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Extensive Glaciation in Transbaikalia, Siberia, at the Last Glacial Maximum

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Extensive Glaciation in Transbaikalia, Siberia, at the Last Glacial Maximum University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health 1-1-2016 Extensive glaciation in Transbaikalia, Siberia, at the Last Glacial Maximum Martin Margold Stockholm University, [email protected] John D. Jansen Stockholm University, [email protected] Artem L. Gurinov Lomonosov Moscow State University Alexandru T. Codilean University of Wollongong, [email protected] David Fink Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, [email protected] See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/smhpapers Part of the Medicine and Health Sciences Commons, and the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Margold, Martin; Jansen, John D.; Gurinov, Artem L.; Codilean, Alexandru T.; Fink, David; Preusser, Frank; Reznichenko, Natalya V.; and Mifsud, Charles C., "Extensive glaciation in Transbaikalia, Siberia, at the Last Glacial Maximum" (2016). Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A. 3572. https://ro.uow.edu.au/smhpapers/3572 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Extensive glaciation in Transbaikalia, Siberia, at the Last Glacial Maximum Abstract Successively smaller glacial extents have been proposed for continental Eurasia during the stadials of the last glacial period leading up to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). At the same time the large mountainous region east of Lake Baikal, Transbaikalia, has remained unexplored in terms of glacial chronology despite clear geomorphological evidence of substantial past glaciations. We have applied cosmogenic 10Be exposure dating and optically stimulated luminescence to establish the first quantitative glacial chronology for this region. Based on eighteen exposure ages from five moraine complexes, we propose that large mountain ice fields existed in the odarK and Udokan mountains during Oxygen Isotope Stage 2, commensurate with the global LGM. These ice fields edf valley glaciers (>100 km in length) reaching down to the Chara Depression between the Kodar and Udokan mountains and to the valley of the Vitim River northwest of the Kodar Mountains. Two of the investigated moraines date to the Late Glacial, but indications of incomplete exposure among some of the sampled boulders obscure the specific details of the post-LGM glacial history. In addition to the LGM ice fields in the highest mountains of Transbaikalia, we report geomorphological evidence of a much more extensive, ice-cap type glaciation at a time that is yet to be firmly esolvr ed. Disciplines Medicine and Health Sciences | Social and Behavioral Sciences Publication Details Margold, M., Jansen, J. D., Gurinov, A. L., Codilean, A. T., Fink, D., Preusser, F., Reznichenko, N. V. & Mifsud, C. (2016). Extensive glaciation in Transbaikalia, Siberia, at the Last Glacial Maximum. Quaternary Science Reviews, 132 161-174. Authors Martin Margold, John D. Jansen, Artem L. Gurinov, Alexandru T. Codilean, David Fink, Frank Preusser, Natalya V. Reznichenko, and Charles C. Mifsud This journal article is available at Research Online: https://ro.uow.edu.au/smhpapers/3572 1 Extensive glaciation in Transbaikalia, Siberia, at the Last Glacial 2 Maximum 3 Martin Margolda*, John D. Jansena 1, Artem L. Gurinovb, Alexandru T. Codileanc, David 4 Finkd, Frank Preussera 2, Natalya V. Reznichenkoe, Charles Mifsudd 5 6 a Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden 7 8 b Department of Geomorphology & Palaeogeography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 9 Leninskie gory, GSP-1, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation 10 [email protected] 11 12 c School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, 13 Wollongong NSW 2522, Australia 14 [email protected] 15 16 d Institute for Environmental Research, Australian Nuclear Science & Technology 17 Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia 18 [email protected], [email protected] 19 20 e Department of Geography, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, South Road, Durham, 21 DH1 3LE, UK 22 natalya.reznichenko@durham .ac.uk 23 24 25 *Corresponding author: [email protected]; +420 776 564 055 1 26 27 1 Present address: Institute of Earth & Environmental Science, University of Potsdam, Karl- 28 Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany 29 [email protected] 30 31 2 Present address: Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universitat 32 Freiburg, Albertstr. 23-B, 79104 Freiburg, Germany 33 [email protected] 34 35 Abstract 36 Successively smaller glacial extents have been proposed for continental Eurasia during the 37 stadials of the last glacial period leading up to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). At the 38 same time the large mountainous region east of Lake Baikal, Transbaikalia, has remained 39 unexplored in terms of glacial chronology despite clear geomorphological evidence of 40 substantial past glaciations. We have applied cosmogenic 10Be exposure dating and optically 41 stimulated luminescence to establish the first quantitative glacial chronology for this region. 