of larger size, more the pending bill showed me that in countless instances if spe ex:pensive buttons, imported, and the duty on them is 48 per ; cific rates were adopted on articles of this character overnight cent. But if you will take the low-grade buttons the1-e are none a change in the method of manufacturing would be likely to of them imported into this country under the present duty. take place. I can point to an instance where through the Mr. SIMMONS. I understand the Senator- to be making the operation of a specific rate of duty intended to be 40 per cent point that the particular buttons he is speaking about bear a equivalent ad valorem went up to 159' or 160 per cent equivalent higher ad valorern than the average ad valorem I read a few ad valorem. Some one has said, and I. have no donbt it is true, minutes go. I desire to call the attention--and that was my that if specific rates in the Wilson bill had been retained to the only purpose in taking the floor-to the fa.ct that last year present day they would have been higher than the equivalent there were only $21,648 worth of buttons imported from Japan ad valorem of the Payne-Aldrich rate. I do not think a specific o:f all kinds. rate of dnty should be laid upon anything that can be culled a Mr. CUMMINS. Of all kinds and none of these; and the duty necessary of life. now is H cents a line besides an ad valorem. On a 20-line Mr. CUMl\HNS. Mr. President, I know how futile it is to button, which is practically a half-inch button, the duty would make an argument in behalf of this industry. I thought per be 30 cents a gross, and they sell in this country of our own haps, however, that when it is remembered that the State from manufacture for a great deal less than that. Of course, there which the Senator who has just spoken comes has 80 per cent could be none imported. of her industries upon the dutiable list and the State from Mr. WILLIA1\1S. Before the Senator from Iowa sits do'WTI, which I come has less than 4-0 per cent of her industries upon I wish to ask him a question for my own information. He_ the dutiable list, he might look with some mercy upon this one asked the Senator from New Jersey a question, and the Senator enterprise. It is one of the few large manufacturing enterprises did not possess the information. I inferred perhaps from the of my State, and I have a natural desire to see it prosper. fact that the Senator from Iowa asked the question that he Mr. HUGHES. Will the Senator permit an interruption did possess it. It is something about the lab-0-r cost of these right there? buttons. Can the Senator from Iowa tell me the labor cost of Mr. CUMMINS. Very gladly. a gross of these buttons in Japan? Mr. HUGHES. There are a great many button factories, Mr. CUUl\fINS. Yes; I can. salt-water shell and \egetable and ivory button factories in my .Mr. WILLI.A.MS. What is it? State. I understand we have no sweet-water-shell button fac Mr. CUl\fl\IINS. T'ney sell there for about 2 cents a gross. tory there. I will ay to the Senator- that I look upon this as an .hir. WILLIAMS. For 2 cents a gross? exceedi'bgly difficult question. I realized that we were confront Mr. CUl\illlTS. They are made for 2 cents a gross, the ing a condition and not a theory, and we left a rate which in poorer quality. my judgment will permit the ivory button factories and the l\fr. WILLI.Al\IS. What do they sell for here? other factories to operate. Mr. CUl\IMINS. They sell here for about 8 to 18 cents a I will say further this is the first intimation I have had since gross. the paragraph went into print that the rate here imposed is not Mr. WILLIAMS. Is the Senator giving in both cases the a competitive duty. wholesale pricer l\Ir. CUMMINS. I have not had any appeal from the indus Mr. CUl\fl\IINS. I am simply reitetating what the men who