APRIL 2010 Transportation Reboot: Restarting America’s Most Essential Operating System The Case for Capacity: To Unlock Gridlock, Generate Jobs, Deliver Freight, and Connect Communities

Unlocking Gridlock http://ExpandingCapacity.transportation.org PART1OF A SERIES

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF STATE HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORTATION OFFICIALS Acknowledgements

Much of the material cited in this report, including the estimates of capaci- ty increases required, is drawn from research published in May 2007 by the Transportation Research Board’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP). The report, Future Options for the Interstate and Defense Highway System can be accessed at http://onlinepubs.trb.org/online- pubs/trbnet/acl/NCHRP_20-24_52Task10_NCHRPFinal.pdf.

The objective of the research project was to develop a potential vision for the future of the U.S. Interstate Highway System. The report was prepared by a study team led by David Gehr and Steve Lockwood of PB Consult, Gary Mar- ing of Cambridge Systematics, Inc., Kevin E. Heanue and Alan E. Pisarski.

The research was sponsored by AASHTO and the Federal Highway Administration, and was guided by a panel chaired by Harold E. Linnen- kohl, Georgia DOT (retired); and included Allen D. Biehler, P.E., Secretary, Pennsylvania DOT; John F. Conrad, P.E., Washington State DOT; Dr. David J. Forkenbrock, University of Iowa; Dr. Clay McShane, Northeastern Univer- sity; Debra L. Miller, Secretary, Kansas DOT; Thomas E. Norton, Colorado DOT (formerly); Kenneth Orski, Urban Mobility Corporation; Dr. Bruce E. Seely, Michigan Technological University; MG David A. Sprynczynatyk, North Dakota Army National Guard; and LTG Kenneth R. Wykle, National Defense Transportation Association.

The analysis period considered in the Future Options Report was the 30 years from 2005 to 2035. The National Surface Transportation Policy and Revenue Study Commission, in its 2008 report, Transportation for Tomorrow, looked at what the country’s surface transportation needs would be by 2050. In order for this report to be comparable to that of the National Commission’s, AASHTO based its findings on the research conducted by PB, Cambridge Systematics, Pisarski and Heanue, but presented its recommendations using the 2050 time horizon. We have also updated the travel demand forecasts us- ing more recent data from AASHTO’s 2009 Bottom Line Report.

Additional information in the report was gleaned from Commuting in America III, authored by Alan E. Pisarski under a joint project of the NCHRP and the Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) and published in October 2006. Christine Becker also contributed to the report.

 Graphic Design/Layout by Mario Olivero for AASHTO page i —expansion BridgeWilson of from the 6Woodrow to 12 invest more in transit than does the federal government. in transit than invest more In 2007, to federal funding states spent $13.3 billion on transit, compared of $10.7 billion. AASHTO supports by doubling of transit ridership transit funding by 89 percent. federal 2030 and increasing Does AASHTO support passenger rail? intercity in investing more Of course. State departments of transportation have called for investing $50 billion during the next six years to expand intercity passenger rail service. passenger rail investments alone cannot But transit and intercity Virginia and Maryland Foreword in late north of Salt Lake City opened Legacy Parkway In Utah—when the new 14-mile of 44 minutes to 14 minutes. their commute drop from an average 2008, motorists saw In lanes to relieve a major Interstate system bottleneck is saving drivers and truckers 40 minutes a day. of the transportationExpanding the ability travel- system to meet the needs of the economy and the quality of life of our citizens. ing public is critical to the health of our preserves which a balanced approach, what has require needs will Meeting future system performance,been built to date, improves and adds substantial capacity in passenger rail. rail and intercity highways, transit, freight want to take the country path. They down a different however, Some advocacy groups, highways to transit and shift away from resources want to limit new highway capacity, imposed on states rail. And they want to see this approach passenger and intercity the national level. from disagree. We States today actually Does AASHTO support transit? Absolutely. in investing more transportation is needed balanced approach begin to meet the nation’s needs. A more of passenger travel 95 percent how Americans choose to travel. Today that recognizes by value and truck, of freight motorcycle and 93 percent in America is made by car, moves on our highways. Expanding highway capacity is not the only thing that will be required to meet future mobility needs, but it will be a principal part of what will be required. John Horsley . of what will be required part not the only thing that will be not the only thing that will be Executive Director it will be a principal needs, but it will be a principal Expanding highway capacity is Expanding highway required to meet future mobility page ii 30 minutecommutestill levels willalsorebound, unless thenationbuilds traffic. Astheeconomy “Today, driverswitha the capacityneeded.” rebounds, congestion three fullworkdays) lose 22hours(nearly annually sittingin network and must continue to play a strategic role. The Interstate Highway System is the backbone of the nation’s transportation Significant investment is needed to keep America moving. and are increasing the need for new capacity. Population increases are putting strains on existing transportation networks, Unlocking Gridlock: Key Findings I I I I I I I I I I I esenting only one percent of total highway miles, today’s Interstates carry 24percent ofall Interstatescarry esenting onlyonepercent oftotalhighwaymiles, today’s I I I I I ravel ontheU.S.highwaysystemhasincreased five-fold overthepast60yearsfrom 600billion I I I I traffic wouldgrindtoahalt. adding neededcapacity, theconditionofnation’s roads andbridgeswouldimprove, but egies tocuttherateofgrowth toonlyonepercent peryear. is growing. million. UnlikecountriesinEurope andAsiawhosepopulationsare expectedtodecline,theU.S. traffic and 41 percent of combination-vehicle truck traffic. traffic and41percent ofcombination-vehicle truck billion isneededforsystemenhancementssuchassafety improvements. $85 billionisneededforsystemrehabilitation, $71billionisneededforsystemexpansionand$18 early 2010,projects anannualhighwayinvestmentneedofabout$175billion.Ofthatamount, traffic. miles driventoalmostthree trillionin2009. million. increased from 85millionto225 million.By2050thatnumberisexpectedtoreach nearly335 ropolitan areas. Between1950 and2000,thenumberofpeopleliving inmetropolitan regions liveinTexas.who currently Repr If mostorallofourcapitalinvestmentswer The U.S.Depar Drivers witha30-minutecommutelose22hours(nearlythr Annual travelisexpectedtoclimbnearly4.5trillionmiles T Close to80per A In 10yearstheU.S.populationwillgr Since 1956whentheInterstateHighwayA merica’s population is forecast to increase from 308 million today to more than 420 million by 2050. cent ofAmerica’sgrowth andeconomicdevelopmenthasconcentrated in met- tment ofTransportation’s 2008ConditionsandPerformance ,released in report ow by27millionpeople,more thanthenumberofpeople ct wasenacted,theU.S.populationhasgrown by140 e madeinsystemrehabilitation andlittletononein ee fullworkdays)annuallysitting in by2050,evenwithaggressive strat- page iii U.S. DOT’s 2008 Condi- tions and Performance Report, published in 2010, found that to meet highway future needs 20 years, over the next 48.7 percent of capital investment should go into system reha- bilitation and 41 percent should go to system expansion. past four decades, the amount past four decades, eased by 150 percent, while Inter- 150 percent, eased by ole in providing mobility for the American public, carrying mobility ole in providing 95 percent o areas, the bulk of traffic is carriedo areas, and state arterials, on urban Interstates rather Highways play a dominant r Because capacity has not kept pace with travel demand over the not kept pace with travel demand Because capacity has In many metr Between 1980 and 2006, traffic on the Interstate System incr on the Interstate 1980 and 2006, traffic Between of passenger trips and 93 percent of freight by value. Expanding highway capacity is not the only by value. Expanding highway capacity is of freight of passenger trips and 93 percent principal part mobility needs, but it will be a to meet future what is of thing that will be required needed. than on city and county arterials or local streets. For example, in the Austin, Texas metro area, area, metro Texas example, in the Austin, arterialsthan on city and county For streets. or local is made up of state arterials of the highway network only seven percent and Interstates, but carrythose roads traffic. of the 80 percent state capacity increased by only 15 percent. state capacity increased he nation’s most urban areas on most urban areas in the nation’s congested conditions at peak hours of traffic experiencing to over 67 percent. 32 percent doubled from the Interstate System I I I I I I I I Meeting metropolitan mobility needs will requireMeeting metropolitan mobility a balanced approach that preserves performance, and what has been built to date, improves system transit, freightadds substantial capacity in highways, rail, and intercity pas- senger rail. page iv nation createsadequate “The resultsofinaction “The nation’s economycould highway, transit, and railroad capacity,railroad the are clear. Unlessthe slow toastandstill.’ ingCapacity.transportation.org. are listed in Appendix A. Full details on these projects, and many more, are available at http://Expand- survey, state departments of transportation have identified some of their high priority needs, which traffic, states have a long and urgent list of capacity improvement projects. In response to an AASHTO Whether it’s a traffic-choked interchange or a out-dated bridge inadequate to accommodate today’s Find Your State at Key Examples of Capacity Needs Across America: ating system—its transportation network: AASHTO’s four-pronged approach to restarting America’s most essential oper- I I I I I I I I I I I thesystem. andmodernize reserve I I I I o reduce congestionandmeetfuture current needs,theAASHTO2007Future Optionsfor Inter- I intercity passengerrailduringthenextsixyears. assistance by89percent. AASHTOhasalsocalledforinvesting$50billioninhighspeedand freight torail. from trucks the needsforincreasing metropolitan mobilityandreducing congestion. be systematicallyprogrammed bystatesandtheirMPOstomeetcommunity needs,especially funds shouldbeprovided tofundtheInterstateHighwaycapacityneeded. Thesedollarsshould ofthese tothestates.Asignificantportion way assistance,90percent distributedbyformula passenger andfreight movementsandthethrough-trips thatcontinuetogrow. for additionalincreases inInterstatehighwaycapacityneededtoaccommodatelonger-distance to beaddedtheexistingurbansegmentsofNationalHighwaySystem. to theexisting85,000lane-milesofurbanInterstate.Additionally, another40,000lane-milesneed state Highwaysstudyfoundthattheequivalentof30,000additionallane-milesshouldbeadded A Shif Impr P AASHTO hascalledonCongr Massive investmentsintransitcapacityandaquadr AASHTO hasalsocalledfordoublingtransitridershipby2030, T dd thehighwaycapacityneededtosustainAmerica’sfuture. t trips to other options, such as intercity passenger rail, transit, bicycles or walking; and shift t tripstootheroptions,suchasintercity passengerrail,transit,bicycles orwalking;andshift ove systemperformance. http://ExpandingCapacity.transportation.org ess toprovide $375billionoverthenextsixyearsinfederalhigh- upling oftransit ridershipcannotsubstitute and increasing federaltransit page v “Between 1980 and 2006, traffic on the Interstate System in- creased by 150 percent, while Interstate capac- ity increased by only 15 percent.” ter, Safer, Safer, ter, ransit, Intercity Rail ransit, Intercity our-Point Plan for Urban Mobility our-Point dding Highway Capacity reservation Includes Performance Smarter, Sustainable Smarter, Investments in T A Making the System Swif P A F I I I I I I I I I I 3. The Opportunities of Expansion of Opportunities The 3. Answers Urban 4. TRANSPORTATION REBOOT Restarting America’s Most Most America’s Restarting eat about an Interstate? Essential Operating System Operating Essential teries opulation aying the Price of Congestion aying the Price ravel Growth Interstate Expansion Needs Aging Ar What’s So Gr T Inadequate investment P P I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 2. It Is Your Father’s Interstate! But It Doesn’t Have to Be to Have Doesn’t It But Interstate! Father’s Your Is It 2. 1. System Overload System 1. Inside: describes what is changing in America and Reboot describes what is changing in America In this first of a three-part report, Transportation the capacity address segments Future why those changes demand new transportation capacity. demand, and to access the economic might of rural freight to meet the burgeoning required increases America. Three key challenges loom ahead—easing urban congestion; supporting key challenges loom Three demands; mounting freight and connecting rural network. In each case, an essential solution is en- economies to the national is needed. it ever and however where abling our transportation system to grow, Like an overloaded computer, decades of underinvestment have frozen the advancement of our have frozen decades of underinvestment Like an overloaded computer, transportation population needs jobs and our economy nation’s a time when our growing network at needs a competitive edge. page vi page 1 If most or all of our capital investments were made in system re- habilitation and little to none in adding needed the condition capacity, roads and of the nation’s bridges would improve, but traffic would grind to a halt. P A R T 1 PART 1 :: SYSTEM OVERLOAD System Overload System opolitan areas will approach 335 million—100 mil- will approach opolitan areas ease from 308 million to 420 million. ease from rom 15 eight tonnage moved in the United States will at least double—from travel on highways will grow from 2.9 trillion miles in 2009 to 4.5 trillion in 2050, in trillion 4.5 to 2009 in miles trillion 2.9 from grow will highways on travel reight carried than 100 percent. reight by truck by more is expected to increase Annual F U.S. population will incr The number of people living in metr The amount of fr billion tons of goods transported than 30 billion tons. per year to more even with strategic efforts of miles driven. in the number the rate of growth to reduce lion more than today. lion more I I I I I I I I I I By the year 2050: year the By Similarly, travel on the U.S. highway system has increased—five-fold during the past 50 years from during the past 50 years from travel on the U.S. highway system has increased—five-fold Similarly, traveled, often600 billion miles driven (or vehicle miles to as VMT) in 1956 to 2.9 trillion in referred and the economy expands, travel will still climb to nearly 4.5 trillion 2009. As the population grows, only one percent to strategies to slow the rate of growth miles per year by 2050, even with aggressive per year. Every population. A new baby arrives 14 seconds another person is added to America’s every eight seconds. A new immigrant arrives every 2009 and 2010, 2.9 million people were 37 seconds. Between born or arrived nation, adding the million. America is a growing in the U.S., bringing our total to 308.4 everyequivalent of the population of Canada ten years. page 2 TRANSPORTATION REBOOT :: R :: REBOOT TRANSPORTATION 308.4 million people The U.S. Census Bureau projected the total U.S. population on January 1, 2010 at America Is Growing By the year 2050: 1.125 T 2.250 T 3.375 T 4.500 T The number of people living in metropolitan areas will approach The U.S. population will increase from 308.4 million to over miles driven. in 2050, even with strategic efforts to reduce the rate of growth in the number of Annual travel on highways will grow from Freight carried by truck is expected to increase by more than —from 15 billion tons of goods transported per year to more than The amount of freight tonnage moved in the United States will at least double 105 M 210 M 315 M 420 M 10 B 20 B 30 B 0 M 0 B 0 T ______—up 2.9 million 308.4 million P e 2.9 trillion 15 billion starting opu FREIGHT WI TRAVE l in just one year from New Year’s Day 2009. atio

