A Sourcebock Fcr Energy and the Way We Live. Courses California Oniv

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AUTHOR Elwood, Ann TITLE A Sourcebock fcr Energy and the Way We Live. Courses by Newspaper. INSTITUTION California Oniv., San Diego. Oniv. Extension. SPONS AGENCY National Endowment for the Humanities (NFAH), Washington, D.C. PUB CATE 80 NOTE 73p.: For related documents, see SO 012 723-724. AVAILABLE FRCM Boyd & Fraser Publishing Company, 3627 Sacramento Street, San Francisco, CA 94118 ($2.95 plus $0.75 postage and handling)

EDFS PRICE MF01 Plus Postage. PC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS Adult Educaticn: Books: *Energy: Energy Conservation: *Environmental Education: Films: Higher Education: Learning Activities; Newspapers: Organizations (Groups): Postsecondary Educaticn: Resource Materials: Social Studies: Solar Radiation: Teaching Guides: Teaching Methcds: United States History: Units of Study: World Problems IDENTIFIERS Courses by Newspaper: *Energy Consumption: Energy CrisiS

ABSTRACT The guide presents teaching suggestions and lists resources to to used with the twelfth Course by Newspaper, "Energy and the Way We Live." Courses by Newspaper is a program presenting college-level courses to the public through the cooperation of newspapers and participating colleges. Other components of this course are the Article Booklet (SO 012 723) and the Reader/Study Guide (SO 012 724) . The guide is divided into four sections. Section I describes hcw to use this course, including a list of national participatinc organizations, and a statement of objectives and needed planning. Section II offers teaching suggestions for 15 lesscns focusing on cur energetic lifestyle, the energy crisis, the history of energy use, waste, recent energy patterns, use in other countries, international politics relating to energy, nuclear and solar energy, synthetic fuels, and future choices and tradeoffs. Each lesson includes suggesticns for background readings from the Reader/Study Guide, periodicals, and books, as well as discussion questions and activity suggestions. The activities make heavy use of experts as speakers and films, but also include making an ongoing rating chart, a questionnaire, and an energy index: debating: and making comparisons. Section III presents an annotated list of national crlanizaticns and their publications, while Section IV annotates the films suggested in the lessons. (CK)

*********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EARS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * *********************************************************************** U S DEPARTMENTOF HEALTH. EDUCATION WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION THIS 00cuMENT HAS BEEN REPRO. OUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE pERSONOR ORGANIZATION ORIGIN. ATOM IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED 00 NOT NECESSARILY REPRE SENT OFF/COAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EOUCA Took POSITION OR Patio,

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ed9CAA4.1.41/ for TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)." Energy and the Way WeLive

by Ann Elwood

Courses by Newspaper A project of University Extension University of California, San Diego Funded by the National Endowmentfor the Humanities

Boyd & Fraser Publishing Company San Francisco

IEl

2 PREFACE

This book of resource materials and suggestions is designed for use with the twelfth Course by News- paper,Energy and the Way WeLive, as well as with a National Issues Forum of the same title developed by the American Association of Community and Junior Colleges. Other components in the Course by Newspaper are fifteen newspaper articles, a Reader, and a Study Guide. A Calendar of Issues, an introductory film narrated by Bill Moyers, and suggestions for participation inEnergy and the Way We Live: A National Issues Forumare also available. In addition, beginning in January, 1980, National Public Radio's seven-part series of half-hour documentaries, entitled "Energy and the Way We Live," will be broadcast by member stations. A Listener's Guide will be available. Audio-cassettes utilizing these programs are also being developed. Everything in this book is planned to help program organizers, educators, and civic and group leaders develop community forums based on the Course by Newspaper (CbN) and National Issues Forum topics forEnergy and the Way We Live. The CbN project is generously funded and supported by the National Endowment for the Humani- ties. It is directed by George A. Coiburn, project director, and Jane L. Scheiber, editorial director. The annotated film list was researched underthe oirection of Nadine Covert of the Educational Film Library Association.

Ann Elwood

A SOURCE BOOK FOR ENERGY AND THE WAY WE LIVE A Courses by Newspaper Publication

Published by Boyd & Fraser Publishing Company 3627 Sacramento Street, San Francisco, CA 94118 e 1979 by the Regents of the University of California All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America

ISBN 0-87835-091-8

2 3 4 5 3 21 0 9 3 CONTENTS

CORRELATION: Energy and the Way We Live: A National issues Forum Calendar with Courses by Newspaper Topics 4

SECTION ONE How to Use the Courses by Newspaper Topics 5

Introduction 5

Topic Outline 5

Using the Topics to Plan Programs 6

The Courses by Newspaper Program 6

Energy and the Way We Live: A National Issues Forum 7

National Public Radio: Energy and the Way We Live 8

Who Else Is Involved? 9

Advance Planning 9

For College Instructors 10

National Public Radio Member Stations 11

SECTION TWO Program Suggestions 12

SECTION THREE Resources 33

Part One: List of Organizations, Agencies, and Groups 33

Part Two: State Humanities Committees 49

SECTION FOUR An Annotated Film List 52

4 CORRELATION: Calendar of Issues for National Issues Forum with Courses by Newspaper Topics AND THE WAY WE WE

This chart correlates Section Tivo of the Source Book with the National Issues Forum Calendar of Issues in order to give community forum leaders ready reference to program resources and suggestions directly tied to topics. In several instances, the CbN topics are relevant to more than one Forum Issue. National Issues Forum Pages in Dates CbNTopics CalendarofIssues Source Book FebruaryThe Developing Energy Crisis: A Long Tradition 1-16 The Sources of Concern: Crisis or 1. Our Energetic Lifestyle 13 -14 Problem? 2. "Cry Havoc" or "Cry Wolf"? The Nature of the "Energy Crisis" 14-15 17-23 The Search for Solutions 2. "Cry Havoc" or "Cry Wolf"? The Nature of the "Energy Crisis" 14-15 24March Growth Through Energy: The 3. Substitutes for Human Muscle: Past Crises 15-16 American Past 4. Multiplying Energy: 19th and 20th Century Developments 16-17 March Energy: What Matters Most? 2-8 Energy and the Good Life I. Our Energetic Lifestyle 13-14 5.Plenty and Profligacy: Energy and Growth in America 17-18 6. Prelude to Crisis 19-20 9-15 Energy: Patterns of Living and 1. Our Energetic Lifestyle 13-14 Working 5. Plenty and Profligacy: Energy and Growth in America 17-18 16-22 Energy and Our Political and 2. "Cry Havoc" or "Cry Wolf?" The Nature of the Economic Institutions "Energy Crisis.' 14-15 5. Plenty and Profligacy: Energy and Growth in America 17-18 6. Prelude to Crisis 19-20 7. Other People, Other Patterns of Energy Use 20-21 8. The International Politics of Energy 21-22 23-29 Energy ... With Justice Far All i. Our Energetic Lifestyle 13-14 8. The International Politics of Energy 21-22 9. The Global Lifeboat: Energy and the Third World 23-24 April Finding the Path to an Uncertain Future March 30 Energy: Decisio- and Tradeoffs 8. The International Politics of Energy 21-22 April 5 10. Conventional Fuels in Transition 24-25 11. Nuclear Energy: A Faustian Bargain? 25-26 15, Choosing Our Future: Choices and Tradeoffs 31-32 6-12 Energy Self-Sufficiency and Global 8. The International Politics of Energy 21-22 Interdependence 9. The Global Lifehoat: Energy and the Third World 23-24 13-19 Future Options and Hard Choices 10. Conventional Fuels in Transition 24-25 11. Nuclear Energy: A Faustian Bargain? 25-26 12. Solar Energy and "Appropriate Technologies" 27-28 13. Making Our Own: Synthetic Fuels 28-29 14. More Through Less: Effective Energy Use 29-30 15. Choosing Our Future: Choices and Tradeoffs 31-32 4 5 SECTION ONE How to Use the Courses byNewspaper Topics

Introduction Topic Outline A dedicated jogger transports her 125-pound body The following is a list of topics that can be used for in her 3000-pound automobile two miles to her favo- weekly or monthly meetings on energy. Tney are rite track, where she runs twelve quarter-mile circles based on Courses by Newspaper's Winter/Spring, before getting into her car again and driving home. 1980, program, Energy and the Way We Lire. Many The nct energy expenditurc: one quart of gasoline of them correlate with the issues of Energy and the and 300 calories. The jogger is an energy spender. Way We Live: A National Issues Forum. (See pp. 4 So are we all. Every living creature is. and 7). In the United States, we have until recently lived Part One: The Current Energy Dilemma in an El Dorado of energy, which has allowed us to burn it without thoughtto be spendthrifts, not just 1. Our Energetic Lifetsyle spenders. How do the lifestyles of vaeous groups of Amer- But lately we have been humbled: by the accident icans affect the way they use energy? at Three Mile Island, which caused a crisis of confi- 2. "Cry Havoc" or "Cry Wolf"? The Nature of the dence in nuclear power, znd by the shortage of petro- "Energy Crisis" leum, which is causing us to suffer gas lines and liv- How did we get into this fix? And how real is the ing quarters that are uncomfortably warm or cold. "crisis"? How did we get into this fix? Is it just that we're greedy? Or is the mobility that a car affords an un- Part Two: "Lessons" from the Past: Problems, Solu- alienable right of a free-wheeling American, and the tions, and More Problems current squeeze on energy supplies somc kind of 3. Substitutes for Human Muscle: Past Crises . conspiracy? Will the energy policy outlined by Presi- How did earlier transitions from one energy dent Carter in July, 1979, save us from disaster? source to another cause problems? And what about the long term? What are the tradeoffs involved in using various energy sources and 4. Multiplying Energy: 19th and 20th Century De- combinations of sources? What will be their effect velopments on the environment and living creatures, including How did new discoveries in energy spur the de- humans? How much will they cost? Are they renew- velopment of modern industrial society? able? How great is the surply9 Energy issues ;effect everyone, so thcy provide Part Three: Energy and Values ideal topics for any group gathered together to en 5. Plenty and Profligacy: Energy and Growth in large its understanding of where the United States America stands today and what its future holds. From exam- To what degree arc our energy-consuming habits ining information and exchanging opinions about en- a reflection of our values? ergy issues, we can make more intelligent choices concerning its use over the si.ort and long term. 6. Prelude to Crisis Those choices will have consequences with cnor How did political decisions about social welfare mous impact on our lives. contribute to our present energy dilemma?

5s 7. Other People, Other Patterns of Energy Use raw material to draw on for discussion. As leader, Are we really greedier than other people in our you may want to look for opportunities to enlarge I use of energy? the program by joining with other groups or opening 8. The International Politics of Energy some meetings to the public at large. This Source Book has been specially designed to How has our increasing dependence on foreign assist you in planning such programs. It is divided oil affected international political balances? into four sections. The section you are reading (Sec- 9. The Global Lifeboat: Energy and the Third World tion One) gives general information and some ideas - Are we responsible for the Third World's energy for advance planning. Section Tkvo provides sources problems, and, if we are, what can we do about and ideas for programs specifically geared to each them? topic. Section Three is divided into two listings: (1) a descriptive list of agencies and organizations that Part Four: Alternative Scenarios for Our Energy you might contact for materials (books, pamphlets, Future films, and so on), as well as speakers; (2) a list of 10. Conventional Fuels in Transition State Humanities Committees. Section Four is an What role will fossil fuels play in the short- and annotated list of films on the topics. long-term energy picture? 11. Nuclear Energy: A Faustian Bargain? The Courses by Newspaper Can we have nuclear energy without nuclear disaster? Program 12. Solar Energy and "Appropriate Technologies" Courses by Newspaper (CbN) is a national program originated and administered by University Exten- rlow much will we rely on solar and other renew- sion, University of California, San Diego, cnd funded able energy sources for our future energy needs? by the National Endowment for the Humanities. 13. Making Our Own: Synthetic Fuels CbN develops materials for college-level courses that How feasible is production of energy from bio- are presented to the general public through the co- mass and other sources? operation of newspapers and participating colleges 14. More Through Less: Effective Energy Use and universities throughout the United States. Indi- viduals can participate in the program on several Will our lives diminish in quality as our use of levels: those interested can read and study the news- energy diminishes? paper articles; they can delve into the topics further 15. Choosing Our Future: Choices and Tradeoffs with the Reader and Study Guide; they can enroll What are the hard choices we face in deciding our for credit at any participating college or university or I course of action for our energy future? through the Division of Independent Study at the University of Minnesota; or they can attend in- formal, noncredit programs sponsored by commu- Using the Topics to nity colleges and other organizations. In addition, this offering of CbN will be linked to a Plan Programs national radio series. Further participation is there- A program based on the Energy and the Way We Live fore possible through listening to the radio pro- topics can be offered by any group: grams and reading the Listener's Guide. (See below, A civic, religious, or social organization or club. PP. 8-9). A college or university, or high school. The Newspaper Articles. The fifteen newspaper ar- A library, museum, or historical society. ticles, each on one of the topics above, will run A community forum group (described on p. 7 in weekly in hundreds of newspapers across the nation t this section). beginning in January, 1980. Each 1250-word article A group meeting can take many forms: town meet discusses the historical factors involved in the issues ing, lecture, round table, panel, group discussion, at hand, describes current thinking, or brings up film or slide presentation. It can be held anywhere: in questions for the future. The authors of the articles someone's living room, in a hall, in a museum, in a are scholars and energy experts. classrocm, on a lawn, or out in the field. Although the articles are published weekly, you Those attending may be young or old, of varying need not run your meetings according to their sched- educational levels, from many occupations. If your uled appearances in the newspaper. You might de- group is varied, its members can provide a stimulat- cide to discuss three of the article topics at one ing diversity of opinion and a fund of rich anecdotal meeting and go off on a tangent at another. Use the

6 7 articles as a point of departure, adapting the topics Energy and the Way We Live: A National Issues to your group's special concerns. Forumis being conducted by the American Associa- A list of newspapers that will run the articles is tion of Community and Junior Colleges with funds available from Courses by Newspaper, X.002, Uni- from the National Endowment for the Humanities versity of California, La Jolla, CA 92093, (714) 452- and the U.S. Department of Energy. Community 3405. If you find that no newspaper near you is pub- forums and town meetings, based on a specially pre- lishing the series, which is offered free of charge, pared Calendar of Issues (see p. 4, above) will be you might want to try to secure a paper's participa- held in hundreds of communities across the country tion. Call (collect) or write Courses by Newspaper during the ten-week period. and ask that information be sent to you or to the A wide range of resources including newspaper, editor of a local newspaper who might be interested. radio, and television components to facilitate community programming is being prepared by Courses The Reader.Energy and the Way We Live: A CbN by Newspaper and the following national participat- Reader contains excerpts from books and journal ing organizations: and magazine articles pertinent to the newspaper National Public Radio, 2025 M Street, N.W., series topics. You may wish to read parts of some Washington, DC 20036 selections to the group or have members of the group WTBS, 1018 West Peach Tree Street, Atlanta, present reviews and summaries. Points of views ex- GA 30309. pressed in the selections in this anthology can serve American Association of Museums Energy Com- as focal points for discussions or debates. mittee, Post Office Box 241, New York, NY The Study Guide. Designed for students taking the 10024. course for college credit (but useful to anyone), the American Library Association, 50 East Huron Study Guide relates the newspaper and Reader ar- Street, Chicago, IL 60611. ticles, highlights important concepts, and provides Federation of Public Programs in the Humanities, self-test questions and suggestions for essay assign- 15 South 5th Street, Suite 720, Minneapolis, ments or discussions. It is a valuable source of back- MN 55402. ground material for discussion leaders. The Reader The Crisis,National Association for the Advance- and Study Guide are available in a combinededition. ment of Colored People, 1790 Broadway, New York, NY 10019. Foreign Policy Association, 345 East 46th Street, New York, NY 10017. Use the coupon in the back of the book to The Rent Dubos Forum, Total Education in the order these materials by mail or write to: Total Environment, 22 West Putnam Avenue, Boyd & Fraser Publishing Company Greenwich, CT 06830. 3627 Sacramento Street National Wildlife Federation, 1412 16th Street, San Francisco, CA 94118 N.W., Washington, DC 20036. Rural America, Inc.. 1346 Connecticut Avenue, Discount prices are available for groups. N.W., Washington. DC 20036. All orders must be prepaid. The United Church Board of Homeland Minis- tries, 287 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10019. Regional and local leadership forEnergy and the R NATIONAL ISSUES FoRurn Way We Live: A National Issues Forumcomes from community and junior colleges across the country. viriCi To find out how you and your organization can participate, contact your Regional Coordinating College: AND THE WAY WE LIVE Region One Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island: A nationwide dialogue designed to permit the entire Holyoke Community College populationpeople of all ages, backgrounds, and Paul E. Raverta, Regional Coordinator intereststo enter into a serious and thoughtful Energy and the Way We Live examinati.A of past, present, and future dimensions 303 Homestead Avenue of the energy issue will take place during February, Holyoke, MA 01040 March,. and April of 1980. (413) 538-7000 Region 'linNew York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Region EightMontana, Wyoming, Colorado, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, Utah: District of Columbia: Arapahoe Community College Dutchess Community College William Heckman, Regional Coordinator Bernice Regunberg, Regional Coordinator Energy and the Way We Live Energy and the Way We Live 5900 South Santa Fe Drive Pendell Road Littleton, CO 80120 Poughkeepsie, NY 12601 (303) 794-1550 (914) 471-4500 Region NineAlaska, Washington, Oregon, Idaho: Region ThreeNorth Carolina, South Carolina, Tacoma Community College Georgia, Florida, Tennessee, Alabama, Missis- Ronald E. Magden, Regional Coordinator sippi, Louisiana, Puerto Rico, Canal Zone: Energy and the Way We Live Valencia Community College 5900 South 12th Street Linda J. Hollingsworth, Regional Coordinator Tacoma, WA 98465 Energy and the Way We Live (206) 756-5049 Post Office Box 3028 Region Un Hawaii, California, Nevada, Arizona: Orlando, FL 32802 Indian Valley Colleges (305) 299-5000 Nancy Tapper, Regional Coordinator Energy and the Way We Live Region FourMichigan, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky: College of Social and Behavioral Science Grand Rapids Junior College 1800 Ignacio Boulevard Lynne Goede, Regional Coordinator Novato, CA 94947 Energy and the Way We Live (415) 883-2211 143 Bostwick Avenue, N.E. For further information and assistance, contact: Grand Rapids, MI 49503 (616) 456-4916 Diane U. Eisenberg, Director Community Forums Office Region FiveWisconsin, Illinois: American Association of Community and Junior Triton College Colleges Edward P. Riccardo, Regional Coordinator One Dupont Circle, N.W. Energy and the Way We Live Washington, DC 20036 2000 Fifth Avenue (202) 293-7050 River Grove, 1L 60171 An Introduction to Energy and the Way We Live, a (312) 456-0300 film documentary narrated by Bill Moyers, is available in 16mm color film or video tape on a loan basis Region Six Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, North Da- from your regional coordinator or state humanities kota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas: council (see p. 49), or for purchase from Cinecom, Lakewood Community College/ Inc., 308 Tequesta Dr., Tequesta, FL 33458. $96.00 Minnesota Community College System film, $38.50 video tape. Virginia Lanegran, Regional Coordinator Energy and the Way We Live Minnesota Community College System 301 Capitol Square Building National Public Radio: 550 Cedar Street St. Paul, MN 55101 Energy and the (612) 296.3357 Way We Live Region SevenOklahoma, Arkansas, Texas,Ncw Alternatives for American energy policy and the Mexico: implications each has for valucs and lifestyles in this South Oklahoma City Junior College country will be the subject of National Public Radio's Patrick S. Cross, Regional Coordinator seven-part series of half-hour documentaries to be Energy and the Way We Live broadcast over the 215-station network beginning in Garfield Center-4I38 South Drexcl January, 1980, Oklahoma City, OK 73119 The programs will attempt to cut through the maze (405) 682.7562 of jargon and conflicting claims made by advocates