tries since the committee appeared before the Finance Commit are engaged in the manufacture have told me. tee, but I know something about the facts. I know something Mr. WILLIAMS. Is that the price at which the domestic about what it costs to make these buttons in my State, and I producer--the man who makes the button-sells them, or the know something about what it costs to make. them abroad. I price at which some storekeeper oir jobber or somebody else know that with the opportunity for undervaluation, which is sells them'! · very great on an article of this sort, this duty will not ade l\fr. CUMMINS. I think the price at which the mannfadurer quately or sufficiently protect. sells them is from 6 cents a gross to- 20 cents. I am speaking But I do not intend to offer any amendment. I desire simply now of the lower grade small buttons made from fresh-water to record my protest against the destruction of this business in shells. my State, a destruction which I belie-ve will inevitably follow 1\lr. WILLIAMS. If the entire price of the article in Jap:m the passage of this bill. is only 2 cents per gross, the entire cost of its mn.nufacture, Mr. GALLINGER. Mr. President, several attempts have been which includes the material and the manufacturers' part of made during the discussion to define what is meant by competi the labor cost in Japan, it can not possibly be as much as 2 tive tariff. The item under consideration, it seems to me, is cents a gross? already competitive. We imported $1,004,168 in value of but l\Ir. CUMMINS. I would think not. tons and exported $723, 784 worth. We imported between 30 and l\Ir. WIT.I.IA MS. It could not possibly be,' if the Senator's 4.0 per cent more than we exported. I do not know what com figures are correct as to 'the labor cosL petitive means unle s that is a competitive tariff. l\Ir. CUMMINS. There is a labor cost. They are made The same is true of several items which we passed recently. individually, to a great extent, by a man with the machinery As an illustration: Of brushes we imported $2,074,324 worth under hls own foot or under his own hand. and exported $693,143 worth. We imported three times as many Mr. WILLIAl\IS. Perhaps the Senator did not understand as we exported. That seems to be competiti\e to me. The same my question. He has stated that the entire cost was 2 cents on is true of brooms and other items that have been considered. the entire price. I suppose that includes. the profit, or did he Now, in this matter of buttons why should we reduce the mean to say the cost or the· price in Japan? duty for the purpose of making the tariff competitive when we l\lr. CUMMINS. In Japan the small poor grade button is are exporting only about two-thirds what we are importing? I manufactured for 2 cents a gross. That is what was told· me. wish some Senator on the other side would tell me why that is Mr. WILLI.Al\IS. The Senator then does not mean the price; necessary to secure competition and to make the tariff competi he means the cost of manufacture. tive. lUr. CU:Ml\fINS. That is it. Mr. HUGHES. Of course tile Senator knows we import l\fr. WILLIAMS. If that cost includes the entire cost-I about 5 per cent of our consumption. As far as buttons pro suppose the shell is worth something; I do not know what duced in Iowa are consumed, my information is that we are that is-then certainly the labor cost in Japan can not be over importing practically none. I do not think the Senator or any 2 cents per gross; it must be less than 2 cents. Senator on the other side will, on reflection, find· any fault with Mr. CUUUINS. From 2 to 10 cents, aecording to the grade ot this particular paragraph. the button, of course. Mr. SIMMONS. I wish to- say to the Senator from Iowa, l\lr. WILLIAMS. I find: the- equivalent ad valorem stated ln who seems to be uneasy