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. S y stem page 3 PART 1 :: SYSTEM OVERLOAD th Carolina (1.34 million); Washington (753,000); Colorado (753,000); Colorado (1.34 million); Washington th Carolina ew by 2.49 million people gia grew by 1.59 million people gia grew exas added more than 3.84 million people exas added more T Florida gr Geor Arizona added 1.43 million people Others in the top ten include Nor (697,000); Nevada (625,000); Utah (554,000) and South Carolina (551,000). (697,000); Nevada (625,000); Utah (554,000) and South Carolina I I I I I I I I I I The state census projections released in 2009 show the dramatic growth experienced primarily in the the dramatic growth in 2009 show released The state census projections in the past decade. South and West Where the Growth Is Growth the Where every in in 2009 show that population between 2000–2009 grew Census estimates released state. California people. Rounding out the top the most populous state, with about 36.9 million remained (19.5 million), Florida (18.5 million) and Illinois (12.9 New York (24.8 million), Texas five states were by Louisiana, Rhode Island, and Michigan) grew Virginia, states (Northmillion). Five Dakota, West less than one percent. The results of inaction are clear. Unless the nation creates adequate highway, transit, and railroad railroad transit, and adequate highway, Unless the nation creates clear. of inaction are The results take longer to get their goods would could slow to a standstill. Trucks economy the nation’s capacity, shelves, shortages leaving empty to stores, costs. Commuters would have to add more or increased friends. time with families and work, taking away precious hours to their day getting to and from and transit highway, additional accomplish, adding frustrations. will take longer to Chores Therefore, for the country. quality of life the future jobs and rail capacity is critical for a healthy economy, Even at the 2009 reset level, drivers with a 30 minute commute still lose 22 hours (nearly three full drivers with a 30 minute commute still lose 22 hours (nearly three level, Even at the 2009 reset Score- Traffic INRIX National to the newly released work days) annually sitting in traffic, according the nation builds the unless congestion levels will also rebound, As the economy rebounds, card. capacity needed. The current recession illustrates the close tie between economic prosperity and transportation. close tie between economic prosperity illustrates the The current recession As truckdid so slowed, economy importsthe goods, consumer hauling traffic exports.and conges- While Due, in part, late 2007 and early 2008, it has now stabilized. in by 30 percent tion dropped to the loss to the been “reset” congestion levels have the economy over the last two years, of 8.3 million jobs in consider that a good thing for America. level experienced in 2005. But no one would Nationwide, congestion is costing more than four billion hours of annual travel delay and 2.9 billion travel delay and 2.9 hours of annual than four billion more congestion is costing Nationwide, the to the chief economist of the U.S. Department According gallons of wasted fuel. of Transportation, and the cost is per year for congestion and unreliability paying nearly $170 billion nation is already drag on the This constitutes a significant rate of the overall economy. than twice the at more growing and the quality of life. global competitiveness national economy, page 4 15 12 5 Boise City-Nampa, ID; Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, AR-MO; 18 14 Greeley, CO; 3 burg-Mission, TX; 7 Provo-Orem, UT; 19 9 Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA; Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC; Scottsdale, AZ; Bend, OR; Gainesville, GA; 1 Prescott, AZ; Palm Coast, FL; 13 Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL; 6 8 Las Vegas-Paradise, NV; Austin-Round Rock, TX; TRANSPORTATION REBOOT :: R :: REBOOT TRANSPORTATION 11 20 4 17 10 Raleigh, Cary, NC; Myrtle Beach,Myrtle SC; Coeur d’Alene, ID 16 2 Wilmington, NC; St. George, UT; Phoenix,-Mesa- McAllen-Edin- Urban Areas Merge into Megaregions and shoppingworkingare allcentered inmegaregions hundreds ofmilesacross. require notonlytheoriginal urbanarea, butthe newurbanarea transitandroads where thatserve housing notonlyeachcenter,require andcapacitytoserve theinfrastructure Theywill butcentertoneeds. While thesesuperareas seem tofunctionasindividual cities,theyhavemultipledistinct centersandwill population of15million. Orleans’ 9million.The“Piedmont Atlantic Megaregion” Carolina from hasa Atlanta toCharlotte,North prise theentire stateofFlorida,Dallas-Austin-San intoHoustonNew Antonio,withits 11millionblurring Megaregion” California ofSanFrancisco“Northern toSacramentoFresno. Othermegaregions com- from SanDiegotoLasthat runs Vegas andbackto thePacific where itnearlyjoinswiththe10million to nearly49million.Growth intheWest Megaregion” California givesusa“Southern topping25million, ing intoeachother’sboundaries.Already, theBostontoWashington Megaregion” DC“Northeast ishome As urbanareas grow countiesandgrow-megalopolises, annexingthesurrounding andblurtheybecome the 20 fastest growing urban areas will expand by 28 to 80 percent, adding a total of 5,000,000 people. over 40,000, to the largest, Atlanta, adding 1.2 million or nearly 30 percent of its current population. All told, ranging from the smallest (and fastest growing), Palm Coast, FL expected to nearly double in size adding Georgia, Arizona and Idaho, and one each in Colorado, Oregon and Arkansas. These 20 cities are all sizes, MSAs from 2000 to 2009, four are in and North South Carolina, three in Texas, two each in Utah, Florida, urban areas in the South and West also experienced the most dramatic growth. Of the 20 fastest growing Just as Census estimates show dramatic growth in southern and western States, Census estimates show one million and above had increased to 52. with populations of one million and above. By 2009, the number of urban areas with regional populations of In 1990 there were 43 urban areas, defined by the Census Bureau as Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA’s), Nine More Metropolitan Regions Top 1 Million Since 1990 100% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 0% ______20 Fastest Growing Metropolitan Areas 2000–2009 1 – 83.9 52.1 2 – 47.4 e 3 – starting Represents urbanpopulationgrowth of5,301,772 41.2 4 – 40.9 5 –

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17– stem 28.9 18– 28.8 19– 28.3 20– page 5 PART 1 :: SYSTEM OVERLOAD Census RegionCensus Midwest 2005NortheastSouth 66,005,033West 54,802,949 2030 70,497,298 57,671,068 106,916,476 143,269,337 67,782,676 92,146,732 In Utah, another fast-growing state, investments in capacity have “kept congestion at a manage- In Utah, another fast-growing “By investing in new highway capacity John Njord. able level,” said Utah DOT Executive Director since 1996, we have stayed ahead of the curvein strategic areas on congestion even with a rapidly transportation said investments in population.” Njord a key component of growing infrastructure are the state’s economic development strategy because, he said, “being able to move makes the state an attractive place for businesses to locate.” States Find Solutions Find States Nevada illustrates the chal- travel demand. Fast-growing comes increasing population growth With in five projections 20-year population growth reaching states. “We’re lenges facing high-growth behind years,” said Susan Martinovitch, “We’re of the Nevada Department Director of Transportation. opening up new facilities. So our focus right now is building on capacity needs even when we’re She added, “During its peak the transportation here.” to address already needs of people who are bringing 100 new cars and Clark County, Vegas period, 3,000 people a month moved into Las growth overworkedper day to an already highway system.” Accommodating metropolitan travel growth will be a challenge not just for local governments, will be a challenge not just for travel growth but for metropolitan Accommodating the state departments of transportation bear the brunt who oversee urban Interstates that of met- transit and passenger rail highway, lies in a combination of increasing traffic. The solution ropolitan along with travel demand strategies. capacity, Growth Projected in All Regions of United States by 2030 by States United of Regions All in Projected Growth page 6 $500 million in total improvements have enhanced the busy section of freeway that sees over 200,000 vehicles daily. that will whisk carpoolers through I-15, I-515 and other Las Vegas corridors on dedicated HOV lanes. Now, more than muter rail service. Todaymuter railservice. 60,000passengersdaily. Utahtransit’srailsystems serve andcom- Airport, work beganonfourotherlight-rail extensions,includingaconnectiontotheSaltLake International totheregional MedicalCenterin2003;and2008 City region: An extensiontotheUniversityofUtahin2001;service Olympics. Intheyearssincethen,systemhasbeensteadily expandedtomeettheneedsofgreater SaltLake Congress provided intimeforthe2002Winter $312milliontohelptheSaltLake Cityregion deliverlightrailservice highway andtransitimprovements. future. From thisprocess emerged aplanfortheregion’s systemthatfeatured acombinationofmajor transportation thebusinesscommunityandcitizensgroups havejoinedforceslocal governments, toweighoptionsforshapingtheir cast todoubleagain4.4million.Through acommunity-based planningprocess called“EnvisionUtah,”stateand Between 1970and2000,Utah’spopulationdoubledfrom 1.1millionto2.2 million.Duringthenext30years,itisfore- Utah adds freeways and transit Nevada widening of U.S. 95 TRANSPORTATION REBOOT :: R :: REBOOT TRANSPORTATION e starting