8 9 of competing energy solutions and will focus on fun- group attend classes. or you may want to go as a damental issues and assumptions. group to special meetings to which the public is Any workable energy policy will be limited by invited. Often colleges present speakers or films re- technological. economic, and political constraints. lated to the topics. A list of participating colleges In this series of programs, nuclear energy, coal, solar and universities is available from Courses by News- energy, biomass, and synthetic fuels will all be exam- paper, University Extension X-002, University of ined as potential sources to reduce our dependence California, La Jolla, CA 92093, (714) 452-3405. on foreign oil. Although technology and economics Museums. The American Association of Museums must inevitably set the boundaries of policy, the Energy Committee gathers and disseminates infor- choices available within those boundaries should be mation about individual museum programs on en- made with a full awareness of how they will affect ergy, many of which are directly related to CbN the way we live. topics. To find out what museums in your area are Drawing upon leading scholars and specialists from doing, contact: Energy Information Clearinghouse, across the country, National Public Radio will chal- Hall of Science, Box 1032, Flushing, NY 11352, lenge many commonly held views and explore the (212) 699-9400. different paths proposed for reaching the post-petroleum age. Libraries.Public libraries are exceptionally good Tentative topics arc: places to hold public forums based onEnergy and 1.Is there really an energy crisis? the Way We Livetopics. Several model projects 2. What are the realistic alternatives? have been funded with National Endowment for the 3. Can the Saudi Arabia of coal dig its way out of Humanities grants awarded by the American Library the energy crisis? Association. You may wish to work with your library 4. A solar-powered Americapanacea or day- to develop a program or join with the library staff in dream? cosponsorship of one or more meetings. To find out 5. Gassing up with corn "sicker.'' more about theEnergy and the Way We Livelibrary 6. The future of U.S energy policy, or who will pay program, write to: Peggy O'Donnell, Project Direc- how much to whom? tor, American Library Association, 50 East Huron, 7. A bicycle built for four?lifestyles in the post- Chicago, IL 60611. petroleum age. Television. WTBS in Atlanta (the Superstation) has For air dates and times of NPR's programs, con- agreed to makeEnergy and the Way We Live its major tact your local member station. For a listing of programming effort for Spring, 1980; they are stations, sec p. 11. planning a variety of programs including a nine-hour Audio-Cassettes.Audio-cassettes utilizing these telethon, five special programs, and a ten-part series programs and linked to both the CbN topics and the of interviews, all tied to theEnergy and the Way We Calendar of Issues forEnergy and the Way We Live; LiveCalendar of Issues, to reach over 1..100 cable A National Issues Forum,will be available from systems in forty-six states serving 6 million homes. Courses by Newspaper. A Listener's Guide for in- formal adult education will be available from Na- Advance Planning tional Public Radio. Sending Away for Materials and Contacting Speak- Who Else Is Involved? ers.Start planning your program as soon as pos. sible. Skimming through this Source Book in ad- Before you plan your meetings, find out if other vance can save you many headaches. Practically groups in your community are involved in a pro- speaking, it's a good idea to write for materials and gram based onthe Energy and the Way We Live arrange for speakers and film showings several topics by contacting your National Issues Forum months in advance. When arranging for speakers, regional coordinator (see pp. 7-8) or your local try whenever possible to contact local branches of community college. You might want to engage in co- national organizations and government agenciesit operative efforts with them, or initiate a combined will save time. Consider asking local people to speak program. or participate in panel discussions officials from public utilities, gas station and heating oil company Colleges. Many colleges are offering the courseEn- owners, architects, owners of solar homes or busi- ergy and the Way We Live,based on CbN materials, nesses using alternative energy sources, farmers In- for credit or non-credit. If a college near you is doing volved in biomass projects, museum officials, educa- so, you may want to suggest that members of your tors. The people you ask need not be in the public

920 eye or high in a hierarchy. Many people know a sions. Other ideas: put up posters (available from great deal about the issues involved in energy, from Courses by Newspaper and the American Associa- the owner of a gas station to an elderly homemaker tion of Community and Junior Colleges) and leave who remembers throwing out her washboard in cele- handouts in libraries, educational institutions. super- bration of her first washing machine. Check with markets, and laundries. your librarian (because libraries are often clearing- houses for community information) and with educational institutions (including college departments For College Instructors such as Economics, Political Science, History, and Courses by Newspaper encourages college instruc- Sociology), as well as in the yellow pages of the tele- tors to enrich their classroom sessions and to hold phone book for possible speakers and names of additional meetings, beyond the college-required organizat ions. contact sessions, with their students. In order to maintain the flexibility of the program, however, it is Arranging for Publicity. To involve the community suggested that these additional meetings be optional. in your program, you will want to do more than send You might want to consider opening some of them to out meeting announcements to your group. The best the general public. sources of publicity are the newspaper carrying the This Source Book should be of aid in suggesting CbN series and the National Public Radio station program ideas, possible sources for speakers, and featuring theEnergy and the Way We Liveseries. To films that can spark lively discussions. Do not over- all media, supply a schedule of outstanding events look colleaguer., in your own or other departments, (speakers, films, and so on), and plan for press who might bring a variety of perspectives to this releases. Encourage media coverage of your ses- interdisciplinary course.

1 10 4. NATIONAL PUBLIC RADIO MEMBER STATIONS

ALABAM A LOUISIANA OHIO Birmingham WBHM(FM) 90 3 New Orleans WINNO(FS') 89.9 Cleveland W130EFM 90.3 Huntsville WLRINFM) 89 3 Columbus WCSE(FM) 90.5 Mobile WHILFM MAINE WOSL(AM) 820 Bangor WhIEHIFM) 90 9 Troy WTSIFM 9091 .1 3 WOStlFM 89.7 Portland WMTAIFM1 90.1 Kent WKSU(FM) 89.7 ALASKA Presqus Isle t ViMEM.FM 106.1 Oxford WIAUBFM 88.5 Bethel KYUK(AM) 580 MARYLAND Toledo WGTEFM 91.3 Dillingham KOLGAM 67.7 0 Wilber force WCSU(FM) 88.9 Fairbanks KUAC(FM) 104 Baltimore waiCirld) 91.5 WEAAFM 889 Yellow Springs WYSOIFM) 91.5 Juneau KTOOFM 104 3 Youngstown WYSU(FM) 88.5 Kodiak KMXT-FM 100 MASSACHUSETTS Kotzebue KOTZIAM) 720 Amherst WFCR(FM) 88 5 OKLAHOMA Boston w8U1Hr1.11 90.9 Stillwater KOSU(FM) 91.7 ARIZONA WGBH.FM 89.7 Tulsa KWGS FM 89.5 PSOC^ KMCR(FM) 91.5 Tucson KUAT(AM) 1550 MICHIGAN OREGON KUM FM 90.5 Alpena t wCMLM 91.7 Corvallis KOAC(AM) 850 sums KAWC(AM) 1320 Ann Arbor Wu0AUFmt 91.7 Eugene KLCC(FM) 90.3 Berrien Springs wAUS(rld) 90 9 KWAX(FM) 91.1 ARKANSAS ()Omit WDET.FM 101.9 -id KBOOIFM) 90.7 Jonesboro KASUIFfA) 91.9 East Lansing WKA R(AM) 870 KBPSIAM) 1450 CALIFORNIA WKARFM KOAP.FM 91.5 Fresno Flint WFBE(FM) 940.55.1 KVPR(FM) 89 3 Grand Rapids t WYGRIFM? 104.1 PENNSYLVANIA Long Beach KLONIFM) 881 Erie KQLNFM 91.3 Los Angeles KUSC(FM) Houghton WOOL(FM) 91.1 Interlochen WIAA(FM) 38. 3 Hershey WITF.FM 89.5 IvItssom them 9091 .7 5 KSBR(FM) Kalamazoo WMUK(FM) 102 1 Philadelphia WUHYFM 90.9 Northridge KCSNIFIl4 88.5 Pittsburgh WOUQ(FM) 90.5 Pasadena KPCS(FIA) 89.3 Marquette WelfAuFM 90 1 Mt. Pleasant WCfAll.FM 5 WQED.FM 89.3 Sacramento KE RS Scranton WVIA FM 89.9 San Bernardino KVCR(FIA1 91.9 Ypsilanti WEM FNI 8989 .1 San Diego KPBSFIA 89 5 MINNESOTA PUERTO RICO San Francisco KALWIFM) 91.7 Collegeville KSJR(FM) 90 1 Hato Rey WIPR(AM) 940 KOEDFM 885 Duluth WSCD(FM) 92.9 t WIPRF14 91.3 San Luis Obispo KCBX(FIA) 90.1 Grand Rapids KAXE.FM 91.7 San Mateo KCSAI-FM 91.1 SOUTH CAROLINA St. Paul KSJN(FM1 91.1 Charleston WSCI(FM) B9.3 Santa Monica KC RW(FM) 89.9 Minneapolis KUOMfAM) 770 Columbia 91.3 Santa Rosa K BBF(FM) 891 Moorhead KCCMIFM) 91.1 WLTRFM Stockton KUOINFM) 91.3 Grenville WEPR(FM) 94.1 Northfield i WCAL(AM) 770 Sumter t WMPINFM) 88.1 'Itousand Oaks KC PE(FM) 91.1 WCALFIA 89 3 Pupestone KRSINIFM) 91.7 SOUTH DAKOTA COLORADO Rushlord t KLSE(FM) Boulder KGM.I.FM 88. 5 91.7 Brookings KESDFM 88.3 Cower KCFR(FM) 90 1 MISSISSIPPI ve.mmion KUSO(AM) 690 Fort Collins KCSUFM 90 9 Sanatobia WNJC(FM) 90 1 t KUSO FM 89.9 Greeley KUNC(FM1 91 5 MISSOURI TENNESSEE CONNECTICUT KBFL(FM) 90.3 Collegedale WSMC(FM) 90.7 Hartford WEDHFM 90.5 Columbia KOIA(FM) Johnson City WETS(FM) 89.5 91.3 Knoxville WUOT(FM) Kansas City KCUINFM) 89.3 91.9 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Maryville KXCV(FM) 905 Memphis WKNOFM 91.1 WAMUFM 88 5 Point Lookout KSOZ(FM) 92.7 Murf.easboro WMOT(FM) 89.5 WETA.FM 90 9 Rolla KUMR(FW) 88 5 Nashville WPLN(FM) 90 3 FLORIDA Sprtngheld KSMU(FM) 911 TEXAS Boynton Beach WHRS(FM) 91.7 St. Louis KWMI(FM) 90.7 Austin KUT(FM1 00.7 Jacksonville WJCT FM 89.9 Warrensburg MCIAW(FM) 90.9 Beaumont KVLU(FM) 91.3 Miami WLRN(FIA) 91 3 College Station KAMU(FM) 903 Panama City WKOC(FM) 90 7 MONTANA Missoula KUFM(FM) 89.1 Commerce KETR(FM) 88.9 Tallahassee WFSLIFM 91.5 Dallas KERAFM 90.1 Tampa WUSF FM 89 7 NEBRASKA El Paso KTEP(FM) 884 Omaha Houston KPFT-FM 90.1 GEORGIA KIOSAFM) 91 5 Atlanta WABE(FM) 901 KVNOFM 90.7 Killeen KNCT(FM) 91.3 NEVADA UTAH ILLINOIS 91,5 Carbondale WSIU(FM) 91 9 Las Vegas KNPR Logan KUSU FM WBEZ(FM) Provo KI31)FAI 88.9 Chicago 91 5 NEW JERSEY Salt Lake City KUCR(FM) 90.1 OcKalu WNIU(FM) 094 Newark t W8GO(FM) 88 3 Edwardsville WSIE(FM) 88 VERMONT Peoria wC BU(FM) 89.9 NEW MEXICO Windsor WVPAFM 89.5 Spo.ngleid WSSR(FM) 91 9 Albuquerque KUNM(FM) 90.1 Urbana WILLIAM) 580 Las Cruces KRWG(FM) 90.7 VIRGINIA WILLFM 909 Ramah KTOB(FM) 89 7 Harroonburg VOMRA(FM) 90.7 Norfolk WYGMIFM) 89.5 INDIANA NEW YORK Richmond WRFK(FM) 106.5 Btoomingion WFIU(FM) 1037 Albany W:A4C(FM) 90 3 Roanoke WVWR(FM) 89.1 Indianapolis WIAN(FM) 901 Binghamton WSKG FM 89 3 Vincennes WVUB(FM) 91.1 Buffalo WBFO(FM) 88.7 WASHINGTON West Lafayette WBAA(AM) 920 WE BR(AM) 970 KWSU(AM) 1250 WNCO FM 94 5 SCJI14 KUOW(FM) 94.9 IOWA Canton WSLUIFIA) 96.7 T3Ctrna KTOY(FM) 91.7 Ames WOIfAM) 640 New York Crty WIWC(AM) 83 f) WONFM) 901 WNYCFM 93.9 ler 11 ifIRGIFIIA Cedar Falls KHKE(FM) 89.5 Oswego WRVO(FM) 89 9 tleckley WYPENFM) 91.7 KUNKFM) 90 9 Rochester WXXIFM 915 Duckhannon WVPW(FM) 88.9 Cedar Rapids KCCKFM 88.3 Schenectady VAIAHTFM 89 1 WISCONSIN Iowa City WS Ul(AM) 910 Syrac use 913 KSUI FM 91 7 WC0110,1 Auburndale t WL8L(AM) 930 Slots City KWITFM 90 3 NORTH CAROLINA Brute t WHSA(FM) 89.9 Chapel Hill WUNC(FM) 91 5 Collax WHWC(FIA) 88.3 KANSAS Warrenton WVSprm 909 D elatteld I WHAD(FIA) 90.7 Lawrence KANU(FM) 91 5 Winston Salem WBFO(FM) 88 5 Green Bay t WPOIE(FM) 89,3 Manhattan KSAC(AM) 580 Highland t WHHI(FM) 91.3 Wichita KMUW(FM) 89 1 NORTH DAKOTA Kenosha WGTOFM 91.1 Oeleour; KEYA-FM 88.5 La Crescent WHLA(FM) 90.3 KENTUCKY Fargo KOSU(FM? 91 9 La Crosse WLSU(FM) 88.9 Lexington W(IKT(FM) 91 3 Grand Forks KFJM(AM) 1 0 Madison WERN(FM) 88.7 Louisville WFPL0FM) 893 t KFJMFM 83793 WHA(AM) 970 WFPK(FM) 919 Milwaukee WUWIA(FM) 89 7 WUOL(FM) 905 OHIO Wausau t WHRIA(FM) 91.9 Morehead WfAKINFM) 90.3 Athens W01)8(A11) 1340 Murray WK MS,FM) 91.3 WOUBFM 91 3 WYOMING Richmond WCKU(FM) 88 9 Cmcinnatt wOUC0FM) 90.9 Laramie KUWRFM 91.9

stations expecting membership t associated stations Revised March 1978

I. 2 SECTION TWO Program Suggestions

The energy picture changes rapidly as technology trips "into the field." They have been intentionally advances and policy is made, both domestically and designed to involve the group actively in what is internationally. As you use the suggestions in this going on. For some meetings, you might want to Source Book (and they are just thatsuggestions), consider inviting people outsiC - your group tc job adapt them to suit new energy news, gleaned from you. For further information about the films men- current newspapers and periodicals. tioned in this section, set) Section Four: An Anno- Your best sources of ideas are, of course, the tated Film List, which also contains addresses of film members of your group and people in your commu- distributors. nity, who can provide anecdotes and opinions based For field tripsto a solar house or power plant, on life experiences as well as ideas for places to visit. for examplebe sure to set specific goals and to end So with timeliness and the uniqueness of your with a discussion that ties the experience of the trip community in mind, adapt, change, and select from to the topic at hand. If you have asked someone the Source Book art you wish. There are far too elsea power plant manager, for exampleto lead many programs suggested for one group to usea the group, give that person an indication of what number of ideas have been included for each topic so your purposes are so that he or she can plan com- that you will have e choice. ments accordingly. The Background for each topic includes some sug- In several instances, program suggestions include gestions for reading-- from the Courses by News- writing scenarios. If your group has had no experi- paper Reader, as wet is from books and periodicals ence with this, explain what they are imaginative available in most libraries. You might want to sum- projections into the future. Try out a few informally: marize these for the group or bring them to meetings What will happen if OPEC raises oil prices by $5 a to share. In addition, you may have handouts and barrel? What will life be like if gasoline is rationed? other materials from the organizations listed in Sec- For most groups, itis probably best to keep sce- tion Three. You can find more at your library. An narios in the form of narratives, perhaps as diaries of enormous amount of material is currently being writ- fictional people. If alternative scenarios seem desir- ten on energy issues. Be alert to local news: building able, consider assigning each alternative to a small of refineries and power plants; effects of gasoline sub-group of five or six people. and heating-oil shortages; energy-related industrial Time lines are suggested in several places. You and agricultural problems. Whenever you can. use can draw these on a long blackboard or use a large such news as a springboard ct the larger picture. piece of paper. Don't worry about being too precise Involve the group in collecting material, also. or making them pretty. If space limitations force you Suggested Discussion Questions can, of course, be to cramp your writing, you will be illumiaating the adapted to the needs and interests of your group. A fact that in certain time frames, events seem to discussion guide listing key questions from the cluster. Energy and the Way We Live Calendar of Issues is This section also suggests a long-term project for available from your regional coordinator. (See keeping a Ratings Chart of Energy Sources (see PP. 7-8). p. 14). If your group meets frequently, consider In Program Suggestions and Resources, several keeping such a chart as a way to compare informa- meeting formats are suggestedpanel discussions, tion, to discover discrepancies in data bases, and to small-group activities, debates, speakers, films, short see the alternatives as part of the whole picture.