about the importation of buttons from 1910 at 55/cr; in 1912, 48fo; per cent. Now, during that time, Japan-- with the protection of that equivalent ad valo-rem, tbe11e were l\1r. CUUlUINS. No; I am not uneasy about the importation only $23,000 worth o-f Japanese buttons imported into this of buttons from Japan. There is practica1ly a prohibitive duty country. If it costs us 18 cents a gross t°' mnke· them and it on these buttons now. costs the Japanese only 2 cents per gross to make them, and l\Ir. SIMI\.IONS. Yes. it the equivalent ad valorem was in round numbers one 55 per 3730 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENA'IE . AUGUST 25, cen.t and another 48 per cent, which would be, say, an average NOMINATIONS. of 50 per cent, which would be an addition of 1 cent to this E x ccutire nom'inations 1·cccii;ed by the Senate August 25, 1913. particular class of buttons, why in the world did they not jnst in-rade our market? . PBO~!OTIONS IN THE ARMY. l\fr. CUl\IUINS. The reason is that none of the figures-- MEDICAL CORPS. 1\Ir. WILLIAMS. In other words, if the Senator's calcula l\Iaj. Alexander N. Stark, Medical Corps, to be lieutenant tions are correct, this protection was entirely insufficient. col~nel. (sub~ect to examination required by law) from July 13, 1\lr. CUMMINS. Nothing that the Senator has stated from 101.->, nee Lieut. Col. Charles E. Woodruff retired from acti"re the record is true with regard to these buttons. These buttons senice July 12, 1!)13. ' ha-re not been imported into the United States. The paragraph Capt. Allie W. Williams, Medical Corps, to be major from co-rers a very large range of buttons-- July 13, 1913, vice l\Iaj. Alexander N. Stark, promoted. 1\Ir. WILLIA.l\fS. Then it is worse than I thought, if none APrOINTMENTS IN THE NAYY. of them have been imported. l\Ir. CUMMINS. I should like the Senator to be accurate, The following-named citizens to be professors of mathematics anyhow. The half-inch button has a duty now of more than in the Nary from the 21st day of August, 1913: 30 cents a gross, and they do not command that price in this Theodore W. Johnson, a citizen of Maryland, and country. Our own manufacturers make them and sell at much Carlos V. Cusachs, a citizen of 1\Iaryland. less than that. The duty is at the present time exorbitantly The following-named citizens to be assistant sur(Yeons0 in the high. There is no defense for it whatever. l\fedical ReserTe Corps of the Navy from the 18th day of A.uO'ust 1913: b , l\Ir. WILLIAMS. I want to ask the Senator another ques tion. He has told the Senate what the cost of production of Arthur E . Younie, a citizen of Oregon; these buttons is in Japan. Would he mind telling us how he Walter C. Espach, a citizen of Oregon; and arrived at that result, from what basia and upon what au John F. X. Jones, a citizen of Pennsylrnnia. thority? POSTMA.STEBS. Mr. CUl\fl\IINS. But the Senator dill not hear what I ALABAMA. ·said; he was gi-ving no heed to it. I said it was told me by the men who make these buttons in our country that they were James C. Burns to be postmaster at Bay Minette, Ala., in made abroad and sold at from 2 to 8 cents a gross. place of F. I. Dinwiddie. Incumbent's commis ion expired Mr. WILLIAMS. Oh, well, I did misunderstand the Senator. August 4, 1913. I thought he said he was told by the people who made the but H . W. rook to be postma ter at Bessemer, A.la., in place of tons here that they cost 18 cents per gross here. I had no John H. l\IcEniry, removed. idea the Senator was relying upon a witness in Iowa who does Albert M. Espey to be postmaster at Albertville, Ala., in place not know anything about it. of Thomas M . 