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Assessing the Formation and Preservation of Organic Signatures in Extreme Environments

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Assessing the Formation and Preservation of Organic Signatures in Extreme Environments Assessing the formation and preservation of organic signatures in extreme environments in the context of the ExoMars 2020 rover mission Dissertation zur Erlangung des mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorgrades „Doctor rerum naturalium“ der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen im Promotionsprogramm Geowissenschaften der Georg-August University School of Science (GAUSS) vorgelegt von Manuel Reinhardt aus Coburg Göttingen, 2019 Betreuungsausschuss: Prof. Dr. Volker Thiel Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Geowissenschaftliches Zentrum, Abteilung Geobiologie PD Dr. Walter Goetz Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Göttingen Mitglieder der Prüfungskommission: Referent: Prof. Dr. Volker Thiel Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Geowissenschaftliches Zentrum, Abteilung Geobiologie 1. Korreferent: PD Dr. Walter Goetz Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Göttingen 2. Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Lorenz Schwark Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Institut für Geowissenschaften, Abteilung Organische Geochemie Weitere Mitglieder der Prüfungskommission: Prof. Dr. Gernot Arp Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Geowissenschaftliches Zentrum, Abteilung Geobiologie Dr. Martin Blumenberg Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Hannover Dr. Fred Goesmann Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Göttingen Prof. Dr. Joachim Reitner Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Geowissenschaftliches Zentrum, Abteilung Geobiologie Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 17.05.2019 In memory of my grandmother, Leni Reinhardt, the most optimistic and supportive person in my life. Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................... ix Preface ....................................................................................................................................... xi Abstract ................................................................................................................................... xiii Zusammenfassung .................................................................................................................... xv 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 ExoMars 2020 and the search for traces of life on Mars .............................................................................. 1 1.2 Life as we know it ......................................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Emergence of life on the early Earth and habitability of Mars ..................................................................... 2 1.3.1 Emergence of life on the early Earth ..................................................................................................... 2 1.3.2 Mars, also a habitable planet? ............................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Molecular biosignatures and their preservational fate .................................................................................. 4 1.5 Thesis objectives and study approaches........................................................................................................ 6 References .......................................................................................................................................................... 7 2 Organic signatures in Pleistocene cherts from Lake Magadi (Kenya), analogs for early Earth hydrothermal deposits.......................................................................................................... 13 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 14 2.2 Materials and Methods................................................................................................................................ 15 2.2.1 Sample material, petrographic and bulk geochemical analyses ........................................................... 15 2.2.2 Organic-geochemical preparation........................................................................................................ 15 2.2.3 Catalytic hydropyrolysis (HyPy) ......................................................................................................... 15 2.2.4 Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) ........................................................................... 16 2.2.5 Gas chromatography–combustion–isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC–C–IRMS) ......................... 16 2.2.6 Raman spectroscopy ............................................................................................................................ 16 2.3 Results ........................................................................................................................................................ 16 2.3.1 Petrography, bulk-geochemistry and Raman spectroscopy ................................................................. 16 2.3.2 Bitumen ............................................................................................................................................... 18 2.3.2.1 Functionalized lipids .................................................................................................................... 18 2.3.2.2 Aliphatic hydrocarbons ................................................................................................................ 22 2.3.2.3 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) .................................................................................. 23 2.3.3 Kerogen (high temperature HyPy step, up to 520 °C) ......................................................................... 23 2.3.3.1 Aliphatic hydrocarbons ................................................................................................................ 23 2.3.3.2 PAHs ............................................................................................................................................ 24 2.4 Discussion ................................................................................................................................................... 25 2.4.1 Thermal maturity and syngeneity of the organic matter ...................................................................... 25 2.4.2 Geobiology of the Lake Magadi during chert deposition .................................................................... 26 2.4.2.1 Prokaryotes................................................................................................................................... 26 2.4.2.2 Eukaryotes .................................................................................................................................... 26 2.4.2.3 Hydrothermal impact on organic matter ...................................................................................... 28 2.4.3 Organic signatures from the Magadi cherts: implications for the Archean ......................................... 29 2.5 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................ 29 Acknowledgements........................................................................................................................................... 30 References ........................................................................................................................................................ 30 3 Ideas and perspectives: hydrothermally driven redistribution and sequestration of early Archean biomass—the “hydrothermal pump hypothesis” .................................................. 37 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 38 3.2 Material and methods ................................................................................................................................. 38 3.2.1 Sample preparation .............................................................................................................................. 38 3.2.2 Petrography and Raman spectroscopy ................................................................................................. 38 3.2.3 Raman-derived H/C data ..................................................................................................................... 39 3.2.4 Molecular analysis of the Dresser kerogen .......................................................................................... 39 3.2.5 Molecular analysis of pre-extracted cyanobacterial biomass (Anabaena cylindrica) ......................... 41 3.2.6 Fischer–Tropsch-type synthesis of organic matter under hydrothermal conditions ............................ 41 3.2.7 Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry ............................................................................................ 41 3.2.8 Polyaromatic hydrocarbon ratios ......................................................................................................... 41 3.2.9 Total organic carbon (TOC) and δ13C analyses (TOC and compound specific) ................................. 41 3.3 Results .......................................................................................................................................................
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