12 1 Our Energetic Lifestyle

"Americans are the world's most gluttot.ous energy consumers. With about five percent of the world's population, we gobble up one-third of all the energy used in the world." Dorothy K. Newman

John O'Leary, who was Deputy U.S. Secretary of Suggested Discussion Questions Energy, said in June, 1979, "There isn't a gasoline shortage. There's a driving surplus." How would your life change if you had to do with- Background out gasoline and electricity entirely? If your supply were cut by one-fourth? How would such shortages From the Courses by Newspaper Reader affect your work? Your recreation? What are the less obvious effects of energy short- See "The Problem" by Irving Wender and Ber- ages? Examples: distribution of goods and services, nard D. Blaustein; "The Way Some People Live" by communications, public spending. Tom Kelly; "'Energy Consumption in American Households- by Eunice S. Grier. Have your energy spending habits changed in the last year? How? How have such changes affected the From Popular Periodicals way you live? if energy were to become plentiful "How Much Do You Know About Energy?" again, would you change back to your original habits? Keith Kline,Sierra,March/April, 1979, pp. 31-35: What happens to the poor in times of energy short- an energy quiz on the big picture (world statistics) as age? Should the poor be issued energy stamps as well as the small (how much energy is used by a pilot they are now issued food stamps? What other plans light). can you think of that might guarantee the poor at "All Gassed Up,-Time,June 18, 1979, p. 68: least enough energy for their basic needs? chronicles the impact of the gas shortage on resorts, How can we ensure equity in allocating energy transportation, popularity of filling-station atten- resources in times of shortage (as well as in times of dants. abundance)? "The Weakness That Starts at Home." Lance Program Suggestions and Resources Morrow,Time,June 4, 1979, pp. 81-82: aTime Essay describing Americans' energy greed, declining What's Your Energy Grade? Have the group work productivity, and political disaffection with govern- together to develop an energy index like that men- ment, ending with a pka for ingenuity and self-disci- tioned in the first article, by Dorothy K. Newman, in pline. CbN's newspaper series. (A sixty-page report,Life- "Making Your Home Energy-Efficient,-Science style Index,which could serve as a source of informa- Digest,October, 1977, p. 64: energy-saving tips for tion, is available from Citizens' Energy Project; see the household. p. 37). Have each member of the group rate his/her household according to the index. Books to Review Wheels. View the filmAuto-Mates, asatire on our The American Energy Consumer,Dorothy K. automotive mania. Follow with a panel discussion on Newman and Dawn Day. Cambridge, Massachu- present transportation systems in your area, im- setts: Ballinger Publishing Company, 1975: based provements that mightbemade, and the effects of on a national sample survey of households and of such improvements on our automobile-oriented so- their utilities, as well as other sources. ciety. Panelists might include a car 1ealer, trucker, The Contrasumer: A Citizen's Guide to Resource bus company or Amtrak representative, homemaker, Conservation,Albert J. Fritsch. New York: Praeger, and government transportation expert. 1974: a compendium on energy conservation, which Needs and Wants. Develop with members of the contains a Lifestyle Index. group a chart that separates their energy needs from Energy and the Community, RaymondJ. Burby energy wants. Invite a representative from a utility Bland A. Fleming Bell. Cambridge, Massachusetts: company to explain rate structures and ways of con- Ballinger Publishing Company, 1978: the result of serving energy in the home. Brainstorm a list of six colloquium sessions about influences on energy otlwr energy-saving practices. use, including households and transportation. Twenty Questions. Ask the class to compile a clues-

13 14 tionnaire about their opinions on energy. Examples: phcr, theologian, and psychologist to discuss the Will the energy crisis be solved by the year 2000? equity and morality of our system of energy distribu- Which energy source provides the best long-range tion. How do people react in times of shortage? solution for the energy crisis? Duplicate the ques- How can attitudes be changed? Is our society unfair tionnaire and have each member rill out a copy. Save to people at poverty level and in the lower middle until the last meeting of the group. (See p. 31). class? Should our system of allocation be changed by How to Slice Up the Energy Pie.Invite a philoso- government? How? What other solutions exist?

2 "Cry Havoc" or "Cry Wolf"? The Nature of the "Energy Crisis" "It will be impossible for the U.S. to produce its way out of an energy shortage... . Any policy not rooted in programs to curb the appetite of the American economy for lavish use of energy is doomed to failure."S. David Freeman

Herbert O'Dell Smith ("Digger O'Dell"), a64 -year- A Time to Choose: America's Energy Future, staff old professional stunt man, was voluntarily buried to of the Ford Foundation's Energy Policy Project. dramatize the gas crunch, saying "I'm not coming up Cambridge, Massachusetts: Ballinger, 1974: the final until gas prices come down." Tcn days later, on report of the Ford Foundation's Energy Policy Proj- doctor's orders, he had to renege on his vow and ect, with interpretations and recommendations. come out of his crave. Suggested Discussion Questions Background How important is the "energy crisis"? Is there any ROMthe Courses by Newspaper Reader truth to accusations of conspiracydirected atoil companies and/or government? How long will the See "The Making of a Criz:s" by S. David Free- crisis last? man; "The Nature of the Energy Crisis" by Lester B. Lave; "Energy Re, lives Available to the United What are the major points of disagreement among States, 1985-2000" i,y Earl T. Hayes; "The Prob- experts on the nature of the energy problem and lem" by Barry Commoner. the promise of various solutions? What might account for such disagreements? Why do the experts FromPopular Periodicals bast their studies on different data? Are disagree- "Energy Options," John Osbourne, New Repub- ments honest or political? lic, March 31,1979, pp. 6-10: analysis of the causes Which solujons to the energy crisis are most ap- of the energy crisis, inherited by the Carter Adminis- pealing to you? Do you think conservation can save tration; projections into the future. us? Technology? Population control? A combina- IsOPECa Paper Tiger?" Forbes, April 2,1979, tion?Whatare the ethical aspects of your solution? p. 49 examines the view of oil economist Arnold if we stop growth in order to save energy, we Safer that the oil shortage is a "question of price, not might suffer a severe economic recession. Do you physical supply." think such a recession is inevitable? What would be "And Now, the Exploding Gas Pump," Richard the consequences for various elements of our soci- Parker, Mother Jones, Junc, 1979, pp. 9-10: con- ety? What other factors play a part in determining trasting scenarios for the future short-range energy the economic picture? crisis. Program Suggestions and Resources "Energy: Fuels of the Future." Time, June 11, 1979, pp. 72-76: discussion of promising energy A Ratings Chart.As an ongoing project, devise alternatives: shale, tar sands, solar, biomass, coal with the group a large chart for rating various energy conversion, geothermal, hydro, wind.and sea. sources according to such criteria as: environmental effects, costs, short-term availability, long-term avail- Books to Review ability, dangers, etc. Proceed to rate energy sources Energy: The New Era, S. David Freeman. Ncw as you read about them in the CbN articles or other York: Walker, 1974: an exploration of the energy information sources, including any statistics given. crisis and alternative ways of solving it. Examine discrepancies and reasons for them, weigh

14 ,5 subjective assessmentsofeach energy source, and Experts on Conservation. Ask an owner of a gas include as little or as much conflicting information as station or an auto mechanic or engineer to discuss you wish. ways of gaining fuel economy as well as the advan- Fight It Out. Convene a panel consisting of an tages and disadvantages of gasohol and gas-saving economist. a utility company representative, a devices for automobiles. Depart men.ofEnergy official, a sociologist, and a historian to discuss the energy crisis. Has the serious- Small Is Better? Vicw the film E. F. Schumacher... ness of the crisis been overestimated or under- As If People Mattered, which advocates decentraliza- estimated? What has been its impact on various tion and local technology. Follow with a group dis- elements of society? How does it compare to other cussionofthe feasibility of his ideas. How might energy crises in our country's history? Why have some of his ideas be implemented now? How would there been accusationsofconspiracy directed at oil lifestyles be affected? Would implementing his ideas companies? What solutions are most viable? lead to progress or regression in the quality of life?

3 Substitutes for Human Muscle: Past Crises

"Transitions in uses of energy are often difficult and prolonged. The 19th century was the Age of Coal. Our 20th century turned to petroleum. In the long quest for substitutes for human muscle, what next?" Lynn White, Ir.

Peter Tonge, a writer discussing bicycle-type "en- Books to Review ergy cycles," declares, On average.20minutes of Guns, Sails, and Empires: Technological Innova- 70to 80 r.p.m. cycling generates enough current for tion and the Early Phases of European Expansion, 30 minutesof TVviewing time." 1400-1700, Carlo M. Cipolla. Ncw York: Pantheon Background Books. 1965: relates medieval technology to the rise ofEurope. From the Courses by Newspaper Reader Medieval Technology and Social Change, Lynn See "Energy, Technology, and the StoryofMan" White, jr. New York: Oxford University Press, 1962: by Melvin Kranzberg; "Air Pollution and Fuel Crises how new sourcesofenergy in the Middle Ages in Preindustrial London, 1250-1650" by William H. changed the livesofpeople in all walksoflife. Tc Brake. Suggested Discussion Questions

From Popular Periodicals In the past, the solution of one cncrgy problem "Pedal Power," Organic Gardening and Farming, has often led to another problem. Can you thinkof June,1977, pp. 82-92:excepts from a book 133 instances in modern times when energy solutions Rodale Press on myriad uses of pedal power in the have led to further problems? workshop, mowing the lawn, operating a pump. What societies in the past have relied on slave "Return of the-Draft Horse," Maurice Te1 leen. labor? What possible alternativesif any were there to slaves in those societies? In what other ways Or attic Gardening and Farming, February.1976, pp, 156-164: how a very old and increasingly energy- have humans been exploited to provide muscle energy (e.g., indentured servants, factory workers put- efficient sourceofpower is gaining in popularity. ting in 60-hour work weeks)? What were the alter- "A Bicentennial Look at the Early Days of Ameri- natives,ifany? can Labor," Richard B. Morris. Monthly Labor Re- Devices that use energy are our "slaves," replace- view, May, 1976, pp.20-28:how scarcityofhuman ments for human muscle power. How many of these labor (an energy source) in the American colonies slaves" can we do without? What would be the led to indentured servitude and slavery. social consequences? "Odysseyofthe Albatross," Time, June25,1979. How did wind and water power serve as energy pp. 46-47: the sir , of a pedal-powered flight over sources in pre-industrial times? How can those the English Channel by Bryan Allen. sources be used today? (Note: Modern windmills

15 16 generate power in parts of the United States where based on human muscle power might substitute for winds Wow consistently enough to make windmills motor-driven devices? feasible. A large part of cargo needing transoceanic Time Line/Energy. Begin a time line showing de- transportation may be carried by large sailing ships.) velopments in uses of energy sources. Fill in events In prehistoric times. individuals consumed energy described in Lynn White, jr.'s CbN article. What each day about equal to that consumed by one 100 - were the repercussions of each event? A historian watt light bulb constantly lit for one day. Now we might serve as consultant. consume many times that amount per individual to support our activities. Why is there such a difference Animate to inanimate Slaves. Show the movie The in consumption between then and now? Harvest of the Seasons, which describes early man's use of energy sources, human and animal muscle Program Suggestions and Resources power. Invite a farmer to discuss old-time methods of farming compared with modern methods. What Back to the Old Washboard? Convene a group of problems has the machine brought? How much more older people to reminisce about ways of doing work fuel-energy does it take to run a farm using machines? in the early part of the century. What was it like to Was the hay-burner an efficient work engine? How use a washboard to do the wash, sew on a treadle many more acres can one man handle using machin- sewing machine, plow with horses, etc.? What were ery rather than human and animal power? good and bad sides to life then? Was it easier or Oil for the Lamps of Americans. invite a literature harder? More or less satisfying? professor to address the group on the ecological Pedaling the Ice Cream Churn. Ask the owner of a message of Herman Melville's Moby Dick. How did bicycle-type "tnergy cycle" to demonstrate its use in the search for the white whale exemplify the eternal doing w ork. (Health food stores sometimes have such quest for energy (whale oil)? What statements was d- vices.) Vv'hat other energy-conserving devices Melville making about human destruction of nature?

4 Multiplying Energy: 19th and 20th Century Developments

Between 1850 and 1950, the face of America changed. A predominantly agricultural nation was transformed into an industrial giant. . . The increasing availability of cheap and flexible energy sources was one of the most important favors in 11115 transformation."John G. Burke

"So great was the consumption of coal that in time a 1979, pp. 86-100; how the Wright brothers' "Flyer" fear seized the public mind that the supply would was the outcome of a comprehensive program of soon be exhausted; and this fear was not allayed till research, engineering, and testing. the report of a royal commission conveyed the sooth- "50 and 100 Years Ago," (first item), Scientific ing assurance that centuries of mining on the present American, July, 1979, p.13; a 1929 stoty about scale would be required to exhaust our enormous pipelines to transport oil and natural gas. (This is a coalfields." wrote Robert McKenzie in The 19th Cen- regular column in this magazinesee other issues tury: A History, published in the 1800s. for similar stories.) Background "American Labor. 1865-1902. The Early Indus- trial Era." David Montgomery. Monthly Labor Re- From the Courses by Newspaper Reader view, July, 1976, pp. 11-17: how the industrial era, See "The Steam Engine Before 1830" by Eugene with its use of new energy sources. has affected S. Ferguson; "Energy Conversion" by John B. Rae; workers. (Sec May, June. September, October, and Developing the Energy Inheritanceby Bruce C. November issues for the rest of this series on the Netschert. history of American labor.) From Popular Periodicals Books to Review "The Origins of the First Powered. Man-Carrying America Adopts the Automobile, 1895-1910, Airplane." F. E. C. Caliek, Scientific American, July, James J. Honk. Cambridge, Massachusetts. The

16 1 7 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press. 1970. future of the automobile. Conclude with a showing how American society was transformed by automo- of Patent Pending. biles; the resulting change in America's energy pic- Here's Mud in Your Streets. Find and display an old ture. map of the community (pre-1900, if possible). Invite Energy in the American Economy, 1850-1975, a city official to talk with the group about changes in Sam H. Schurr, et al. Baltimore. The Johns Hopkins transportation lines that came with the railroad, the Press, 1960; an account of changing patterns of en- internal combustion engine, and the airplane. ergy consumption in the United States. Time-Line Continued. Continue filling in the time line of energy developments, using John G. Burke's Suggested Discussion Questions newspaper article as a source. (See p. 16, above.) Compare the sections of the time line, Did events How many motor-powered items do you and your cluster? How does the late-19th and early-20th cen- family own? (Add the total number for the group tury time span compare with earlier centuries? What and find the average.) How important are they to might be next? you? Which ones could you dispense with without much sacrifice? For what "higher good," for ex- Old-Timers Remember. invite older people to come ample, greater equity in distributing energy, would to the group meeting to discuss their reactions to the you be willing to give them up? energy developments they have witnessed in their lifetimes: the automobile, the airplane, the advent What happened to the dream of an age when of nuclear power. How did they feel about these nuclear power would provide endless, clear: energy? advances at first? Later? How did they affect society Is the disillusion with technology in general or with in general? the nuclear power industry in particular? City of the Big Shoulders. Invite a literature profes- Was the exploitation of the worker built into the sor and social historian to develop a counterpoint factory system of the 19th century? Is job dissatis between readings from poets and novelists (Carl faction through the monotony caused by the assem- Sandburg, Charles Dickens, Sinclair Lewis, ano bly line a necessary evil of industrialism? What kind other 19th and early 20th century writers) and social, of society did industrialism bring about? legal. and historical events in the development of Program Suggestions and Resources industrial nat4ons. How has the machine been glori- fied? How have novelists chronicled the evils of an Into the Heads of the Makers. Ask members of the industrial society? What laws were enacted to group to develop an imaginary dialogue between counteract those evils? How did human beings Henry Ford and a harness-maker concerning the change as society became more industrialized?

5 Plenty and Profligacy: Energy and Growth in America

"It is because we need the freedom to act politically that we need to become, in the shortrun, energy Independent of ... potentially hostile sources. And, because any energy alternative in the shortrun, and in the longrun, . . will be more costly, we have a problem in changing our styles of life."Daniel Bell

Charles F. Luce. who served on the Citizens' Advi- David Potter; "The Second Hundred Years" by Al- sory Committee on Environmental Quality, said in bert J. Fritsch ;The Social System and the Energy 1973, ''... it should become a badge of shame that Crisis" by Kenneth Boulding. an individual leaves his electric lights blazing on a From Popular Periodicals bright summer day or roars ecwn the highway at 80 miles per hour in a two-ton automobile. or otherwise "Energy Options and Conservation.- Dorothea is profligate in the use of limited natural resources." H. El Mallakh, Current History, March, 1978. pp 113-116: how conservation of energy affects hoth Background the demand and price of oil. -Industrial Energy in Transition: A Petrochemical From the Courses by Newspaper Reader Perspective." Ronald S. Wishart, Science, February See The Nature of American Abundance" by 10. 1978, pp. 614-618: discussion of efficiency in use

Y8 of oil and gas and of development of promising alter- Program Suggestions and Resources natives for petrochemical industry. Plastics fora Plastic Life? Invite an official from the "Energy Ethics Reaches the Church's Agenda," petrochemical industry to speak to the group about Bruce C. Birch, Christian Century, November, 1978, the use of petrochemicals in manufacturing plastics pp. 1034-1037: ethical considerations of energy and other products, the difficulty the industry en useecological justice and fair distribution. visions if the oil supply decreases, the possibility of "Fahrenheit Eighty (Gasp!), Time, July 9, 1979, substitutes. Have the group, with the official's help, pp. 61-62: reactions to Carter's dictum regulating construct a list of items they use frequently that are temperatures of buildings. made from petrochemicals, then list next to each item a substitute if one exists. "Hoarding Days." Time, June 18, 1979: how typi- Happiness Is... Have the group construct a sce cal of American behavior patterns is the widespread nario of the good life without a limitless energy tendency to hoard gasoline? supply. Before or after show The New Alchemists, a Books to Review movie about a group in Massachusetts that has set out to maintain a lifestyle independent of modern People of Plenty, David Potter, Chicago: Univer- chemicals and high-energy technology. sity of Chicago Press. 1954: how the idea of abundance prompted an optimistic attitude in the Ameri- Polling the People. With the help of an environ- can people toward life and the environment. mentalist, have the group construct a questionnaire on how much people are willing to give up to pre- The Coming of Post - Industrial Society, Daniel serve the environment. If the group meets often. Bell. Basic Books, 1973: an examination of the ef- they might conduct interviews based on the ques- fects of the United States' move from a goods- tionnaire with five to ten people each during the time producing to a service economy. between meetings, then compile and evaluate their results. Suggested Discussion Questions Comparing the Papers. Compare newspapers from How are the American people taking the psycho- the same date (month and day) for 1970. 1973. and logical shock of realizing that energy is not limitless? 1979. How much space is given to energy in each? How might that realization change our national What does this show about our rising awareness of character in the Ivng run? energy problems? Conclude with a showing of the film EnergyThe American Experience. If an individual has enough money to pay for more Values of Plenty and Scarcity. Ask a historian, to energy than he really needs, should he be allowed to discuss how energy abundance helped to shape buy "extra"? American character and values and to predict the Who will have status in a society in which con- effects of energy scarcity on our attitudes. servation is valued? What will the status symbols be? The Good Life. Invite a philosopher to address the Will such a society be largely free of competition in group on the concept of the "good life." as it has terms of accumulation of material goods? been viewed by various philosophers throughout the ages. What part has material consumption played in How much should the environment be sacrificed those views? Values without a material base? What to create more energy? are implications for modern society?