1\IcNaron, resigned. Mr. CU.1\Il\UNS. How does the Senator know the people of ALASKA. Iowa know nothing about it? Elna Olson to be postmaster at Treadwell, Alaska in place of l\Ir. WILLIAMS. I do not suppose anybody in Iowa making Daniel Webster, re igned. ' those buttons knows definitely and scientifically what is the CALIFOBNIA. cost of producing those particular buttons. Mr. CUMMINS. They know what the people of Japan say. Isidore J. Proulx to be postmaster at Willow, Cal., in place f Mr. WILLIAMS. If the Senator had some information from John J. West. Incumbent's commission expired February 20 some official source, from some reliable source- 1913. ' Mr. CUMMINS. It is a i'eliable source, but not an official Eliza Stitt to be postmaster at Vaca-rille, Cal., in place of source. George F. Wooderson, deceased. Mr. WILLIAMS. Now it turns out that the Senator's in Alice E. 1-'ate to be postmaster at Lone Pine, Cal. Office be formation, the Senator's testimony, is hearsay, and the witness came presidential January 1, 1913. from whom the hearsay is taken is an interested witness. Georgia A. Wiard to be postmaster at Chula Yista, Cal., in l\Ir. CUMMINS. That is quite true. place of William. B. Farrow, removed. Mr. WILLIA.l\IS. He is the manufacturer Of this competing COLORADO. product in Iowa. William A. White to be postmaster at Holyoke, Colo., in place l\Ir. CUMMINS. But if the Senator from Mississippi bad of F . 1\1. Smith, resigned. not permitted hearsay testimony to inform him with regard: to FLORID.A.. thi tariff we would not have had any tariff for a very long J. B. Potter to be postmaster at Mulberry, Fla., in place of time to come. Nearly all the information that you haTe is H. K. Murphy, resigned. · hearsay testimony. George D. Ilhode to be postma ter at Punta Gorda, Fla., in l\Ir. WILLIAMS. Ah, but the Senator-- place of H. R. Dreggors. Incumbent s commission expired :May Mr. CUMMINS. And this is just as good as any of the rest 27, 1913. that you have. It comes from people just as reliable. GEOBGLA. l\Ir. WILLIAMS. No; I think it is not. Now, I think if the Senator wants to find out the cost of .Production of a thing in l\Iary L. Carswell to be postmaster at Jeffersonville, Ga. Japan he had better go to a J apanese source to find it out. Office became presidential July 1, 1913. l\Ir. CUMMINS. I have not had time to do that. D. F. Davenport to be postmaster at Americus, Ga., in place Mr. WILLIAMS. So far as my taking hearsay evidence is of Frank P. l\1itchell, removed. concerned, I can assure the Senator I have taken precious little Bolling H. Jones to be postmaster at Atlanta, Ga., in place of it from interested witnesses. of Hugh L. l\IcKee, removed. Mr. CUl\Il\fINS. I think that is probably true. I do not think A. L. McArthur to be postmaster at Cordele, Ga., in place of they have taken much of it from any witnesses or from any Frederick G. Boatright, rernoYed. source. I think the whole bill is largely a matter of imagination. ILLINOIS. The VICE PRESIDENT. The question is on agreeing to the J . J. Baker to be postmaster at Mount Vernon, Ill., in place of committee amendment. G. G. Gilbert, removed. The amendment was agreed to. A. A. Dobson to be postmaster at Elburn, Ill., in place of l\Ir. GALLINGER. I assume the Senator from North Caro Fred W. Pattee. Incumbent's commission expired December lina does not care to proceed \'\ith another schedule. 14, 1912. 1\Ir. SIMMONS. No; I ask that the bill be laid aside for the J . C. Dorfier to be postmaster at Area (late Rockefeller), IlJ., day. in place of William Knigge, to change name of office. EXECUTIVE SESSION. John H. Henson to be post.master at Xenia, Ill., in place of 1\Ir. BACON. I moye that the Senate proceed to the con- Mary A.. Paine: Incumbent's commission expired July 26, 1913. sideration of executive business. John H. McGrath to be postmaster at Morris, Ill., in place of The motion was agreed to, and the Senate proceeded to the Willard C. Magner. Incumbent's commission expired April 5, consid~ration .of executi'rn business. After 5 minutes spent in 1913. , e~ecu~IVe sess10n the doors were reopened, and (at 6 o'clock and John E. Rethorn to be postmaster at Chandlerville, Ill. in 2a mmutes p. m.) the Senate adjourned until to-morrow, place of W. M. McDonald. I ncumbent's commission expired Tuesday, August 26, 1913, at 11 o'clock a. m. I J anuary 14, 1913. 