DOCSLIB.ORG

Diversitat Genòmica a Les Poblacions Del Nord D'àfrica

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Diversitat Genòmica a Les Poblacions Del Nord D'àfrica Diversitat genòmica a les poblacions del nord d’Àfrica Elena Bosch Fusté 2000 Dip òsit legal: B.24348-2003 ISBN: 84-688-2285-X Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut (en constitució) UNIVERSITAT POMPEU FABRA Diversitat genòmica a les poblacions del nord d’Àfrica Memòria presentada per Elena Bosch Fusté per optar al grau de Doctor per la Universitat Pompeu Fabra Jaume Bertranpetit i Busquets Elena Bosch Fusté Director de tesi Barcelona, febrer del 2000 Als meus pares, al meu germà i a en Francesc Agraïments Des de finals d’agost de l’any 1995 són moltes les persones que amb paciència i bon humor m’han animat, recolzat i ajudat a realitzar aquest treball. Vull expressar-los ara el meu reconeixement. En primer lloc, m’agradaria agrair a en Jaume Bertranpetit, director d’aquesta tesi, l’oportunitat que em donà per introduir-me a aquest món de la ciència. Puc dir ben alt i amb seguretat que m’honora haver-lo tingut com a mestre. He gaudit enormement amb el seu entusiasme i gran tafaneria científica. També un agraïment ben carinyós a en Francesc Calafell per la seva extraordinària paciència, tant dins com fora el laboratori, i per la seva inestimable ajuda en l’estadística, redacció i discussió de tot el que ha passat entre les nostres mans. Voldria agrair de manera molt especial l’ajuda desinteressada, actitud diplomàtica en tota mena de reunions o comitès d’ètica d’hospitals i el gran esperit aventurer de la Cristina Junyent; el bon rotllo i les explicacions per a realitzar les meves primeres tècniques de laboratori per part d’en David Comas, també company de viatge juntament amb la Cristina i en Jaume; les pacients classes de tot el que necessitava saber i més sobre els microsatèl·lits i el seu tipatge, així com el bon humor i exageracions catastròfiques de l’Anna Pérez; els petits consells i secrets sobre alguns protocols a la Blanca Gutiérrez i a la Neus Valveny; l’ajuda de la Rosa Martínez i l’Eva Mateu en l’expedició de València i sortides de matinada cap a Vic; el gran esforç realitzat per la mateixa Rosa, l’Araceli Rosa i en Jordi Clarimón per mimar al màxim els cultius cel·lulars, així com l’ajuda d’en Jordi en l’extracció de DNA de les darreres mostres que obtinguerem del Marroc. El meu sincer agraïment també a tota la resta de companys de laboratori, per la vostra companyia, acudits, i aventures en els moments de feina, així com en els àpats i sobretaules compartides. A la Unitat d’Antropologia (UB) són la Bàrbara Arias, la Mireia Esparza, l’Esther Esteban, l’Antonio González, en Carles Lalueza, en Toni López, i en Marc Via; i ara, a Biologia Evolutiva (UPF), l’Aida Andrés, en Xavier Domingo, en Josep Marmi, en Bernal Morera, l’Stephanie Plaza, i la Mònica Vallès. M’agradaria reconèixer també el suport rebut en dues estades a l’estranger. A Anglaterra, al Departament de Bioquímica de la Universitat d’Oxford on vaig trobar la càlida companyia d’en Fabrício R. Santos, de l’Arpita Pandya, de la Giovanna Arpidia, d’en Williams, d’en John, de la Milli, d’en Carlos, de l’Angela, d’en Leslie i del professor Chris Tyler-Smith. Als Estats Units, al Departament de Genètica de la Universitat d’Stanford on vaig conèixer en Peter A. Underhill, l’Anna Hurlbut, en Peidong Shen, l’Alice Lin, en Peter J. Oefner, la Phillys, la Silvia, en Titus, l’Adrianne i la Wie. Gràcies també a la Kay, la Cher, la Paula, la Marcie, i la Marga per la seva companyia a Montain View. També vull agrair el suport dels professors de la Unitat d’Antropologia de la Universitat de Barcelona, Lourdes Fañanás, Clara García Moro, Miquel Hernández, Pedro Moral, Pasqual Moreno, Txomin Toja i Daniel Turbón. I un record especialment carinyós al doctor Josep