95 is envisioned to be the of start a valley-wide HOV network mitigate ever-increasing traffic by encouraging carpooling. U.S. vehicles with two or more passengers, HOV lanes can help vehicle (HOV) lanes to improve traffic flow. By allowing only The project also marks the state’s first use of high occupancy improve traffic flow by controlling spacing of merging vehicles. intelligent transportation systems such as ramp metering to eight miles of U.S. 95, expanding the freeway and utilizing projects. One project, completed at the end of 2007, improved The improvements started in 2000 and were separated into 10 Nevada. throughout ments thatwillbeusedtoenhancetransportation Las VegasU.S. 95innorthwest brought withitmanyadvance- Nevada’s largest stateroad project todate,thewideningof Utah Transit Expansionof Service previous 44-minute average. the averageeveningcommutedropped to14minutesfrom the commuters. ThedaytheParkway openedinSeptember2008, Utah roadwayhighway toprovide fornorthern analternate inDecember2006asa14-mile-stretch offour-laneconstruction was needed.The$685millionLegacyParkway Project began route speeds aslow30mph.Itwasclearthatanalternate hours,withaverage operating atfullcapacityduringrush was oneofUtah’smostheavilytraveledfreeway corridors, By 2000,Interstate15betweenSaltLake andDaviscounties Utah’s A m erica L egacy Parkway ’ s

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S y stem page 7 $85.2 38 30 21 15 16 per million VMT Outlays in 1987 $ Outlays in 1987 $ PART 1 :: SYSTEM OVERLOAD $18.3 $71.1 System Enhancement Total All Functional Systems 2.2% 2.3% 1.6% 1.5% 1.8% (billions of 2006 dollars) 2006 of (billions (billions of 2006 dollars) Percentage of GDP Percentage $48 27.3 33.2 23.2 32.4 44.3 $7.8 Billions of System Expansion Constant 1987 $ $55.9 Urban Arterials & Collectors 6.3 11.6 20.3 35.2 61.3 Billions of Current $ Capital Outlays for U.S. Highway Construction, 1960–2000 Construction, Highway U.S. for Outlays Capital $19.1 Status of the Nation’s Highways, Bridges and Transit, Conditions and Performance Report, 2008 Conditions and Performance Transit, Highways, Bridges and Status of the Nation’s Annual Highway Capital Investments Needs System Rehabilitation $4.5 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 U.S. DOT

$5.8 Rural Arterials & Collectors Source: Annual Highway Capital Investments Needs Needs Investments Capital Highway Annual report an annual projects 2008 Conditions and Performance The U.S. Department of Transportation’s billion. Of that amount, the DOT states that $85.2 billion is highway investment need of about $175 $71.1 billion for system expansion and $18.3 billion for needed annually for system rehabilitation, improvements. system enhancements such as safety The National Surface Transportation Policy and Revenue Study Commission reported and Revenue Study Commission in January Policy 2008, The National Surface Transportation billion annually for the next 50 years to upgrade the exist- that the U.S. needs to invest at least $225 ing transportation advanced facilities required and to build the more network to a state of good repair that amount today. of nation currently competitive. The is investing less than 40 percent to remain Decades of Underinvestment of Decades in transportation on the rise, investment are and travel freight But even while population, and capac- investment in highway construction a steadily down- shows decline. The nation’s ity has been on the to traffic. wealth, and in relation of our nation’s both as a percentage trend ward Jones, David W. Mass Motorization and Mass Transit: An American History and Policy Analysis. pp. 183. (c) 2010 Analysis. pp. An American History and Policy Mass Motorization and Mass Transit: Jones, David W. Reprinted with permission of Indiana University Press. Jones, Jr. David W. page 8 TRANSPORTATION REBOOT :: R :: REBOOT TRANSPORTATION e starting

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t e than 55,000 bridges, many of which are reaching 40 to reaching are e than 55,000 bridges, many of which PART 2 :: I —Francis Turner, father of the Interstate Highway System father Turner, —Francis ” anniversary in 2006, of the launch of the Interstate Highway System th But It Doesn’t Have to Be to Have Doesn’t It But It Is Your Father’s Interstate! Interstate! Father’s Your Is It 50 years of age. Bridges and other structures of this age usually require substantial rehabilitation substantial rehabilitation 50 years of age. Bridges and other structures of this age usually require and some cases replacement. The Interstate System has almost 15,000 inter problems. bottlenecks or safety and create tional standards The Interstate Highway System has mor As the 210,000 lane miles of the Interstate System r need to have their foundations completely reconstructed. I I I will never be finished. I I I As the nation celebrated the 50 Seen from a satellite, the U.S. is crisscrossed by a grid of 62 major superhighways, 27 running by a grid of 62 major superhighways, east U.S. is crisscrossed a satellite, the Seen from and west, and 35 north Conceived urban areas. beltways circle and south. Another 244 spurs and in largely in 1956. Built by Congress System was approved of in the 1940s, a 41,000-mile Interstate to 47,000 miles and launched the nation on an era of unparalleled the 60s and 70s, the system grew economic growth.

“The will never be finished because America Interstate System Foremost in terms America the Interstate priority is preserving of have. All across what we already Foremost to meet today’ssystem is showing its age and inability travel demands. research began into what the next generation of the nation’s hardest-working highways should be. hardest-working into what the next generation of the nation’s began research page 10 Northern Virginia illustrates Interstate highway and transit expansion needs TRANSPORTATION REBOOT :: R :: REBOOT TRANSPORTATION rials and Interstates, but those roads carry 80percent ofthetraffic. rials andInterstates,butthoseroads carry (VMT). IntheAustin metro area, onlysevenpercent ofthehighwaynetworkismadeupstatearte- 78percent ofthenumbermilesdriven metro carrying area are Interstatesandotherstatearterials, orlocalstreets. Forcity andcountyarterials example,19percent ofthehighwaymilesinHouston ratherthanon many metro onurban Interstatesandstatearterials, areas, thebulkof traffic iscarried intended ashigh-speednationalconnectorshavebecome,infact,thenewurbanMainStreets. In limits,there areWithin noharder-working acity’s highwaysthantheInterstates.Whatwere once Urban Interstates are the New “Main Street” Interstatesand6.2percent onurbanInterstates. rural accountedfor17percent ofthetravelon Interstates.Combinationtrucks and ahalfpercent onrural From travelgrew by4percent 1997-2006.combination-vehicle truck annuallyonurbanInterstates andconsumersin2008alone. ports over$11trillionofgoodstoandfrom manufacturers, retailers, carrying a warehouse-on-the-move, If youthoughtthere were more bigrigsontheroad, you’re right.Interstatesincreasingly functionas Interstate travel grew by an annual rate of about 2.3 percent, compared to 1.9 percent on all roads. urban Interstates and more than 456 billion miles on urban Interstates. In the decade from 1997-2006, In 2006, Americans traveled more than 258 billion vehicle miles on rural Interstates, 26.4 billion on small percent ofInterstatetraffic,some460billionvehiclemilesannually. ily usedUrbanInterstateSystemrepresents only32percent 63 ofInterstateroute miles,it carries 24percent traffic.Althoughtheheav- ofalltraffic,and41percentcarries ofcombination-vehicletruck 47,000-mile InterstateHighwaySystemrepresents onlyonepercent oftotalhighwaymiles,butit system.Intotal,the The InterstateHighwaySystemistheworkhorseofnation’s transportation What’s So Great About an Interstate? e starting investments to create a transportation systemforthe future. investments to create atransportation highways andinterchanges—leading tothe needformassive Truckthe recent economicdownturn. andcartraffichasstrained sistently beingratedinthetop tenforcongestion,evenduring growth. Unfortunately, thatjobgrowth hasledtotheregion con- ington metropolitan region, producing 60percent ofrecent job Virginia hasbecomeadominantplayerinthe Wash-Northern By 2030,itspopulationisexpectedtogrow tonearly3million. Virginia had acombinedpopulationof1.5million. 1990, Northern and Virginia suburbs,isoneofthetopmost-congestedareas. In ington, D.C.,metropolitan area, whichincludestheMaryland facilities.Foringly crowded transportation example,theWash- levelsonincreas- Urban areas tomaintainservice are struggling

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s ’ Construction is underway on the Dulles Corridor Metrorail extension of rail service a 23-mile Project, connecting down- Virginia’s Corner Center, D.C., Tysons town Washington, Dulles International Washington employment center, largest com- one the fastest growing Airport and Loudoun County, high-capacity will provide munities in the nation. The project in a no-transfer resulting transit service in the Dulles Corridor, offer a vi- Dulles Airporttrip from to downtown Washington, able alternative and stronghold, to auto travel in this economic support mixed-use, transit-oriented development near the 11 stations. Metrorail Ten years ago, any of the thousands of commuters stuck in years ago, any of the thousands Ten Wilson have told you that the Woodrow daily traffic jams could D.C., needed 95, just south of Washington, Bridge on Interstate to carry Fifty years ago it was designed replacement. 75,000 By 2000 it was car- River. the Potomac vehicles a day across expected and in 20 years it is rying 200,000 vehicles a day, and Marylandto carry DOTs than 300,000. The Virginia more six to 12 lanes, two of to expand the bridge from joined forces system. Ap- HOV for transit or a regional which will be used north and interchanges proaches the twin-span and south of The first span and traffic flow. connections bridge will improve to traffic in 2006, and the second was opened of the project in 2008. Construction and on budget. was completed on time ther a F

