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Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography Angiography and Bronchography Combined with Three-Dimensional Printing for Thoracoscopic P 1195 Original Article Three-dimensional computed tomography angiography and bronchography combined with three-dimensional printing for thoracoscopic pulmonary segmentectomy in stage IA non-small cell lung cancer Wenbin Hu1, Kang Zhang1, Xiaoliang Han1, Jiaming Zhao1, Guzong Wang1, Shunda Yuan1, Binjun He2 1Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University (The Shaoxing Municipal Hospital), Shaoxing, China; 2Department of Thoracosurgery, Shaoxing People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, China Contributions: (I) Conception and design: W Hu, B He, S Yuan; (II) Administrative support: K Zhang, J Zhao; (III) Provision of study materials or patients: G Wang, X Hang; (IV) Collection and assembly of data: W Hu; (V) Data analysis and interpretation: All authors; (VI) Manuscript writing: All authors; (VII) Final approval of manuscript: All authors. Correspondence to: Binjun He. Department of Thoracosurgery, Shaoxing People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing 312000, China. Email: [email protected]. Background: Compared with lobectomy, the anatomical structure of the lung segment is relatively complex and easy to occur variation, thus it increases the difficulty and risk of precise segmentectomy. The application of three-dimensional computed tomography bronchography and angiography (3D-CTBA) combined with a three-dimensional printing (3D printing) model can ensure the safety of operation and simplify the surgical procedure to a certain extent. We aimed to estimate the value of 3D-CTBA and 3D printing in thoracoscopic precise pulmonary segmentectomy. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of 65 patients who underwent anatomical segmentectomy at the Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University from January 2019 to August 2020. The patients were divided into two groups: a 3D-CTBA combined with 3D printing group (30 patients) and a general group (35 patients). The perioperative data of the two groups were compared. Results: Compared with the general segmentectomy group at the same period in our center, the surgery time of the group guided by 3D-CTBA and 3D printing was significantly shorter. Intraoperative blood loss in the 3D-CTBA and 3D printing group was also apparently lower than in the general group. Hospital stay and postoperative chest tube duration showed no significant differences between the two groups, and neither did postoperative complications such as pneumonia, hemoptysis, arrhythmia, and pulmonary air leakage. Conclusions: 3D-CTBA combined with 3D printing clearly identifies the precise pulmonary segmental structures, avoids intraoperative accidental injury, reduces intraoperative blood loss, shortens the operation time and improves the safety of thoracoscopic pulmonary segmentectomy in stage IA non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Keywords: Three-dimensional computed tomography bronchography and angiography (3D-CTBA); three- dimensional printing (3D printing); pulmonary segmentectomy; lung cancer Submitted Nov 21, 2020. Accepted for publication Feb 04, 2021. doi: 10.21037/jtd-21-16 View this article at: http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/jtd-21-16 © Journal of Thoracic Disease. All rights reserved. J Thorac Dis 2021;13(2):1187-1195 | http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/jtd-21-16 1188 Hu et al. 3D-CTBA combined with 3D printing for thoracoscopic pulmonary segmentectomy Introduction Methods With the broad application of low-dose chest computed Patient selection tomography in routine physical examinations, early In this retrospective study, we collected and analyzed the stage lung cancer is increasingly easier to detect. detailed medical records of 65 patients who underwent In recent years, growing evidence suggests that pulmonary anatomical segmentectomy at the Affiliated Hospital of segmentectomy has the same oncological outcomes as Shaoxing University between January 2019 and August pulmonary lobectomy in stage IA non-small cell lung 2020. We applied 3D-CTBA combined with 3D printing cancer (NSCLC). Anatomic segmentectomy can minimally technology to transform 2D CT images into 3D printing resect the lesion, maximally remain healthy lung tissue, models for preoperative planning in 30 patients, while and avoid unnecessary loss of lung function. Compared the preoperative plan for the remaining 35 patients was with wedge resection, segmentectomy ensures sufficient undertaken with the standard two-dimensional enhanced surgical margins and lymph node sampling for accurate tumor staging. Therefore, intentional segmentectomy has chest CT. Accordingly, we divided the 65 patients into gradually become the first choice for stage IA NSCLC (1-3). two groups: the 3D-CTBA combined with 3D printing Compromise segmentectomy is also the best treatment group and the general group. The perioperative data of option for patients with poor lung function who cannot the two groups were compared. According to the National tolerate lobectomy. Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines, Compared with lobectomy, the anatomical structure the recommended operative indications for pulmonary of the plumonary segment is relatively complex and segmentectomy in our center are as follows: (I) clinical easy to occur variation. It is difficult to accurately display diagnosis of stage IA NSCLC nodules with diameter the meticulous anatomical structure of the pulmonary ≤2 cm; (II) CT showing that the nodule has ≥50% ground- artery, vein, and bronchus based on preoperative two- glass appearance, and the nodule conforms a long doubling dimensional CT images, thus it increases the difficulty and time by radiologic surveillance (≥400 days); (III) the nodule risk of precise segmentectomy. Therefore, it is particularly is deeply positioned, difficult to locate, and close to the important to find a technique that better displays the adjacent vessels; (IV) a suspected solitary lung metastatic precise anatomical structure in order to guide the resection tumor deep in the lung that is not feasible by wedge of the pulmonary segment. Previous studies mostly focused resection; (V) patients with poor pulmonary function or on simple three-dimensional reconstruction technology. other serious complications who cannot tolerate lobectomy. In our center, we use three-dimensional computed All procedures performed in this study involving human tomography bronchography and angiography (3D-CTBA) participants were in accordance with the Declaration of which can greatly improve the discernibility of CT images, Helsinki (as revised in 2013). The study was approved by combined with three-dimensional printing (3D printing) the Institutional Review Board of the Affiliated Hospital can accurately, stereoscopically, and multi-dimensionally of Shaoxing University, and written informed consent was present the anatomical structure of the target pulmonary obtained from patients prior to surgery. artery and vein, bronchus lesion, and surrounding tissue. This method can provide a better sense of space and tactile Preoperative planning of the pulmonary segmentectomy feedback, achieve accurate matching between the virtual guided by 3D-CTBA and 3D printing reconstruction model and the actual anatomical structure and guide the precise implementation of segmentectomy. Obtaining high quality CT images In this paper, we retrospectively collected and analyzed In our institution, all patients underwent 3D-CTBA the detaled clinical features of patients who underwent scanning with a high-speed 64-channel multi-detector CT segmentectomy in our center and evaluated the utility of scanner (SOMATOM Definition AS, Siemens, Germany). 3D-CTBA combined with 3D printing for anatomical Vascular access was obtained in the median vein of the pulmonary segmentectomy in the treatment of stage IA right elbow. The scan ranged from the thoracic entrance NSCLC. We present the following article in accordance to the diaphragm level. An automatic injector for vessel with the MDAR reporting checklist (available at http:// enhancement was used to inject 40 mL of iohexol at a flow dx.doi.org/10.21037/jtd-21-16). rate of 5.0 mL/s. After the contrast medium injection, © Journal of Thoracic Disease. All rights reserved. J Thorac Dis 2021;13(2):1187-1195 | http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/jtd-21-16 Journal of Thoracic Disease, Vol 13, No 2 February 2021 1189 A B C D E F Figure 1 The CT scan, 3D-CTBA, and 3D model of a 56-year-old female patient. One GGO is found in the left lower lobe. According to the scrutiny of the 3D simulation and 3D model, anatomical segmentectomy with left S6 is performed. (A) The CT scan shows that a GGO is located in the left lobe (S6); (B) the reconstructed image shows the relationship between the lesion and arteries; (C) 3D reconstruction imaging shows the location relationship between the nodule and the pulmonary vessels; (D) the surgical wound after segmentectomy; (E,F) the 3D printed model. 3D-CTBA, three-dimensional computed tomography bronchography and angiography; GGO, ground-glass opacity. 30 mL of normal saline was immediately injected at the and subpulmonary segment was defined Figures( 1 and 2). same flow rate. Axial thin-section CT images of the whole lung were reconstructed using a slice thickness of 0.7 mm. 3D printing The 3D-CTBA imaging reconstructed by Mimics software The 3D-CTAB reconstruction was exported and saved as an STL file mode. The STL The thin-slice two-dimensional CT images in DICOM format format file of the 3D digital models was imported into were exported from PACS and transferred to Mimics software the
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