Pons, company d’aventures científiques del meu avi, temps enrere. Tenen el meu reconeixement també tots aquells donants de sang que acceptaren participar en aquest estudi. Sens dubte, gràcies a ells aquest treball ha estat possible. Igualment, voldria agrair la col·laboració inestimable d’investigadors de diverses universitats i de metges, infermeres i ajudants de diferents hospitals i dispensaris durant la recol·lecció de mostres. Són Omar Akhayat, Zahra Brakez, Hassan Izaabel, Omar Ouakrim (Agadir); Oriol Vall (Barcelona); Noufissa Benchemsi (Casablanca); Xavier Balanzó, Alba Bosch, Jordi Colomer, Josep Lluís Fernández Roure, Carme i Glòria (Mataró); Abdelaziz Sefiani (Rabat); Khadietu, Adda Brahim, Omar Mansur i Baha Mustafa (Sàhara Occidental); Elisabeth Pintado (Sevilla); Anne Cambon-Thomsen, Jean-Michel Dugoujon, Ghania Hariti (Toulouse); Enric Bufill, Assumpta i Montse (Vic); Enric Padrés, Felip Pi, doctora Prats i Pere Simonet (Viladecans), entre altres. Gràcies també a l’Amaia, l’Anna, la Carme i en Ramon de la Unitat de Seqüenciació del Servei Científico-Tècnic de la Universitat de Barcelona per la seva assistència, ajuda i consells, setmanana rera setmana. Un record per a les amigues Anna Campalans i Sílvia Busquets, antigues companyes de carrera, per tots els dinars dels dimecres on sovint rèiem de les nostres petites potineries al laboratori. Finalment, també vull agrair als meus pares i al meu germà el seu suport continu. Aquest treball l’he dut a terme mentre gaudia d’una beca de formació de personal investigador del Comissionat per a Universitats i Recerca, de gener de 1996 a desembre de 1999 (FI/96- 1.153). A més, el treball ha comptat amb les subvencions de la Dirección General de Investigación Científica y Técnica als projectes “Variación del genoma humano: análisis de diversas regiones genómicas de especial interés” (PB95-0267-CO2-01); i del Comissionat per a Universitats i Recerca com a Grup de Recerca Consolidat (1996SGR00141, 1998SGR00009). ÍNDEX PRESENTACIÓ 19 INTRODUCCIÓ 1. Nord d’Àfrica 1.1 Marc geogràfic 28 1.2 El poblament prehistòric 29 1.3 Història de les poblacions del nord d’Àfrica 30 1.4 El poble berber, àrab i sahrauí 32 1.5 Les llengües del nord d’Àfrica..... 33 2. Marcadors clàssics 2.1 Descripció i principals característiques 36 2.2 Aplicacions a la genètica 37 3. Els microsatèl·lits 3.1 Descripció i principals característiques 39 3.2 Mutació en microsatèl·lits 41 3.3 Aplicacions a la genètica 42 4. El cromosoma Y 4.1 Caracterització 44 4.2 Tipus de polimorfismes 46 4.3 Estructura de la diversitat genètica: haplogrups i haplotips 47 4.4 Aplicacions a la genètica 48 OBJECTIUS 55 MATERIALS I MÈTODES 1. Poblacions estudiades 61 2. Obtenció, purificació i quantificació de DNA 65 3. Anàlisi de microsatèl·lits 3.1 Caracterització dels microsatèl·lits autosòmics estudiats 66 3.2 Caracterització dels microsatèl·lits específics del cromosoma Y estudiats 69 3.3 Tipatge 69 4. Anàlisi de polimorfismes bial·lèlics 4.1 Polimorfismes analitzats per RFLP o Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism 72 4.2 Polimorfismes analitzats mitjançant hibridació amb sondes específiques 74 4.3 DHPLC o Denaturing High Performance Liquid Chromatography 74 4.4 Filogènia de la variació en el cromosoma Y 78 5. Tractament estadístic 5.1 Elaboració d’una base de dades de freqüències al·lèliques recopilada de la literatura 82 5.2 Components principals: concepte estadístic i aplicació en genètica de poblacions 82 5.3 Distàncies genètiques 85 5.4 Representació gràfica en arbre de les distàncies genètiques 86 5.5 Validació de distàncies genètiques i arbres: bootstrap 87 5.6 Coordenades principals 87 5.7 Detecció de fronteres genètiques 88 5.8 Analysis of Molecular Variance o AMOVA 88 5.9 Paràmetres emprats per a la descripció de la variació en haplotips de microsatèl·lits 89 RESULTATS Capítol