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t PART 2 :: I uckers 40 minutes a day; and egular bridge commuters $4,600 in time savings each year. egular bridge commuters $4,600 in time Saves drivers and tr Saves r I I I I HOT-Lane expansion of Virginia’s portion of the Interstate 495 Capital Beltway Capital 495 Interstate the of portion Virginia’s of expansion HOT-Lane has capital, traffic developments have boomed in the suburbs surrounding the nation’s As business and residential an capacity would have to be added or congestion would stifle and transit HOV Automotive, dramatically. grown DOT announced a public-private partnership with the Fluor-Transurban In 2007, Virginia otherwise thriving economy. will be added to 14 miles of the (HOT) Lanes High Occupancy Toll Consortium to finance the expansion needed. Four buses and high-occupancy vehicles eight to 12 lanes. Transit expanding the Interstate’s capacity from Capital Beltway, variable tolls based on the concept of “con- Other drivers will be charged will be allowed use of the lanes at no charge. in the HOT lanes at all times. traffic conditions free-flowing gestion pricing” to ensure Metrorail extension to Tysons Corner and Dulles Airport Dulles and Corner Tysons to extension Metrorail Woodrow Wilson Bridge Wilson Woodrow Unclogging the Woodrow Wilson Bridge: Wilson Unclogging the Woodrow page 12 TRANSPORTATION REBOOT :: R :: REBOOT TRANSPORTATION

improve, buttrafficwouldgrind toahalt. and littletonone inaddingneededcapacity, thecondition ofthenation’s roads andbridges would keeping Americamoving.Ifmost orallofourcapitalinvestmentswere madeinsystemrehabilitation ofthesystemtoanacceptable level.Thesedualgoalsare criticalto condition andtheperformance The analysisbyU.S.DOTand AASHTOaddressed thelevelsofinvestmentneededtobringboth $ Billions backlog wascreated capacitydeficiencies. bycurrent ways andbridgesuptoagoodstateofrepair wouldcost$490billion.As of2008,46percent ofthe AASHTO’s 2009BottomLineReportforHighwaysandTransit foundthattobringthenation’s high- ofthehighwaysystem. performance backlog ofbridgeimprovements thatare condition andoperational neededtomaintainthecurrent investment haveresulted ina$523.5billionbacklogofhighwayimprovements anda$99billion to theU.S.DOT’s2008ConditionandPerformance Report, published inearly2010,yearsofunder- Two recent studieshaveaddressed thebackloginhighwayandbridgeinvestmentneeds.According Addressing the Current Highway and Bridge Backlog andcollectors. recommended that50percent offundingbeinvestedinexpandingurbanarterials bilitation andexpansionofthesystem.Recognizingfuture metropolitan mobilityneeds,thereport recommended abalancedapproachThe report toinvestment,withsignificant emphasisonreha- mitigation andenhancement. that 10.4percent gotoenhancements,whichincludedsafety, trafficoperations,andenvironmental go intosystemrehabilitation and41percent shouldgotosystemexpansion.Theyrecommended overthenext20years,48.7percent ofcapital investmentshould needs forconditionandperformance needs isU.S.DOT’s2008ConditionsandPerformance Report.Itrecommended thattomeetthefuture thatdocumentsnationalhighwayandbridgecapital investment The mostrecent federalreport A Balanced Approach to Preservation and Expansion Investment 100 200 300 400 500 0 ______

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t PART 2 :: I Forty of the nation’s chief state transportation chief of the nation’s engineers have concurred that “preservation must go Forty operational performance.hand-in-hand with highway safety and ex- and capacity Rehabilitation a transportation of maintaining process activities, but aspects of a larger not separate pansion are Many interchanges built 40 years ago were designed before 53-foot-long, 18-wheel trucks 53-foot-long, designed before dominated 40 years ago were built Many interchanges than quadrupled. with interchang- more traffic These facilities need to be replaced travel, and before designs to allow higher volumes of cars and truckses that have wider lanes and geometric to exit this is project, safely at higher speeds. While included in an Interstate rehabilitation more and merge a “capacity” increase. What Kind of Work Needs to be Done? be to Needs Work of Kind What for system rehabilitation were unlimited, were for system rehabilitation to the states, cities and counties If the funds made available cycle, that con- in one authorization repair to bring the system to a good state of or at least sufficient But with many states, or economic growth. in states not expecting population cept might make sense to fall short and funding expected expecting substantial growth of and West especially in the South is nothing shortwhat is needed, this proposal for certain of a prescription “gridlock.” One of the policy positions being considered by the Congress is that no federal investment could be investment could is that no federal by the Congress considered policy positions being One of the up to a good state national highway system is brought capacity until the entire used to add highway they these funds so firewall should that, “Congress recommended has advocacy group, One of repair. without certification other spending areas cannot be flexed into that existing infrastructure is in a state of good repair.” page 14 doing ourbesttoaccom- proving theefficiencyof proving market, andourclogged the existing system,but “Oregon’s rapidpopula- tion growth has left our hasleft tion growth state’s highwaysstrain- costs onbusinessesand transportation demand transportation ity toaddresshighway it isclearthatbuilding on oureconomy. We’re putting further strains putting further Transportation Director modate this growth in modate thisgrowth dependent statealong the I-5Trade Corridor, transportation system transportation a strong economywill a strong highways areincreas- require addingcapac- move our products to move ourproducts —Matthew L.Garrett, ingly imposingmajor Oregon Departmentof were neverdesigned other modesandim- ing toaccommodate traffic volumesthey for the traveling public Salt Lake City, Utah: Replacing a bridge in a weekend to minimize delay to carry. Asatrade- through transitand through we rely on a strong we relyonastrong to createjobsand bottlenecks.” TRANSPORTATION REBOOT :: R :: REBOOT TRANSPORTATION incentives thatprompt contractorstofinishworkfaster. shutdownsforintensive work,andcreating lasting materials,workingatnight,allowingshort-term done andmore quickly. Examplesoftheseincludeusingcomponentsprefabricated off-siteorlonger- agesandmoreinfrastructure rehabilitation isneeded,wemustfindbettertechniquestogetthejob ing public.Work zonedelaysare estimatedtocause24percent congestion.Asthe ofnon-recurring stateDOTs workgoesforward, As thisreconstruction tothetravel- willhavetominimizedisruption time andatundercost.” onastateandfederallevelthatcompletedthisproject inhalfthe combination ofcommittedefforts U.S. SenatorTom saidoftheproject, “Somemightcallitamiracle,butIknow itisa Carper (D-Del) butalsoofnationalinterest,” saidU.S.Rep.MichaelN.Castle(D-Del). just oflocalconcern day,“With 230,000vehiclestraversing thisstretch ofhighwayevery eliminating congestionisnot this segment to five lanes in each direction cost $89 million, and was completed in record time. a day with no alternative routes for Interstate travel or construction detours. The project that widened the constant traffic growth and major congestion. One four-mile stretch carried nearly 230,000 vehicles Delaware recently completed a major widening project along the busy I-95 corridor to keep pace with state alone. eliminate thebottlenecks.”Millerhasestimatedthatitwillcost$1billiontofixbottlenecksinher can addlanestoimprove trafficflow, theinterchanges butitallcomesdowntoreconstructing to DebMiller.interchanges havebecomemajorbottlenecks,”saidKDOTSecretary reality iswe “The aging “These interchanges thatwerestructing notdesignedforthetraffictheyare nowcarrying. ofTransportation onrecon- The KansasDepartment (KDOT),forexample,isfocusingparticularly use ofourlimitedfederalfunding.” of highwayprojects, leadstogreater andaccommodatingtheseneedsconcurrently efficiencyinthe Considerationofmobilityandsafetyneedsisinherent intheanalysis system inoptimalperformance. e starting the start ofthenextworkweek. the start closed Friday evening,wasreopened Sundayeveningbefore and installedthenewonein just53hours.I-215,whichhad Then inlateOctober2007,workers demolishedtheoldbridge bridge attheproject sitewithminimalimpacts todailytraffic. The contractor’screws spentfourmonthspreparing thenew capable ofmovingathree-million-pound bridge intoplace. technique includingamassivemovingdeviceon256wheels throughout that period.InsteadUDOTusedaninnovative nine monthstodotheworkandwouldhavebackeduptraffic be replaced. A traditional process wouldhavetakensixto state 215inSaltLake City haddeficienciesandneededto Utah DOTdecidedthatthe4500SouthBridgeoverInter- A m erica ’ s

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e h of Expansion of PART 3 :: T Interstate 5 is the lifeline for Washington State and its citizens, Interstate 5 is the lifeline for Washington transit and passenger vehicles into moving 250,000 freight, Seattle each day. and through I-5 is overwhelmed with traffic demand, experiencing up to meet increas- To nine hours of stop-and-go traffic each day. Sound transportationing central Puget needs, WSDOT has Known to- traffic flow. strategies to improve focused on three , these strategies include build- gether as Moving Washington sense, making it makes the most capacity where ing new road efficient at moving people and goods with new highways more traffic technology and managing traffic demand by giving com- choices. muters more lanes, adding by chokepoints worst I-5’s targeting is state The The Opportunities Opportunities The —The I-5 Reconstruction Project Reconstruction I-5 —The Moving Washington improving ramps and interchanges and making it easier for buses to get on and off the highway. Commuters, travelers travelers Commuters, highway. the off and on get to buses for easier it making and interchanges and ramps improving traffic integrates that highway smarter a on conditions traffic smoother and safer experience could drivers truck and information travel real-time meters, ramp signs, status lane overhead limits, speed variable as such concepts technology make to technology Using vehicles. disabled remove quickly that trucks response incident and cameras highway signs, highly-con- I-5’s in traffic manage better to projects Other flow. traffic streamline helps and safety improves smarter I-5 considered. being also are lanes express and HOV gested Safer The lowest the safest highway system in the world. already Because of their design, Interstates are travel was reportedrate of deaths per 100 million miles of in on urban Interstates, at 0.55 percent lowest fatality rate in rural2006. Rural Interstates also showed the mil- at 1.1 deaths per 100 areas, While the nation’s expected growth in people, trade and travel alone would justify expected growth system expansion, While the nation’s smarter sustain- and more opportunities also present safer, capacity expansion projects for creating able transportation. Safer, Smarter, More Sustainable More Smarter, Safer, page 18 tion insteadoftheunlimitedmonthlyusageoffered underthedecalprogram. ETC Systemusingadynamicpricingmodel.ThiswillallowUDOTtocharge SOV usersforeachtripbasedon conges- to allowforenhancedmanagementoftheExpress Lanes andtoreplace singlepricedecalprogram thecurrent with I-15 Express Lane; Salt Lake City, Utah TRANSPORTATION REBOOT :: R :: REBOOT TRANSPORTATION at one-mile intervals as part of an overall transportation incidentmanagement plan. ofanoveralltransportation as part at one-mileintervals Meridian Interchange, alongwithfiveclosed-circuit television camerasandvehicledetectorstations cableswereIn Idaho,fiber-optic Interchange installedalongsixmilesofI-84from tothe theGarrity theproject improved accessandincreasedefficient transitservice, pedestriansafety. twolargest employmentcenters,downtownClevelandandUniversity Circle. Bycreating morecity’s Transportation EuclidCorridor Cleveland, Ohio’s, project improved publictransitaccessbetweenthe offer theabilitytoimprove theoperationofhighwaysystemthrough suchadvanced technology. thepublictoroad andtravelconditionseven collecttolls.Capacityprojects manage traffic,alert States are using avarietyofadvancedtechnology, IntelligentTransportation termed Systems(ITS)to Smarter ability oftheneighborhoods andsafetyofdrivers,transituserspedestrianswere improved. distance betweenrampsandcreating arailtransitlineinthemedianamongotherchanges,liv- theDanRyanmake significantchangesasitreconstructed Expressway inChicago.Byincreasing the ofTransportationCongestion, highaccidentratesanddriverconfusionledtheIllinoisDepartment to technology.to implementneededdesignimprovements andapplicationof“smart” Butsystemexpansionprovides thebestopportunity strips andmediancablebarriers. such asrumble States are constantlyseekingwaystoimprove uponthissafetyrecord, implementinglow-costfixes traffic accidentseachyear. lion milesoftravel.Without anInterstatesystem,estimated6,000peoplewouldlosetheirlives in e starting