1913 .. ,. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEN.A.TE. 373I Wilbur A. Woods to be J)ostmaster .at Pawpaw, Ill., in i>lace of OKLAHOMA. Sndie A. Case. Incmnbent's coIIUn1ssion €xpircd January 26, George E. Baker to be postmast-e1· at G-ag-e, Okla., in place of 1013. ~Uf1·ed :M~ Clark. Incumbent's commission exptred December 17, ~DIA~A. 1!>12. William B. Latshaw to be postmaster at Ou1.."town, Ind., in L. E. Cha e to be postmaster at Westville, Okla., in place of place of Juanita Bond, remo\'ed. Charles W. Waters, declined. Earl T.u.lbott to be postmaster .at Linton, Ind., in _place of Cli:n C. X Fluke to be postmaster at Boynton, Okla., in place of ton T. Sherwood, resigned. James E. Sutton, resigned. J.P. Ford to be postmaster at Konawa, Okla., in place -0f Joel !{)WA. E. Cunningham, removed. E. n. Ashley to be postmaster at Laporte City, Iowa, in place M. B. Hickman to be postmaster at Coalgate, Okla., in place of George Banger. Incumbent's commission expired December of W. E. Rathbun. Incumbent's commission expired May 17, 14, 1912. 1913. • Henry F. Eppers to be postmaster at Monh·ose, Io-wa. Office J. N. Hopkins to be postn:iaster at Boswell, Okla., in place of became presidential October 1, 1912. G. D. Duncan. Incumbent's commission expired August 4, 1913. Anton Huebsch to be postmaster at McGregor, Iom1, in place Blanche Larkin to be postmaster at Delaware, Okla. Office of Anton Huebach, to correct name of appointee. became presidential July 1, 1911. Ben Jensen to be postmaster at Onawa, Iowa, in place of :Wil W. S. Livingston to be J)ostmaster at Seminole, 'Okla., in place liam R. Prewitt, resigned. of Frank J. Van Buskirk, resigned. MASSACHUSETTS. OREGON. Edmund S. Higgins to be postmaster at L-ynn, Mass. Reyoca J. C. Lamkin to be postmaster at Hillsboro, Oreg., in place of tion .of order of discontinuance. B. P. Cornelius. Incmnbent's commission expired :May 22, 1913. Michael T. Kane to be postmaster at Ludlow, Mass., in place PENNSYLVANIA. of George A. Birnie. Incumbent's commission expired January S. 0. Bender to· be postmaster at Trafford, Pa., in place of 11, 1913. Roger A. ::\1cCall. Incumbent's commission expired January 14, James Nagle to be postmaster at Concord Jrmction, Mass., in 1913. place of Benjamin Derby. Incumbent's commission expired Feb Daniel Clarey to be postmaster at Sayre, Pa., in place of ruary 1, 1913. Timothy J. Leahy. Incumbent's commission expired February Martin H. Ryan to be postmaster at Northboro, Mass., in 9, 1913. place of Asa B. Fay. Incumbent's commission expired Decem Samuel K. Henrie to be postmaster at Youngwood, Pa., in ber 14, 1912. place of George R. Laird. Incumbent's commission expired MISSISSIPPI. July 13, 1913. R. L. Broadstreet to be postmaster at Ooffeevill~, Miss.., in George F. Kittelberger to be postmaster at Curwensville, Pa., place ot H. W. Durrant, removed. in place -0f Samuel P. Arnold. Incumbent's commission expired February 11, 1913. NEVADA. Albert K. Kneule to be postmaster at No:rristown, Pa., in George A. Myles to be postmaster at .Austin, Nev., in place of place of .Henry M. Brownback, resigned. C. F. Littrell. Incumbent's eommission expired February 7, Harry B. Krebs to be postmaster at Mereersbur_g, Pa., in 1911. place of William F. McDowell, resigned. . NEW JERSEY. Edward J. Loraditch to be postmaster at Sand Patch, Pa. Office became presidential October 1, 1912. Harry T. Allen to be postmaster :it