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Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-47408-5 — Burials, Migration and Identity in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond Edited by M Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-47408-5 — Burials, Migration and Identity in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond Edited by M. C. Gatto , D. J. Mattingly , N. Ray , M. Sterry Index More Information Index Page numbers in italics are figures; with ‘t’ tables; with ‘n’ notes. 3D geometric morphometrics 140–41, 143–45, Tiddis 253, 260, 264, 267, 268 144t children’s burials 265 pottery 270, 271 Abalessa (Algeria) 17, 102–3 Tiffech 250, 266 Adrar Zerzem (Morocco) 325, 326, 327, 328 Tin Hanan 17–19, 103, 530 Afroasiatic languages 434, 436, 438, 454, Wadi Gir 15 464–65, 498 Allain, Charles 321–24 Aghram Nadharif (Libya) 53, 101, 117, 120, Althiburos (Tunisia) 14, 249, 250, 276, 121 506–7, 529 loom weights 124 bone in domestic areas 268–69 straw matting 117 pottery 271, 272, 273 agriculture 135 Amazighs see Berbers Kissi (Burkino Faso) 375–78 amazonite 95–96, 117, 124, 406, 408, 417, 420 Lake Chad Basin 399, 490, 492t ancestor worship 5, 118, 128–29, 330–31, 528 and language 485–87, 486t animals Middle Nile 197–98 in burials 269–70 Numidia 506–7 burials of 7, 364, 406–7, 411, 412, 418 Wadi Tanzzuft 125, 125, 129, 135 names for 452–53, 482–87, 484–85t, 489–90 Ahaggar Tuareg 497 see also livestock; pastoralism Aïn Dahlia Kébira (Morocco) 283, 287, 288, antennae tombs 61–62, 363, 514 295, 297 Western Sahara 16, 355–56 Aïn el Bey (Algeria) 250, 266 Apuleius 509–10 Aissa Dugjé (Cameroon) 406–7, 410–11, 412 Arabic 200, 432, 433t, 434, 495–96, 502 Algeria Hassānāya 431, 432, 433t, 434, 450–51, 456 Abalessa 17, 102–3 Shuwa 433–34 Aïn el Bey 250, 266 archaeology, funerary 3, 4–19, 526, 527 Beni Messous 250, 261, 266, 267 architecture, Wadi Tanzzuft 120–22, 122 Bou Chène 250, 261, 266 Arnaud, R. 450 Djebel Mazela 250, 252n9, 259, 260, 263–64, artefacts 27 266–67, 268, 270 Wadi Tanzzuft 123–25, 124 animal bone 270 see also grave goods pottery 273 Asbytes 431 El Khroub 250, 256, 262 Atarantes 108, 125–29, 432, 504–5 Fedj el Koucha 250, 266 Atlantic Europe 362, 363, 366–68 Gastel 250, 253, 266, 271, 272 Augustine, St 514 Jorf Torba 15–16 Awjila (Libya) 9, 478, 481, 497 Roknia 250, 261, 266, 300 Ayoub, M. S. 12, 54 Sétif region 250, 253 Azayr/Azer 444, 450–51 Sigus 250, 266 Sila 250, 264, 265, 267, 268, 270, 274, Bach, J. S. 438 275–76 bags, leather 86–87 Tebessa 250, 253 Baistrochi, M. 359 549 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-47408-5 — Burials, Migration and Identity in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond Edited by M. C. Gatto , D. J. Mattingly , N. Ray , M. Sterry Index More Information 550 Index Al-Bakri 447 biological identity, Garamantes 134–56, 137, Banasa (Morocco) 285–86, 303 144t, 146, 147, 150, 151, 152, 154 Bangsgaard, P. 208 blacksmiths 202, 452 banquets, funerary 273, 330, 332 Blažek, V. 448, 449t, 496 Barkat (Libya) 116, 152–53, 154, 163 Blé (Cameroon) 406 bazinas 252n9, 257, 258, 260, 261, 267, 277, ‘Blemmye’ burials 213 345–49, 346–48t, 