1,9

18 6 Prelude to Crisis

". .. the fortunes of oil and gas were woven into deep transformations that occurred in American society beginning in the 19304 while the force of the crisis was accentuated by a variety of acts and omissions, including failure to widen the number of different fuels used in the energy economy and to more carefully evaluate the effects of a number of actions, Including those provoked by the seed to protect the environment." Norman Metzger

Most of us pretty much take life as it is given to us Mancke. New York and London: Columbia Univer- by others." said Walter Dean Burnham, a political sity Press, 1974: looks at the effects on energy sup- scientist at Massachusetts Institute of Technology ply of state and federal policies. (as quoted by Time in June, 1979). "For example, Energy The Continuing Crisis, Norman Metz- destroy local mass transit systems, promote urban ger. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, Inc., sprawl ... stimulate the automotive industry by 1977: gives the histories of the technologies and every advertising trick known to man, and what do growth of coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear fission, elec- you get? A spread-out network of settlement, work, tricity, and other energy supplies. distribution, and consumption which has become absolutely dependent on the automobile forits Suggested Discussion Questions existence." Background How did energy abundance help form both population patterns and societal values now existing in From the Courses by Newspaper Reader the United Statcs? How might the energy shortage change those patterns and values? Can problems of See "What Went Wrong?" by Gerald Clarke; distance be solved without changes in population "Where Have Al! the Green Stamps Gone?" by patterns? Fred C. Allvine and James M. Patterson; "Preludes to the U.S. Energy Crisis" by Richard B. Mancke; What is the impact of the energy shortage on em- "The Hog Libel" by Russell Baker. ployment? What groups are directly affected? In- directly? From Popular Periodicals Can all levels of society receive sufficient energy **Energy Management: A Crisis in Industry," H. supplies during a time of scarcity? L. Breckenridge, Intellect, April, 1977, pp. 352- According to one study, Americans were using in 354: looks at the period from the Eisenhower Ad- the 1950s only half the energy they use today. What ministration to 1977 for causes of the energy short- has brought about the increase? age; predicts effects on industry. What other political decisions regarding energy "U.S. Energy Demand and Supply," Robert R. could have been made from 1930 to 1970? Why was Rycroft, Current History, March, 1978, pp. 100-103, government money invested in highway systems 130-131: finds the seeds of the energy problem in the rather than in mass transit, for example? Ford Administration; considers future demands. "Birth of the Gas-Pump Blues," Michael Kramer Program Suggestions and Resources and Dave Marsh, New York, June 4, 1979, pp. 10-11: puts the blame for the oil crisis on "government What U... Using a historian or political scientist as bungling and industry greed." consultant, develop with the group a scenario based "The Most Hated Man in Washington," Robert on the changes that would have taken place in the Shrum, New York, May 28, 1979, pp. 42-46: pro- United States if the post-World War II Synthetic files James Schlesinger and the policies that earned Fuels Act to develop coal gasification technology him the title of "bad guy" of the energy crisis. had not died on the vine. -Energy and the Structure of Social Institutions," In Smoke-Filled Rooms. Invite a speaker from the Lynton K. Caldwell, Human Ecology, January, 1976. League of Women Voters or other concerned organ- pp. 31-45: analysis of the sources of the energy ization to address the group on the political aspects crisis, including political expediency. of the energy crisis. How did we get into the era of dependence on foreign sources? Why have govern- Books to Review ment officials made the decisions they have? What The Failure of U.S. Energy Policy, Richard B. pressures are presently brought to bear on officials

19 20 by lobbies trying to push through energy legislation the environmental movement on our energy supply, favorable to them? the unforeseen effects of some environmental legis- Time Line. Show the film The River, 1930s propa- lation, and vironmentally acceptable solutions to ganda for the Tennessee Valley Authority. After dis- the problem of energy shortages. cussing the film, whieh relates the promises of TVA, Affluence Is Something New. Ask a social historian raise the question of TVA's long-term effects. De- to address the group on the development of afflu- velop an annotated time line. showing governmental ence and the relative recentness of a luxurious life energy legislation and decisions discussed in Norman for the middle class. You might also ask a group of Metzger's CbN article, documenting the promises older people to join in the discussion after his or her and effects of each. speech. What have they observed about the growth Choke, Choke ... Cough, Cough? Invite an envi- of affluence? How has it affected succeeding genera- ronmentalist to discuss with the group the effects of tions?

7 Other People, Other Patterns of Energy Use

".. . do international comparisons point to the potential for significantly reduced energy consumption without sacrifice of economic welfare? It depends a bit on whether what one sees is a glass of water that is half empty or half full. . ." Joel Darmstadter

Takeshi Saito. owner of a gasoline station in Japan "Soviet Energy Resources and Prospects," Leslie about to go bankrupt, said in an interview with re- Dienes, Current History, March, 1978, pp. 117-120, porter Geoffrey Murray of the Christian Science 131-135: how the Soviet Union remains self-suffi- Monitor, "And look at the Americans.... They're cient in energy supplies. the biggest offenders in gobbling up the world's energy, but the little men like me are the ones who are Books to Review going to suffer first." How Industrial Societies Use Energy: A Compara- tive Analysis, Joel Darmstadter, Joy Dunkerley. and Background Jack Alterman. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univer- sity Press, 1977: an exploration of the extent to From the Courses by Newspaper Reader which high U.S. energy usage can be attributed to See "Intercountry Comparisons of Energy Use: the industrial, geographic. and demographic charac- Any Lessons for the United States?' by Joel Darm- ter of the country and to the uneconomic use of stadter; "Energy Use in Japan and the United energy. States" by Andres Doernberg; "For Swiss. Energy Beyond the Energy Crisis: A Global Perspective, Waste Is Sin" by Margaret Studer. John Maddox. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1975: a From Popular Periodicals view of the world energy crisis, emphasizing the "Energy Choices for the Next 15 Years: A View dependence of the United States and Europe on from Europe," C. P. L. Zaleski. Science, March 2, Arab oil and suggesting nuclear energy as a way out. 1979, pp. 849-851: how European countries plan to Conservation in the Soviet Union, Philip R. Pryde. manage energy resources and supplies until 1995. London: Cambridge University Press, 1972: de- "Intercountry Energy Comparison,'' P. H. Abel- scribes conservation efforts in the Soviet Union, in- son. Science, February 10, 1978, p. 605: discusses cluding energy conservation. the statistics comparing the United States with other Suggested Discussion Questions nations and soberly concludes that "adjustment to the new realities will take a long time." How has social policy in the United States en- "European and Japanese Energy Policies," Louis couraged energy consumption and waste? How do Turner, Current History, March. 1978. pp. 104-108, social policies in other countries differ? 129, 136: power sources, energy policies, and co- Other countries use less energy because they do operative international research efforts in Europe not have problems arising from low density popula- and Japan. tion areas. What are some of the solutions for our

20 2/ lowdensity population that causes high energy use? rely much more heavily on mass transit than we do. How can we avoid moving goods and people? Can Using a map showing transportation routes in your improved communication help to solve the prob- area, discuss ways of reaching destinations chosen at lem? How? random by various means of transportation. What How do other countries prevent energy waste are comparative costs? Time differentials? Conven- through government regulations? What U.S. gov- ience comparisons,? Could the public transportation ernment regulations might be amended to promote system be improved? Involve a public transportation conservation of our energy supplies? official and. if possible, an expert on mass transit in other countries in the discussion. What can be learned from other countries to help us save or better use our energy supplies? Tin Lizzies: Then and Now. Compare car advertisements from newspapers and magazines of 30, 20, Program Suggestions andResources and 10 years ago with car advertisements now. What features were stressed in the past? Now? When did And in YOUR Country? Invite several recent immi- fuel economy enter the picture? Ask a long-time car grants or visitors from other countries to discuss dealer to speak to the group about changes in buying energy use in the countries they left with that in the patterns and his sales techniques. United States. How much do other countries rely on human muscle power for energy? How close together Give Me Land, Lots of Land. Invite a historian, a do people five? What energy-intensive industries philosopher. and a religious leader to discuss the operated there? effects of the frontier on the American psyche. How . .. will an energy shortage, and corresponding realiza- Can You Do Without Your Electric tan-Opener? tion of limits, affect our feeling of endless possibil- Show the film Living the Good Life, then discuss the ity? Will it cramp our minds and souls? How did the virtues of energy-efficient lifestyles. What would we feeling we could always "move on" lead to our ex- lose? What would we gain? ploitation of nature? Will the energy shortage force Destination: Energy Mecca. Many other countries us into greater harmony with nature?

8 The International Politics of Energy

"OPEC calls the political tune, threatening to force profound changes in policies of a society [the United States] unable to curb its insatiable thirst for energy, and even in that society itself."John K. Cooley

Colonel Muammar Gaddafi of Libya: "The more oil foul-ups), p. 20; "How to Counter OPEC" by Mar- we store in the ground, the better it will be for us." shall Loeb, p. 23, a Time essay. The Shah of Iran. 1973: "Oil is a noble product Who's to Blame for the High Price of Oil?" which must be put to noble uses." Anthony Sampson. New Yorik, July 9-16, 1979, pp. 64-69: warns against the West becoming the victim Background of an "energy casino.' From the Courses by Newspaper Reader OPEC Issues of Supply and Demand," Ragaei El Mallakh, Current History, March. 1978, pp. 125 - Sec "U.S. Energy Policy in the World Context" I27, 138: relates pricing to demand and supply, em- by Energy Policy Project of The Ford Foundation; "International Energy Problems" by Richard B. phasizes common interests of OPEC and other Maneke; 'Energy and International Politics" by nations. Mason Willrich. "Squabbling Starts Over Who Gets the Oil," Business Week, March 5, 1979. pp. 29-30: inter- From Popular Periodicals national alarm over OPEC cutoff of oil. "OPEC's Painful Squeeze," Time, July 9, 1979. Books to Review pp. 12-16: an analysis of the impact of OPEC's 1979 price rise for petroleum on industrial nations. In the Middle East Oil and the Energy Crisis, Joe Stork. same issue are several other stories on the gasoline Nt.v., York: Monthly Review Press, 1975: how gov- crisis, including "And the Gas Lines Grow," pp. 14- ernments and oil companies have manipulated the 20; "Red Talc and More Red Tape" (allocation politics of energy.

21 22 The Arabs, People and Power, editors of the En- Israel, Arab states, Mexico, Japan, Europe, and the cyclopaedia Britannica. New York: Bantam Books, United States? 1978: brief, readable summaries of Arab energy Acting Out the Oil Drama. View the movie The politics. Bottom of the Oil Barrel, then choose members of the group to take on roles: a politician from an oil- Suggested Discussion Questions rich Arab nation; an executive from a multinational oil company; a gas station owner; an "average guy" How are oil-producing nations dependent on their who drives. The four players would be invited to act markets? Why do they control oil export and prices out a meeting in which the rsoline crisis is being dis- so rigorously? cussed. How have multinational oil companies affected Control or De-Control? Stage a debate between an the producer nations? Is the resentment felt by some oil company representative and an economist or gov- Arab governments against these companies justified? ernment official on the question of whether the Would it be possible to produce and distribute oil United States should allow domestic oil prices to rise efficiently without these companies? to word levels. Should the United States nationalize its oil and Almanac of "Nations." After viewing Controlling coal industries? What would be the advantages and Interest: The World of the Multinational Corpora- disadvantages of such a move? tion, engage the group in creating a description of How important will fossil fuels be in the year one of the oil companies as if it were a nation. What 2000? How does this affect the international situ- would be that "nation's" stance on political issues of ation? the day? You might choose several specific issues Should the United States seek total energy inde- from a weekly news magazine to discuss in these pendence? Is this possible or desirable? Is the inter- terms. dependence of the worid's nations an accomplished, The Other Side. Invite a member of an Arab nation irrevocable fact? or the Mexican consulate to present his or her nation's views on oil production, pricing, and distribu- Program Suggestions and Resources tion. What are attitudes about American greed? A Different State of Mind. Ask a sociologist or cul- What If a Miracle? Divide the group into smaller tural anthropologist to discuss with the group how sections of five or six each to write scenarios based Arab attitudes differ from those of Westerners and on the premise that a new source of energy, eco- how both groups can better understand each other. nomically competitive with oil, has been developed. A group of Arabs might be asked to contribute to What will happen to change political balances among the discussion following the speech.

1 i

22 9 The Global Lifeboat: Energy and the Third World

".. Are the tropical countries condemned forever to stay in pre-scientific poverty? . . . The crucial questions concern energy and materials, which are the limiting factors in getting richer. . . . Unless, therefore, there is continued expansion of scientific knowledge and know-how in useful directions, the prospects for the tropicsthe so-called 'third world'are not very gd."Kenneth E. Boulding

Thomas Vrebalovich, scientific affairs counselor at Suggested Discussion Questions the U.S. Embassy in New Delhi, has said about the unsanitary, polluting cakes of cow dung used for What human qualities need to be encouraged if we fuel,Women cook with that dung, and ifs just are to think like a "global family"? is it possible to lethal." Being substituted for the cow dung cakes is achieve this ideal? gobar gas, made in home plants that convert manure What is the impact of the modern world on Third into fuel. World nations? is it possible foi those nations to Background continue their way of life, ignoring the industrial nations? If so, how? From the Courses by Newspaper Reader Do developing nations have a right to a share of See -Lifeboat Ethics" by Garrett Hardin; "The the world's energy supplies proportional to their Global Politics of Resource Scarcity" by Lester populations? Why? R. Brown; "The Human Prospect" by Robert L. How does world-wide energy shortage affect the Hcilbroner: "The Oil-Dependent Developing Coun- tries" by Helen C. Low. world food supply? The international money system? Political matters? From Popular Periodicals Do you agree with Boulding's statement in the "Forest Renewal in India," Erik Eckholm, Natural CbN article,If there had been no coal, oil, or History, June/July. 1979, pp. 12-27: how one In- natural gas ... there probably would be no auto- dian state is replenishing its forests to assure its fuel mobiles"? supply. Program Suggestions and Resources -Oil-Poor Developing Countries," Feraidoon Shams B., Current History, March, 1978, pp. 109- In the Lifeboat. Have some members of the group 112. 131: how poor countries without energy re- with a flair for drama put together a lifeboat skit. serves are hard-hit by the energy crisis. Have several of them take on the roles of passengers "China's Energy Resources," Chu-Yuan Cheng, in the boat: citizens of industrial nations, executives Current History, March, 1978, pp. 121-124, 136-138: with multinational corporations. Ask two or three of why China has been immune to the effects of rising them to act as citizens of developing nations trying to energy prices. get into the lifeboat. Then have the actors change roles. Follow with the film We Didn't Want it to "Wood Famine in Developing Nations,' Science Happen This Way. News, February 24, 1979, p. 119: a discussion of Erik Eckholm's Worldwatch report on deforestation. The Disappearing Jungle. Invite a biologist or ecol- ogist to speak to the group about the impact on the No Room in the Lifeboats," Richard J. Barnet, world of the loss of jungles and forests. What besides New York Times Magazine, April 16, 1978, pp. 32- renewable fuel sources are lost? How do forests and 38: What is our responsibility toward developing jungles contribute to our knowledge of chemicals, nations? especially medicines? How does deforestation affect Books to Review climate? Massaging the Commons, Garrett Hardin and John Ask the Guy Who's Been There.Invite a person Baden. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Com- who was a member of the Peace Corps and an an- pany, 1977. a penetrating analysis of the "tragedy of thropologist to discuss the effects of high-energy the commons." technology on poor nations and the possibility of developing solar and other soft energy sources. The Challenge of World Poverty, Gunnar Myrdal. New York: Random House, 1971. a famous book on Passing Sentence. Engage the members of the group world poverty, still relevant. in a debate on the question of whether tropical coun-

23 24 tries are condemned forever to remain in pre-scien- ethicist to lead a discussion of the obligation of rich, tific poverty. Ask a political scientist and an econo- industrialized nations toward the developing coun- mist to act as consultants. tries. Are we entitled to rob them of their resources? What Is Our Obligation? Invite a theologian or an Should we share energy supplies with them?

10 Conventional Fuels in Transition

it. . .the transition period we are entering will require major changes in individual as well as social and economic behavior. We are clearly faced with the kinds of difficult choices all societies would rather duck, but ducking is no longer an available option." Don E. Kash

About theextraction of the petroleum trapped in tar Books to Review sands in the Orinoco Heavy Oil Belt of Venezuela, Our Energy Future: The Role of Research, De- John E. Swearingen, Chairman of the Board of velopment, and Demonstra:km in Reaching a Na- Standard Oil Company (Indiana), said, We have tional Consensus on Energy Supply, Don E. Kash, et the energy to extract that oil. All that is required is al. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma that we be willing to pay the price for its develop- Press, 1977: a comprehensive look at energy re- ment." search in the United States. Background Mexican Oil and Natural Gas, Richard B. Mancke. New York: Praeger, 1979: how Mexican oil produc- From the Courses by Newspaper Reader tion will change the supply of oil and the balance of See "Lines of Attack"by Hans H. Landsberg; world trade as well as the economic development of "The American Coal Industry" by Richard New- Mexico. comb; "Getting More Oil" by Norman Metzger; "OCS Development" by Don E. Kash. Suggested Discussion Questions From Popular Periodicals What balance of conservation, extraction of coal and oil, and use of other energy supplies do you "Hope on Wheels:New Cars for the Gasless Era," Douglas Bartholomew. New York, May 21. 1979, favor for the United States in this transition period? pp. 38-42: the story of Citicar. alternative to gas Do you agree that solar energy as a viable energy source is "decades away." as Don Kash says in his guzzlers. CbN newspaper article? "World Oil Production," Andrew R. Flower. Sci- entific American, March. 1978. p. 42-49: results of What are the detrimental effects of coat on the environment? What should be done to protect coal a two-year international study pointing to oil short- miners? How much life should be sacrificed to bring ages before the year 2000. us more energy? "The United States Oil Industry." Robert W. Ry- croft, Current History, May/June, 1978, pp. 193 Who should compile official government figures on United States coal and oil supplies and reserves? 197. 225-226: the petroleum demand-supply problem and effects of government regulation. (See also Most of the oil in the United States is found on "The Natural Gds Industry." Robert S. Pindyck, government land. Does this give the government the right to control its production and distribution? same issue, pp. 215-217. 229.) Now the Heating Fuel Furor." Time, June 18, Should the United States government encourage building of new oil refineries and expansion of old 1979. pp. 52-53: why some resentful Europeans call the United States a p.stro-pig for putting a $5 per ones through tax incentives? Who should decide where refineries gothe public, local government, barrel subsidy on imported deisel. state government, or federal government? The Carbon Dioxide Question." George M. Woodwell, Scientific American, January, 1978. pp. Program Suggestions and Resources 34-43: addresses the question of whether forests and oceans can compensate for carbon dioxide emit Greenhouse in theSky. Ask a meteorologist to dis- ted by coal-burning and other human activities. cuss the effects of the burning of coal on the atmos-

24 25 phcre. Are there any advantagesat least in the How Do They Rate?If you arc keeping an Energy Long- term of the so-called "greenhouse effect"? Ratings Chart (p, 14), add coal and oil statistics What are the disadvantages? After the discussion, from Don Kash's CbN newspaper article and other show Coal, The Other Energy. sources. Thanks, Dinosaurs! Invite a geologist or paleontoi ogist to explain the origins of fossil fuels and ways of Who Should Bear the Brunt?Ask a theologian obtaining them. Why are they becoming scarcer? and/or a political scientist to discuss the question of What are the problems in obtaining them from new how much oo...: segment of society (for instance, locations? people living arouvi a proposed refinery) should suffer a lower quality of life to insure adequate en- Policy Writing. Have the group draft an energy ergy supplies for a larger segment of society. Should policy for the United States from now until 2000. we just look at the numbers: so many hours of a coal What will be the effect; of the policy in 1990 on the miner's life in exchange for so much cent as opposed environment and lifestyle of Americans? In 2000? to so many hours of an oil driller's life for so many Defend Yourself, Oil Tycoon! Arrange a debate barrels of oil? What about the minutes of life we all between an oil company rcpresentative and a mem- sacrifice in terms of increased pollution to bring more ber of an environmentalist group on the impacts of energy? Will the statistics blunt our perception of oil drilling and pipelines on the ecosystem. the sanctity of human life?