Vincentown, N. J. -Office William H. l\lcQuilken to be postmaster at Glen Campbell, became presidential January 1, 1913. Pa., in place of Annie K. Stadden. Incumbent's commission NEW MEXICO. expired July 23, 1913. John H. Shields to be postmaster at New Alexandria, Pa., Susano Ortiz to be postmaster at Las Vegas, N. ~lex., in place in place of Jame·s G. Cook. Incumbent's commission expired of Ignacio Lopez, removed. January 22, .1912. NEW TORK. SOUTH DAKOTA. John J. Oosteno to be postmaster at Manlius, N. Y., in place J. W. Applegate to be postmaster at Edgemont, S. Dak., in of G. W. Armstrong. Incumbent's commission expired January place of J. R. Johnston. Incumbent's commission expired 29, 1913. Augu-st 5, 1913. John J. Kesel to be postmaster at Syracuse, N. Y., in place of George L. Baker to be postmaster at Britton, S. Dak., in place ,William Cowie. Incumbent's commission expired December 16, of Herbert B. Tysell. Incumbent's commission e},,_rpired August 1912. 4, 1913. Edward S. Moore to be postmaster at Norwich, N. Y., in place J. A. Churchill to be postmaster _at HUI'ley, S. Dak., in place of J. Johnson Ray. Incumbent's commission expired December of Frank B. Williams. Incumbent's commission expired July 3, 16, 1912. 1913. James A. Traphagen to be postmaster at Waterloo, N. Y., in James Gaynor to be postmaster at Springfield, S. Dak., in place of J. B. H. l\fongin, removed. place of Alvah T. Bridgman, deceased. A. D. Griffee to be postmaster at FaulktQn, S. Dak., in place NORTH CAROLINA. of James P. Turner. Incumbent's commission expired August 4, Ernest L. Auman to be postmaster at .Ashboro, N. C. Office 1913. became presidential January 1, 1908. William Moore to be postmaster at Armour, S. Dak., in place 0. A. Snipes to be postmaster at Rocky Mount, N. C., in place of Ernest E. Edwards. Incumbent's commission expired May of George W. Robbins. Incumbent's commission expil:ed May 22, 1912. 20, 1912. Peter Schnitt to be postmaster at Waubay, S. Dak., in place NORTH DA.KOT.A. of William .A. Abbott. Incumbent's commission expired August Frank Lish to be postmaster at Dickinson, N. Dak., in place 4, 1913. of Nelson 0. !Jawrence, removed. E. B. Wilbur to be postmaster at Oac-0ma, S. Dak., in place of V. F. Nelson to be postmaster at Cooperstown, N. Dak:., in John N. Fulford, removed. place of Percy R. Trubshaw, resigned. TEXAS. Cora Lee Baker to be postmaster at Buffalo, Tex. Office be OHIO. came presidential January 1, 1913. Benjamin F. Price to be postmaste; at Lancaster, Ohio, in John Dunlop to be postmaster . at Houston. Heights, Tex. place of H. Clay Drinkle, _deceased. · Office became presidential .January 1, 1912. David 1\I. Welty to be postmaster at Bremen, Ohio, in place of L€e D. Ford to be postmaster at Brookshire, Tex. Offiee be Edson B. Connor. Incrnnbent's commission expired May 26, came presidential ApTil 1, 1912. 1913. T. W. House to be postmaster at Houston, Tex., in place of A. R. Wolfe to be postmaster at Chillicothe, Ohio, in place of Seth B. Strong, deceased. G. W. C. Perry. Iucumbent's commission expired December 17, Annie Watson to be postmaster at Sugar Land, Tex., in place 1912. of W~ R. Crittenden, resigned. 3732· CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE_._ AUGUST 26, VIRGINIA. the adoption of a 1-cent letter postage, which was referred to C. l\Ioncure Campbell to be postmaster at Amherst,- Va., in the Corpmittee on Post Offices and P ost Roads. place of J ames F. Williams. Incumbent's commission expired l\Ir. HITCHCOCK presented a resolution adopted by the June 12, 1913. Platte Valley Transcontinental Gooa. Roads Association, at Fre II. G. Shackelford to be postmaster at Orange, Va., in place of mont, Nebr., favoring an appropriation for the construction of good roads throughout the country and particularly for the Thomas