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Working with Tools: Work, Identity, and Perception Communicated Through the Material Culture of Work in the Context of the Rideau Canal Construction 1826-1832

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Working with Tools: Work, Identity, and Perception Communicated Through the Material Culture of Work in the Context of the Rideau Canal Construction 1826-1832 W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1996 Working with Tools: Work, Identity, and Perception Communicated through the Material Culture of Work in the Context of the Rideau Canal Construction 1826-1832 Suzanne Elizabeth Stella Plousos College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Canadian History Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Plousos, Suzanne Elizabeth Stella, "Working with Tools: Work, Identity, and Perception Communicated through the Material Culture of Work in the Context of the Rideau Canal Construction 1826-1832" (1996). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539626032. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-kgzt-ek59 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WORKING WITH TOOLS: Work, Identity, and Perception Communicated through the Material Culture of Work in the Context of the Rideau Canal Construction 1826 - 1832. A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Anthropology The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfilment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts By Suzanne Plousos 1996 ProQuest Number: 10629523 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10629523 Published by ProQuest LLC (2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 - 1346 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Suzanne Plousos Approved, December 1996 Kathleen Bragdon Norman Barka Marley Prown III DEDICATION To my friend and fellow workmate Joe and to our buddy Rupert. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... x INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 2 CHAPTER 1. HISTORICAL CONTEXT ........................................................... 14 CHAPTER 2. DATABASE IN CONTEXT ...................................................... 28 An example of Interactive Materialist Methodology: Working with Archaeological Toolkits ......................... 35 Interpretive Issues in the Rideau Construction Context ..... 42 CHAPTER 3. WORK AND OCCUPATIONAL IDENTITY ...................... 48 Laborers and Craftsmen ............................................................. 58 Contractors and Royal Engineering Staff ............................ 87 CHAPTER 4. WORK AND ETHNIC IDENTITY .......................................... 115 Material and Tool Continuity ................................................... 119 Ethnic and Working Group Symbols .................................... 127 Ethnocentric and Occupational Structures and Worldviews .. 136 CHAPTER 5. WORK, PERCEPTION AND IDENTITY ............................. 146 Conclusions ..................................................................................... 158 APPENDIX A Tools in archaeological context from the Entrance Valley of the Rideau Canal ......................................................................... 161 APPENDIX B Requisitions of articles for the Construction of the Rideau Canal ......................................................................................... 167 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................. 173 VITA ................................................................................................................................................ 181 iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank the staff of the Graduate Anthropology Department at the College of William and Mary for the excellent programme they deliver. My advisors, Professors Kathaleen Bragdon, Norman Barka, and Marley Brown III have influenced this work in more ways than they may be aware. I have benefited greatly from their patience, inspiration, stimulating conversation, and friendship. I would also like to thank many of my colleagues at Parks Canada. To the Rideau historians whose works I have cited in this report I owe a debt of gratitude. This thesis could never have been prepared without their prior research. Any errors or omissions in historical fact are of course mine. I sincerely thank Olive Jones and Doug Bryce of Parks Headquarters staff for guidance in material culture issues and appreciate the effort of my previous manager, Sheryl Smith, in supporting my request for educational leave. I thank my associates in the Cultural Resource Management Section of the Cornwall Regional Office who have so politely and tactfully asked after the progress of the thesis over the long interval of its unfolding. To Joe Last I owe all my wealth for those late night discussions and constant encouragement. LIST OF TABLES Douglas’s Simple Chi Square Relationship Rideau Construction Working Groups Occupational Group Characteristics LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. 1832 Water Communications map showing Rideau Canal joining Bytown to 15 Fort Henry at Kingston on Lake Ontario. Public Archives of Canada (here in after PAC.) 2. Lieutenant Col. John By, Royal Engineers; “C.K.” Royal Engineers Museum 18 3. Walter Fenlon’s advertisement for workers Montreal Gazette. Sept. 17, 1827. 23 4. The Entrance Valley Locks in Bytown. W.H. Bartlett, 1842. PAC C-2367 31 5. Thomas Burrowes watercolors of Rideau lockstations under construction or 34 during later repairs, often depict workers on job sites. Lock &tc. at Davis Mill 1843-4. T. Burrowes, watercolor, Archives of Ontario 51 6. Excavation of the Royal Engineers Building in progress. Photo by B. Stewart 36 1980, 34H-194T 7. Crew shots, like project Tee shirts are material symbols of participation in an 38 archaeological project. Photo by B. Morin, 1981 8. Laborers’ grubbing and excavation toolkits. Drawing by author 59 9. Lumber felling and clearing tools. Drawing by author 60 10. Lumber sawing and dressing tools. Drawing by author 61 11. Carpenters’ framing tools. Drawing by author 62 12. General carpentry tools. Drawing by author 63 13. Craftsmen’s toolkits include measuring or leveling devices and precision grip 65 tools. Detail, Connolly 1855: PI. 2 vii Craftsmen’s toolkits also include subsets of tool maintenance items. 67 Drawing by author Stone mason depicted with mallet and chisel and wearing a leather apron circa 68 1794. Detail, Connolly 1855: PI. 6 Smith with anvil and hammer repairing tools at a portable forge 1854. Detail, 69 Connolly 1855: PI. 16 Carpenters circa 1786 with hand saws, claw hammer and tool box. Connolly 70 1855: PI. 2 The coffer dam at the Entrance Valley. John By, 1830, PAC 111410 11 73 ‘Rocky-cut at the Isthmus’ shows the mounds of excavated rock. T. 74 Burrowes watercolor, 1841, Archives of Ontario Typical framing of a Rideau lock gate. Drawing by author 76 Assembling a lock gate on site at the Entrance Valley lockstation in 1954. 77 Photo by A. Dale, RAO-127M Excavation photo of the dressed stonework on the limestone wing-walls of the 79 lower locks at the Entrance Valley site. Photo by H. Stark, 34H-222M Miners’ tools recovered at the Entrance Valley site include several sledge 80 hammers, a jumper fragment and a scraper. Photo by G. Vandervlugt, 0 R 0 3 7 -D Miners’ toolkit showing hand drill. Drawing by author 81 Laborers wheel soil out of the canal cut on plank wheelbarrow runs, 1832. T. 83 Burrowes, detail of watercolor, Archives of Ontario 68 Jones Falls dam when nearly completed 1831. T. Burrowes, watercolor, 88 Archives of Ontario Plan and section of a single lock. Col. John By R.E., Public Record Office 90 Office of Ordnance requisition list for tools Oct. 5, 1826. PAC C Series Vol. 92 44 Reel C 2618 Proposed Establishment of the Royal Engineer Department at the Rideau 95 Canal for the year 1828. Col. John By, Royal Engineer’s Office, Rideau Canal, 20th November 1827. PAC MG12, W 044 Vol.15:11 viii Royal Sappers and Miners, Uniform and Working Dress, 1825. Connolly 97 1855: PI. 13 Sketch of hoisting mechanism and photo of a sheave marked with the 101 Ordnance broad arrow found in excavations at the Entrance Valley. Photo and drawing by author Brewer’s Lower mill under construction showing hoisting mechanisms in 102 operation. T. Burrowes, detail of watercolor, Archives of Ontario 68 Thomas McKay contractor on the
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