I: Population History of North Africa: Evidence from Classical Genetic Markers 95 Capítol II: Genetic structure of northwestern Africa revealed by STR analysis 115 Capítol III: Y chromosome STR haplotypes in four populations from northwestern Africa 153 Capítol IV: Variation in Short Tandem Repeats is deeply structured by genetic background on the human Y chromosome 171 Capítol V: Y chromosome lineages and northwestern African populations 193 DISCUSSIÓ 227 BIBLIOGRAFIA 253 PRESENTACIÓ El treball que presento a continuació pretén estudiar la variabilitat genètica de les poblacions del nord d’Àfrica a partir de l’anàlisi de diverses regions genòmiques per tal d’entendre les poblacions analitzades per una banda, i compendre la dinàmica del genoma per l’altra. Comença amb una Introducció on es caracteritzen les poblacions del nord d’Àfrica, així com les diferents eines genètiques emprades per al seu estudi. Segueixen els Objectius on presento les principals fites que es pretenien assolir en aquesta tesi. A continuació, a Materials i Mètodes s’introdueixen les poblacions estudiades, els marcadors tipificats, les tècniques emprades per a la seva anàlisi i els principals mètodes estadístics utilitzats al llarg del treball. Els Resultats obtinguts s’exposen en cinc capítols que corresponen a un article publicat a la revista Human Biology on es realitza una anàlisi preliminar de la variació genètica al nord d’Àfrica a partir de marcadors clàssics (Capítol I); a dos articles acceptats, respectivament, a les revistes European Journal of Human Genetics i International Journal of Legal Medicine en els quals es treballa amb la informació genètica aportada pels microsatèl·lits autosòmics (Capítol II) i pels microsatèl·lits específics del cromosoma Y (Capítol III); a un article acceptat a la revista American Journal of Human Genetics on plantegem com s’estructura la variació dels microsatèl·lits en el cromosoma Y (Capítol IV); i a un article en preparació basat en la informació aportada per marcadors bial·lèlics específics del cromosoma Y tipats mitjançant DHPLC (Capítol V).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Download Download
    Nisan / The Levantine Review Volume 4 Number 2 (Winter 2015) Identity and Peoples in History Speculating on Ancient Mediterranean Mysteries Mordechai Nisan* We are familiar with a philo-Semitic disposition characterizing a number of communities, including Phoenicians/Lebanese, Kabyles/Berbers, and Ismailis/Druze, raising the question of a historical foundation binding them all together. The ethnic threads began in the Galilee and Mount Lebanon and later conceivably wound themselves back there in the persona of Al-Muwahiddun [Unitarian] Druze. While DNA testing is a fascinating methodology to verify the similarity or identity of a shared gene pool among ostensibly disparate peoples, we will primarily pursue our inquiry using conventional historical materials, without however—at the end—avoiding the clues offered by modern science. Our thesis seeks to substantiate an intuition, a reading of the contours of tales emanating from the eastern Mediterranean basin, the Levantine area, to Africa and Egypt, and returning to Israel and Lebanon. The story unfolds with ancient biblical tribes of Israel in the north of their country mixing with, or becoming Lebanese Phoenicians, travelling to North Africa—Tunisia, Algeria, and Libya in particular— assimilating among Kabyle Berbers, later fusing with Shi’a Ismailis in the Maghreb, who would then migrate to Egypt, and during the Fatimid period evolve as the Druze. The latter would later flee Egypt and return to Lebanon—the place where their (biological) ancestors had once dwelt. The original core group was composed of Hebrews/Jews, toward whom various communities evince affinity and identity today with the Jewish people and the state of Israel.
