SIMON LAKE SUBMARINE The Autobiography of Simon Lake As told to HERBERT COREY D. APPLETON-CENTURY COMPANY INCORPORATED NEW YORK LONDON 1930 All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher. Foreword no man in the past century has had as to do with the of as PERHAPSmuch shape history Simon Lake. That statement is intended as a query rather than as a statement of fact. It may be debatable, but it is also defendable. He is responsible for the modern submarine. The World War pivoted on him. Not on the Kaiser or Lloyd George or Hindenburg or Wilson or LudendorfL He had nothing to do with the provocations or the set- tlements. He was an engineer almost unknown except on the coast of a New Jersey and in few capitals of Europe. His sympathies were not warmly engaged for either of the parties to the conflict. Not until the United States entered the war was he greatly stirred. Yet the pitch-pine boat he stitched and screwed and nailed together as a boy rattled a mighty empire. Great Britain's crown as Queen of the Seas almost slipped off her imperial head. If she had gone down, France must have gone with her. The consequences of such a collapse are now incalculable. To-day's world may have been no worse than it is, but it must have been almost insanely different. The brutalities of submarine warfare aroused the gen- erous and sentimental people of the United States. Americans had had no cause to love Great Britain except that to in the many traced their blood lines quiet villages shires. A synthetic affection for France had been built up through a complete misunderstanding of the part France VI FOREWORD had played toward us. We were drenched with Allied propaganda, and the German side of the case was muted. Yet we would in all probability have been able to main- tain an attitude of detached partiality if the Germans had not turned barbarian with their submarines. It was Simon Lake this almost unknown engineer on the Jersey coast who was wholly responsible for the sub- marine. It is not fair to say that some other man might have done what Simon Lake did. The fact is that there was no such other man. The modern submarine stems from his pitch-pine boat as surely as the oak does from the acorn. There is no one to share his distinction. When we entered the war, the Allies were beaten. No candid person conversant with the facts will attempt to that now. deny The Americans reenforced the faltering Allies with men and money and munitions, but more than all with a reckless courage and an unthinking prodigality and a complete disregard for obstacles. They did not follow the rules of war but they won their battles. Germany was defeated primarily because Simon Lake's submarine brought us into the war. The we took in the part World War cost us forty bil- lions of dollars, more or less. After being a Santa Glaus, the United States became a Shylock to the eyes of our un- willing debtors. A boom based on inflation was followed a due to by collapse deflation. Ever-rising taxes galled a people who had hardly been tax-conscious before the war. Social the unrest, mouthings of demagogues, ap- palling extravagances by money-drunk oflicials from vil- to strained lage capital dangerously the American politi- cal structure. A weakened and uncertain America lost something of its to aid power and comfort a frightened and confused FOREWORD yii world. Behind a screen of submarines Japan felt com- petent to defy other major powers when a sprawling China seemed again open to attack. Italy armed with submarines was able to assert a claim to the Mediterra- nean as her sea. France and Great Britain were reluc- tantly forced to embark on a great navy-building program. Pirate submarines clandestinely aided Franco's rebel forces in Spain. All over the world the little powers on the edge of the waters added submarines to their coastal defenses. In past days a rusty cruiser armed with a few light guns could set such little powers shivering in their boots. The submarine has redressed the balance. Elaborate protections are required now to ward off evil- smelling, clanking, rattling, slimy little sea-vipers. They are deadly dangerous and they are comparatively cheap. Simon Lakeno other man is responsible for these changes in the form of history. He found the submarine a bouncing, uncontrollable, suicidal, useless craft and made it into the arm most feared by the world's navies. In more than forty years he, and he alone, taught it to dive and steer, shaped its hull, gave it eyes, put guns on its turrets, and arranged such a compromise between comfort and exhaustion that its crews are able to keep the seas. Of the one hundred and eleven patents he took out for incorporation in the mod- ern submarine, twenty-five are to-day in use in every sub- marine in the world. No submarine could make a voyage or see an enemy or fire a gunor live, for that matter except by using the Lake patents. The protective period has long ago expired, of course. No royalties are being paid. But they are the blood and veins and sinews of the dark monster that has literally and in fact upset a picture whose background was roughed in when men invented gunpowder. Vlll FOREWORD Lake sees the fifty-million-dollar battleships of to-day as ponderous steel house-boats which provide dancing platforms for Navy Night and luxurious suites for ad- mirals but are quite useless in wartime. Not merely use- less, but an actual drain upon the resources of the coun- try which must pay for and man and paint and in war- time protect them from the submarine. He foresees submarine navies, provisioned from submarine depots, silent and invisible. He anticipates trade routes fur- nished with submarine cargo- and passenger-carriers, and voyages made under the ice to the North Pole in comfort and safety, so that no school-girl need suffer; and possibly romantic ventures to the depths of the sea where may be found a lost continent. Do these things seem absurd? Then read that a great marine engineer, after opposing some of Lake's plans, finally conceded his own defeat. "Your gadgets are all wrong according to the books/' he said. "But the dickens of it is that they work." It be that he may did not change the course of history. It is possible that the Germanic powers would have been defeated and that the United States would have entered the war if no one had ever heard of unterseeboots, or torpedoes, or the Lusitania. The evidence is that he did. And he invented and improved his submarine creations in the of face every obstacle, impeded by his own govern- so ment, hard-up at times that work once stopped because he could not pay a $17 debt, opposed by every brass- hatted official horrified by meeting a new idea face to face. He was robbed and laughed at and humiliated and in the end triumphant. He has made fortunes and lost them. He could refuse two and one-half million dollars of- fered for his signature to a blind contract. He could FOREWORD ix a summer to find a lost spend trying treasure ship. He refused to buy the top of Signal Hill, under which more oil was hidden than in any other dome recorded in the story of the great petroleum adventure, and has never worried a second about the pocketful of millions he lost. He made a door-to-door canvass in New York for the backing he could not find, and refused a Russian con- tract that promised an immediate fortune because he could not endure the Muscovite morals. He is stubborn and Puritanic and persistent and modest. It is doubtful, on the whole, that any one in this world has ever had a better time. If the scales were balanced, it is probable that the sub- marine would be found to be an instrument of mercy rather than of murder during the World War. It made the bombardment of coastal towns a gamble in which the dice were cogged against the bombarders. If the rested command of the seas had on big-ship power, thousands more men would have died, but the big ships were not risked. Not every submarine commander was a foul savage at heart. Most of them gave the stubbornly brave seamen who navigated rusty little slow steamers laden with food toward British ports a chance to escape with their lives. The submarine was slandered, after all, not because it was an illegal weapon every nation ac- cepted it but because it endangered England. But Simon Lake's place in history does not depend entirely on his creature of the dark waters. It is only that the submarine has been his most spectacular creation. Of his fifteen hundred patents I say fifteen hundred, not even Simon Lake could give the number off-hand- others are perhaps quite as important as the one hundred and eleven that have to do with the submarine. He found an idea in an old powderhorn and made it into an X FOREWORD airlock, and that airlock made New York's under-river old break-neck tunnels possible. He improved the high- wheeled bicycle by giving it a safe steering gear, and that gear keeps the automobiles of America out of the ditches today.