The goaloftheI-15Electronic Toll Collection(ETC)Project is rampsalongthecorridor.respond withentry/exit markings indicatingaccesspointsstrategicallylocatedtocor- lanes byadoublewhitelinebufferwithskip-strippavement The Express Lanes are separatedfrom thegeneralpurpose cupant Vehicles intousetheExpress Lanes. (SOVs) to“buy” The I-15HighOccupancyToll (HOT)Lanes allowSingleOc- or diminishingthevalueofcarpooling. decrease withoutincreasing travel timesintheExpress Lanes capacity, thetraveltimesingeneral-purposelaneswill capacity. singledriverstopurchase thatextra Bypermitting utilized andaverageusageislessthanhalfoftheavailable Historically, theI-15carpoolorHOV laneshavebeenunder- A m erica ’ s

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PART 3 :: T Courtesy of the Washington Nationals Washington the of Courtesy In Michigan, the Ambassador Gateway Project will remove long-distance commercial truck long-distance commercial traffic will remove Project In Michigan, the Ambassador Gateway noise and emissions. reducing streets, local neighborhood from In Iowa for example, the reconstructionIn Iowa for example, Interstate 235 corridor of the 14-mile the heart through Des of the local neighborhoods, with the Working crossings. of 25 bridge replacement Moines included the a simple, contemporary developed Iowa Department design for the bridges and of Transportation curve. in a graceful, arching pedestrian fencing spans the freeway Landscaping, sound barriers, stormwaterLandscaping, improved and bicy- facilities and new access for walkers rebuilt. are being made as urban Interstates just some of the improvements clists are More Sustainable More opportunities have also afforded and im- communities projects Major urban Interstate to revitalize the environment. prove page 20 outdoor spacesalongStateStreet thatisnowconnecteddirectly totheplaza. staircase andpublicelevator. TheplazahasbeenbuiltatthesameelevationasConstitution Plaza,aseriesofelevated from theOldStateHouse,drawingpeople towardplaza isanewlandmarkvisiblebyline-of-sight theplaza’sgrand development.Spanningover9lanesofInterstate 91,the1-1/2acreof StateStreet, longsincedisplacedbymodern The locationofthelowered Plazaisatthelocationofoldsteamboatdockfoot InterstateandnewRiverfront airspace totheriver’sedge. state 91,themajorobstacletoregaining accesstotheriver, ofapedestrianplazaoverthe highway andconstruction Interstate 90, just east of Seattle. neighborhood together, and another park in Mercer Island, Washington, which included several ball fields built over in the United States. Other “lids” over Interstates include a park in San Diego over Interstate 15, which tied a residential The Ohio DOT “Cap at Union Station” creates retail space Connecticut restores riverfront access in Hartford TRANSPORTATION REBOOT :: R :: REBOOT TRANSPORTATION Photograph: e starting Arnold Agency/copyright SNBA

would include the lowering of an elevated portion ofInter- would includetheloweringofanelevatedportion the citywithriver. Theagreement wasthattheproject Recapture,erfront Inc.,anorganization committedtoreuniting Federal and Riv- highwayAdministration, theCityofHartford An agreement wasreached in1984betweenConnDOT, the neglected. becameano-man’spassed, theriverfront land,overgrown and impossible.Astime ing. Access totheriverwasvirtually presence wasfrom aglimpsefrom abridgeorhigh-risebuild- Interstate wascompleted,theonlyawareness oftheriver’s thrived becauseofitsconnectiontotheriver, the butafter andtheConnecticutRiver.between Hartford Oncethecity railroad andfloodcontrol dikes,itbecameasignificantbarrier alongwitha When Interstate91wasoriginallyconstructed, I-670 Cap is one of the first retail projects built over a highway urban streetscape with nine retail shops and restaurants. The space, transforming the lid over the freeway into a seamless structures—the Cap provides 25,500 square feet of leasable fic across the highway, and one on either side for the retail Composed of three separate bridges—one for through-traf- belt highway. created by the construction of theInterstate city’s 670 inner- fectively heals of part a 40-year transportation project that was entertainment district. Opened in October 2004, the project ef- Columbus, Ohio, with the burgeoning and arts North Short constructed asof part a bridge that reconnects downtown The Cap at Union Station is a $7.8 million retail development A m erica ’ s

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e h PART 3 :: T Utah plans freeway, transit and trails for Mountain View Corridor View Mountain for trails and transit freeway, plans Utah transit and trail system in western and northwestern Salt Lake planned freeway, Corridor is a new, The Mountain View Utah counties, servicing area. 13 municipalities in the project will interchanges future Initial construction intersections where with signalized will build two lanes in each direction solution and enhance- including a transit construction of the corridor, will build out the remainder be located. Future lanes to achieve a fully functional freeway. ment of the initial construction and more by adding interchanges will be built in phases designed to balance transportationThe project needs with available funds. The State of Utah allocated $500 Million in the 2009 Legislative Session as part of a bonding package for start of construction. is only a portionThe current funding allocated to this project of the final cost. Safety, access needs prompt Chattanooga Interstate Project Interstate Chattanooga prompt needs access Safety, both primarySafety and congestion are concerns for modernizing this section of I-124 in Chattanooga, Tennessee, River Bridge. The Level of Service D to F and the ranges from which runs north from of I-24 to south of the Tennessee crash rate is above the statewide average. This highly traveled corridor that into Chattanooga’s Downtown Business District. It is also the route is the gateway AT&T Aquarium, carries motorists to the city’s major tourist attractions along the Riverfront, including the Tennessee Discovery Stadium and the Creative Museum, as well as to popular venues within the city’s Finley Field, Art District. The project lane to I-124 for a total of four lanes in each direction. will add an additional improvements The proposed Construc- will also either modify the corridor along traffic flow. most interchanges to improve or completely redesign $81 million. which is estimated to cost approximately tion funding has not yet been identified for this project, Columbia River Crossing to ease congestion, expand transit expand congestion, ease to Crossing River Columbia to the transportation multi-modal solutions that will provide project (CRC) is a chal- Crossing The I-5 Columbia River The Washington. and Vancouver, Oregon Portland, Bridge over the Columbia River between lenges at the Interstate form and region, one metro traffic congestion in the Portland/Vancouver cause the worst bridge and its approaches The northbound routes. top freight was bridge one of the nation’s on the I-5 trade corridor, of the biggest bottlenecks than quadrupled and traffic has more opened in 1958. Today, since the southbound bridge Ts, built in 1917 for Model on this Congestion the bridges strain to carry lanes in each direction, with just three 135,000 vehicles each weekday. move- and delaying freight stalling motorists and buses in gridlock crucial corridor each day, lasts four to six hours inter- from accessed which are of Vancouver, and Port of Portland the Port moving to and from ment, including goods a day by to 15 hours to increase projected made, stop-and-go traffic is are improvements If no changes in the area. population with few transportation regional growing of a rapidly for travel between the two options 2030 as the result states. obsolete Interstate Bridge—a lift the The CRC will replace structure that includes the only stop light on I-5 between modern more bridge that will include two auxiliary to con- lanes in each direction Canada and Mexico—with a safer, It will also safely and efficiently. the freeway and exit allowing traffic to merge thereby nect high-volume interchanges, bicycle/pedestrian crossing. improved and include a greatly into Vancouver light rail system extend Portland’s and reliability, mobility, while improving congestion and safety problems significantly reduce will These improvements and pas- a major freight truck, will relieve on foot. The project transit, bicycle or whether traveling by car, accessibility, number of the reduce senger bottleneck, eliminate a lift bridge, bring aging infrastructure up to a state of good repair, and significantly increase economic competitiveness enhance the region’s section of freeway, crashes on a dangerous to doing nothing. consumption compared gas emissions and energy greenhouse transit ridership—all while reducing Photograph: Mario Olivero page 22 TRANSPORTATION REBOOT :: R :: REBOOT TRANSPORTATION e starting

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P A R T 4 ban r PART 4 :: U Urban Answers Urban High-Tech Tracking Shows Congestion Returning to Major Cities Major to Returning Congestion Shows Tracking High-Tech the congestion reduced travel, and consequently the economic slowdown reduced In the past year, the traffic congestion across reports, In most recent however, areas. that grips most metropolitan of highway construction initial rollouts projects country is rising due to signs of economic recovery, funded by federal stimulus packages, and lower fuel prices. In fact, 58 of the top 100 most populated to in traffic congestion levels in 2009, according in the U.S. experienced increases areas metropolitan special report. Scorecard the INRIX National Traffic d to increase from 2.9 trillion in 2009 from of miles driven is expected to increase During the next 30 years, the number The one percent. rate of around in 2050, assuming an annual growth 4.5 trillion to approximately in the use of even with significant increases than ever, crowded Our highways will be more result: alternative modes of travel such as transit, biking and walking. Looking ahead, truck alone is traffic of the country’s than 80 percent than double by 2050. Because more expected to more Domes- Gross transportation areas, must (GDP) is generated in metropolitan investments in these areas tic Product be a national priority. In large metropolitan areas like Los Angeles, San Francisco, Dallas-Fort Worth, and Washington, D.C., and Washington, Worth, Dallas-Fort like Los Angeles, San Francisco, areas metropolitan In large an than an average work week—wasting exceed 60 hours—more annual delays per driver routinely average of 48 gallons of gas per traveler. reas has increased by about 80 percent by about 80 percent has increased miles driven in urban areas During the last 20 years, the number of in the nation’s As a result, about four percent. increased while the number of new lane-miles only hours in the morning congestion has doubled in the peak travel periods (three urban areas, largest hours in the afternoon) In other and three to over 67 percent. 32 percent years, from during the last 25 sitting in traffic. drivers are two out of three words, On any overworked urban highway, throw in a rainy day, a fender bender, or even a short-term work a fender bender, in a rainy day, throw On any overworked urban highway, costing millions in lost time and productivity. slower, zone, and slow-moving traffic gets even The Urban Mobility Challenge Challenge Mobility Urban The Linking SolutionstoProblems

page 24 TRANSPORTATION REBOOT :: R :: REBOOT TRANSPORTATION to For acompleterankingofthenation’s mostcongested100metropolitan areas, seeAppendixBorgo According to the report, the top 10 most congested cities in 2009 were: traveling across nearlyonemillionmilesofroads.cars andtrucks ways, andiscompiledusingtensofbillionsdatapointsfrom more thanonemillionGPS-enabled The annualINRIXScorecard overallcongestionandbottlenecksonAmerica’smajorroad- reports http://scorecard.inrix.com/scorecard/Top100Metros.asp?sortby=5. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Prepared forFHWA byCambridgeSystematics, Inc.withTexas Transportation Institute,July 2004 Poor SignalTiming 5% Sources ofTraffic Congestion ferry boats 2 Urbanbussystems,lightrail,heavycommuterandferry 1 Passenger cars,motorcycles, andtrucks Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Seattle, Washington Boston, Massachussets San Francisco, California Houston, Texas Dallas, Texas Washington, DistrictofColumbia Chicago, Illinois New York, NewYork Los Angeles,California e starting Special Events/Other Poor SignalTiming Work Zones Bad Weather Traffic Incidents Bottlenecks Bad Weather Work Zones 15% 10%