11 Nuclear Energy: A Faustian Bargain?

"I myself have referred to nuclear power as a 'Faustian bargain.' By this I meant that nuclear power (in the so-called breeder reactor) confers on mankind an inexhaustible energy source. In return, mankind must exert continuing vigilance, and attention to detail, in handling the nuclear system so as to avoid harm." Alvin M. Weinberg

Dr. Jerry Cohen of Lawrence Livermore Labora- Business, May, 1979, p. 35: an optimistic look at the tories has said, 'Somehow there is a feeling that a future of nuclear energy, post-Harrisburg. man killed by a street car isn't as dead as a man Trading in Nuclear Futures," Mark Hertsgaard, killed by radiation." Mother Jones, June, 1979, pp. 18-24: examines Background some possible reasons for President Carter's en- dorsement of nuclear power after Inc Thrcc Mile From the Courses by Newspaper Reader Island accident. See "Social Institutions and Nuclear Energy" by "Pediatrician, Mother, Activist Helen Caldi- Alvin M. Weinberg; "Nuclear EnergySalvation cott: The Voice the Nuclear Industry Fears," Katie or Damnation" by E. F. Schumacher; "The Pluto- Leishman, Ms., July, 1979, pp. 50-51,92-93: a por- nium Economy: A Statement of Concern" by Com- trait of the doctor-activist, who is against nuclear mittee of Inquiry of the National Council of Churches power because of its effects on health. of Christ in the U.S.A.; "Nuclear PowerAn Un- "The Harrisburg Syndrome," Samuel McCracken, certain Future Grows Dimmer Still" by William J. Commentary, June, 1979, pp. 27-39: an argument Lanouette. that weighs nuclear power against other energy From Popular Periodicab sources and finds it good. ThePromise and Peril of Nuclear Energy," Ken- Books toReview neth F. Weaver, National Geographic, April, 1979, The Fight Over Nuclear Power, Fred H. Schmidt pp. 458-493: a comprehensive article on all aspects and David Bodansky. San Francisco: Albion Pub- of nuclear power. lishing Company, 1976: a balanced account of the "Fear and Trembling: Some Myths Exploded," controversy on nuclear power. Jessica Holland, New York, July 2,1979, p. 60: what Nuclear Science and Society, Bernard L. Cohen. did Thrcc Mile Island workers fear most after the Garden City, Ncw York: Anchor Science Study accident? Series, Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1974: how nuclear "Will the Nuclear Bubble Burst?" The Nation's energy is produced and its impact.

25 46 Suggested Discussion Questions Where It's Happening. Arrange a field trip to a local nuclear power plant. Before you leave, have Do you believe that some of our nuclear power the group determine questions to ask officials, e.g.: plants are "atomic lemons," as suggested in the Wall What training are operators given? How much power Street Journal after the Three Mile Island accident? does the plant generate? What have been the effects To what degree can training of plant operators solve of the Three Mile Island accident on plant operation? problems? Redesign of reactor components? In- creased government control? Ratings.If you keep a Ratings Chart (see page 14),fillin the section for nuclear power. Invite Do you agree with Alvin Weinberg's suggestion in someone from your local utility company, a govern- the CbN newspaper article that nuclear power plants ment representative, and an anti-nuclear-power should be concentrated in heavily guarded centers? group representative to supply data. Questionthem What are the dangers and benefits inherent in this about the bases for their facts. plan? What will necessary security measures do to individual liberties? Getting Some Rays. Find a listing of the millirems What are the risks and benefits of nuclear energy? (measures of radiation) of exposure to radiation humans receive from various sources and ask members What is you opinion on the problem of radioactive of the group to estimate their yearly total exposure. waste? Have claims of its dangers been exaggerated? Is it within safc limits? You might invite a medical Should the United States accept respons:!'lity fur researcher or physician to advise on the dangers of disposal of nuclear wastes from other cou....te ? radiation. To what degree is fear of nuclear power related to fear of the atomic bomb and nuclear war? Nuclear Drama. Try to arrange for your group to attend a showing of the film The China Syndrome. Program Suggestions and Resources Follow with a meeting that includes a refutation of Dare We Copy the Sun? Show the film Lovejoy's the movie's premise by a proponent of nuclear Nuclear War. Invite a psychologist or sociologist to power. lead a discussion of nuclear fear: the roots of emo- The Ethical Questions. Invite a .heologian, statisti- tional reactions to nuclear power. the actual basis in cian, and philosopher to discuss ethical consider- reality for such fears. Ask members of the group to ations in the use of nuclear power. Is it right to contribute summaries of their changing attitudes jeopardize the lives of future generations with radio- concerning the splitting of the atom, which releases active waste? Is it right to insist on a no-nuclear energy for war and for peaceful uses. Are there power stance when nuclear power is relatively non- generational differences in attitudes? pollutingunless there is an accident? If the statis- No Nukes Is Good Nukes? Invite a member of a tics are rightthat there is only a very small chance pro-nuclear group and a member of an anti-nuclear of nuclear accident then why are we so horrified at group to debate the question of whether nuclear the thought of a large group of people being killed, power plants should be shut down. Do we need even if the possibility is remote, whcn so many are nuclear power to meet our energy needs? How safe killed in automobile accidents every year? Is there is it? What about the problem of nuclear waste dis- something in the human being that recoils at the posal? Terrorism? Earthquakes? Low-level radia- possibility of mass, concentrated death and not at

tion? random deaths, even if the numbers are equal? Why? I

16 12 Solar Energy and "Appropriate Technologies"

"The concept of the conservation economy and the solar transtcon is not 1radical or impossible step for our civilization. .. . What is needed is a major national commitment to this goal. The full cooperation of industry, labor unions, citizens1,nd government will make the energy-efficient solar age a reality, not a dream " Wilson Clark Fred To, British inventor, said after a successful New York: P net:or k ress1Doublcday ;looks, 1975: a flight in 1979 in his solar-powered airplane, "Within comprehc.isive look at alternative energy sources. six years. I'll be crossing the Atlantic in a solar- Soft Energy Paths, Amory Lovins. Boston: Bailin- powered plane.- ger Publishing Company, 1977: a landmark in energy literature; advocates energy efficiency through use of Background energy sources best suited to specific purposes.

From the Courses by Newspaper Reader Suggested Discussion Questions See ''Soft Energy Paths" by Amory B. Lovins; "Solar Energy: Practice and Prognosis" by Michael According to a recent Harris poll, 94% of the C. Noland: "Solar Energy: Still Decades Away" by American public favors strong efforts to develop Walter Sullivan. solar energy. If this is so, why do you think the federal From Popular Periodicals government hasn't spent more on solar research and development? "Facts About Solar Living," Maura O'Neill and Lola Redford, Ms., July, 1979. p. 49; clown.to-earth, How would widespread adoption of solar energy concise information about solar energy. affect the distribution systems for power in the United States? Could utility companies afford to "Tinkering with Sunshine: The Prospects for Solar supply energy only as backup to home systemsfor Energy," Tracy Kidder, Atlantic, October, 1977, pp. instance, to handle a surge demand on cloudy days? 70-83: questions on the practicality of widespread If power sources were to be decentralized through use of solar power. use of individual solar devices, what would be the Environmental Action, May, 1979, the following effects on individuals? On industry? articles: "It's Time We Saw the Light," Janet Mari- Some experts claim that the developing nations nelli, pp. 3-5: a call for support for an alternative may be quicker than the industrialized world to energy program. -Eclipsing the Solar Inventor," Ray adopt wide use of solar power. Why might this be? Reece. pp. 6-11: how large corporations are grab- bing federal grants. "The 14 Carat Collector," Deb- What are some of the problems and dangers of orah Berkowitz, p. 8: criticism of the Department of solar energy? How soon do you think it will be Energy. "Solar on a Shoestring," David Holtzman, supplying 20% of the energy in the United States? pp. 12-14: description& of grass-roots energy projects. "Light Years Ahead of Uncle Sam," Valerie Program Suggestions and Resources Dcw, pp. 19-20: state and local efforts in solar Solar Open House. Arrange a visit to a solar house energy development. or other facility for which solar energy supplies a "Solar Wall Heats a Gym," Jane Wholey, Popular major part of the power. You might ask an architect Science, February, 1979, pp. 24-25: story of the familiar with ;Jar energy devices to accompany the building of a passive solar air heater on a New York group. What percent of energy used in the house City community center. comes front the sun? How much of the system is "Harnessing the Sun," L. Minard, Forbes, April 2. passive that is, inherent in the structure of the 1979:p. 90: France's push toward solar energy ex- house? What backup systems are necessary? Are plained. owners happy with the switch to solar? -The Answcr Is Blowin' in the Wind," Sharon Treading the Soft Path. Invite a speaker from the Churcher. New York, October 23, 1978, pp. 92-93: Solar Lobby or similar organization to address the chronicles the building of a wind turbine and biomass group about the advantages of the -soft energy project in the South Bronx. path." You may wish to accompany the talk with a showing of Energy: The Problems and the Future, a Books to Review film that features Several soft path projects through- Energy for Survival, Wilson Clark. G1trden City, out the world.

27 28 Manure Power. Invite a farmer who is involved in of a utility company representative, a solar power converting animal waste to methane or a representa- enthusiast, and an official of the Department of En. tive from the Department of Agriculture to describe ergy to discuss "soft path" issues: Should solar-power how such systems work. How much power is gained sources be centralized? How can home-generated through such bioconversion? How does it affect the power be credited to the homeowner? How feasible supply of animal waste for fertilizing the fields? is widespread use of solar power in the home and Solar Goes Back a Long Way. Ask a historian to industry? describe some early efforts at using solar power: How Does Solar Rate? Add solar energy to your Xenophon's speculations about solar architecture, Ratings Chart, if you are keeping one. (See p. 14). Lavoisier's solar furnace, Pifre's solar-powered print- Sun Worship. Ask a literature or classics professor ing press. You might want to arrange an exhibit of to discuss the mythology of the sunApollo and antique solar- powered devices to illustrate, or take a other sun godsand the deep-rooted concept of the trip to a museum tha' features the history of tech- sun as giver of life. In the discussion followlig, link nology. our long history of sun worship to the appeal of solar Distribution of Power. Convene a panel consisting energy.

13 Making Our Own: Synthetic Fuels "Considerable cunning will be required to get us between the Scylla of energy shortage and the Charybdis of environmental havoc due to energy production and use. A 'Methane Scenario' is now being discussed which could provide a long-term incremental transition from reliance on oil shale and coal petroleum to 'synthetic.' liquids and gas from renewable energy sources. 'John H. Gibbons and William Chandler

Floyd Wallace says about his backyard oil refinery, gest, February, 1977, p. 77: how the coal gasification You put in the garbage at the top and get the process works. gasoline out of the bottom.... All I'm doing is what "Natural Gas: The Search Goes On," Bryan nature has done for millions of years." Hodgson, National Geographic, November, 1978, Background pp. 632-651: a comprehensive took at all aspects of natural gas, including extraction from shale. From the Courses by Newspaper Reader Books to Review See **Synthetic Fuels from Coal" by Lawrence Rays of Hope: The Transition to a Post Petroleum Rocks and Richard P. Runyon; "Shale Oil" by John World, Dcnis Hayes. New York: W. W. Norton and M. Blair; "Gasohol as Energy Source" by Congres- Company, Inc., 1977: a review of the changing en- sional Quarterly, Inc. ergy picture and an assessment of renewable sources. From Popular Periodicals Energy: Global Prospects l985-2000 Report of **OPEC Priccs Make Heavy Oil Look Profitable:* the Workshop on Alternative Energy Strategies, Car Science, June 22. 1979. pp. 1283-1284, 1286-1287: roll L. Wilson. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1977: an emphasizes development of Canadian tar sand. appraisal of United States fossil energy resources and an assessment of synthetic fuel processing re- A series of articles in Environment. January. 1979, quirements and their potential. pp. 25-36, examines sources, processes, advantages and disadvantages: "The Case for Methane," Steve Suggested Discussion Questions Rattner; "Gas Resources and Reserves," Charles J. Mankin; "Methane from Biomass." Robert Yech; What are the costs of various renewable energy "The Economics of Methane:* Barry Commoner; sources? Their environmental impacts? "Delivering Methane," Eugene Luntley. How will use of biomass for energy affect the food "Energy from Biomass: Using Organic 'Junk' for supply? Forests? How will use of these resources Energy:* J. K. Hanson, Current. February, 1977, affect the Third World? pp. 39-42: a discussion of biomass sources from Do you agree that motor vehicles could be made kelp to cornstalks, pilot plants worldwide, economy. more efficient? What do you think of the claims of "Coal Gas: Old Wine, New Bottle," Science Di- inventors like Pat Goodman, who says simple water-

28 29 injection devices can bring about fuel economy in widespread use? If an inventor of a like device lives Detroit-made cars? in your area, you might invite him or her to address How can garbage from the cities be converted to the group. energy? Why haven't more cities developed meth- Gas from Coal? Oil Shale? Arrange a debate be- anc-gas facilities to convert garbage to energy? tween an environmentalist and a coal and/or oil Should governments offer tax incentives to pro- company representative on the environmental costs ducers and consumers of gasohol? of extracting methane gas from coal and/or oil shale. Do the benefits outweigh the costs? How can the environmental damage be minimized? Program Suggestions and Resources How Do Renewable Sources Stack Up? If you arc The Midas Touch with Garbage. Invite an official keeping an Energy Ratings Chart, add the renew- from a city that converts garbage to methane to talk able sources. What is energy expenditure to extract to the group about how the program was crca;cd and the energy? Can these sources substitute for oil? how well it is working. Could such a facility bc put How do they compare with direct solar energy? into operation in your community (if one hasn't Ethical Considerations. Ask a theologian or ethicist already)? What are the costs? How much energy to discuss with the group the benefits and disadvan- could bc supplied? How would it be delivered? tages of biomass conversion and extraction of oil Manure-Burning Cars? Heat from the Ground? from shale. Is use of renewable energy sources more Show and discuss the films Bates' Car and Bill ethical than consumption of fossil fuels? What if Loosely's Heat Pump, Are such devices really feas- extracting the energy causes pollution? Or if mate- ible? Why aren't more people using them? What rial used to create energy might have instead fed incentives might spur more such inventions and their someone who is hungry?

14 More Through Less: Effective Energy Use

We could lead lives as rich, healthy, and fulfillingwith as much comfort, and with more employment using half the energy now used. Continuation of our current wasteful course is spherically senseless: It doesn't make sense no matter how you look at it."Denis Hayes

A member of the Texas Railroad Commission re- uary, 1978, pp. 40-50: a sophisticated but readable cently said,This country did not conserve its way to examination of conservation of energy and other re- greatness. It produced itself to greatness." sources in home and industry; the effects of chains of distribution on energy expenditure. Background "Conservatopia, U.S.A.:' David Talbot, Mother From the Courses by Newspaper Reader Jones, August, 1979. pp. 37-41: how one community has made a concerted effort to save energy. Sec "The Case for Conservation" by Denis Haycs; "A National Energy Conservation Policy- by John "Home Energy Guide," Harry Wicks, et al., H, Gibbons and William U. Chandler; "Energy and Popular Mechanics, September. 1977, pi). 115-146: Jobs" by Andrew Brimmcr. 101 ways to beat home energy costs, with how-to- do-it directions on how to make energy- saving de- From Popular Periodicals vices, a section on solar energy. and a discussion of "Constraints on Encrgy Conservation." Willem new technologies. Van Gool, Physics Today, March, 1979, p. 9: a tech- Books to Review nical appraisal of the capital and energy trade-offs in conservation investments. Energy: The Case for Conservation, Denis Hayes, Washington, D.C.: Worldwatch Institute. 1976: an "Power to Save," M. Shielf... et al., Newsweek, examination of U.S. opportunities for improving February 26, 1979. pp. 63-64: A look at unergy cncrgy-usc efficiency. conservation in industry. Jobs and Energy, Richard Grossman and Gail "Thc Logic of Energy Conservation." Lcc Schip- Danckcr. Washington, D.C.: Environmentalists for per and Joe! Darmstadtcr, Technology Review, Jan- Full Employment. 1977: a study that concludes that

210 investments to save energy create more jobs than do How Does It All Work? In.rite a representative, investments in new energy production facilities. perhaps an engineer, from a factory using an energy- saving practice like cogeneration to explain the proc- Suggested Discussion Questions ess to the group. Is the company satisfied with it? What was its cost? How long will it take before it What specific incentives and penalties could the pays off? If there is time, perhaps a field trip to the federal government use to encourage energy con- factory might be arranged. servation? What might be the effects of such incentives and penalties on employment and the con- Recycling: Is It Worth It? Convene a panel consist- sumer? ing of a junk dealer, metallurgist, economist, and environmentalist to discuss recycling 'of materials, Do you agree with Denis Hayes' newspaper article How much energy does recycling save? What are the that we can reduce energy consumption without re- disadvantages? How can citizens recycle their bot- ducing economic output? How? tles, newspapers, and cans? Which Wheels to Use? Vicw the film Regina Tele- In what ways dots waste in packaging contribute bus, which describes a small-bus transit system. to energy shortages? Should companies be penalized Would such a system work in your community? De- for wasteful packaging by government regulation? velop a list of ways of saving energy in transporta- Should laws force soft drink companies to use re- tion, using suggestions from the group. You might turnable bottles rather than disposable ones? use information from Amtrak on energy-efficiency How can individuals conserve energy? How does of various transportation modes as an additional recycling of newspapers, glass, and aluminum cans source ( p. 44). save energy? (Note: it costs less to process scrap Consumer-Addict Anxiety. Ask a psychologist to than to start with new materials.) How are processed discuss with the group the anxiety engendered in foods energy-wasters? How much convenience can changing from a consuming society to a non-consum- or should be sacrificed for conservation? Are we ing one, from plenty to scarcity, from waste to obligated to save energy? Is Manned obsolescence of conservation. How can individuals deal with such manufactured goods morally justifiable in a period anxiety? How can they change their attitudes? Is of energy shortages? Why? consumption a kind of addiction? What psychological Program Suggestions and Resources factors are involved in a throwaway society's need to waste? Building Inspection. With an energy-conscious ar- Conservation Brainstorm. With the group make a chitect, take a trip through the building in which you list of the ways our society can save energy. Ex- hold your meetings to determine improvements that amples: vertical cities, natural products rather than could be made to conserve energy. (Members of the artificial ones used in manufacturing (c.g., cotton group might do a similar survey of their own homes, instead of polyester), energy-efficient buildings (win- after the meeting is over.) If there is time. ask the dows, not air-conditioning), garbage-to-methane architect to discuss how architectural design can save conversion plants, composting, hand labor rather energy. than machine labor.