    [Show full text]
  • Africans: the HISTORY of a CONTINENT, Second Edition
    P1: RNK 0521864381pre CUNY780B-African 978 0 521 68297 8 May 15, 2007 19:34 This page intentionally left blank ii P1: RNK 0521864381pre CUNY780B-African 978 0 521 68297 8 May 15, 2007 19:34 africans, second edition Inavast and all-embracing study of Africa, from the origins of mankind to the AIDS epidemic, John Iliffe refocuses its history on the peopling of an environmentally hostilecontinent.Africanshavebeenpioneersstrugglingagainstdiseaseandnature, and their social, economic, and political institutions have been designed to ensure their survival. In the context of medical progress and other twentieth-century innovations, however, the same institutions have bred the most rapid population growth the world has ever seen. The history of the continent is thus a single story binding living Africans to their earliest human ancestors. John Iliffe was Professor of African History at the University of Cambridge and is a Fellow of St. John’s College. He is the author of several books on Africa, including Amodern history of Tanganyika and The African poor: A history,which was awarded the Herskovits Prize of the African Studies Association of the United States. Both books were published by Cambridge University Press. i P1: RNK 0521864381pre CUNY780B-African 978 0 521 68297 8 May 15, 2007 19:34 ii P1: RNK 0521864381pre CUNY780B-African 978 0 521 68297 8 May 15, 2007 19:34 african studies The African Studies Series,founded in 1968 in collaboration with the African Studies Centre of the University of Cambridge, is a prestigious series of monographs and general studies on Africa covering history, anthropology, economics, sociology, and political science.
    [Show full text]
  • SEPARATE OPINION of JUDGE DE CASTRO 1 Have Voted in Favour of the Advisory Opinion Because It States That There Are No Ties of S
    SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE DE CASTRO [Translation] 1 have voted in favour of the Advisory Opinion because it states that there are no ties of sovereignty between the territory of Western Sahara and the Kingdom of Morocco and the Mauritanian entity, and that the principle of self-determination should be applied to the said territory, thereby giving a correct, clear and conclusive reply to the real questions put to the Court. On the other hand, 1 cannot go along with the Advisory Opinion either in its statement regarding the existence of other legal ties between the territory and the Kingdom of Morocco and the Mauritanian entity, nor in al1 its reasoning. In order to justify my vote, 1feel obliged to set out my separate opinion below. 1. Origins of the Case For the sake of clarity and to avoid repetitions, 1 think it as well to refer to the more important features of the background to the case before the Court. The ultimate origins of resolution 3292 (XXIX) of the United Nations General Assembly can be traced back to the determined activity of a most extraordinary personality, Si Allal El Fassi, to whom must be attributed Morocco's interest in the expansion of its frontiers. It would seem that, around 1956, Moroccans firmly believed that the Sherifian Kingdom did not extend beyond the Wad Dra'a. Government ministers were unaware even of the existence of the southern region of the Spanish Protectorate '. El Fassi, on the other hand, even before Morocco's independence, was advocating the reconstitution of Greater Morocco, by claiming, on the basis of Morocco's historic rights, Mauritania, Rio de Oro, the Sakiet El Hamra, part of Algeria - Tindouf and Colomb-Béchar- and part of Mali.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pilgrimage Factor in Islamic Revivalism: the West African Experience Since the Beginning of the Eleventh Century A.D
    THE PILGRIMAGE FACTOR IN ISLAMIC REVIVALISM: THE WEST AFRICAN EXPERIENCE SINCE THE BEGINNING OF THE ELEVENTH CENTURY A.D. By Dr. M. Sey* Abstrak Kertas ini cuba melihat sumbangan ibadat haji terhadap kebangkitan Islam di Afrika, khususnya di Afrika Barat dengan menganalisis kesan ibadat itu terhadap beberapa orang tokoh ulamak. Sampel yang dikaji ialah Tarshna al-Lamtuna, Yahya ibn Ibrahim, Mansa Musa, Askia Muhammad Ture dan Shehu Uthman Dan Fodio. Perbincangan dimulakan dengan menyoroti falsafah haji dan rukun-rukunnya, kemudian melihat sejarah tokoh-tokoh berkenaan terutama sekali sumbangan mereka selepas menunaikan ibadat haji. Kertas ini merumuskan bahawa ibadat haji mempengaruhi bentuk kepimpinan tokoh-tokoh ulamak berkenaan kepada yang lebih dinamik dan inovatif. As a pretext, the paper presents a mixture - a mixture of description and impor tance of the pilgrimage or Hajj in Islam showing the extent to which the pilgrimage experience has influenced the growth and development of the faith through revival ism in this sub-saharan region of ours since the beginning of the eleventh century. Revivalism as used here denotes the act of restoring orthodoxy and thereby bringing new life into an existing order which is fast losing touch with its origin. It may be, to some extent, equated with growth and development of the faith since the result of all the revivalist movement is a qualitative expansion of the faith. The inclusion of a detailed description of the rituals of Hajj is to meet the needs of students who require a ready and handy information about the Hajj and its importance without having to go through several works for the same purpose.