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ban r PART 4 :: U e commuters and freight traffic converge during peak travel times; traffic converge e commuters and freight changes where exiting, entering, and lane changing cause traffic to slow down; exiting, entering, and lane changes where uptions in traffic caused by crashes, bad weather, police activity, and special events such police activity, weather, uptions in traffic caused by crashes, bad oorly timed traffic signals; ew or no alternative transportation options. aster growth in population than in transportationaster growth options; F Inter P Disr Mor F Bottlenecks wher as sports or entertainment venues; and I I I I I capacity; e vehiclesthanroad I I I I I I I I I No less important will be preserving portion the 115,000 miles on the remaining of the National and county, Highway System, transit and rail systems, and the 3.8 million-mile network of state, city, federal roads. Preserving the transportation system built over the past century so that it lasts well into this century 210,000 lane-miles of pavement. The Interstate System currently has approximately is a top priority. of rehabilitation 40 to 50 years of life, the traditional approach As these pavement structures reach and resurfacing will no longer be sufficient. Major portions be com- of the Interstate System must than 55,000 pletely reconstructed also has more and expanded as needed. The Interstate System 40 bridges and tens of thousands of other significant structural reaching elements, many of which are substantial rehabilitation, to 50 years of age. Bridges and other structures of this age usually require Preserving the complete replacement. and as we look out another 20 to 30 years, many will require Interstate system will clearly be a challenge. 1. Preserve and Modernize the Existing System Existing the Modernize and Preserve 1. A Four-Point Plan for Urban Mobility Urban for Plan Four-Point A During the last 50 years, the number of people living in metropolitan areas in this country areas people living in metropolitan During the last 50 years, the number of increased to at least During the next 40 years, this number is expected to grow 85 million to 225 million. from a solution that preserves requires urban areas growing 335 million. Meeting the needs of America’s system performance,what has been built to date, improves in highways, tran- adds needed capacity connections to portssit, and rail, and improves that go and airports. approaches It will also require land use, housing, beyond transportation the economy, policies addressing to include improvements and global climate change. energy, Urban Areas Continue to Be a Population Magnet Magnet Population a Be to Continue Areas Urban What Causes Congestion? Causes What page 26 new 16-mile,West-of-Hudson commuterraillinkacross therivertoGrandCentral Terminal. bridge, itshighwayapproaches BusRapid andthepotential additionofa30-mile,cross-corridor Transit System,anda The Interstate 87 Tappan Zee Bridge, New York, illustrates the preservation challenge improvement projects addressing: highway The studyexaminescongestionbefore andafter ing withanunreliable system. travelers mustbuildinextratimetheirtripswhendeal- economicallybecause Itisimportant system performance. are from anewconceptintransportation day-to-day—is Travel timereliability—how consistenttravelconditions congestion reduction strategies to improve travel reliability. analysts are examining the impacts of applying different As part of a major federal transportation research effort, gestion.” Isthatreallytrue? You haveheard, “You can’t buildyourwayoutofcon- Evaluating Congestion Solutions      

HOT laneconversion. Aggr F R General capacityincr Bottleneck impr reeway service patrol implementation; reeway service amp meters; essive incidentclearanceprogram; and TRANSPORTATION REBOOT :: R :: REBOOT TRANSPORTATION ovement; eases; e starting

a project slatedtocostasmuch$16billion forthenew vehicles. NewYork howtofinance nowhastodetermine ment facilitywouldneedtohandledailytrafficofup200,0 00 for rehabilitation anditsreplacement, showedthatareplace- vehicles daily, andastateanalysisthatcompared alternatives traffic. By2008,however, more than135,000 itwascarrying 18,000vehiclesindaily 1955 atacostof$60million,itcarried indesperateneedof replacement.infrastructure Openedin states andNewEngland.Itisalsothe“posterchild”ofaging trafficconnecting theMid-Atlanticas wellinterregional ofNewYorknorth NewJerseysuburbs, CityandtheNorthern tween metropolitan Westchester andRockland counties,just regional trafficbe- the InterstateHighwaySystem,carrying The Tappan ZeeBridgeisoneofthemoststrategicbridgeson A m erica gestion andimproving reliability, researchers found. Demand managementalsocanplayarole inreducing con- provement intraveltimes,rangingashigh43percent. that capacityexpansionshaveproduced thelargest im- gies inmajorcitiesacross thecountry, notes thereport In examiningtheimpactsofcongestionreduction strate- analysis. capacity expansion projects has been missed” in historical ofthebenefits tion.” Infact,itstatesthat“alarge part causedisrup- effects ofsomeeventsthatwouldotherwise demand) meansthattheroadway isableto‘absorb’the finds, “All thingsbeingequal,more capacity(inrelation to reduce congestionandimprove reliability. Thereport ofimprovements—including capacityexpansion”forms A Source: StrategicHighwayResearchProgram Project L03,Analytic ccording to the preliminary findingsoftheresearchccording tothepreliminary “ALL ’ s tion Strategies Procedures forDeterminingtheImpactsofReliabilityMitiga-

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ban r PART 4 :: U Caltrans recently invested $20 million along the I-210 Corridor invested Caltrans recently in eastern meters to re- Los Angeles County to install ramp speeds. In the San Francisco freeway duce delays and increase Commission (MTC) Transportation the Metropolitan Bay Area, 511Travel its regional has invested $57 million in developing Informationbetter information System to provide to travelers and encourage mode shifts to traffic conditions. in response investing $92 million to implement Caltrans and MTC are Integrated Corridor Management along 16 miles of the heavily It will include I-80 Corridor. Bay area congested San Francisco strategies for active traffic management, such as ramp meter- ing, travelers’ information, vehicle opera- and commercial of Oakland. movement out of the Port freight tions to improve California’s use of advanced technologies to improve system performance system improve to technologies advanced of use California’s Expected benefits include increased vehicle throughput during peak hours, reduced congestion, decreased traffic congestion, decreased during peak hours, reduced vehicle throughput Expected benefits include increased in air pollution. times, and reductions accident response Some of the same advanced surveillance, communications technologies supporting detection and evacuations emergency being employed to enhance homeland security, also safety and mobility are mobilization. in the event of natural disasters, and defense Ramp metering and roving freeway patrols are two examples of management solutions with a dem- two examples of management are patrols freeway and roving metering Ramp that manage highways, DOTs being developed between state are Protocols onstrated track record. medical services, and emergency and police, fire crash incidents and enable them to clear highway to escort agreeing agencies are violated traffic laws vehicles that have in 30 minutes or less. Police out of sight and exit so while a ticket is being written, flashing blue lights are freeway off the nearest rubberneckers traffic information in probe-based no longer slow down traffic. Cell-phone is growing basis for system management purposes. availability and may be used on a wider 2. Improve System Performance System Improve 2. of intelligent transportationApplying the full range systems of opera- systems (ITS) and aggressive strategies is also parttions and management has needs. Research of the solution to our capacity the other half is due to non- capacity, half of congestion is due to inadequate shown that while about recurring such as storms, events and major sports repairs, vehicle crashes, highway events. These system management. better through incidents can best be addressed congestion-causing page 28 TRANSPORTATION REBOOT :: R :: REBOOT TRANSPORTATION including commuterrail,dedicatedbuslanes,carpoolingandridesharing. ofInterstaterehabilitation andexpansion projects,Many statesare addingtransitoptionsaspart bystatesandtheirlocalpartners. needstobeprovided, asdetermined service 2050. To mustbeexpanded;where notyetavailable,transit meetthesegoals, existingtransitservice $100 billionoversixyears,withagoaltodoubletransitridershipby2030,anditagain increasing federaltransitassistanceby89percent inthenextauthorizationto AASHTO supports systems, mostoftheseinurbanareas. percent. In2008,10.7billionpassengertripswere provided onthenation’s publictransportation Minneapolis, 12percent; Seattle,15percent; Washington, D.C.,33percent; andNewYork City, 53 asignificantshare ofworktripsdestinedforcentralbusinessdistricts: carries public transportation tion, improve airquality, andreduce greenhouse gasemissions.Insomeofthenation’s largest cities, fuel,enhancetheefficiencyofhighwaytransporta- tomitigatetrafficcongestion,conserve in efforts playsavital role includingbuses,lightrail,fixedrailorothercommoncarriers, Public transportation, Public Transportation’s Role 3. Shift trips to other modes where possible e starting

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PART 4 :: U 2008

2007

2006

2005

Billions of Passenger Miles Traveled Miles Passenger of Billions 2004

2003

2002

2001

2000 automated guideway, cable car, ferryboat, inclined plane, monorail, and vanpool) cable car, automated guideway, ______(Includes heavy rail, light rail, commuter rail, trolleybus, bus, demand response, aerial tramway light rail, commuter rail, trolleybus, bus, (Includes heavy rail, 9.9 – 9.8 – 9.7 – 9.6 – 9.5 – 9.4 – 9.3 – 10.6 – 10.5 – 10.4 – 10.3 – 10.2 – 10.1 – 10.0 – U.S. Transit Ridership 2000–2009. 2000–2009. Ridership Transit U.S. Significantly increasing transit serviceSignificantly increasing will be an important trans- component in ensuring affordable portation and access to jobs and other services transit America. Increased in communities all across metropoli- gas emissions. Critical to improving congestion as well as greenhouse use can help reduce important it will also become increasingly to serve the rising number of older persons, tan mobility, in is that even massive investments especially in rural America. What our analysis shows, however, in transit capacity and a quadrupling increases for additional of transit ridership cannot substitute move- passenger and freight Interstate highway capacity needed to accommodate longer-distance that continue to grow. ments and the through-trips the percentage of commuters traveling to work by transit of commuters the percentage to Commuting in America III, According States can double by 2000. If the United 4.6 percent in 1980 to approximately 6 percent from dropped commuters nationally can be of transit’s share transit ridership by 2030 as AASHTO has proposed, of commut- in by 2050, its share to levels seen in 1980. If transit can double its ridership aga restored still further. ers can increase * Source: American Public Transportation Association’s Public Transportation Ridership Report. Ridership Public Transportation Association’s * Source: American Public Transportation Transit’s share of overall travel overall of share Transit’s public transportation of passenger miles traveled on America’s In 2007, the number systems reached in 2000 to 10.7 billion in 2008, 9.4 billion from last decade, transit ridership rose 53.4 billion. Over the 10.2 billion due to the economic downturn.* in 2009 to 3.8 percent and then declined by page 30 TRANSPORTATION REBOOT :: R :: REBOOT TRANSPORTATION keep the flow of goods and services movingwhilekeepingcostsincheckfortheAmericanconsumer.keep theflowofgoodsandservices aday.trucks ratesofcongestioninurbanareas, Givencurrent more capacity mustbeapriority to mileoftheInterstatesystemsees10,500 average,every routes forthesetrucks—on are theprimary overallisexpectedtoincrease fromtrucks 73percent todayto75percent by2050.TheInterstates freight onourhighwaysisexpectedtomore by thandoubleby2050.Thepercentage oftonscarried thevolumeof service, torailintermodal fromEven withthisthree long-haultrucks percent shift percent to59percent duringthis time. share offreightthe next25years.Becauseofthis,trucking’s ton-milesisexpectedtodrop from 62 shippingbyrailwillgrow atanannualrateofclosetofourpercenties showthatintermodal over asmuchlong-haulfreight aspossibletorail.Stud- Another pieceofthecongestionpuzzleisshifting Shift Freight from Trucks to Rail bicycle andpedestrianimprovements fundedthrough theTransportation EnhancementProgram. AASHTO hasproposed, thisshouldmakeavailablebetween$500millionand$1billioneachyearfor new bikeandpedestrianfacilities.Iftheoverallhighwayprogram isincreased to$375billionas thecontinuationofTransportationAASHTO supports EnhancementProgram, whichsupports bike useexpand,thesepercentages are likelytoincrease aswell. other 2.8percent walkedtowork.Asmetropolitan areas grow andoptionsforgreater pedestrianand Travel ofTravel Summary Survey Trends , justunderonepercent ofworkerscommutedbybike;an- oftheequationforfuture mobility.Biking andwalkingare alsopart Inthe2001NationalHousehold More bicycle and walking trips e starting