31 30 15 Choosing Our Future: Choices and Tradeoffs

"The decisions we make today regarding the energy paths we choose to follow will alter the patterns of our liveswhere and how we live, work, play, and think our values and our institutions.... In the short run we will rely chiefly on conservation; in the longer run we will count on a 'technological fix.'. . . Each of these solutions holds forth promisesand problems."Melvin Ktunzberg

Of evils we must choose the least," said Aristotle native energy sources, government policy on energy. (384-322B.C.) Books to Review Background World Energy Survey,Ruth Leger Sivard. Lees- burg, Virginia: World Priorities. 1979: a data-filled, From the Courses by Newspaper Reader thoughtful analysis of the world energy situation in See **Looking Side ward?' by Norman Metzger; 1979 with projections and scope for action in the **Technology and the National Energy Plan: Offense future. or Defense?- by Gould. Inc.; "Energy and the Fu- Energy Future: The Report of the Harvard Business ture: Research Priorities and Energy Policy" by School Energy Project, editedby Robert Stobaugh Allen L. Hammond, William D. Metz, and Thomas and Daniel Yergin. New York: Random House, H. Maugh II; "The Risks of Growth" by Richard 1979: what seven Harvard Business School profes- Zeckhauser; The Choice Is Ours" by Energy Pol- sors have to say about our energy futureafter a six- icy Project of The Ford Foundation. year study; a strong statement in favor of conserva- From Popular Periodicals tion and solar energy development. "New Technologies for Tomorrow:* Jack Mc- Suggested Discussion Questions Wethy and Lowell McKirgan,Current,January, 1978, pp. 8-16: summary of new energy research If the nation were to adopt an energy policy favor-, including solar cells, thermonuclear fusion, "hot ing the "hard path," what would be the effects on rocks," and gasohol. the environment? On industry and workers? On consumers? Long- and short-term effects? **Stretching Electricity," Jean A. Briggs,Forbes, March 19,1979, pp. 86-88: the story of the develop- If the nation were to adopt an energy policy favor- ment of a unit that smooths peaks and valleys of ing the "soft path," how would it affect the environ- electricity demand, with the potential to cut the de- ment? Industry and workers? Consumers? Long- mand for oil by 200,000 barrels a day. and short-term effects? "Costly, Complexand Vital," "impact of How would the adoption of a "hard path" policy Dozen-Digit Spending," and "Lighting Up Syn- change American values? "Soft path"? fuel's Future,"Time, July30,1979, pp. 52-61: pos- Do you believe we can solve the energy problem? sible repercussions of President Carter's July. 1979, Flow? Through technology? Conservation? Exploi- energy proposals. tation of renewable resources? Solar power? **Anxiety, Uncertainty, and Energy:* Kenneth E. How much pollution are you willing to accept in Boulding.Society,January, 1978, pp.28-33: sug- exchange for more energy? gests a "technological lottery- to help solve energy problems. Program Suggestions and Resources "Energy Shortage at DOE," Janet Marinelli,En- Have Opinions Changed? Bring to the group the vironmental Action,November 4. 1978. pp.12-14: questionnaires they filled out in the first meeting (if, a critical review of the performance of the Depart- indeed, they did so), pass them out, then evaluate ment of Energy in its first year. with the group any changes in thinking they have "Energy: Roots of the Problem, Seeds of the experienced. What was responsible for those Solution," John F. Houlihan,Intellect,December, changes? Information garnered from the newspaper 1977, pp.237-240.stresses the fact that we are faced series? From other sources? (If your group did not with a shortage of "cheap supply- rather than "abso- fill out the questionnaire. you might conduct an lute supply"; suggests an energy plan. evaluation procedure now.) Scc also entire July/August, 1978. issue ofCurrent RatingtheRatings Chart.Evaluate the Ratings Historyfor articles analyzing energy problems, alter- Chart if the group has been keeping one. Which

31 32 energy source is the eleancst? Least dangerous? Most nario) based on energy plans of three kinds: "hard cost-effective in terms of energy used to obtain en- path," "soft path." "compromise.' What would be ergy? Most available now? In the future? What en- the effects of each in the next year, in ten years, in ergy source (or combination of sources) should be fifty years? exploited to meet our energy needs? Who Should Decide? Invite a panel to discuss the SelfSufficient in the City. View the film Down-to- formulation of en,Jrgy policy for the United States. Earth City Living or A City Farmstead. Do such You might include a historian. a sociologist, a philos- orojects provide at least a partial answer to the energy opher, a theologian, a statistician, an economist. an crunch? How many of the practices shown in the film environmentalist, an engineer, a power company rep- do members of the group use? Invite someone from a resentative, a businessman, and a government offi- similar nearby projectperhaps a commune or a cial. What might each contribute to energy policies? self-sufficient farm or energy-recycling utopiato What role should ethical considerations play? Effects talk to the group about the advantages and disadvan- on the poor? On future generations? On workers? tages of attempting to live in such a way. On lifestyle? How much should the Third World be considered? Can well-informed non-technical hu- Scenario Crystal Ball. Have the group develop two manists give the kind of input needed in formulating or three scenarios (perhaps the whole group might be energy policy? How? How can the electorate become broken up into sub-groups, each taking on one sce- better informed on energy issues?

33_

32 SECTION THREE Resources

This section has two parts. Part One is an annotated the traveling show, write to New Western Travel- list, in alphabetical order, of national organizations. ing Show, 226 Power Block Building, Helena, MT foundations, agencies, and groups that focus on 59601.) AERO also lobbies and works with local energy-related issues. Part Two is a list of State Hu- committees in communities seeking energy self- manities Offices. reliance. Membership ($10/year) includes a subscription to the monthly newsletter. AERO Sun- Times, and discounts on materials. Part One: List of Write to the Billings address to order materials: Organizations, Agencies, Single copies of AERO Sun-Times, $1.25. The Energy Show, a book of scripts, with music, and Groups drawings, and photographs, $3.30. These groups offer materials such as brochures, Mountain/Prairie Energy Vision, a set of 4 posters booklets, books, films, and slide presentations free showing renewable energy systems being used in a or for sale. Some are sources for speakers. Don't variety of situations, $3.75 per set. forget local sources: libraries. businesses, factories, A film, The New Western Energy Show, shows the power plants, unions, and ad hoc organizations traveling troupe on stage and behind the scenes: formed around a specific issue (e.g., opposition to rental, $40.00 for three days; purchase, $475from the building of a refinery). the Helena address.

Agency for International Development American Association for the Office of Public Affairs Advancement of Science Washington, DC 20523 1776 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20036 A branch of the Department of State, the Agency for International Development administers most of The American Association for the Advancement of the foreign economic assistance programs of the Science was founded in 1848. It publishes Science magazine, was instrumental in developing NOVA (a U.S. The energy needs of developing countries are weekly television series produced by WGB H /Boston among its concerns. for PBS), and has developed other programs in sci- Arrange for speakers through Speaker Services Staff ence education. at the above address; you pay for travel expenses, Its catalog, available from the above address, lists local transportation, and lodging. periodicals, books, tapes, and reprints. The follow- Agenda, a periodical issued by AID, is available free ing may be ordered from AAAS Publications Sales, through the Press and Publications Division. To ob- Department Q, 1515 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., tain a copy of the brochure AID's Challenge in an Washington, DC 20005. Interdependent World, write to the Office of Public Affairs. Energy: Use, Conservation, and Supply, edited by Philip H. Abelson; hardcover 0-87168-21a-3, Alternative Energy Resources Organization $10.00; paperback. 0-87168-223-0, $3.50 (anthol- (AERO) ogy of articles from Science). 435 Stapleton Building Energy and the Future, by Allen Hammond, William Billings, MT 59101 Metz. and Thomas Maugh II; 0-87168-211-7, $9.00 A nonprofit organization that promotes intelligent (a look at the scientific and technological basis of the use of renewable enegy sources, AERO sponsors a energy problems we have been facing). traveling show, New Western Energy Show (theater, Renewable Energy Resources and Rural Applications workshops, exhibits of energy devices), that covers in the Developing World, edited by Norman L. Montana. (If you live in Montana and wish to book Brown; 0- 89158- 433 -1. $12.50.

33 34 Solar Energy in America, by William D. Metz and Fuels from Biomass (N00675) Allen L. Hammond; hardcover, 0-87168-301-6, Liquefied Natural Gas (N00660). $18.50; paperback, 0-87168-238-9, $8.50. Natural Gas Energy and the Environment (N00650). Tapes are available from AAAS Cassettes, CEI3AR Communications, Inc., 2735 Central Street, Evans- Natural Gas from Unconventional Sources (N00655). ton, IL 60201. They include: This newsletter is free: Synthetic Natural Gas from 358-77T Fusion Power Its Promises and Prospects, Peat (N00690). $9. Free from the Public Information Division are studies 223-76T Energy and Food Production: Contempo- and analyses such as: rary Technology and Alternatives, $36. "A Forecast of the Economic Demand for Gas En- 250-76T Oil from the Oceans, Premises and Pros- ergy in the U.S. Through 1990." 2/79. pects, $18. "A Comparison of U.S. and World Remaining Gas 252-76T The Optimal Use of Nonreplenishible En- and Oil Resources," 1/79. ergy Resources, $18. "Prospects for Using Natural Gas in Light Transpor- 275-76T Solar Energy: An Interdisciplinary Societal tation Vehicles," 12/78. Opportunity, $36. An Economic Comparison of Gas/Solar House 79T-4381 Long-Term Energy Transition: Implica- Heating Systems versus Electric/Solar Systems," tions for Alternative Energy Strategies, $32. 9/78.

American Gas Association Films from the AGA include: 1515 Wilson Boulevard Pipeline People (G80069),13 minutes, color, sound, Arlington. VA 22209 16mm; $75.00, purchase. American Gas Association is the rational trade asso- A Well in West Virginia ( N80040). 15 minutes, color, ciation for about 300 gas transmission and distribu- sound, 16mm; $65.00. purchase; $10.00. preview tion companies, which account for about 85% of all (deductible if film purchased). gas delivered in the United States. It is a clearinghouse of information on gas energy, is a catalyst for Slides are also available: technical and energy policy matters, and speaks for The Energy Squeeze (511075)conservation of en- the industry on national issues. Write to William ergy in commercial buildings. 41 slides with script, Miller at the above address for information on the $40.00. AGA Speakers' Bureaus. Publications and kits. Natural Gas: Today and Tomorrow (G20175) pres- largely inexpensive., are available through the Order ent conditions and future sources of natural gas, and Billing Department, minimum order $5.00. Ex- LNG. and SNG, 79 slides with script, $10.00. amples: Saving Energy and Money, Too (850280). 75 slides Do You Know How to Save Energy? (N00150), a with script and cassette, $50.00. Quizmatic game. with board and 50 flyers, $10.00. All these materials except the free studies and analy- History of Natural Gas (N00430), comic book; 1-4 ses are listed in the AGA 1979 Publications Catalog, copies, 6 cents each; 5 or more copies. 4 cents each. frcc on request. Natural GasScience Behind Your Burner (N000- OW). educational kit with filmstrip and worksheets. American Institute of Architects wall map. wall chart; $1.75. Research Corporation 1735 Ncw York Avenue, N.W. The Story of Natural Gas Energy (N00480), 1-99 Washington, DC 20006 copies. each 50 cents; 100 or more copies. each 45 cents. Founded in 1972, this nonprofit research corporation has conducted more than 60 projects linking Newsletters, all 10 cents each for 1-99 copies, 7 architecture and energy. Among its clients have been cents each for 100 or more: the Federal Energy Administration and the U.S. Coal Gasification (N00665) Department of Energy. A descriptive brochure de- Drilling for Energy Offshore (N00670) scribing its work, most of which has centered on solar energy. is available free. Publications of inter- Energy Balances (N00685) est to laymen (free list from above address) can be Energy Conservation (N00680) ordered as follows:

34 From the American Institute of Architects Research Americans for Energy Independence Corporation Publications Department, above ad- 1629 K Street, N.W. dress. Attn: Rosalie Grattaroti: 12th Floor Identifying Climatic Design Regions and Assessing Washington, DC 20006 Climatic Impact on Residential Building Design,32 Americans for Energy Independence is a coalition of pages. $4.00 (somewhat technical, but informathe). business, labor, academic, scientific, industrial, con- Research and Design.Vol. II, No. 1, Winter, 1978 sumer, conservation, ethnic, and religious communi- quarterly publication.: $4.00 (issue devoted to pas- ties. It promotes energy independence for the United sive technology). States. new concepts (especially those which may yield short -term benefits), streamlined regulatory Vol. 1L No. 2, Spring. 1979 Research and Design, procedures, and realistic environmental safeguards. quarterly publication, $4.00 (issue devoted to climate and architecture). Its speakers are provided by National Speaker's Pro- gram, Edison Electric Institute, Underwood Jordan From American Institute of Architects Publications Ulish Associates, 230 Park Avenue, New York, NY Marketing. above address: 10017. Basics of Solar Healing and Hot Water Systems(#4- A list of publications may be ordered from the above RC209), $5.00. address. Examples arc: Energy Conservation in Building Design(#4-RC- Position Papers (1-500, 25 cents each): 201). $5.00. 2.Energy Conservation Imperatives. Solar Dwelling Design Concepts(#3-M311), $5.00. 3.Jobs and Energy: The Working Relationship. Solar Energy and Housing Design (#4-RC203). 4. Farm to Table: The Food-Energy Link. S15.00. 5. A Statement of Policy(first copy free, additional From Superintendent of Documents. Government 10 cents each). Printing Office. Washington, DC 20402: American Energy Choices Before the Year 2000, Regional Guidelies for Building Passive Energy Elihu Bergman, Hans A. Beihe, Robert E. Mar- Conserving Homes( #023 -00- 00481 -0),$5.25. shak. $8.00. Solar Heating and Cooling Demonstration Program, New Perspectives on the International Oil Supply, A Descriptive Summary of HUD Cycle I Solar Resi- edited by Bettina Silber and Elihu Bergman, $3.00 dential Projects (#023-000-00338-4),$1.15. proceedings of a conference sponsored by the A FEI. Solar Heating and Cooling Demonstration Program, January 30, 1979. A Descriptive Summary of HUD Cycle 2 Solar Resi- Readers Digest Series,set of 6 advertisements by the dential Projects(#023-000-00389-9). $2.35, AFE1. 25 cents. Solar Heating and Cooling Demonstration Program, Atomic Industrial Forum A Descriptive Summary of HUD Cycle 3 Solar Resi- 7101 Wisconsin Avenue dential Projects (#023-000-00418-6),$3.50. Washington. DC 20014 The American Wind Energy Association The Atomic Industrial Forum, composed of organi- 1621 Connecticut Avenue. N.W. zations and individuals interested in the development Washington. DC 20009 and utilization of commercial nuclear cncrgy, is a The American Wind Energy Association, open to nonprofit organization which collects and analyzes anyone interested it wind energy, is a nonprofit information for its membership and the public. For corporation established in 1974 to promote wind speakers. contact Marie Dunklc at the above address. energy as a renewable and non-polluting energy The organization publishes a monthly newsletter. source and to act as a central agency for information INFO, free on request. Single copiesof brochures can about wind cncrgy. Membership in the association, also be obtained free, through the AIF Publications which costs $25 annually, includes a subscription to Office: the newsletter.Windletter. A brochure, which includes detailed information on Insuring Nuclear Risks. the economics of wind energy, other publications, Nuclear Reactor Safety, dealers and distributors of wind machines, and the federal wind energy program. is free on request for Recycling Nuclear Fuel. 1-9 copies: 10-99 copies cost 50 eons each. Uranium: Energy for the Future.

35 36 Protecting Nuclear Power Plants. The Minerals Challenge, color, 27 minutes. Plutonium in Perspective. The Moving EarthThe Story of Mined Land Sub- The Savings with Nuclear Energy. sidence Control, color, 27 minutes. How Nuclear Plants Work. News releases from the Bureau describe research, such as new technologies for gasification from coal Managing Nuclear Waste. and remote recovery of uranium ore. Request cur- Shipping Nuclear Fuel. rent releases through the Washington office.

