Généalogies Et Géographies Tribales

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Généalogies Et Géographies Tribales Grigori Lazarev Sociologue, et Géographe. Association de Recherche Interdisciplinaire Al Idrissi, Rabat Ancien fonctionnaire international (FAO), Rome. [email protected] Généalogies et géographies tribales Résumé : Cet article tire ses matériaux des travaux de G. Lazarev (en cours de publication) sur les « Populations et les territoires du Maghreb, VII°-XI° siècle ». Il propose quelques réflexions sur les rapports entre les généalogies et les géographies tribales pendant la période médiévale. Il fait bien entendu référence à Ibn Khaldûn et à l’approche généalogique de son histoire des groupements ethniques berbères jusqu’au XIV° siècle. L’analyse montre cependant les biais de son approche et son adéquation des généalogies à la succession des phases successives de l’histoire du Maghreb. Une contre-analyse permet de déceler les correspondances qui s’établissent entre les blocs généalogiques et la géographie des tribus du Maghreb. Cette contre-analyse vérifie une intuition tardive d’Ibn Khaldûn, mais que déterminé par le conformisme généalogique de son époque, il n’a pas appliquée dans son ouvrage antérieur, le kitab al ibar1. Mots clé : Maghreb médiéval, tribus berbères, généalogie tribale, géographie tribale au Maghreb Abstract: This paper is based upon works by G. Lazarev (in process of publication) on « Populations and Territories in Maghreb, VII°-XI° centuries ». It offers some thoughts on the relationships between genealogies and tribal geographies in medieval times. Of course, it refers to Ibn Khaldûn and to his genealogical approach of berber ethnic groups until century XIV. An analysis showshowever his approach’many biases due to hissimplified adequation to the successive phases ofMaghreb history. A counter-analysis leads to find straight correspondences between « genealogical blocks » andMaghreb tribal geography. Such counter- analysis seems to valid a late Ibn Khaldûn intuition that however, and following his time conformism, he didn’t applied in the kitab al ibar, his forerunner work2. Key words: Medieval Maghreb, Berbers tribes, tribal genealogy, tribal geography in Maghreb. Ethnos, peuples et tribus Notre recherche sur les populations et les territoires du Maghreb médiéval (Lazarev, sous presse) s’est largement fondée sur la géographie historique des ethnonymes. Mais qu’y a-t-il derrière ces noms ethniques que nous avons rapportés ? Des peuples partageant un même territoire et un même mode de vie ? Des ethnies se référant à une même culture, à un même parler, à une même origine ? Des groupements de parentèles ? Des alliances de groupements sociaux ? Des formations politiques ? Il est probable que toutes ces réponses ont pu, à un moment ou un autre, s’appliquer, ou l’une ou plusieurs, à des structures sociales rencontrées sous une dénomination ethnique. Mais il est certain que les réponses sont indissociables des périodes et de leur contexte. Nous n’avons, à cet égard, aucun moyen de montrer que, dans la longue durée, un ethnonyme ait nécessairement correspondu à une notion stable de tribu, comme on s’est durablement habitué à le supposer. Nous ne pouvons formuler que des suppositions. 1. L’auteur a utilisé la traduction d’Ibn Khaldûn de A. Cheddadi (La Pléiade). La transcription des noms de tribus a suivi celle, simplifiée, de A. Cheddadi. 2. The author made use of Ibn Khaldûn traduction by A. Cheddadi (La Pléiade). Transcription of tribal names has therefore followed Cheddadi’s simplified transcription. (Recibido el 30/08/2020. Aceptado el 14/09/2020) Al Irfan / n°: 5 163 ISSN: 2351-8189 Les dénominations les plus anciennes sont celles qui, depuis Hérodote, désignent des populations du Maghreb méditerranéen oriental. Mais qui étaient ces Maxies, ces Nasamons, ces Marmarides, ces Psylli ? Se nommaient-ils ainsi ou furent-ils nommés parce qu’ils occupaient des portions distinctes d’un territoire ? Leurs noms durèrent longtemps, certains s’y ajoutèrent, d’autres disparurent, alors que des fissions les scindaient (comme ce fut le cas pour les Nasamons dont la fission aurait, selon Y. Modéran, donné les Austuriani et les Laguatan). L’histoire ancienne nous montre que ces populations étaient capables de combattre mais constituaient-elles des unités politiques ? Il est plus probable qu’elles formaient des galaxies de groupements indépendants, qui pouvaient, dans certaines conditions, s’agréger en coalitions autour de chefs. Rien dans les textes n’indique que ces groupements aient eu des institutions sociales structurées à ces échelles, sinon à celles qui devaient régir la vie quotidienne des formations élémentaires. On est tenté de parler de ces formes sociales, encore indistinctes, en termes « d’ethnos », pour reprendre le terme par lequel les politeia, grecques désignaient les populations