350, 351 bone artefacts 270, 272 worked 301 children’s burials 265 see also skeletal analysis dating 264, 355 Boniface 514 Djebel Mazela Bazina XXII 263–64, 266–67 Boozer, A. 21 Gour Mausoleum 276, 290, 291–92t, 293, Borno (Nigeria) 408–9 294, 333, 513 Bou Chène (Algeria) 250, 261, 266 treatment of the body 268 Bou Mimoun (Morocco) 290, 291–92t see also chouchet Bouïa (Morocco) 319, 320, 321, 330, 335, 336 beads ‘bound’ bodies 204, 411 Burkino Faso 386 Braber (Morocco) 323–24, 324, 330 Fewet (Wadi Tanzzuft) 117, 124 Bradley, R. 62 Kissi (Burkino Faso) 385–87, 388, 392, 395 Breunig, P. 401–3 Morocco 297, 300, 327, 328, 333 Britain 21 Nigeria 409 Brocca, Paul 281 southern Lake Chad basin 406, 409, 411, 414, Broodbank, C. 506–7 415, 417–18, 419, 420 Brooks, N. 449 Tin Hanan burial 17 Brosset, D. 450 Wadi al-Ajal 69–71, 77, 78, 88–89t, 91, 94, Brubaker, Rogers 25 96, 97 burial landscapes 532–34 Bechhaus-Gerst, M. 434–35 burial rite see ritual, funerary Beja 213, 215, 432 Burkino Faso 386, 395 Bell Beaker burials 366 Kissi 375–78, 376, 377 bells, bronze/copper 318 burial practices 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, Beni Messous (Algeria) 250, 261, 266, 267 384, 385, 387, 388, 389, 390, 395, Beni-Snous, language 466, 467, 470, 471, 473, 531–32 476, 478, 481, 497, 517 migration 395 Berbers modern parallels 390–95, 392, 393, 394 burial practices 332 and Christianity 331 cairns 10–12, 60, 65, 80t, 101 identity 25–26 Fazzan 57–60, 64, 65, 69, 70t, 100–1 languages 23, 25–26, 27, 431, 434–38, 435, beads 94 452–54, 453t, 456, 464–66, 466, 467, pottery 92 470, 471, 473, 476, 478, 481, 490–93, Fewet 100–1 497, 525 Iwelen 18 and economies 482–87 types Oasis languages 516–17 corbelled 57–60, 64, 65, 65, 72t, 78, 80, 98, proto-Amazigh 480, 483, 484–85t, 486t, 100–1 503–8 crater 57 Proto-Berber 436, 447, 449t, 465, 482–87, crevice 57, 72t 486t, 498–502 kerbed 57, 65, 72t proto-Central Amazigh 512–16 mound proto-East-West Amazigh 508–12 Central Sahara, Wadi al-Ajal 64, 65, origins 138 71–77, 72t, 80t Beria (=Zaghawa) 196, 431, 434, 440, 451 Numidia 257–60, 258, 259 Berti 196, 204 Western Sahara 16, 345, 349, 355 Biagetti, S. 446 quadrangular 60, 64–65, 65, 72t © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-47408-5 — Burials, Migration and Identity in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond Edited by M. C. Gatto , D. J. Mattingly , N. Ray , M. Sterry Index More Information Index 551 with vertical outer walls 60, 72t chalcedony 297, 298, 300, 386 see also monuments chapels, funerary 9 camels 3, 197–98, 434, 437, 515–16 Western Sahara/Morocco 16, 316, 320, 323, terms for 483, 484–85t 325n27, 328–31, 330 Cameroon chariots 18, 28, 326, 440, 505–6, 510 Aissa Dugjé 406–7, 410–11, 412 chefferies 284, 285, 293–94 Blé 406 children’s burials Doulo Igzawa 406 Kissi (Burkino Faso) 383, 384 Doulo Kwovré 410, 410 Numidia 264–65, 276 Houlouf 406 southern Lake Chad Basin 411 Mandara (Cameroon) 410, 412, 412, chouchet 254, 255, 268 413, 416 see also bazinas Camps, Gabriel 12–13, 249–50, 251–52, Christianity 331, 419 257–60, 262–63, 267, 269, 272, 281, ‘Christian’s Tomb (Kbour Roumia) 250, 257, 331, 505 293, 294 Aux