The catalog Audio-Visuals on Energy (free) lists Bureau of Reclamation films on nuclear energy in particular as well as on United States Department of the Interior energy in general. Several of the films are available Washington, DC 20240 on loan or for purchase through Marge Wasson at Atomic Industrial Forum: The Bureau of Reclamation was established by Con- gress in 1902 to develop water and related land re- Atomic Power Today (16mm, color, 15 minutes); sources in the arid and semiarid Western United produced for the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission States. One of its purposes is to provide hydroelec- in 1967, free loan. tric power generation. Atomic Power Today: Service with Safety (16mm, Arrangements for a speaker can be made through color, 28 minutes); produced for A1F and the U.S. Carlos Whiting at the above office. Atomic Energy Commission in 1966; free loan. Available free are: Now That the Dinosaurs Are Gone (16mm, color, 26 minutes); 1974 views of Drs. Ralph Lapp, Norman The Third PowerplantGrand Coulee Dam. Rasmussen, and Dixy Lee Ray; $25 rental (also Principal Power FacilitiesWestern United States available for purchase). No. X-D-4164 (map). Nuclear Power: An Introduction (videotape/16mm, Using Water to Save Oil. color, 18 minutes); 1975 presentation by Dr. E. Tying Solar to Hydro. Lynn Draper: purchase only: 314" cassette, I/2" or 1" open reel, $150; 16mm film, $200. Solar Energy from Hydropower. Nader-Rasmussen Luncheon Debate (videotape, Wind and Water: Partners in Power, Lawrence L. color, 60 minutes); 1976 National Press Club de- Nelson (reprint from Bureau periodical, ERA). bate; $150, purchase. Films may be obtained from Bureau of Reclamation, The film catalog lists more than 50 items, films and Film Management Center, Building 67, Denver Fed- slide presentations produced by government agen- eral Center, Denver, CO 80225: cies, regional power companies, and film companies. The Story of Hoover Dam, 28 minutes. Bureau of Mines Power for a Nation, 28 minutes. United States Department of the Interior Powerplant, 12 minutes (construction of the Third 2401 E Street, N.W. Powerplant at Grand Coulee Dam). Washington, DC 20241 Center for Energy Policy and Research Created by Congress in 1910, the Bureau of Mines is New York Institute of Technology now primarily a research and statistics agency. Old Westbury, NY 11568 Speakers are available through Statc Liaison Offi- cers (see list in their booklet, The State Liaison Pro- Established by the New York Institute of Technology gram of the Bureau of Mines). to act as a research institution and an information Free publications, which you can order through center, the Center for Energy Policy and Research works with public and private organizations to de- Branch of Publications Distribution. 4800 Forbes termine the best policies of energy utilization and Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, include: conservation for the United States. The Center Mining Research (covers environmental effects of operates a national information clearinghouse for coal mining, reclamation technology). the Energy Extension Service of the U.S. Depart- Clean Power from Coal: The Bureau of Mines Citrate ment of Energy and has aided in the development of Process. a national energy information facility for the Energy and Education Action Center of the U.S. Office of Films are available on loan from Motion Pictures, at the Pittsburgh address; a film catalog is free. Ex- Education. amples are: Write for fact sheets:

36 3'7 Energy Walk-Through Audithome energy-saving Chamber of Commerce of the United States improvements rated in terms of cost and energy 1615 H Street, N.W. savings. Washington, DC 20062 Homeowners Energy Check List-101 Ways to Save A pro-business, anti-inflation watchdog organiza- Money by Saving Energy. tion, the Chamber of Commerce of the United States is not affiliated with the federal government. The Two television programs on video cassettes may be Chamber established Citizen's Choice, a national tax- available. Check with Ncw York Tcch Energy Hot payer lobby. Energy is one of the issues the group ad- Line (516) 686-7744. dresses; it promotes productivity through energy and Solar Energy 7bduy, 55 minutes, color. 3/4" video materials conservation. cassette. A newsletter Resources & Environment is 'ssued by Energy conservation in Residential Construction, 25 the Resources and Environmental Quality Division minutes, color, 3/4" videocassette. of the Chamber. A Directory of Publications is available. Also available is the Statement of the Chamber on Oil Price Decontrol delivered by Harold Short to Center for Renewable Resources/Solar Lobby 1001 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. the Energy and Power Subcommittee, House Inter- Fifth Floor state and Foreign Commerce Committee, on May Washington, DC 20036 31. 1979. After the first Sun Day on May 3, 1978, the Center Citizens' Energy Project for Renewable Resources and the Solar Lobby were 1110 Sixth Street, N.W. formed to continue the solar movement. The Center Washington, DC 20001 for Renewable Resources has helped to create a nationwide network of local and regional solar advo- This is an activist "soft path" group, sponsor of cates and acts as a clearinghouse for solar informa- MATNET ( Mid-Atlantic Appropriate Technology tion. The Solar Lobby concentrates on promoting Network), an association of citizen groups, small the cause of solar energy in Washington; it publishes businesses, and others who want to p romote applica- Sun Times, which contains advice on how to use tion of appropriate technologies in the Middle At- solar energy now. Membership in the Solar Lobby is lantic states. Waite for more information about this $15 annually and includes a subscription to Sun group to MATNET at the above address. Times. Among publications offered by Citizens' Energy Project (a publications list is available) are: Publications (a listing is available) may be ordered from the above address; make checks payable to Citizens' Energy Directory, 1979 Edition (annotated "Sundries" and add 15% for handling. Examples: listing of more than 600 individuals and organizations working on alternative energy technologies), Blueprint for a Solar America, a cooperative effort price not yet released. with Common Cause, the Conservation Foundation, Environmental Action, the Environmental Policy Energy: the Solar Prospect, $2.00. Center, the National Resources Defense Council. *Solar Economics Revisited, 60 cents, and the Sierra Club, $2.00. *Solar Commercialization, $1.00. Sources of Funds for Solar Activists, Anita Gunn, 'Case Against Utility Involvement in Solar Commer- $2.50. cialization, $1.20. A Survey of Model Programs: State and Local Solar! *Solar Cells, $1.00. Conservation Projects, Anita Gunn, $2.50. *Homeowner's Guide to Passive Solar, $1.00. A Directory of Federal Sources of Information on Solar Energy, Janet Dierker, $2.50. 'Hazards of Solar Energy, $1.00. Solar Energy Bibliography for Elementary, Secon- 'Solar Power Satellites, 80 cents. dary and College Students, Beth Wagner. $2.50. 'Solar Energy and Jobs, 65 cents. Solar Energy Education Packet for Elementary and 'Solar and the Poor, 45 cents. Secondary Students, Beth Wagner, editor. $3.75 includes activities (over 25 simple projects showing *Solar Organizing Strategies, 45 cents. solar energy at work, for instance) and a bibliog- Solar Compendiumincludes all items starred (*) raphy. in this list plus more. $7.50.

37 Solar Timetable, Denis Hayes. $2.00. Tips for the Motorist, 519G, free. Geothermal Energy, 95 cents. Rideshare and SaveA Cost Comparison, 512G. Appropriate Technology Resources, 70 cents. free. Bioconversion, 95 cents. Buying Solar, 055G, $1.85. A Guide to Community Energy Self.Reliance, to be In the Bank or Up the Chimney? 056G. $1.70. priced. Industrial Energy Conservation, 95 cents. Council on Environmental Quality 722 Jackson Place, N.W. Appropriate Community Technologies Sourcebook, Washington. DC 20006 to be priced. The mandate for the Council on Environmental Nuclear Power and Civil Liberties.' Can We Have Quality came from the National Environmental Both? $7.00. Policy Act. The CEO provides recommendations to Direct Action List (anti-nuclear power groups). the President and the Department of Energy on envi- $1.00. ronmental matters. Its publications are available Wood Energy, 90 cents. from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Gov- ernment Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. Lifestyle Index, $2.00. (This is discussed in Dorothy Pertinent to energy issues are: Newman's CbN newspaper article, *Our Energetic Lifestyle.") Energy and the EnvironmentElectric Power (PREX14.2 :En8/4). Concern. Inc. Environment and Conservation in Energy Research 2233 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W. and Development: Assessing the Adequacy of Federal Washington, DC 20007 Programs (040-000-00373-8). Concern, inc., whose purpose is to serve as an in- Oil and Gas in Coastal Lands and Waters (040 -000- formation resource for environmental issues and 00386-0). raise the public's awareness about them, cospon- sored (with the Energy Research and Development Solar Energy: Progress and Promise (041-011- Administration) the Bicentennial Solar Exhibit. h is 00036-0), $2.30. a nonprofit group, funded by annual membership dues, grants. contributions, and sales of its publica- Critical Mass Energy Project tions. A yearly membership ($15.00) includes cur- Post Office Box 1538 rent newsletters and pamphlets. The pamphlets, Washington, DC 20013 which present concise information on four to eight narrow pages. are available also at $1.00, a complete A Public Citizen (Ralph Nader) organization, the listing is printed on the back of Concern's descriptive Critical Mass Energy Project, a Citizen Action brochure. Among those on energy are: Group, has been active since 1974. Essentially a watchdog organization, it has been involved in sev- New Energy Technologies for Buildings. eral energy-related issues nuclear energy, energy Federal Energy Resources: Protecting the Public conservation, and renewable energy sources. Trust. Critical Mass Journal, a monthly publication, sells Consumer Information Center for 65 cents an issue or $7.50 for an annual subscrip- General Services Administration tion. Pueblo. CO 81009 A list of other publications is available. Among them Established in1970, the Consumer Information arc: Center encourages federal agencies to provide infor- Citizen Action packet on the transportation of radio- mation of interest to consumers and seeks to in- active materials, $1.00. crease public awareness of that information. Order free publications by marking FREE on the enve- Nuclear Plants: The More They Build The More You lope; order publications for sale from R. Woods. Pay, $5.00. The Consumer Information Catalog is free and in- Energy and Jobs, $1.00. cludes publications such as: Starter packet for citizens interested in nuclear energy, Tips for Energy Savers, 610G. free. $1.00. Gasoline: More Miles Per Gallon, 5180. free, Citizen's Handbook on Solar Energy, $3.00.

38 39 Edison Electdc Institute tute is vol'intarily funded by more than 500 utilities, 1111 19th Street representing about 80% of the electric power pro- Washington, DC 20036 duetiop capacity in the United States. The Institute does research, exchanges information, seeks solu- A trade association of investor-owned electric utility companies, Edison Electric Institute serves as an in- tions to environmental problems related to electric power. (Ask for formation exchange and a liaison link with the gov- EPRI, Electric Power Research In- ernment. It has been in existence since 1933. stitutefor more information.) To make arrangements for EEI speakers, contact Available without charge in quantities up to 100 are EEI National Speakers Program, Underwood Jor- reprints fromEPRI Journallistedin Information dan Ulish Associates, 230 Park Avenue, New York, Service, EPRI.Examples: NY 10017. Coal: Keystone of Energy Fuels,August, 1977. Single copies of the following publications are free: Capturing a Star: Controlled Fusion Power,Decem- ber, 1977. You and Your Electric Company,EE1 Pub. No. 78-47. Spinning a Turbine with Sunlight,March, 1978. Guide to Wise Use of Energy for Electric Heating and Solar Homes: The Winning Combination,March. Cooling,EEL Pub. No. 76-1. 1978. Coal, Answers to Your Questions,EE1 Pub. No. The Birth and Early History of Nuclear Power,July/ 78-33. August. 1978. All-Weather Comfort Guidelines,EEI Pub. No. 76- Coal Gasification for Electric Utilities,April, 1979. 35. Scanning the Research Agenda,January/February, Emerging Energy Technologies,EEI Pub. No. 78-46. 1979. 104 Ways to Control Your Electric Bill, EEL Pub. Special issues ofEPRI Journalsalso are available: No. 76-20. Solar Technology Today,March, 1978 (C-7), for example. Nuclear Power,EEI Pub. No. 78-24. New Technologies for Electric Energy: A Timetable is Our Energy Problems and Solutions(by Energy Conservation Research). a wall poster showing estimated lengths of time tor realizing energy options (C-2). Five paperback books, theDecisionmakers Book- Reprints of speeches by EPRI executives may be shelfseries. are available: ordered free (list in publications catalog). The Transitional Storm,76-65. $1.95. For information on slide/audio cassette prcscnta- Future Economic Growth,L. T. Iglehart, Jr., 77 -24. tions, write the Institute. Among the titles: $1.95. Electric Power Research Institute: An Overview. FutureQuest,Robert Thcobald, et al., 77-25. $1.95. Solar Program. We Can Save Ourselves,Lloyd R. Bryant, $1.95. Geothermal. Ethics and Energy,Fred J. Abate. et al.. 79-27A. Underground Transmission. $2.50. Health Effects and Biomedical Studies. The following films are available for free preview or for sale from distributors listed with the tides: Energy Task Force Exploring Electric Energy, 16mm, 18 minutes, 156 Fifth Avenue $200.00 (distributor: Kevin Donovan Films, 44 Treat New York, NY 10010 Road, Box 309. Glastonbury, CT 06033). Since 1975. the Energy Task Forcea group of Energy Realities,16mm. 22 minutes, $135.00 (dis- energy designers and educators has been working tributor. Film Counselors, Inc., Attn. J. Dalton, 500 in outreach projects in urban low-income communi- Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10036). ties. They have built. with esidents of those communities, energy conservation, solar energy, and wind Electric Power Research institute electric systems. They seek to give low-income peo- 1750 New York Avenue. N.W. ple skills and information necessary to become more Suite 835 energy conscious, conservation conscious, techno- Washington. DC 20006 logically sophisticated. politically aware, and eco- Foundcd in 1972, the Electric Power Research I nsti- nomically solvent.

39 1 0 You may arrange for a speaker through the Out- Three E's, #04900, 28 minutes. 16mm, color. (The reach Coordinator at the above address; specify the E's are energy, economics, and environment.) educational levels and interests of your group as well World Beneath the Sea, #04904, 28 minutes, 16mm. as a possible topic for discussion. color. Single copies of pamphlets and manuals are free: Faces of Energy, #04906, 28 minutes, 16mm, color. E.T. F. Report on Escalating Energy Costs of Rent Refinery, #4879, 16 minutes, 16mm, color. Stabilized Apartment Buildings: The Abandoment Crisis and its Solution. Nuclear Energy: Power for Today and Tomorrow, #4884, 28 minutes, 16mm, color. Now to Stay Warm This Winter (in English and Spanish). The Ford Foundation No Hect No Rent. 320 East 43rd Street New York, NY 10017 Windmill Power for City People. A private, philanthropic institution, The Ford Foun- Alternate Currents, a newsletter that reports on en- dation seeks to "produce significant advances on se- ergy and technology appropriate for New York City lected problems of national and international impor- neighborhoods, is free to nonprofit organizations. tance.- One of those concerns is energy. In 1952, the Foundation established a separate research organ- Environmentalists for Full Employment ization, Resources for the Future (see p. 46), which Room 305. 1101 Vermont Avenue, N.W. has conducted several studies on the conservation of Washington, DC 20005 energy and national resources. In 1976, 21 scientists A national organization, Environmentalists for Full and scholars conducted a major study of nuclear Employment believes that safe, socially useful jobs power; a study of coal and other energy options is and protection of the environment are compatible now under way, along with a solar energy study at goals. Publications include: Princeton University. Jobs and Energy, Richard Grossman and Gail Dane- Write to the Office of Reports. at the above address. ker. $2. for a list of Foundation publications and films, as well as the booklets Current interests of the Ford Jobs and Energy Update, 50 cents. Foundation and Ford Foundation Grants in Re- Jobs and the Environment, unpriced, fall. 1979. sources and Environment. Most of the Foundation books are published by Ballinger Publishing Com- Exxon Company, U.S.A. pany and are available in bookstores. Order copies Post Office Box 2180 of Exploring Energy Choices: A Preliminary Report Houston, TX 77001 (X04. 75 cents each. 1-49 copies; 60 cents each for A multinational corporation. Exxon is primarily a 50 or more copies) from The Ford Foundation, P.O. petroleum enterprise. though it is active in develop. Box 559, Naugatuck, CT 06770. ing other energy sources. including coal. tar sand. uranium, and a fabrication plant for nuclear fuel. Forest Service United States Department of Agriculture For speakers. contact the Public Affairs office at the P.O. Box 2417 above address. Free publications are available from Washington. DC 20013 the same office: The Forest Service is "dedicated to principles of Coal: Energy Bridge to the Future. multiple use management of the na.ion's forest re- Pocket Data on Exxon and the Oil industry. sources, for sustained yields of water, forage. wild- Drive like there's no tomorrow. life, wood, and recreation." It manages the National Forests and National Grasslands, does forestry re- Exxon Company, U.S.A.'s Energy Outlook 1979- search.. and cooperates with the states and private 1990. forest owners. Exxon, USA (a quarterly publication). Arrange for speakers through John Zerbe, U.S. D. A. Free Exxon films iln available on loan. Ask for a Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. Energy listing from the above address. Order from Exxon and Chemicals from Forests Program, P.O. Box Film Library. Modern Talking Picture Service. Inc.. 5130. Madison, WI 53705. or John Hornick, 2323 Ncw Hyde Park Road, New Hyde Park, NY U.S.D.A. Forest Service Timber Management at the 11040. Examples: above address. 41 40 Single copies of the following are available. free. tial to develop energy and mineral resources, identi- from the Madison office: fies targets of exploration and technological research. classifies federal lands for power potential, and super- Field Offices of the Forest Service(FS-13). vises oil, gas. and mineral lease operations on federal Energy and Chemicals from Forests(U.S. Govern- and Indian lands as well as on the Outer Continental ment Printing Office 1978-752-936). Shelf. One of its major purposes is toassure conserva- What the Forest Service Does(FS-20). tion of resources and the environment. Saving Energy in the Older Home (15000-3M9T001- Though the Survey has no speaker's bureau, some of 78). the scientists at Survey offices might be willing to A film catalog (FS-31) is available free and tells how address your group. For a listing of these offices, to borrow films. write forPublic Inquiries Offices of the U.S. Geologi- cal Survey(1978-261-226/25) at the U.S. Govern- Friends of the Earth ment Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. 620 C Street, S.E. Limited quantities of Survey publications (listed in Washington, DC 20003 Popular Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey) Friends of the Earth lobbies for environmental is- may be obtained by writing to the above address; sues. It opposes nuclear power plants and supports bulk orders must be ordered from the U.S. Govern- solar energy and other clean, renewable sources. ment Printing Office. Titles include: Amory Lovins, author ofSoft Energy Paths,is The United States Geological Survey (USGS:1NF-74- Friends of the Earth's London representative. Regu- 2-R-2). lar membership in the orianization costs $25 and includes a subscription to the newspaperNot Man Sources of Information, Products, and Services of the Apartand a 20% discount on books. U.S. Geological Survey(U.S. Government Printing Office: 1978-261-226/55). Two pamphlets are available at 10 centseach: Are Nuclear Plants Dangerous?andNuclear Insurance: Guide to Obtaining Information froH tke USGS Questions and Answers. (Geological Survey Circular 777). A publications catalog is free from Friends of the Nuclear Energy Resources: A Geologic Perspective. Earth, 124 Spear Street. San Francisco, California Inspection of Petroleum Operation on the Outer Con- 94105, the address from which orders are filled. tinental Shelf. Some of their booksare: Oil Shale: A Potential Source of Energy. The Energy Controversy: Soft Path Questions and Films are listedin Motion Picture Film Services of the Answers,Amory Lovins and his critics (edited by U.S. Geological Survey.The following may be bor- Hugh Nash). compiled from two volumes of pub- rowed free through Branch of Visual Services, U.S. lished testimony from Senate hearings: cloth, $12.50; Geological Survey, 303 National Center, Reston, paper, $6.95. VA 22092: The Energy and Environment Bibliography,pre- Consensus for Concern,27 minutes, 16mm, color pared by Betty Warren; $3.50. shows the Survey's efforts in supervision of oil and Sun! A Handbook for the Solar Decade,edited by gas operations on the Outer Continental Shelf. Stephen Lyons; $2.95. EROS: Response to a Changing World,14 minutes, Progress As If Survival Mattered,edited by Hugh 16mm, colordescribes Earth Resources Observa- Nash: $6.95. tion Systems (EROS) Program. managed by the Sur- Only One Earth,by Amory Lovins; $3.95. vey, and use of information from its satellites. Write to Friends of the Earth (Washington address) Institute for Ecological Porgies if you wish to showThe Plutonium Connection,a 60- 1413 K Street, N.W., 8th Floor minute film from a NOVA specialone copy is Washington. DC 20005 available for free loan (you pay shipping costs). The Institute for Ecological Policies is a nonprofit organization working on energy policy and environ- Geological Survey. National Center mental and consumer issues. It publishes a maga- United States Department of the Interior zine.People & Energy,which contains news of citi- Reston, VA 22092 zen action on energy and appropriate technology as The Geological Survey is a federal research and fact- well as articles (example: "Alcohol FuelsA Criti- finding agency. which appraises the national poten- cal Analysis"). Subscriptions are $;2 for individuals

