Bus Rapid Transit: an Overview Samuel Zimmerman Jennifer Clinger Scott C
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Volume 5, No. 2 2002 JOURNAL OF I Herbert S. Levinson Bus Rapid Transit: An Overview Samuel Zimmerman Jennifer Clinger Scott C. Rutherford I James T. Jarzab Characteristics of Bus Rapid Transit Projects: James Lightbody An Overview Eugene Maeda I Steven E. Polzin Bus Rapid Transit: A Viable Alternative? Michael R. Baltes I Vukan R. Vuchic Bus Semirapid Transit Mode Development and Evaluation I Graham N. Carey Applicability of BRT to Corridors I Peter Koonce Willie Rotich Detection Range Setting Methodology John Ringert Bill Kloos for Signal Priority Tom Urbanik I on Research Matthew Pahs Seth Gallant Door-to-Door Mobility: Mark Rohden Robert L. Bertini Evaluating a BRT Community Transport Concept David Hampsten da I T 100 Sean Rathwell Ottawa and Brisbane: Stephen Schijns Comparing a Mature Busway System 4-5168 Gary L. Brosch, Editor Laurel A. Land,AICP, Managing Editor EDITORIAL BOARD Robert B. Cervero, Ph.D. William W. Millar University of California, Berkeley American Public Transit Association Chester E. Colby Steven E. Polzin, Ph.D., P.E. E & J Consulting University of South Florida Gordon Fielding, Ph.D. Sandra Rosenbloom, Ph.D. University of California, Irvine University of Arizona David J. Forkenbrock, Ph.D. Lawrence Schulman University of Iowa LS Associates Jose A. Gomez-Ibanez, Ph.D. George Smerk, D.B.A. Harvard University Indiana University Naomi W. Lede, Ph.D. Texas Transportation Institute The contents of this document reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the information presented herein. This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation, University Research Institute Program, in the interest of information exchange. The U.S. Government assumes no liability for the contents or use thereof. SUBSCRIPTIONS Complimentary subscriptions can be obtained by contacting: Laurel A. Land, Managing Editor Center for Urban Transportation Research (CUTR) • University of South Florida 4202 East Fowler Avenue, CUT 100 • Tampa, FL 33620-5375 Phone: 813•974•9759 Fax: 813•974•5168 Email: [email protected] Web: www.nctr.usf.edu/journal SUBMISSION OF MANUSCRIPTS The Journal of Public Transportation is a quarterly, international journal containing original research and case studies associated with various forms of public transportation and related transportation and policy issues.Topics are approached from a variety of academic disci- plines, including economics, engineering, planning, and others, and include policy, methodologi- cal, technological, and financial aspects. Emphasis is placed on the identification of innovative solutions to transportation problems. All articles should be approximately 4,000 words in length (18-20 double-spaced pages). Manuscripts not submitted according to the journal’s style will be returned. 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Public JOURNAL OF Transportation Volume 5, No. 2, 2002 ISSN 1077-291X The Journal of Public Transportation is published quarterly by National Center for Transit Research Center for Urban Transportation Research University of South Florida • College of Engineering 4202 East Fowler Avenue, CUT100 Tampa, Florida 33620-5375 Phone: 813•974•3120 Fax: 813•974•5168 Email: [email protected] Website: www.nctr.usf.edu/journal © 2002 Center for Urban Transportation Research Public JOURNAL OF Transportation Volume 5, No. 2, 2002 ISSN 1077-291X CONTENTS Preface . .iv Editorial . .v Bus Rapid Transit:An Overview Herbert S. Levinson, Samuel Zimmerman, Jennifer Clinger, and Scott C. Rutherford . .1 Characteristics of Bus Rapid Transit Projects:An Overview James T. Jarzab, James Lightbody, and Eugene Maeda . .31 Bus Rapid Transit: A Viable Alternative? Steven E. Polzin and Michael R. Baltes . .47 Bus Semirapid Transit Mode Development and Evaluation Vukan R.Vuchic . .71 Applicability of Bus Rapid Transit to Corridors with Intermediate Levels of Transit Demand Graham N. Carey . .97 Detection Range Setting Methodology for Signal Priority Peter Koonce, John Ringert,Tom Urbanik,Willie Rotich, and Bill Kloos . .115 Door-to-Door Mobility: Evaluating a Bus Rapid Transit Community Transport Concept Matthew Pahs, Mark Rohden, David Hampsten, Seth Gallant, and Robert L. Bertini . .137 Ottawa and Brisbane: Comparing a Mature Busway System with Its State-of-the-Art Progeny Sean Rathwell and Stephen Schijns . .163 iii PREFACE Welcome to this special Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) edition of the Journal of Public Transportation. This edition is the Journal’s attempt to present information related to the emerging concept of Bus Rapid Transit and to assist the reader in determining its parameters, uniqueness, valid- ity, and significance. There is no question that there is a dramatic increase in interest in the BRT concept. In the United States, as part of a BRT Consortium with the Federal Transit Administration (FTA), at least 17 cities are planning to incorporate aspects of Bus Rapid Transit into their transporta- tion networks. In addition, upwards of 40 to 50 communities in the United States are currently considering BRT in their transportation planning efforts. Advocates believe Bus Rapid Transit promises to improve travel time, service reliability and customer convenience, foster livable communities, and introduce cost-effective, environmentally-friendly technologies. The National Bus Rapid Transit Institute (NBRTI) has been established as a partnership of the University of South Florida and University of California at Berkeley, in cooperation with the FTA.The mission of the NBRTI is to facilitate the sharing of knowledge and innovation for increasing the speed, efficiency, and reliability of high- capacity bus service through the imple- mentation of BRT systems. This edition of the Journal of Public Transportation covers a variety of topics related to Bus Rapid Transit,including three articles giving us a broad perspective of BRT by providing an overview, alternative characteristics, and BRT as a viable transportation alternative. In addition, articles are presented which examine the applicability of BRT in corridors with intermediate levels of transit demand, a methodology for setting a detection range for BRT signal priority, and an evaluation of BRT as a community alternative for door-to-door mobility. While BRT is a rapidly-growing national trend in the provision of public transportation service, there is still a long way to go in understanding the appropriate role for BRT in our transportation systems toolbox. It is hoped that this special edition of the Journal will increase communication between academics and practitioners in public transportation, aiming toward the common goal of improving the mobility of our citizens. Special recognition and appreciation go to our special editors for this issue, Messrs. Bert Arrillaga and Edward Thomas. Gary L. Brosch, Editor Journal of Public Transportation iv EDITORIAL I would like to thank CUTR and especially the editor of the Journal of Public Transportation for dedicating a special edition to the subject of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT).The breadth of papers that were submitted for this special edition is an indication of the interest that has surfaced in BRT during the last few years. The Federal Transit Administration started the BRT program officially in 1999 by selecting sites that would be national demonstrations of BRT.The program has been involved with a variety of activities designed to provide information to the transit industry about the benefits and drawbacks of BRT. Projects implemented throughout the United States will be part of a for- mal data collection and evaluation effort designed to document operational impacts on rider- ship, travel times, costs, service effectiveness, and customer perception and acceptance. Numerous