    [Show full text]
  • Lucan's Natural Questions: Landscape and Geography in the Bellum Civile Laura Zientek a Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulf
    Lucan’s Natural Questions: Landscape and Geography in the Bellum Civile Laura Zientek A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2014 Reading Committee: Catherine Connors, Chair Alain Gowing Stephen Hinds Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Classics © Copyright 2014 Laura Zientek University of Washington Abstract Lucan’s Natural Questions: Landscape and Geography in the Bellum Civile Laura Zientek Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Catherine Connors Department of Classics This dissertation is an analysis of the role of landscape and the natural world in Lucan’s Bellum Civile. I investigate digressions and excurses on mountains, rivers, and certain myths associated aetiologically with the land, and demonstrate how Stoic physics and cosmology – in particular the concepts of cosmic (dis)order, collapse, and conflagration – play a role in the way Lucan writes about the landscape in the context of a civil war poem. Building on previous analyses of the Bellum Civile that provide background on its literary context (Ahl, 1976), on Lucan’s poetic technique (Masters, 1992), and on landscape in Roman literature (Spencer, 2010), I approach Lucan’s depiction of the natural world by focusing on the mutual effect of humanity and landscape on each other. Thus, hardships posed by the land against characters like Caesar and Cato, gloomy and threatening atmospheres, and dangerous or unusual weather phenomena all have places in my study. I also explore how Lucan’s landscapes engage with the tropes of the locus amoenus or horridus (Schiesaro, 2006) and elements of the sublime (Day, 2013).
    [Show full text]
  • JGI V. 14, N. 2
    Journal of Global Initiatives: Policy, Pedagogy, Perspective Volume 14 Number 2 Multicultural Morocco Article 1 11-15-2019 Full Issue - JGI v. 14, n. 2 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/jgi Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons, and the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation (2019) "Full Issue - JGI v. 14, n. 2," Journal of Global Initiatives: Policy, Pedagogy, Perspective: Vol. 14 : No. 2 , Article 1. Available at: https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/jgi/vol14/iss2/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Global Initiatives: Policy, Pedagogy, Perspective by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Multicultural Morocco JOURNAL of GLOBAL INITIATIVES POLICY, PEDAGOGY, PERSPECTIVE 2019 VOLUME 14 NUMBER 2 Journal of global Initiatives Vol. 14, No. 2, 2019, pp.1-28. The Year of Morocco: An Introduction Dan Paracka Marking the 35th anniversary of Kennesaw State University’s award-winning Annual Country Study Program, the 2018-19 academic year focused on Morocco and consisted of 22 distinct educational events, with over 1,700 people in attendance. It also featured an interdisciplinary team-taught Year of Morocco (YoM) course that included a study abroad experience to Morocco (March 28-April 7, 2019), an academic conference on “Gender, Identity, and Youth Empowerment in Morocco” (March 15-16, 2019), and this dedicated special issue of the Journal of Global Initiatives. Most events were organized through six different College Spotlights titled: The Taste of Morocco; Experiencing Moroccan Visual Arts; Multiple Literacies in Morocco; Conflict Management, Peacebuilding, and Development Challenges in Morocco, Moroccan Cultural Festival; and Moroccan Solar Tree.