origines de la Berbérie. Monuments et ‘Círculo del Estrecho’ 283 rites funéraires protohistoriques 251 Cirta 250, 256, 537 Camps-Fabrer, H. 272 citadels, fortified, Wadi Tanzzuft 120, 121 Camus, A. 319 Civrac, M. A. 452 Canary Islands 435, 438–39, 455 Clapperton, Hugh 451 Caputo, G. 54 Cleaveland, T. 444 caravan routes 112 climate 2–3, 23, 530 Carcopino, Jérôme, Le Maroc antique and linguistics 431 281 Middle Nile 199, 201, 206 carnelian beads Southern Lake Chad Basin 400, 405–6, Durbi Takusheyi (Nigeria) 415 421–22, 490 Morocco 333 Western Sahara 343–44, 367–68 Nigeria 409 see also ‘green Sahara’ concept southern Lake Chad Basin 406, 408, 409, Coarelli, F. 257 411, 414, 415, 417–18, 420 collective burials see multiple burials Carthage 250, 250, 282–83 colonisation 20t, 22, 23 bells 318 in Morocco 281, 285 burials 253, 260 Nubia by Egypt 9, 209–10, 212 red ochre 89 see also Roman period cowrie shells 300 ‘complex megalithic monuments’ 254–56, glass paste beads 297 255 Punic 446, 448 complex monuments 346–48t, 354, 355, see also Djebba; El Hkayma 356–57 castes 202, 452 conical tumuli cattle 2, 7, 436, 449 Fewet 112–14, 113 Lake Chad Basin 405, 489 Morocco 319, 325 caves, burial 253, 268 Connah, Graham 403, 408–9 Çelebi, Evliya 439 connectivity xxiv, 2, 21–22, 525, 530–31, 532 cemetery morphology 63–64 and the Western Sahara 358 Central Amazigh languages 466, 467, 470, 471, see also trade 473–76 conquest 20t, 22, 23, 378, 495–96, 537–38 Central Sahara 10–12 Islamic 539 Chabot, J.-B. 511 and language 470 Chad 19 Roman 437, 537 Mdaga 413–14 Songhay of Timbuktu 442 Mege 406 Vandal 538 see also Lake Chad Basin copper/copper alloy 201, 305, 449t Chadic languages 465, 487–93, 491t, 492t, 498 Kissi 31, 386–87, 403, 531–32 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-47408-5 — Burials, Migration and Identity in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond Edited by M. C. Gatto , D. J. Mattingly , N. Ray , M. Sterry Index More Information 552 Index copper/copper alloy (cont.) grave goods 269, 270, 272 Lake Chad Basin 409, 414, 415, 418 red ochre 272 Morocco 297, 298, 299, 318, 327–28, secondary burials 263, 264, 267–68 332, 333 Djebel Mazela (Algeria) 250, 252n9, 259, 260, corbeille monuments 346–48t, 349–52 263–64, 266–67, 268, 270 Corippus 515, 516 animal bone 270 covered galleries of Kabylia 256 pottery 273 cowrie shells Djebila (Morocco) 283, 286–87, 289, 290, Kissi (Burkino Faso) 386–87, 388 295–97, 296, 299–300, 301–2 Morocco 299–300, 305 djedars/jedars 293, 294, 513–14, 516 southern Lake Chad Basin 406, 409, 415 dogs 411, 499, 501 craftworkers, status of 202 dolmens 12–13 craniometry Northern Sahara/Maghrib 12–13, 254–56, Egyptian and Nubian 240 255, 268, 281 Fewet 168–72, 169, 170, 171 zenithal access 259, 260, 264, 277 Wadi al-Ajal 140–41, 144t, 145, 146–48, 147, domestic evidence, Wadi Tanzzuft 119–25, 149–55, 151, 152, 154 121, 122, 123, 124, 125 cremation 262–69, 272, 305, 527 domesticated animals see livestock crescent-shaped monuments 10, 15–16, Doulo Igzawa (Cameroon) 406 346–48t, 352–53, 359, 360–61t, 362–63 Doulo Kwovré (Cameroon) 410, 410 Crews, D.
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