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Desert Runners Lizards, Crabs, and Cockroaches Are Showing Researchers How to Build the Robots That Will Someday Scurry on the Sands of Mars

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THE MAGAZINE OF TECHNOLOGY INSIDERS 04.09 DESERT RUNNERS LIZARDS, CRABS, AND COCKROACHES ARE SHOWING RESEARCHERS HOW TO BUILD THE ROBOTS THAT WILL SOMEDAY SCURRY ON THE SANDS OF MARS THE 10 BEST HIGH-TECH CARS THE UNIVERSAL CELLPHONE HANDSET, SOFTWARE DEFINED volume 46 number 4 north american 04.09 UPDATE 11 SMARTS ARE ONLY FOR SOME BRIDGES Despite a boost in infrastructure spending, most U.S. bridges will stay dumb. By Prachi Patel 13 AUTOMATED AUDITORS 14 SILENCING CELLPHONES 15 VOLCANIC LIGHTNING 16 CONSUMER FUEL CELLS 18 THE BIG PICTURE TV gets its turn in the spotlight. OPINION 8 SPECTRAL LINES Can “cap and tax” help President Obama’s ambitious US $150 billion energy plan succeed? 10 FORUM The truth about scuba rebreathers and the state of the art in lattice-based cryptography. Plus: Nvidia talks back. 24 TECHNICALLY SPEAKING Tap into the information at your fingertips. By Paul McFedries 42 DEPARTMENTS 4 BACK STORY LEAN COVER STORY AND MEAN: Desert dwellers can be divas. The Ford Fusion 6 CONTRIBUTORS features a 30 MARCH four-cylinder 20 HANDS ON gasoline engine OF THE SANDBOTS Profligate gasoline user, heal thyself! and also a 93- Legged robots are striding more successfully than ever with the help of Step one: Build your own fuel-use kilowatt electric monitor. By David Schneider motor—powerful some fleet-footed desert natives. enough to carry By Daniel Goldman, Haldun Komsuoglu & Daniel Koditschek 21 TOOLS & TOYS the car at speed Solving equations has never been all by itself. easier, with one new math program 26 SHRINKING POSSIBILITIES and big updates to four others. Transistors will continue scaling to smaller than 20 nanometers, but it By Kenneth R. Foster COVER: BRYAN CHRISTIE won’t happen without extreme ultraviolet lithography. By Bill Arnold DESIGN 22 MEDIA THIS PAGE: Artist-programmer Aaron Koblin built FORD MOTOR CO. 36 THE UNIVERSAL HANDSET a 10 000-person social network for his latest work. By Susan Karlin Riddle: How many gadgets does it take to make cellphone calls, tap the Internet, and receive broadcast television? Answer: Soon, only one. 23 CAREERS By Peter Koch & Ramjee Prasad How tightly do the ties that bind— noncompete clauses—bind? By Willie D. Jones 42 TOP TEN TECH CARS 64 THE DATA After years of talk, the auto industry is finally building electric Cray X-MP versus Sony PlayStation 3: (or partially electric) cars. By John Voelcker And the winner is.... By Paul Wallich WWW.SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG APRIL 2009 • IEEE SPECTRUM • NA 1 volume 46 number 4 north american 04.09 WWW.IEEE.ORG/ THEINSTITUTE AVAILABLE 6 APRIL ON THE INSTITUTE ONLINE WHY JOB HUNTERS SHOULD VOLUNTEER If you’re unemployed, the best thing you can do is volunteer for an organization like IEEE—not just because you’ll pick up new skills but also because it’s the best way to network. You’ll make contacts and meet leaders in your field, any one of whom may lead you to a job offer. PHOTOS: LEFT, FESTO; RIGHT, TOM MERTON/ GETTY IMAGES WWW.SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG AVAILABLE 1 APRIL ON SPECTRUM ONLINE ROBOTS GONE WILD Mechatronic jellyfish, sensor-laden seals, and lobster look-alikes are just a few of the robots whose main design techniques derive from the animal kingdom. These artificial jellyfish [above] are blooming in the labs of engineers at Festo, a German automation company. Inside each AquaJelly’s umbrella-shaped top are 11 LEDs that pulse infrared signals. The lights allow the robots to communicate with their GIVING BACK mechanical brethren, enabling them to operate as a swarm and adjust IEEE Secretary Barry L. Shoop helped their positions relative to each other. IEEE Spectrum Online shows you establish an engineering school in how today’s robots are gaining new abilities to swim, skip, and nuzzle Afghanistan, which recently graduated in a convincingly lifelike way. its first class. ONLINE FEATURES: ALSO ONLINE: IEEE AND ETA COULD THE BIGGEST photovoltaic • Webcasts KAPPA NU power plant in the eastern United • Podcasts SIGN MERGER States be justified without renewables • News mandates and generous subsidies? • Videos AGREEMENT IEEE Spectrum’s Bill Sweet investigates. • Blogs IEEE has signed a merger agreement • Jobs with the engineering honor society KEEP PACE with the latest major • Career Accelerator Eta Kappa Nu, which has nearly 200 software crashes and system failures on • IEEE Xplore® digital library university chapters and more than Robert N. Charette’s Risk Factor blog. • Interviews 100 000 members who have made FOLLOW SPECTRUM ON TWITTER • Opinions significant accomplishments in Contains over 25% Renewable Resources for the latest tech news and views. • More! electrical and computer engineering. IEEE SPECTRUM (ISSN 0018-9235) is published monthly by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2009 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, U.S.A. The editorial content of IEEE Spectrum magazine does not represent official positions of the IEEE or its organizational units. Canadian Post International Publications Mail (Canadian Distribution) Sales Agreement No. 40013087. Return undeliverable Canadian addresses to: Circulation Department, IEEE Spectrum, Box 1051, Fort Erie, ON L2A 6C7. Cable address: ITRIPLEE. Fax: +1 212 419 7570. INTERNET: [email protected]. ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTIONS: IEEE Members: $21.40 included in dues. Libraries/institutions: $399. POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to IEEE Spectrum, c/o Coding Department, IEEE Service Center, 445 Hoes Lane, Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855. Periodicals postage paid at New York, NY, and additional mailing offices. Canadian GST #125634188. Printed at W224-N3322 Duplainville Rd., Pewaukee, WI 53072-4195, U.S.A. IEEE Spectrum circulation is audited by BPA Worldwide. IEEE Spectrum is a member of American Business Media, the Magazine Publishers of America, and the Society of National Association Publications. WWW.SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG APRIL 2009 • IEEE SPECTRUM • NA 3 back story EDITORIAL EDITOR IN CHIEF Susan Hassler, [email protected] EXECUTIVE EDITOR Glenn Zorpette, [email protected] MANAGING EDITOR Elizabeth A. Bretz, [email protected] SENIOR EDITORS Harry Goldstein (Online), [email protected]; Jean Kumagai, [email protected]; Samuel K. Moore (News), [email protected]; Tekla S. Perry, [email protected]; Philip E. Ross, [email protected]; David Schneider, [email protected]; William Sweet, [email protected] SENIOR ASSOCIATE EDITOR Steven Cherry (Resources), [email protected] ASSOCIATE EDITORS Sally Adee, [email protected]; Erico Guizzo, [email protected]; Joshua J. Romero (Online), [email protected]; Sandra Upson, [email protected] ASSISTANT EDITOR Willie D. Jones, [email protected] SENIOR COPY EDITOR Joseph N. Levine, [email protected] COPY EDITOR Michele Kogon, [email protected] EDITORIAL RESEARCHER Alan Gardner, [email protected] EXECUTIVE PRODUCER, SPECTRUM RADIO Sharon Basco ASSISTANT PRODUCER, SPECTRUM RADIO Francesco Ferorelli, [email protected] ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANTS Ramona Gordon, [email protected]; coaxed collectors in the Middle East Nancy T. Hantman, [email protected] into selling their prized Egyptian CONTRIBUTING EDITORS John Blau, Robert N. Charette, Running Peter Fairley, Alexander Hellemans, David Kushner, desert cockroaches (Polyphaga Robert W. Lucky, Paul McFedries, Kieron B. Murphy, aegyptiaca) for about US $10 a bug. Carl Selinger, Seema Singh, John Voelcker With Robots Goldman, too, contributes a ART & PRODUCTION catch or two. He grew up chasing SENIOR ART DIRECTOR Mark Montgomery ow hard can it be to make ghost crabs on the sandbar islands ASSOCIATE ART DIRECTOR Michael Solita a lizard run? Just ask the of North Carolina and five-lined ASSISTANT ART DIRECTOR Brandon Palacio researchers in Daniel skinks around his home in PHOTO EDITOR Randi Silberman H DIRECTOR, PERIODICALS PRODUCTION SERVICES Peter Tuohy Goldman’s laboratory at Georgia Richmond, Va. At the age of 10 he EDITORIAL & WEB PRODUCTION MANAGER Roy Carubia Tech. “It’s very high tech,” says learned how to snag one of those SENIOR ELECTRONIC LAYOUT SPECIALIST Bonnie Nani Goldman [left]. “We startle it.” lizards: He’d dangle a coil of rope WEB PRODUCTION COORDINATOR Jacqueline L. Parker They wave bits of cardboard, on a pole and stand several steps MULTIMEDIA PRODUCTION SPECIALIST Michael Spector flash lights, and gently pinch the from his target. Then he’d lower the EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD lizards’ tails. Then they do it again. noose around its neck and pull up, Susan Hassler, Chair; Marc T. Apter, Francine D. Berman, And again. And again. “Sometimes ensnaring the thrashing skink and Jan Brown, Raffaello D’Andrea, Stephen L. Diamond, Hiromichi Fujisawa, Kenneth Y. Goldberg, Susan Hackwood, Bin He, Erik I try to make a noise, but that delivering it unharmed to a cloth bag. Heijne, Charles H. House, David H. Jacobson, Christopher J. doesn’t seem to work,” says Chen Li, But unlike lizards in the wild, James, Ronald G. Jensen, Mary Y. Lanzerotti, Ruby B. Lee, Tak a physics graduate student [right]. captive animals can be exhaustingly Ming Mak, David A. Mindell, C. Mohan, Fritz Morgan, Andrew M. Odlyzko, Leslie D. Owens, Barry L. Shoop, Larry L. Smarr, The 65 lizards, crabs, and placid. “I can say, ‘Animal, go!’ or Harry L. “Nick” Tredennick III, Sergio Verdu, William Weihl, cockroaches in Goldman’s lab ‘Animal, move your legs in a certain Bas¸ak Yüksel can be ornery companions to the way,’ and it won’t do that,” Goldman EDITORIAL CORRESPONDENCE one robot that beats a steady path reports. Indeed, an annoyed ghost IEEE Spectrum, 3 Park Ave., 17th Floor, New York, NY 10016-5997 Attn: Editorial Dept. Tel: +1 212 419 7555 Fax: +1 212 419 7570 down a track in the lab. In “March crab may instead go on the offensive, Bureau: Palo Alto, Calif.; Tekla S.
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