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ban r PART 4 :: U On November 4, 2008, California a ballot mea- voters approved to fund constructionsure initial segment of the Califor- of the $9 billion provided network. The measure nia High-Speed Rail for the construction of the segment between San Francisco and Los Angeles/Anaheim, and an additional $950 million for to local rail systems, which will serveimprovements as feeder plans systems to the planned high-speed rail line. Financing include support federal and local governments, from as well Construction costs for the initial segment as the private sector. a grant to be in the range of $40 billion. Securing projected are of $2.3 billion in federal Economic Recovery funding set aside the prospects advanced passenger rail has greatly for intercity to achieve success. for this program California’s High-Speed Rail Initiative shows how connections between between connections how shows Initiative Rail High-Speed California’s improved be can Regions Metropolitan When the High-Speed Rail Authority was asked why building a high-speed rail network was so important was asked why building Authority When the High-Speed Rail to Califor- serve the same number of travelers as the 220 mph high-speed rail system, as follows: “To they responded nia’s future, California airport five plus would have to build nearly 3,000 lane-miles of freeway runways and 90 airport departure will cost half as much as these alternativesgates by 2020. Building the high-speed rail system proposed and at the gas emissions that cause global the greenhouse while cutting air pollution and reducing mobility, same time increase warming.” Such initiatives can dramatically expand intercity passenger rail service intercity Such initiatives can dramatically expand and high-speed rail service and Los An- New York on aviation in busy markets like pressure This can help relieve in this country. Through these measures, the U.S. is beginning to address the need for a healthy intercity passenger rail rail passenger intercity healthy a for need the address to beginning is U.S. the measures, these Through ad- an of provision the supports AASHTO countries. other in systems world-class to comparable network projects. rail passenger intercity fund to years six next the over assistance federal in billion $50 ditional Congress has recognized the critical importance of a robust and reliable intercity passenger rail sys- passenger importance the critical intercity has recognized and reliable Congress a robust of in 2008 to begin the planning Act and Improvement Investment Rail Passenger tem and enacted the Recovery for such a system. In 2009, the American process included (ARRA) Reinvestment Act and in 31 states and the passenger rail proposals High-speed rail and intercity rail. $8 billion for intercity an additional $2.5 appropriated Congress grants to advance projects. District of Columbia received calls for spending FY 2011 Budget rail in FY 2010, and the President’s passenger billion for intercity an additional $1 billion. Shift Trips to Intercity Passenger Rail Passenger Intercity to Trips Shift 78,000 than 300 trains and more operating passenger rail operator, intercity Amtrak is the nation’s 2007, 5.8 billion District of Columbia. In 500 destinations in 46 states and the passengers a day to 14 states had partnered By 2008, Rail. with Am- carried Passenger passenger miles were by Intercity service, millions of dollars to implement new trak and have spent on-time performance improve and safety and reliability. improve page 32 cargo across townusingthousandsoftrucks. bridges thatwillseparatefreight andeliminatethenecessityoftransferring railfrom regional passengerrailservice, nect therailroads oftheWestern United Statesthrough UnitedStateswiththerailroads aseriesofrail oftheEastern tofund criticalfreight railprojects like the$1.5billionCreateit isalsotrying Project. Thisproject isplannedtocon- At tofindtheresources thesametimethat region isstruggling tofundexpressway projects liketheEisenhower, ofTransportation.due tofundingandplanningconstraints,hasnotyetbeen scheduledbytheIllinoisDepartment oftheEisenhowerExpressway,Reconstruction capacity, includingtheexpansionof its current isclearlyneeded,but The Eisenhower Expressway offers a good example of what is needed TRANSPORTATION REBOOT :: R :: REBOOT TRANSPORTATION of thenationandkeepoureconomicengineworking? areas How muchcapacitywillbeneededtounlockthegridlockofcongestion,connectunderserved brought it.” you gotit,atruck ing theInterstates,majorroads andcitystreets. AstheAmericanTrucking Associationhasstated,“If includ- bytonnage,and93percent byvalue,moves bytruck, cent ofthefreight movedinthiscountry areas, cars—more thesuburbsorcountry. than73per- Butit’snotjustbecausehighwayscarry Clearly, ofourlife,whetherweliveinmajormetropolitan formostofus,highwaysare anintegralpart orothervehicles. ways, eitherincars,motorcycles, trucks daily business.More than95percent ofthistravel,or4.8trillionpassengermiles,wasonourhigh- traveled more thanfivetrillionmilesonhighways,intransitorAmtrakastheywentabouttheir According toU.S.DOT’sBureau ofTransportation Statisticsin2007,excludingaviation,Americans Americans depend on highways for everyday travel 4. Add the Highway Capacity Needed from Texasand theI-35corridor toMinneapolis. Corridor, ontheEastCoast,whetherinFloridaorNortheast suchasthe I-95corridor corridors traveldistancesof200to400miles.Itcanalsohelpreduce highwaytravelin geles forintermediate e starting

40-year design service life. 40-year designservice over time;however, thepavementbaseispastendofits has maintainedtheconditionofEisenhowerExpressway An averageof3.5crashestakesplaceeachday. Resurfacing ence stop-and-gotrafficfor14of24hoursonanaverage day. closeto200,000vehiclesonsixlanes.Motoristsexperi- carries commodate approximately 100,000vehiclesperday. Today, it The EisenhowerExpressway wasoriginallydesignedtoac- right-of-way. a railtransitlineinthemedianwithrapidsharingthe was thefirstexpressway intheUnitedStatestoincorporate 1940s, builtandopenedtotrafficinthe1950s,roadway Illinois.Designedinthelate northeast tion networkserving The EisenhowerExpressway isakeylinkinthetransporta- A m erica ’ s

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ban r PART 4 :: U http://AreWeThereYet. transportation.org. More information can be found at More authorization programs on AASHTO’s For more information more on both the National and for detailed examples by state of needed capacity For go to http://ExpandingCapacity.transportation.org. Highway System and the Interstates, study has provided a perspective a perspective Options for Interstate Highways study has provided The 2007 Future Analysis. Future has proposal Interstate System. AASHTO’s authorization on the capacity needs of the 47,000-mile preservation a study by U.S. DOT and the states of the future to fund and expan- called on Congress Highway System (NHS), which includes the Interstates. NHS sion needs of the 162,000-mile National of total highway mileage, but carry constitute 4 percent routes of all traffic and 70 percent 40 percent of combination vehicle truck traffic. AASHTO has recommended that funding for the overall highway program be increased to $375 bil- be increased that funding for the overall highway program AASHTO has recommended funding for preservationlion over the next six years, including and to meet rural needs. A significant These dollars should be portion to build needed highway capacity. of these funds should be provided to meet community planning organizations by states and metropolitan systematically programmed congestion. mobility and reducing metropolitan needs, especially the needs for increasing Future Options for Interstate Highways kind of capacity in- Options for Interstatestudy illustrates the Future The AASHTO 2007 reduce To nation during the next four decades. the across that will be needed in urban areas creases of 30,000 additional needs, the study found that the equivalent current and meet future congestion another of urban Interstate. Additionally, added to the existing 85,000 lane-miles lane-miles should be System segments of the National Highway to be added to the existing urban 40,000 lane-miles need (major non-Interstate highways and freeways). Urban Interstate Needs Interstate Urban United in the economic growth to be the center of population and will continue areas Metropolitan 85 from increased areas in metropolitan 50 years, the number of people living States. During the past to nearly 335 million. is expected to grow During the next 40 years, this number million to 225 million. page 34 worldwide trade. worldwide in edge competitive a keep and growth with pace keep economy, the rebuild to essential are states the by identified projects capacity The TRANSPORTATION REBOOT :: R :: REBOOT TRANSPORTATION e starting

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iaduct, uction apacity V lanes along I- c change, Stage 2 Ex-

ort Dock of Lewiston change Replacement reasure Valley Gap Clo- Valley reasure ncreek Road to Moscow, Road to Moscow, ncreek wood to Sagle Expansion immerman to Ketchum Route H-1 Widening, Middle Widening, H-1 Route ava Hot Springs to Fish ava Hot Springs to Fish V to HOT conversion from V to HOT conversion from A P P E N D I X A rgent u ::

a ahaina Bypass, Launiupoko to Hono-ahaina Bypass, Launiupoko

75/I-85 within the I-285 perimeter to HOT Lanes Meridian Inter Idaho 75, T I-84/U.S. 93 Inter U.S. 30, L U.S. 20 at I-15 Reconstr I-84 Central T I-85N HO Road in Gwin- I-285 to Old Peachtree nett County Conversion of HO Route 92—Nimitz Highway V H-1 Interstate to Honolulu Downtown Interstate Boulevard to Vineyard Street L kowai U.S. 95, Gar Expansion of P and Idaho 128 Expansion U.S. 95, Thor Stage 1 Expansion Expansion pansion Expansion Creek Project sure

• • • Hawaii • • • Idaho • • • • • • • • . In response to an an to response In . appendix thwest Arkansas opolitan Area ransportation Plan— reeway e change—Little Rock ampa oll Facility aterfront Program I-75 Nor Hickory Road in Cobb County Grove I-84, A US 301, Delawar I-95 Newark T Anacostia W I-275 Links—T I-4—Orlando I-430/I-630 Inter Interstate 540 in Nor Complete I-905 F 2035 Statewide T Congested State Highways I-70, Denver Metr

Georgia • I-285to approximately th from Connecticut • Delaware etna Viaduct • Columbia of District • Florida • • Arkansas • • California • Colorado • • • urgent list of capacity improvement projects improvement capacity of list urgent Urgent Capacity Needs Capacity Urgent http://ExpandingCapacity.transportation.org ransportation dia to Tangerine reeway (SR 202L); reeway reeway (SR 202L) reeway al Vista Road to Junc- al Vista eet to Santan Freeway eet to Santan Freeway

reeway (SR 202L); Interstate reeway reeway (SR 202L) to Riggs reeway ria Freeway (SR 101L); Inter- ria Freeway icacho Peak to Town of Picacho to Town icacho Peak rince Road to Ruthrauff Road ima Freeway (SR 101L); Interstate 17 (SR 101L); Interstate ima Freeway Boule- (SR 101L); Shea ima Freeway apago Freeway (I-10); Agua Fria Free- (I-10); Agua Fria apago Freeway Interstate 10: I-8 to SR87 I-10; P I-10; P SR77; Calle Concor South Mountain F Interstate 10: V Red Mountain F Scottsdale Road to Inter- Westbound; state 10 Interstate 10 (East) to Interstate 10 (West) P Santan F tion Interstate Agua F state 10 to Interstate 17 P Boulevard to Tatum to SR 202L (Red Mountain) vard 10 to Gilbert Road (SR 202L) Santan F P way (SR 101L) to Interstate 17 Roosevelt Str Road Alabama Statewide T Plan—Congested Roadways