    [Show full text]
  • Thesis-1980-E93l.Pdf
    LAMBAESIS TO THE REIGN OF HADRIAN By DIANE MARIE HOPPER EVERMAN " Bachelor of Arts Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma December, 1977 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS July 25, 1980 -n , ,111e.5J s LAMBAESIS TO THE REIGN OF HADRIAN Thesis Approved: Dean of the Graduate College ii 10S2909 PREFACE Lambaesis was a Roman Imperial military fortress in North Africa in the modern-day nation of Algeria. Rome originally acquired the territory as a result of the defeat of Carthage in the Punic Wars. Expansion of territory and settlement of surplus population were two ideas behind its Romanization. However, North Africa's greatest asset for becoming a province was its large yield of grain. This province furnished most of the wheat for the empire. If something happened to hinder its annual production level then Rome and its provinces would face famine. Unlike most instances of acquiring territory Rome did not try to assimilate the native transhumant population. Instead these inhabitants held on to their ancestral lands until they were forcibly removed. This territory was the most agriculturally productive; unfortunately, it was also the area of seasonal migration for the native people. Lambaesis is important in this scheme because it was the base of the solitary legion in North Africa, the III Legio Augusta. After beginning in the eastern section of the province just north of the Aures Mountains the legion gradually moved west leaving a peaceful area behind. The site of Lambaesis was the III Legio Augusta's westernmost fortress.
    [Show full text]
  • "Genetic Heterogeneity Between Berbers and Arabs" In
    Genetic Heterogeneity Advanced article Article Contents between Berbers and • Introduction • Genetic Diversity in Berber and Arab Groups Arabs • Related Articles Lara R Arauna, Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Departament de Ciències Online posting date: 15th September 2017 Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain David Comas, Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain The human population history of North Africa ∼45 000 ya) (Smith et al., 2007). The Aterian is the first prehis- has been different from the rest of the conti- toric industry characterised in North Africa (Barton et al., 2009), nent, and it has been characterised by population which has been suggested to have started around 120 000 ya. replacements, extensive continuous gene flow, Although paradoxical, the Sahara desert has been reported to be a corridor for the movement of people during the ‘green Sahara’ and differential admixture from neighbouring periods thanks to its watercourses. The old dates of AMH remains regions. This complex demographic landscape has and the Sahara corridor leave many open questions about the role yielded a large degree of genetic heterogeneity of North Africa in the origin of modern humans and their disper- among North African populations. Recent histori- sal out of the continent. Different hypotheses have been proposed: cal admixture processes have been inferred from Was North Africa just a stop on the road out of Africa, or did it genome-wide data; no correlation between genet- play a more important role in the evolution of modern humans? ics and ethnic groups has been described, pointing No clear connections have been established between this first to a lack of genetic differentiation between Berber human industry and subsequent cultures in the region, such as the and Arab groups in North Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Uncharted Ethnicities
    Uncharted Ethnicities 1 First published in Egypt in 2015 by Tanit Publishing House & Tebu Studies Center Copyright © Tanit Publishing House, T.S.C. 2014 Printed and bound in Egypt by Alahram Company The moral right of the author has been asserted. All rights reserved. Without limiting the tights under copyright re- served above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or other- wise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright own- er and the publisher of this book. Tanit Publishing House 2 A. Mahjoub Uncharted Ethnicities Tebu People: Their Identity, Language, and Lost History The Book of Tebu Introduction by: Abdullah Laban Translated by: Othman Mathlouthi General Authority for Information, Culture and Antiquities Tebu Studies Center Tanit Publishing House 3 Čuhura lar ḍa ka šeša Birds of Earth have different languages 4 Contents Preface 7 Introduction 11 1- Chapter One The Tebus and their Uncharted History 15 1.1: The Tebus in their Geographical Milieu 17 1.2: The Tebus in their Ethnic Environment 22 1.3: The Tebus in Their Demographic Milieu 31 2- Chapter Two Social Structure and Customs 37 2.1: Social Structure 37 2.2: Social Stratification 39 2.3: Description of the Tebus 40 2.4: The Sultan of the Tebus ( Dardai ) 42 2.5: Kotoba Canon 44 2.6: Tebu Folk Arts 45 2.7: Marriage Mores 46 2.8: Circumcision 47 5 2.9: Tebu Conventional Weapons 48 2.10: Teda Properties and Marks 48 3- Chapter Three Tedaga from a Linguistic and Historical Perspective 53 3.1: Codification Problem 53 3.2: Classification Problem 56 3-3: The Genesis of Tedaga and Its Evolution over 59 Time 3.4: Tedaga from a Linguistic Historical Perspective 63 3.5: Comparative Index (Teda-Arabic) 67 3.6: Summary of Main Points and Prospects 71 4- Appendices 75 4.1 : Observations by Explorers and Geographers 77 4.1.a : Frederick Hornemann (1797) 78 4.1.b : Elisée Reclus (1868) 86 4.1.c : Mohamed A.
