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Reuters Institute India Digital News Report Zeenab Aneez, Taberez Ahmed Neyazi, Antonis Kalogeropoulos, and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen Reuters Institute India Digital News Report Zeenab Aneez, Taberez Ahmed Neyazi, Antonis Kalogeropoulos, and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen Supported by Surveyed by Published by the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / India Digital News Report 4 Contents Foreword 5 3. Brands and Trust 16 Methodology 6 3.1 Legacy Brands Popular with Online News Consumers 16 About the Authors 7 3.2 Alternative and Partisan News Sites Embraced by Some 17 Acknowledgements 7 3.3 Trust in News – Media versus Platforms 17 Executive Summary 8 3.4 Brand Level Trust 18 1. Digital News in India 9 4. Disinformation 20 1.1 The Move to Digital Media 9 4.1 Disinformation: Perceptions, Concerns, and Exposure 20 1.2 A Mobile-First Market 9 4.2 Who is Responsible for Fixing Disinformation Issues? 20 1.3 Distributed Discovery Dominated by Platforms 10 5. Future Trends 21 1.4 Social Media as Gateways to News 10 5.1 Mobile Applications and Alerts 21 1.5 Navigating News on Social Media 12 5.2 Appetite for Online News Video 21 1.6 WhatsApp Widely Used for News 12 5.3 Video Viewing Moving Offsite 21 2. News and Participation 13 5.4 Ad-Blocking a Threat to the Business 22 2.1 Online and Offline Sources of News 13 5.5 Opportunities around Voice-Activated Speakers and Audio 22 2.2 Inequalities in How People Access News 13 5.6 Will Indians Pay for Online News? 22 2.3 Engaging with Online News 14 5.7 Will More People Donate to News? 23 2.4 High Levels of Participation, Caution around 15 Political Expression 6. Conclusion 24 References 25 4 / 5 Foreword Professor Rasmus Kleis Nielsen Director of the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (RISJ) Given how important and interesting it is, India has always been The report is a pilot study in the sense that it deals exclusively conspicuously absent from the Reuters Institute annual Digital with a small (but important) subset of the Indian media market, News Report. I am therefore very glad that support from a wide namely English-language news users with internet access. We range of different Indian sponsors has now enabled us to produce hope to be able to do more work in the future to shed more this, the first stand-alone pilot India Digital News Report, in time empirical light on news and media habits among Hindi and to inform discussions of news and media in India in advance of vernacular language users across the country, perhaps with time the 2019 elections. including a more comprehensive study to cover the hundreds of millions of Indians who still do not have internet access. For We publish this study at a time of dramatic change in the Indian the time being, it is important to stress that the results reported media, some of it promising, some of it troubling. The past few here and our wider analysis is exclusively focused on English- years have seen explosive growth in especially mobile internet language Indian internet users, and should not be taken to be access, and even though broadcast media and printed newspapers representative of India more widely. are still doing better in India than in many other markets, the rapid move to digital media will have profound implications for the Our work here builds on the ongoing, annual Reuters Institute practice of journalism, the business of news, media institutions, Digital News Report, which in 2018 covered 37 markets across and thus by extension political and public life in India. We have the globe, and in 2019 will for the first time include Africa too, seen rapid growth in online audiences across websites, social with the addition of South Africa. We are hugely grateful to our media, and more, but also mounting challenges to the business sponsors who have now enabled us to do similar work in India, of news as advertising moves to digital media. This shift coincides namely, the Hindu Media Group, The Quint, the Indian Express, with a changing political environment where activists, parties, and and the Press Trust of India. We are also grateful to our polling politicians are enthusiastically embracing digital media, sometimes company YouGov, who did everything possible to help us expand circumventing editorial gatekeepers, sometimes attacking them our research into India for the first time and helped our research directly, attacks that contribute to wider concerns over media team to analyse and contextualise the data. freedom in India. We are glad to be able to offer this report as a snapshot of this development and how the rise of mobile media, social media platforms, and messaging applications is in the process of changing how Indians access news and engage with it, including low trust in much news and rising concerns about various kinds of disinformation. We hope our analysis will help inform decision- making among Indian journalists and publishers, as well as among policy makers and among the large US-based technology companies that play an increasingly important role in the Indian media environment. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / India Digital News Report 6 Methodology This study has been commissioned by the Reuters Institute The survey was conducted using the established English-speaking for the Study of Journalism as our first step towards a better online panels run by our polling company YouGov. The main understanding of how digital news is being used in India. Research purpose is to track activities and changes within the digital space was conducted by YouGov using an online questionnaire in early – as well as gaining understanding about how offline media and January 2019. The methodology is similar to the Reuters Institute online media are used together. 2018 Digital News Report survey with some important limitations. In a few instances within the text we compare the results for India The sample is reflective of the English-speaking population in with the results of other large and complex markets like Brazil, India that has access to the internet. As a result, it is skewed Turkey, or the United States. These numbers are taken from the towards male, affluent, and educated respondents. As an online 2018 Reuters Institute Digital News Report survey undertaken survey, the results will further under-represent the consumption in early 2018. More information about the methodology and the habits of people who are not online (typically older, less affluent, samples for these countries can be found on the Digital News and with limited formal education). Where relevant, we have tried Report website.1 to make these two limitations (around language and internet access) clear within the text. • The data were weighted to targets based on the online population of India on age and region. The targets are set by YouGov and are based on data from the Internet and Mobile Association of India. • As this survey deals with news consumption, we filtered out anyone who said that they had not consumed any news in the past month, in order to ensure that irrelevant responses didn’t adversely affect data quality. This category was lower than 2.9% in India, similar to the average of the 37 countries examined at the 2018 Digital News Report. Overall, we surveyed 1013 individuals. • A comprehensive online English-language questionnaire based on the 2018 Digital News Report was designed to capture different aspects of news consumption. 1 http://www.digitalnewsreport.org/survey/2018/survey-methodology-2018/ 6 / 7 About the Authors Zeenab Aneez is an independent researcher in the field of digital media and culture. She has a background in journalism and was previously a reporter for The Hindu. She has an undergraduate degree in Economics from the University of Madras and an MA in Digital Media and Culture at the Centre for Interdisciplinary Methodologies, University of Warwick, United Kingdom. Taberez Ahmed Neyazi is Assistant Professor of New Media and Political Communication at the National University of Singapore. His research focuses on political communication and public opinion, computational social science, digital, mobile, and social media. He serves as co-Principal Investigator of India Election Studies (IES) and the country coordinator for this project on media, campaigning, and influence in India’s national and state-level elections. Antonis Kalogeropoulos is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism at the University of Oxford. He is a co-author of the Digital News Report, an annual survey of news consumption patterns across the world. He has also published a range of academic articles more widely on online and social media participation and online news video consumption patterns in a comparative perspective. Rasmus Kleis Nielsen is Director of the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism and Professor of Political Communication at the University of Oxford. His work focuses on changes in the news media, on political communication, and the role of digital technologies in both. He has done extensive research on journalism, news media, campaign communication, and various forms of activism across the world. Acknowledgements This report has been made possible by support from The Hindu Media Group, the Indian Express, The Quint, and the Press Trust of India. We are very grateful for their support. The data collection, analysis, and presentation has been conducted independently by the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. Our work on this report has benefited from the advice, experience, and input of the wider Reuters Institute research team, in particular Nic Newman and Richard Fletcher, two of the authors of the main annual Reuters Institute Digital News Report.
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