• • • • • • • • • • • • Arizona • • • Alabama AASHTO survey, state departments of transportation have identified some of their high priority needs, needs, priority high their of some identified have transportation of departments state survey, AASHTO http://ExpandingCapacity.transportation.org. at available are projects these on details Full below. listed Find Your State at at State Your Find today’s accommodate to inadequate bridge out-dated a or interchange traffic-choked a it’s Whether and long a have states traffic, Key Examples of Capacity Needs Across America: Across Needs Capacity of Examples Key page 36 • • • • Crossing oit RiverInternational • • • Michigan • • Massachusetts • • Maryland • Maine • • • • illiams Blvd.—Causeway(Jef- • • • Louisiana ennedy Interchange, Louisville • Kentucky change withKansasHighway • Kansas • • • Iowa • • Illinois R :: REBOOT TRANSPORTATION

I-94, I-96toConner Line Project W Project Ann Arbor—Detr M-1 R Detr Blue W Detr Improvements Line, andAssociatedInterchange Route 125 to the New Hampshire State I-93 W ham/Woburn, Massachusetts I-95/I-93 ment (ICM) I-270 IntegratedCor I-695 Brunswick Interstate 295:SouthP US 190inSt.T I-49 Connector(L P LA 616(ArkansasRoad)inOuachita I-49 Nor Calcasieu River I-10 BridgeandAppr LA 1Impr ferson Parish) I-10 W K Kansas City 7 (KansasTurnpike Exit224)Near 70 Inter str Interstate 29/SiouxCityIowaRecon- Council BluffsInterstateP Coralville I-80/I-380/U.S. 218Inter I-290 PhaseIStudy expansion pr Congestion mitigationorsystem arish ashtenaw LivingstonCommuter Rail uction Project oit Intermodal Freightoit Intermodal Terminal ail Project idening from Just North of idening from JustNorth ater BridgePlaza th Interchange—Reading/Stone- ovements, PhaseII ojects throughout Illinois ammany Parish oit CommuterRail afayette) , Detroit ridor Manage- oaches Over ortland to ortland change— roject e starting • • • • New Hampshire • idening ofU.S.95 • • Nevada • • Nebraska • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Missouri • Mississippi • • Minnesota • •

Downtown Loop,KansasCity MO 210fr I-29 fr US 71Impr I-70 andI-435Inter I-470 Impr I-70 Impr Reconstr I-55 andI-20 Interstate 494@TH169 Interstate 94 TH 610fr NH 16,Conway I-93, BetweenBowandConcor I-15 SouthDesign-BuildP I-15 Resor W NE 370Gr I-80 56thStr US 65Expansion Reconstr Joplin W Missouri US 60/MO37Cor Arkansas Interstate 49fr provements P Avenue) Route 364,St.CharlesCounty(P ferson County Impr Interchange Impr Limits toI-55 I-44 Reconstr I-270 Impr Rte. 100—Rte.30 I-270 OperationalImpr Hall Str Daniel BooneBridge pressway) US Highway50/63(RexWhittonEx US Highway50 Missouri Highway5 CassParkwayto North 350 toI-70 Metropolitan Area Interstate 94 Blvd totheChainofRocksBridge oplar Street BridgeandRamp Im- ovements to I-55 in Southern Jef- ovements toI-55inSouthern ovements toI-44/MORte.141 om 210toUS169

A eet Improvements m est Corridor uct 200MilesofI-70 uct US60 om HennepinCSAH 81to ovements intheKansasCity om EldonRoadtoMO291 t Corridor Study t Corridor etna EastProject ovements from US50/MO ovements from McDonnell erica ovements from 155thStreet eet toWaverly Project uction from St.LouisCity om KansasCityto ridor inSouthwest ’ s change

M ovements from o st roject

E s d sential age - • appan ZeeBridge/I-287Multi-Modal • New York • New Mexico • New Jersey I-93/I-293junctioninManchester • • • AR, aregional multi-modal trans- • Puerto Rico • linetointer- rom theMaryland • • Pennsylvania • Oregon • ridor inTulsa—Arkansas River • • Oklahoma ent SpenceBridgeReplacement/Re- • argo/West Fargo Ohio • North Dakota idening Project intheCabarrus- • North Carolina

O Lane—Richmond County Staten IslandExpr toPort Chester Corridor—Suffern T Interchange Reconstruction Norte) Interstate 25andNM423(P tion, CamdenCounty Route 295&42/I-76Dir I-93 Impr St. L I-93, BetweenDer continuing north tothe continuing north Massachusetts StatelineinSalemand to Berlin,NewHampshire from Vermont/New Hampshire border portation initiative portation ST Eisenhower Inter Interstate 83—BetweenI-81andthe tor Interstate 95—Metr section withI-78 I-81—F I-5 ColumbiaRiverCr City I-235/I-44 inter I-244 EasttoSH-66 I-44 inEastT East toYale Avenue I-44 Cor habilitation Project, HamiltonCounty Br I-94, F Rowan MPO I-85 W p erating awrence andAtlantic Railroad, ovements, NewHampshire/ ulsa—Extending from

change inOklahoma S y change ry andLondonderry ry stem essway HOV o Philadelphiasec- ossing ect Connec- aseo Del page 37 eeds n , Ra-

gantown, change, Dane apacity c

utnam and Kanawha ruck Climbing Lanes o/St Albans, Kanawha o/St Albans, Kanawha ood, Pleasants, Tyler, Wetzel, Wetzel, ood, Pleasants, Tyler, rgent u ::

a

Interstate 80 T WV 705 Connector—Mor Monongalia County East Beckley Bypass—Beckley leigh County I-64—Cabell, P Counties Replace-Dick Henderson Bridge ment—Nitr County Coun-I-79—Marion and Monongalia ties WV 2—W and Brooke Marshall, Ohio, Hancock Counties WV 10—Logan County I-94 at the Badger Inter County x

Wyoming • West Virginia West • • • • • • • Wisconsin • appendi anes unnel, Midtown Tun- uction Projects iew Corridor ridor ost 0 to 13; St. George Downtown T I-5 Reconstr US 290 Cor Mountain V Interstate 15 I-15 Mile P The Mor I 95/395 HOT L nel, and Martin King Freeway Luther Extension

Washington • Texas • Utah • • • Vermont • Virginia • Bypass risville • ridor— change—Provi- change—East ovement—Interstate 40 ennessee/Arkansas/Mis- changes—Providence ort Road, North Access Charleston from northfrom of I-24 to south of Tennes- see River Bridge I-124—Regional Strategic Cor sissippi Capacity Impr Mt. Juliet TN) from County, (Wilson (Exit 235) Road (Exit 226) to SR-840 New Bridge over Mississippi River at Memphis, T Interstate 20, Richland County Interstate 20, Richland P dence War- and West Warwick, Greenwich, wick and Route I-95 Between Route 6/10 146 Inter Route 6/Route 10 Inter Route 6/Route I-95/Route 4 Inter

• • Tennessee • South Carolina South • • • • Rhode Island Rhode • Appendix B: 100 Largest Metro Areas Ranked by Overall Congestion January–June 2009

1 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana CA 51 Memphis TN-MS-AR 2 New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island NY-NJ-PA 52 Little Rock-North Little Rock-Conway AR 3 Chicago-Joliet-Naperville IL-IN-WI 53 Omaha-Council Bluffs NE-IA 4 Washington-Arlington-Alexandria DC-VA-MD-WV 54 Albuquerque NM 5 Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington TX 55 Columbus OH 6 Houston-Sugar Land-Baytown TX 56 Poughkeepsie-Newburgh-Middletown NY 7 San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont CA 57 Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton PA-NJ 8 Boston-Cambridge-Quincy MA-NH 58 Buffalo-Niagara Falls NY 9 Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue WA 59 Scranton--Wilkes-Barre PA 10 Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington PA-NJ-DE-MD 60 Harrisburg-Carlisle PA 11 Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta GA 61 Raleigh-Cary NC 12 Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington MN-WI 62 Rochester NY 13 Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach FL 63 Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura CA 14 Phoenix-Mesa-Glendale AZ 64 Madison WI 15 Denver-Aurora-Broomfield CO 65 Wichita KS 16 Baltimore-Towson MD 66 Richmond VA 17 San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos CA 67 Chattanooga TN-GA 18 Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario CA 68 Worcester MA 19 San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara CA 69 Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville SC 20 Sacramento–Arden-Arcade–Roseville CA 70 El Paso TX 21 St. Louis MO-IL 71 Provo-Orem UT 22 Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro OR-WA 72 Bakersfield-Delano CA 23 Austin-Round Rock-San Marcos TX 73 Albany-Schenectady-Troy NY 24 Pittsburgh PA 74 Columbia SC 25 San Antonio-New Braunfels TX 75 Fresno CA 26 Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk CT 76 Syracuse NY 27 Detroit-Warren-Livonia MI 77 Grand Rapids-Wyoming MI 28 Kansas City MO-KS 78 Des Moines-West Des Moines IA 29 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater FL 79 Stockton CA 30 Las Vegas-Paradise NV 80 Jackson MS 31 Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News VA-NC 81 Springfield MA 32 Birmingham-Hoover AL 82 Dayton OH 33 Cincinnati-Middletown OH-KY-IN 83 Boise City-Nampa ID 34 Nashville-Davidson–Murfreesboro–Franklin TN 84 Tucson AZ 35 Baton Rouge LA 85 Greenville-Mauldin-Easley SC 36 Louisville/Jefferson County KY-IN 86 Youngstown-Warren-Boardman OH-PA 37 Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor OH 87 Portland-South Portland-Biddeford ME 38 Honolulu HI 88 Colorado Springs CO 39 Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford FL 89 Augusta-Richmond County GA-SC 40 Oklahoma City OK 90 Akron OH 41 New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner LA 91 Greensboro-High Point NC 42 Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis WI 92 Knoxville TN 43 New Haven-Milford CT 93 Ogden-Clearfield UT 44 Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill NC-SC 94 Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville FL 45 Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford CT 95 McAllen-Edinburg-Mission TX 46 Salt Lake City UT 96 North Port-Bradenton-Sarasota FL 47 Providence-New Bedford-Fall River RI-MA 97 Toledo OH 48 Indianapolis-Carmel IN 98 Modesto CA 49 Jacksonville FL 99 Lakeland-Winter Haven FL 50 Tulsa OK 100 Cape Coral-Fort Myers FL

Source: INRIX National Traffic Scorecard. http://scorecard.inrix.com/scorecard/Top100Metros.asp as defined by Core-Based Statistical Area, OMB.

Publication Code: RP–UGCR–1 ISBN: 978-1-56051-483-1

http://ExpandingCapacity.transportation.org

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