    [Show full text]
  • Semiotic and Discursive Displays of Tamazight Identity on Facebook: a Sociolinguistic Analysis of Revitalization Efforts in Post-Revolutionary Tunisia
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 5-2019 Semiotic and Discursive Displays of Tamazight Identity on Facebook: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Revitalization Efforts in Post-Revolutionary Tunisia Soubeika Bahri The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/3098 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] SEMIOTIC AND DISCURSIVE DISPLAYS OF TAMAZIGHT IDENTITY ON FACEBOOK: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF REVITALIZATION EFFORTS IN POST-REVOLUTIONARY TUNISIA by SOUBEIKA (WAFA) BAHRI A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Linguistics in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York. 2019 ©2019 SOUBEIKA (WAFA) BAHRI All Rights Reserved ii Semiotic and Discursive Displays of Tamazight Identity on Facebook: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Revitalization Efforts in Post-Revolutionary Tunisia. by Soubeika (Wafa) Bahri This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Linguistics in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _________________ _________________________________________ Date Cecelia Cutler Chair of Examining Committee _________________ _________________________________________ Date Gita Martohardjono Executive Officer Supervisory Committee: Michael Newman Miki Makihara Lotfi Sayahi THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii ABSTRACT Semiotic and Discursive Displays of Tamazight Identity on Facebook: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Revitalization Efforts in Post-Revolutionary Tunisia.
    [Show full text]
  • Morocco in the Early Atlantic World, 1415-1603 A
    MOROCCO IN THE EARLY ATLANTIC WORLD, 1415-1603 A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History By Earnest W. Porta, Jr., J.D. Washington, DC June 20, 2018 Copyright 2018 by Earnest W. Porta, Jr. All Rights Reserved ii MOROCCO IN THE EARLY ATLANTIC WORLD, 1415-1603 Earnest W. Porta, Jr., J.D. Dissertation Advisor: Osama Abi-Mershed, Ph.D. ABSTRACT Over the last several decades, a growing number of historians have conceptualized the Atlantic world as an explanatory analytical framework, useful for studying processes of interaction and exchange. Stretching temporally from the 15th into the 19th century, the Atlantic world framework encompasses more than simply the history of four continents that happen to be geographically situated around what we now recognize as the Atlantic basin. It offers instead a means for examining and understanding the transformative impacts that arose from the interaction of European, African, and American cultures following the European transatlantic voyages of the 15th and 16th centuries. Though it has not been extensively studied from this perspective, during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries Morocco possessed geopolitical characteristics that uniquely situated it within not only the Islamic world, but the developing Atlantic world as well. This study considers Morocco’s involvement in the early Atlantic world by examining three specific phases of its involvement. The first phase lasts approximately one hundred years and begins with the Portuguese invasion of Ceuta in 1415, considered by some to mark the beginning of European overseas expansion.
    [Show full text]
  • African HISTORY and CULTURE
    Encyclopedia of africaN HISTORY and CULTURE Encyclopedia of african history and culture Volume Ii African kingdoms (500 to 1500) Willie F. Page, Editor Revised edition by R. Hunt Davis, Jr., Editor A Learning Source Book Encyclopedia of African History and Culture, Copyright © 2005, 2001 by The Learning Source, Ltd. A Learning Source Book Editorial: Brian Ableman, Edward C. Haggerty, Bertram Knight, Christopher Roberts, Bodine Schwerin (revised edition), Ismail Soyugenc (revised edition), Anthony Yearwood Consultant: Emilyn Brown All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Page, Willie F., 1929– Encyclopedia of African history and culture / edited by Willie F. Page; revised edition edited by R. Hunt Davis, Jr.—Rev. ed. p. cm. “A Learning Source Book.” Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8160-5199-2 ((set ISBN) hardcover) ISBN 0-8160-5269-7 (vol. I)–ISBN 0-8160-5270-0 (vol. II)– ISBN 0-8160-5271-9 (vol. III)–ISBN 0-8160-5200-X (vol. IV)– ISBN 0-8160-5201-8 (vol. V) –ISBN 978-1-4381-2917-4 (e-book) 1. Africa—Encyclopedias. I. Davis, R. Hunt. II. Title. DT3.P27 2005 960'.03-—dc22 2004022929 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quanti- ties for businesses, associations, institutions or sales promotions.
    [Show full text]