confuses qui étaient extérieures à leur culture. Les premiers ethnologues parlaient de « peuplades » pour désigner des populations qui occupaient un territoire qu’ils identifiaient mais dont ils ne savaient pas grand-chose. Au cours des siècles successifs de la période antique, les populations de l’Afrique du Nord eurent une historicité plus marquée et on les vit s’exprimer dans des formations politiques, conduites par des « princes ». Mais qui étaient ces Massyles, ces Massaesyles, ces Maurii dont les noms furent appliqués à d’immenses territoires ? On leur trouve des rois qui se succédèrent, mais qui les suivaient, sinon des agglomérations de groupements, vivant habituellement de façon dispersée ? De tels groupements étaient capables d’une immense mobilité, grâce très certainement au cheval. La géographie des conflits montre en effet des déplacements sur des distances considérables. Mais les populations combattantes avaient-elles une notion de solidarité mutuelle derrière leur roi ? On ne sait rien de l’organisation des communautés qui composaient ces peuples, et si elles avaient des institutions tribales éventuellement susceptibles de les fédérer3. La période romaine vit apparaître plus nettement des formes tribales, rangées comme des « gens, gentes ». On en connait de très nombreuses dénominations et la carte de l’occupation romaine nous montre une constellation de tribus. Celles-ci avaient, sans nul doute, des formes institutionnelles dans leurs rapports avec les agents de la romanité, ce que montrent de multiples traces épigraphiques. On ne sait pas quelles langues parlaient les gentes berbères, mais celles-ci furent, plus tard, submergées par les parlers qui se rattachaient aux langues appelées zénètes. Ces parlers furent probablement introduits par des tribus nomades, que rencontrèrent les romains et qui franchirent le limes après leur départ. C’est à elles que dut s’appliquer le terme imprécis de Gétules. Il semble que ces tribus avaient, à l’époque byzantine, les formes de base des tribus pastorales, système de chefferies dominantes et coalitions de type plus ou moins confédéral. Les conflits des Byzantins et des tribus libyennes illustrent de mêmes faits sociaux. Les chroniques des premiers temps arabes, ou celles qui s’y rapportent, nous donnent de premiers noms de peuples berbères. Mais à quoi correspondaient ces noms ? Certainement pas à un modèle culturel arabe qui ne s’imposa que par la suite avec l’acculturation généalogique. Ces premiers ethnonymes berbères sont mentionnés sans aucune connexion avec une structure 3. Mattingly (1983) s’est interrogé sur la possibilité d’une structure confédérale des populations libyennes qui suivirent les guerres contre les byzantins. Mais cette hypothèse n’est toujours pas démontrée. 164 Revista de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales Grigori Lazarev Généalogies et géographies tribales tribale de type segmentaire ou avec une affirmation de parenté. Ne peut-on pas supposer que ces noms n’aient été, au départ, que des désignations de peuples occupant un territoire donné ? L’une des régions les plus citées est le JbalNefûsa, en Tripolitaine. Les sources en mentionnent quelques composantes territoriales sous une désignation que nous pouvons qualifier d’ethnique. Elles rencontrent de mêmes noms sur le chemin des migrations. L’exemple des BanûFaten est intéressant. Toutes leurs composantes, dont on retrouve la trace ethnonymique dans l’ouest du Maghreb Central, ont des origines dans l’est de cette région, en Tripolitaine ou dans le sud-est de l’Ifrikiya (Gabès). Nous les retrouvons, plus tard, rangées dans une classification généalogique comme des BanûFaten. Mais il est douteux que cette classification ait existé lors de leurs migrations aux tous débuts de l’Islam maghrébin. Nous n’avons aucune indication de structure confédérale et les modèles généalogiques, dans leur modalité arabe, n’avaient pas encore pris forme. Il est plus probable que des origines voisines dans les lieux d’émigration de ces groupements, ainsi que des participations communes aux premières révoltes kharedjites, les aient amenés, à un certain moment de l’acculturation arabe, à se désigner sous une domination généalogique collective de BanûFâten. Nous n’avons aucune preuve de l’existence de formations sociales à base généalogique aux premiers temps de l’Islam au Maghreb. Il est plus probable que les ethnonymes tribaux n’aient été, en ces temps, que des références à des occupations territoriales de groupes humains, à des « peuples » ou des « peuplades », parlant probablement de mêmes langues et ayant peut-être des traditions d’origine commune. Sans plus. Plus tard, mais on ne sait ni comment, ni sur quelle durée, les désignations de populations ont dû changer de sens et se fondre dans le modèle généalogique de l’acculturation
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