42 Based on eighteen exposure ages from five moraine complexes, we propose that large 43 mountain ice fields existed in the Kodar and Udokan mountains during Oxygen Isotope Stage 44 2, commensurate with the global LGM. These ice fields fed valley glaciers (>100 km in 45 length) reaching down to the Chara Depression between the Kodar and Udokan mountains 46 and to the valley of the Vitim River northwest of the Kodar Mountains. Two of the 47 investigated moraines date to the Late Glacial, but indications of incomplete exposure among 48 some of the sampled boulders obscure the specific details of the post-LGM glacial history. In 49 addition to the LGM ice fields in the highest mountains of Transbaikalia, we report 2 50 geomorphological evidence of a much more extensive, ice-cap type glaciation at a time that is 51 yet to be firmly resolved. 52 53 Keywords 54 Glaciation, Transbaikalia, Last Glacial Maximum, Cosmogenic 1 *10Be exposure dating, 55 Optically stimulated luminescence. 56 57 Highlights 58 - Eighteen 10Be exposure ages on moraines in high mountains of Transbaikalia, Siberia. 59 - Large ice fields existed in the mountains of Transbaikalia at the global LGM. 60 - Lower mountain ranges of Transbaikalia were also heavily glaciated at the LGM. 61 - Evidence exists for an extensive ice cap, the timing of which is yet to be resolved. 62 63 64 1. Introduction 65 The glacial history of northern Eurasia has displayed opposing trends between its western, 66 central and eastern parts during the last glacial cycle. Whereas the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet 67 reached close to its maximum Pleistocene extent at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; in 68 Oxygen Isotope Stage [OIS] 2), the continental sector of the Barents-Kara Ice Sheet and 69 smaller Eurasian ice masses to the east show a sequence of successively diminishing glacial 70 advances (stadials) during the course of the last glacial cycle (Svendsen et al., 2004; Stauch 71 and Gualtieri, 2008; Astakhov, 2013). In order to better understand this apparent anti-phase 72 behaviour between the Fennoscandian and Barents-Kara ice sheets, we focus on major 73 glaciated massifs in a remote area of Eurasia for which information is wholly lacking. 74 3 75 Extensive mountain glaciation is documented for southern Siberia, north-western Mongolia, 76 and north-western China (Lehmkuhl et al., 2011) where valley glacier advances are reported 77 for OIS-6 and -2 via optically stimulated luminescence and cosmogenic nuclide exposure 78 dating (Lehmkuhl et al., 2004, 2007; Gillespie et al., 2008; Arzhannikov et al., 2012; Zhao et 79 al., 2013). Despite some regional differences in the relative prominence of glacial advances 80 during different cold periods, the general trend in the Altai and Sayan mountains, located 81 south of the maximum continental limit of the Barents-Kara Ice Sheet, is for progressively 82 smaller glaciations since OIS-6 (Fig. 1; Gillespie et al., 2008; Lehmkuhl et al., 2011; 83 Arzhannikov et al., 2012; Zhao et al., 2013). A large ice cap that existed in the central Sayan- 84 Tuva Upland in OIS-6 and -4 was apparently absent during OIS-3 and -2 when the character 85 of glaciation changed to branching valley glaciers (Komatsu et al., 2007b; Arzhannikov et al., 86 2012). In the Khangai Mountains of west-central Mongolia, the most extensive preserved 87 moraine ridges date to OIS-3 with OIS-2 ice limits reaching nearly the same extents (Rother 88 et al., 2014). An even stronger trend of successively diminishing glacial advances is 89 documented for the Verkhoyansk Mountains, a large mountain group east of the Aldan and 90 Lena rivers in eastern Siberia (Fig. 1). Here moraine complexes dated with infrared optically 91 stimulated luminescence indicate minimal ice masses during the (global) LGM (Stauch et al., 92 2007; Stauch and Gualtieri, 2008; Stauch and Lehmkuhl, 2010). 93 94 Fig. 1 here, 1.5 column width 95 96 Transbaikalia, situated between the Sayan and Verkhoyansk mountains, is a vast mountainous 97 region east of Lake Baikal where intermontane basins of the Baikal Rift Zone are surrounded 98 by massifs with alpine relief (Figs. 1, 2; Shahgedanova et al., 2003). The region displays 99 significant glacial modification but little information is available concerning ice extent or 4 100 chronology (Shahgedanova et al., 2003; Margold and Jansson, 2011). Here we investigate the 101 timing of glaciations in central Transbaikalia with particular focus on the Kodar Mountains, 102 the region’s highest massif. Based on cosmogenic 10Be exposure dating and optically 103 stimulated luminescence (hereafter abbreviated to exposure dating and OSL, respectively), we 104 propose a framework for the extent and timing of the last glaciation and thus provide a new 105 perspective on the nature of the LGM in northern Eurasia.
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