W. Carter, resigned. construction of a central transcontinental highway, which was referred to the Committee on Agriculture and Forestry. CO~FIRl\IATIO:NS. Mr. JOl'\TES presented petitions of sundry citizens of Mount Exccuti i;e nominations confirm eel by the Senate August 25, 1913. Vernon, Wash., praying for the adoption of an amendment to POSTMASTERS. the Constitution to prohibit the manufacture and sale of in NEW YORK. toxicating liquors, which were referred to the Committee on the ·Judiciary. Artemas D . Barton, Pine Plains. . He also presented petitions signed by sundry citizenB of l\Iount John E. Hoffnagle, Westport. Vernon, Wash., praying for the adoption of an amendment to William A. Hosley, Belmont. the Constitution granting the right of suffrage to women, which Frank E. Ingalls, Brownville. were ordered to lie on the table. · Henry D . Nichols, Mexico. Mabel B. Williams, West Hampton Beach. REPORTS OF COMMITTEE ON MILITARY AFFAIRS. Mr. HITCHCOCK, from the Committee on Military Affairs, to which were referred the following bills, reported them each SENATE. with amendments and submitted reports thereon : S. 2560. A bill authorizing the Secretary of War to donate to TuEsnAY, August ~6, 1913. the Grand Army of the Republic, Post No. 45, of Smith Center, Kans., two cannon or fieldpieces (Rept. No. 105) ; and The Senate met at 11 o'clock a. m. S. 2561. A bill authorizing the Secretary of War to donate to Prayer by the Chaplain, Rev. Forrest J. Prettyman, D. D. the city of Hays, Kans., one cannon or fieldpiece (Rept. No. 106). CALLING OF THE ROLL. l\Ir. HITCHCOCK, from the Committee on Military Affairs, Ur. SMOOT. Mr. President, I suggest the absence of a to which was referred the bill ( S. 2816) authorizing the Secre quorum. I notice that there are >ery few Senators here. tary of War to donate to the city of Abilene, Kans., two cannon, The VICE PRESIDENT. The Secretary will call the roll. reported it with an amendment and submitted a report (No. The Secretary called the roll, and the following Senators 107) thereon. an wered to their names : HEARINGS BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON PRIVILEGES AND ELECTIONS. Ashurst Gore Nelson Simmons l\Ir. SHAFROTH, from the Committee to Audit and Control Bacon Hitchcock Norris Smith, Ariz. the Contingent Expenses of the Senate, to which was referred Bankhead Hollis O'Gorman Smith, Ga. Bt·adley Hughes Oliver Smith, S. C. ' Senate resolution 170, submitted by Mr. KERN on the 25th in Brady James Overman · Smoot stant, reported it favorably without amendment, and it was con Bristow Johnson Page Sterling sidered by unanimous consent and agreed to, as follows : Bryan Jones Penrose Sutherland Catron Kenyon Perkins Swanson Resolt;ed, That the Committee on Privileges and Elections, or any sub Chamberlain Kern Pomerene Thomas committee thereof, be authorized during the Sixty-tWrd Congress to Chilton La Follette Ransdell Thompson administer oaths, send for books and papers, to employ a stenographer Clapp Lane Robinson "Tillman at a price not to exceed $1 per printed page, to report such bearings as Clark. Wyo. Lea Root Townsend may be bad in connection with any subject which may be pending be Crawford J... odge Saulsbury Vardaman fore said committee, to cause the proceedings before said committee to Cummins Mccumber Shafroth Walsh be pt·inted, if by said committee deemed expedient; that the committee Fall Mc.Lean Sheppard Williams or· subcommittee may sit during the sessions or recess of the Senate, Fletcher Martin, Va. Sherman and that the expense thereof shall be paid out of the contingent fund Gallinger Martine, N. J. Shively of the Senate. l\Ir. l\IcCUMBER. I wish to announce that my colleague [Mr. WORKS OF A.RT IN CAPITOL BUILDING (s. DOO. NO. 169). GRONNA] is necessarily absent. :Mr. GALLINGER. I am directed by the Committee on Print~ The VICE PRESIDENT. Sixty-six Senators have answered ing to report back farnrably without amendment Senate resolu to the roll call. '2here is a quorum present. The Secretary will tion 74, providing for the printing of a document entitled read the Journal of the proceedings of the preceding session. "Works of Art in the United States ·capitol Building, Including THE JOURNAL. Biographies of the Artists," and I ask for its present considera The Secretary proceeded to read the Journal of yesterday's tion. proceedings, when, on request of Mr. GALLINGER and by unani Mr. SIMl\IONS. Mr. President-- mous consent, the further reading was dispensed with and the Mr. GALLINGER. It will take but a moment. Mr. SIMMONS. There will be no debate, I understand. Journal was approved. The resolution was considered by unanimous consent and ANNUAL REPORT OF THE PATENT OFFICE. agreed to, as follows : The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the Senate the annnal Resolved, That the document herewith submitted, entitled "Works ot report of the operations of the Patent Office for the fiscal year Art in the United States Capitol Building, Including Biographies of the Artists," compiled, under the direction of the Superintendent of the ended December 31, 1912, which was referred to the Com United States Capitol Building and Grounds, by Charles E. Fairman, be mittee on Patents and ordered to .be printed. (H. Doc. No. 946, printed as a Senate document. 62d Cong., 3d sess.) AFFAIRS IN INSULAR POSSI~ SSIONS (S. DOC. NO. 173) . MESSAGE FTIOM THE HOUSE.. Mr. FLETCHER. I am directed by the Committee on Print A me age from the House of Representatives, by D. K. ing to report fa>orably a resolution to print. as :i Senate docu Hempstead its enrolling clerk, announced that the Hou e had ment a compilation of the acts of the Sixty-second Congres , agreed to a concurrent resolution providing that the two Houses and so forth, and I ask for its present consideration. of Congress assemble in the Hall of the House of Representa The resolution (S. Res. 172, .S . Rept. 109) was rend, considered . ti>es 011 Wednesday, the 27th day of August, 1913, at 12 o'clock by unanimous consent, and agreed to, as follows : and 45 minutes in the afternoon, for the purpose of receiving Resolved, That a compilation of the acts of tlie Sixty-second Con such communication as the President of the ·uuited States shall gress, treaties, proclamations, del!isions of the United States Supreme be plea ed to make them, in which it requested the concurrence Court, from June 1, 1911, to June 1, 1913 ; opinions of the Attorney General from March 4, 1911, to March 3, 1913 ; and llst of officials. of the Seu.ate. (H. Con. Res. 16.) relating to noncontiguous territory, Cuba, and Santo Domingo, and to ENROLLED BILL SIGNED. military affairs. prepared by the Bureau of Insular Affairs, War Depart· ment, be printed as a Senate document. The message also announced that the Speaker of the House b:id signed the enrolled bill (S. 1353) to authorize the board of THE MISSION• OF WOMAN ( S. DOC. NO. 174). county commis ioners of Okanogan County, Wash., to construct, .Mr. FLETCHER. I report from the Committee on Printing maintain, aud operate a bridge across the Okanogan River at or a resolution to print the article entitled " The Mission of near the town of Malott, and it was thereupon signed by the Woman," by Dr. Albert Taylor Bledsoe, in pursuance to its Vice President. reference to the committee, and I a sk for its adoption. PETITIONS AND MEMORIALS. l'lfr. GAL LINGER. The Senator, I think, ought to state that l\Ir. NELSON presented a resolution adopted by the Minnesota the paper has been changed somewhat from its original form ; Bankers' .Association, in conyention at Duluth, l\Iinn., fa.yoring that is, certain eliminations have been made.