41 42 and nonprofit groups. Reprints are available as fol- Steel Scrap Saves Energy arc also free, as arc several lows: fact sheets and reprints. "Sober Look at Alcohol Fuels" and "Buiid Your Available on free loan is a film, Scrap: The Super- Own Still," February. 1979, $1.25. natural Resource (16mm, color, 28 minutes), which "Solar in Industry and Agriculture," April, 1978, 70 documents the environmental savings in using scrap cents. instead of ore to make new products. You can obtain it by writing: Modern Talking Picture Service, 2323 "Nuclear Fusion: Boon or Boondoggle,' 50 cents. i New Hyde Park Road, New Hyde Park, NY 11040. "Energy Subsidies: A Primer for Tax Reformers," A slide film, It's Our Choice (11 minutes, color), 50 cents. -/ which describes the scrap industry's efforts to solve "Making Transportation Energy Go Further" (mass environmental problems by recycling metallic solid transit survey), 50 cents. waste and emphasizes conservation and beautifica- "Wind: Big Companies Blow lt," 50 cents. tion, is available on free loan from the Institute at the above address. "Communities Fight High-Voltage Lines," 50 cents. League of Women Voters of the United States Institute for Policy Studies 1730 M Street, N.W. 1901 0 Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20036 Washington, DC 20009 In existence since 1920, the League of Women Vot- Described by Change magazine in May, 1978, as "a ers of the United States provides services to all vot- left-leaning Washington think tank," the Institute ers. Though it encourages active participation in for Policy Studies was founded in 1963 by Marcus politics and takes political action on issues, it does Raskin and Richard Barnet, both of whom had not support candidates or political parties. Its stance worked as government aides. Founder Barnet says, on energy is to promote oil price decontrol and "What we're doing is pointing out what's irrational windfall profits tax and to oppose oil shale technolo- in our society before it becomes part of the conven- gies, the creation of an energy trust fund, and plow- tional wisdom." The Institute is interested in the back tax proceeds to oil companies. political aspects of energy and is in favor of on-site solar-heating systems. Some, but not all, local Leagues offer speakers on energy issues. Contact your local headquarters to Its Resource Catalog lists books and films available find out. from the above address. Those on the energy issue are: The League offers several excellent publications, which are listed in a free catalog. (For $10,00 a year, Middle East Oil and the Energy Crisis, Joseph Stork, you can subscribe to the Publications Service, which $5.95. will automatically bring you all new publications.) Public Policies for the 80's: Perspectives and Re- Discounts for multiple-copy orders are available, sources for State and Local Action, edited by Lee and all orders must be prepaid. Some examples of Webb. $9.95. (Energy is one of the issues discussed.) League publications are: Film: Jacobs and the Nuclear Gang, Saul Landau Energy Dilemmas: An Overview of U.S. Energy and Jack Willis, 1 hour, 16mm, color (write for in- Problems and Issues, #688, $1.00. formation). Dramatic story of an investigative re- Energy Options: Examining Sources and Defining porter's research into the dangers of low-level radia- Government's Role, #628, $1.00. tion. Citizens and Energy: The National Issues, #575, 50 Institute of Scrap Iron and Steel, Inc. cents. 1627 K Street, N.W. The Impacts of Western Coal Development, #165, Washington, DC 20006 40 cents. Founded in 1928, the Institute of Scrap Iron and Energy and Our Coasts: The 1976 Coastal Zone Steel is a trade association of processors and brokers Managements (includes energy issues related to of ferrous and non-ferrous scrap. Their periodical. coastline. development), #699, 40 cents. Phoenix Quarterly, often contains articles on how resource recovery conserves energy, and is available Onshore Impact of Offshore Oil, #661, 40 cents. free upon request. Mining on Federal Lands, #555. 25 cents. The folder Mines Above GroundScrap: The Super- Coal Use and Cleats Air: Goals in Colhston? #179, natural Resource and booklet Recycling Iron and 30 cents.

42 43 Energy, Jobs and the Environment Package, #176, Solar, An Annotated Bibliography,Publication No. $3.95 (11 related publications). B001. Energy Factsheets(two-page briefs on energy prob- Organizing Community Gardens, Bibliography,Pub- lems): Nos. 1-21, 15 cents each; Nos. 22-24, 20 lication No. B003. cents each; Energy Kit of one copy each of all Energy Economic Development, Bibliography,Publication Factsheets in print, #552, $1.00. Write for complete No. B004. list of Factsheets. Buildings and Energy, Bibliography,Publication No. National Cancer Institute B005. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health Alternative Waste Systems, Bibliography,Publication Department of Health, Education, and Welfare No. B006. Bethesda, MD 20014 , Methane from Anaerobic Fermentation of Manure, The National Cancer Institute is the U.S. Govcin- An Annotated Bibliography,Publication No. B007. ment's major agency for research on cancer. It was establishedin1937. To arrange for a speaker, per- National Coal Association haps to discuss the health effects of low-level radia- 1130 17th Street, N.W. tion and/or pollutants from the burning of various Washington, DC 20036 fuels, write at least six weeks in advance to National Created during a World War I energy crisis, the Cancer Program Speakers Bureau, Office of Cancer National Coal Association is a trade organization of Communications, National Cancer Institute, Build- producers, sellers, and transporters of coal, as well ing 31 Room 4B43, Bethesda, MD 20014. as other companies and individuals with a stake in Write to the above address forStatement by Arthur the coal industry. C. Upton, M.D., Director, National Cancer Institute, Among its publications, available from the associa- on Carcinogenic Hazards of Low-Level Radiation. tion headquarters at the above address, are:

National Center for Appropriate Technology "Coal," an article reprinted fromThe World Book Post Office Box 3838-3040 Continental Drive Encyclopedia,22 cents. Butte, MT 59701 What Everyone Should Know About Coal Gasifica- or tion,11 cents. 815 15th Street. N.W. Map of Coal Areas in the United States, 9cents. Washington, DC 20015 The Energy Answer,no priee given. Funded by the United States Community Services Administration. the National Center for Appropriate Using Coal/ Moving Coal(wall chart), 12 cents. Technology is an independent, non-profit corpora- Mining for Coal(wall chart), 12 cents. tion devoted to the development and application of Coal kit, 91 cents. appropriate technologies to the needs of low-income people and the promotion of locally based programs Filmstrip. $1.29. utilizing appropriate energy alternatives. The Center National Council of the Churches of Christ provides grants, does technical research, gives field Division of Church and Society support, and provides information. 475 Riverside Drive, Room 572 Non - technical publications are free. available from New York, NY 10027 the Butte office. You may want to write for One of the purposes of the National Council of the Passive Solar Heat for New home Construction,Pub- Churches of Christ, a cooperative agency of Chris- lication No. 014. tian churches, is to "study and speak and act on Heating with Wood,Publication No. 016. conditions and issues in the nation and world which involve moral, ethical, and spiritual principles inher- The Solar Survey. ent in the Christian gospel." One of those issues is The Values of Appropriate Technology and Visions energy. The Council has recently developed an En- for a Saner World,Isao Fujimoto, Publication No. ergy Education Project, with accompanying mate- 010, rials; its principal investigator, Katherine D. Seel- Something Old, Something New, Something Bor. man, is available for speaking assignments. rowed, Something Due: Women and Appropriate NCCC Energy Publications (free order form avail- Technology, Volume !, No.1,August, 1978. able) include:

43 11 Energy and Ethics: The Ethical Implications of En- Energy and Transportation (Amtrak FACTS)anal- ergy Production and Use; $1.00 each for 1-24 copies; ysis of fuel efficiency of various modes of transporta- 80 cents each for 25 or more. tion. The Energy Suppliers: A Guide to America's Oil, The Current and Future Savings of Energy Attribut- Natural Gas, Coal and Electric Utility Industries, Car- able to Amtrak another analysis of fuel efficiency ter Henderson; $1.00 each for 1-24 copies; 80 cents of trains as compared to other transportation modes. each for 25 or more. National Solar Heating and Cooling Energy and the New Poverty, edited by Katherine Information Center Seelman with David Dodson Gray; $1.00 each for Post Office Box 1607 1-24 copies: 80 cents each for 25 or more. Rockville. MD 20850 Make checks payable to NCCC Energy Project; or- Established by the Department of Housing and Ur- der from NCCC Energy Project at the above address. ban Development in cooperation with the Energy National Institute for Occupational Research Development Administration (now the Safety and Health Department of Energy). the National Solar Heating Department of Health. Education, and Welfare and Cooling Information Center seeks to bring about 5600 Fishers Lane public awareness of the feasibility of solar energy use Rockville, MD 20857 and to encourage the public and industry to consider solar energy systems. Operating within HEW according to provisions of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, the Na- In addition to publications (a listing is available), it tional Institute of Occupational Safety and Health is offers speakers and traveling exhibits. You can also responsible for research in the national effort to arrange to be put on a computerized mailing list to eliminate on-the-job hazards that endanger the receive information about solar energy according to health and safety of U.S. workers, for identifying several interest categories. those hazards, and for recommending changes in The Center can be reached by phone through a toll- regulations limiting them. It also conducts a health free number: 800-523-2929, in Pennsylvania 800- program specified in the federal Coal Mine Health 462 -4983. and Safety Act of 1969. The New Alchemy Institute Most of its publications are quite technical. How- Post Office Box 47 ever, Part of the Human Condition (DHEW Publica- Woods Hole, MA 02543 tion No. 78-137), written for laymen. describes health and safety problems resulting from coal min- One of the concerns of this small, international or- ing. coal gasification, uranium mining and milling, ganization, which emphasizes small-scale solutions, coal-tired power plants. mining oil shale. and other is the development of ecologically derived forms of energy gathering and processing: it also tells how nergy. A subscription membership ($10) includes NIOSH operates. the annual Journal of the New Alchemists and newsletters. Copies of the Journals may be ordered for $7 National Railroad Passenger Corporation each. Both the Second and Third Journals contain (AMTRAK) articles on windmills; the Fourth Journal emphasizes 400 North Capitol Street. N.W. bioshelters: the Fifth Journal has three articles on Washington, DC 20001 wind power. Amtrak was established by Congress to provide inter- A film, The New Alchemists, describing their uto- city rail passenger service for the United States in pian community (28 minutes, 40 seconds), is avail- 1971. It is primarily a contractor buying services able through Benchmark Films, 145 Scarborough. from 19 railroads, over which it operates. except for Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510. some routes on the Northeast Corridor. For information about available speakers and to order publi- Oqk Ridge Associated Universities cations. write to L. Fletcher Prouty at the above Post Office Box 117 address. Oak Ridge, TN 37830 Publications, which are free, include: Not a university at all. Oak Ridge Universities is a nonprofit corporation of 45 institutions of higher The hnpact of the Energy Crisis Upon Passenger learning, which works primarily for the Department Travel in the U.S.A.: 1978-1990. of Energy conducting educational programs, Background on Amtrak, research, and training.

44 el 5 The American Museum of Science and Energy's Application of Solar Technology to Today's Energy Museum Division offers staffed and unstaffed travel- Needs, Volume 1(No.052-003-005939-5). Volume ing exhibits on energy: sample titles -- 'Energy En- II(No. 052-003-00608-1). counters," "American Energy Pie," "Solar Energy Applications." "Magnetic Fusion Energy." "Energy Overseas Development Council and the Environment." "Nuclear Facts." The Mu- 1717 Massachusetts Avenue, 14.W. seum, in Oak Ridge. offers demonstrations, exhibits, Washington. DC 20036 and displays which tell the story of energy. Write to Overseas Development Council is a nongovernmen- the Museum Division for more information. tal organization devoted to increasing American The Energy Education Division offers traveling dem- understanding of developing countries. To arrange onstration programs: "This Atomic World," "En- for a speaker. write the Director of Public Informa- ergy Today and Tomorrow," and a new program tion. "Energy Adventure," which explains direct uses of A publications list is available from the Council. fossil fuels and emphasizes conservation. Materials on energy include: To receive copies ofInstitute for Energy Analysis Energy and Development: An International Ap- News,published four times a year, write to the Insti- proach,James W. Howe and William Know land, tute. This periodical often contains interesting, fact- No. 31; 1-10 copies. 10 cents each; 11-99 copies, 5 filled articles on energy issues. cents each. Write to National Technical Information Service. The Global Politics of Resource Scarcity,Lester R. U.S. Department of Commerce. Springfield, VA Brown. No. 17. $1.00. 22161 to order Oak RidgeAssociated Universities Institute for Energy Analysis Research Report 1978 The External Public Debt Prospects of the Non-Oil- (ORAU/IEA-78-25); it contains a map showing nu- Exporting Developing Countries,Gordon W. Smith, clear sites and capacities in 1998, abstracts of re- No. 10, NIEO Series. $4.00. search reports on nuclear energy (several by A. M. Weinberg, author of CbN's newspaper article on The Ilene Dubos Forum nuclear energy), plus other abstracts on problems of 22 West Putnam Avenue carbon dioxide associated with the burning of fossil Greenwich, CT 06830 fuels, and an assessment of solar energy prospects. In 1975. The Rend Dubos Forum came into being Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) through collaboration between Dr. Rend Dubos, 600 Pennsylvania Avenue, S.E. Professor Emeritus of The Rockefeller University. Washington. DC 20510 and Total Education in the Total Environment, Inc., The Office of Technology Assessment. which was an organization engaged in environmental education created by Congress in 1972, studies present and in the United States, Europe. and Africa. It is pri- potential impacts of technology on our society. The marily concerned with the interplay between human information the OTA gathers is presented to Con- beings and environmental situations and seeks to aid gress so that its members can reach informed conclu- in the formulation of policies that will resolve envi- sions on long-range issues. John Gibbons, author of ronmental conflicts and create new environmental the CbN newspaper article "Making Our Own: Syn- values. To disseminate information the Forum holds thetic Fuels." is Director of the OTA. Write to the national symposia and regional meetings and con- OTA at the above address for single copies of its ducts television programs for authorities on environ- One Pagers. briefs on longer reports: mental problems. decision-makers. program planners, and the media. OTA's One Pager on The Direct Use of Coal,July 2, 1979. Papers from two symposia on energy. "The Green- ing of Energy" (potentialities and uses of biomass as OTA's One Pager on Prospects for Onsite Solar En- an energy source) and "Better Life Through Less ergy,June 22, 1978. Energy" (energy and the quality of life) have been OTA's One Pager on Enhanced Oil Recovery Pros- adapted for the National Issues Forum Calendar of pects,April 10. 1978. Issues and are available on written request: Longer reports. up 800 pages. are for sale by the Energy Supplies: Their Relation to Human Life and Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government the Environment,Rend Dubos. Printing Office. Washington. DC 20402: Historical Perspectives on Energy,Melvin Kranz- The Direct Use of Coal(No. 052-003-00664-2). berg.

46 Stimulation-Seeking as a Factor in Energy Consump- The Rockefeller Foundation tion,Joachim Wohlwill. 1133 Avenue of the Americas Ecology and Economy,Percival Goodman. New York, NY 10036 Muddling Toward Frugality,Warren Johnson. Created in 1912, The Rockefeller Foundation has sponsored many programs, including analyses of en- Energy and Social Organization,RufusMiles. ergy issues, to foster the well-being of humanity. Energy: Decisions and Trade-offs,Richard Stein. Write to Mary Ryan, International Relations Divi- The Economics of Retrieval and Recycling, James sion, for a postcard on which you may request pub- Fitch. lications and further information. Among publications are: Also of interest are: International Energy Supply: A Perspective from the Better Life Through Less Energy,Mary Coney. Industrial World. The Rene Dubos Forum,which contains opening re- International Cooperation on Breeder Reactors. marks for the 1979 symposium, The Greening of Energy,- by Rene Dubos. World Energy Survey, a1979 report by Ruth Leger Sivard,maybe ordered from World Priorities, Box Resources for the Future 1003, Leesburg, VA 22075. 1755 Massachusetts Avenue. N.W. Washington, DC 20036 Rural America Resource for the Future is a research organization, 1346 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. which performs public policy research on inter- Washington, DC 20036 national problems relating to energy, environment, Founded in 1975, Rural America represents people and natural resources. In existence since 1952, it has a 100-person staff. of whom two-thirds are research- in non-urban areas M Washington. It does research, ers (including Joel Darmstadter, author of the CbN gives technical assistance and training, and lobbies. newspaper article "Other People, Other Patterns of Energy is one of its many concerns. Membership Energy Use"). It has no speaker's bureau, but some ($15 for people with incomes over $10,000; $5 for others) entitles one to receive the newslettersrural- of the staff mightbeavailable to speakcontact Kent A. Price. Information Officer. americaandthe RHA Reporter. Among the organization'spublications (sec itsPublications List) arc: The group has just completed a comprehensive What Are Federal Housing Agencies Doing for Low- study.Energy in America's Future.A preprint of the summary chapter is available for $2.00. Income Energy Needs? 25cents. Corporate Invasion in Land Ownership, 75cents. The January-March, 1979, issue ofResources,the group's bulletin, is devoted to energyask for a Energy and Rural People and Agriculture,75 cents. copy. Reprints of staff material in the RFF Reprint Series (one copy free on request) include: Scientists' Institutefor Public Information 153. Measuring Natural Resource Scarcity: Theory 355 Lexington Avenue and Practice, V.Kerry Smith. New York, NY 10017 154.Energy, Economic Growth, and Human Wel- The major purpose of the Scientists' Institute for fare, SamH. Schurr. andEconomic Growth and Public Information is to inform the public about vital Energy Conservation: Historical and International issues in science. Founded in 1963 by scientists, in- Lessons,Joel Darmstadter. cluding Margaret Mead, Rene Dubos, Theodore 156.An Integrated Approach to National Forest Dobzhansky. and Barry Commoner, SIPI is currently focusing on energy as one of our most urgent Management,John V. Kruttlla and John A. Haigh. issues. It is conducting projects in nuclear waste. Johns Hopkins University Press publishes RF1 niethancintirui4: gas, oil, and provision of energy in- books: write to The Johns Hopkins University formation to crucial target audiences. Press. Baltimore. MD 21218. for information. Among the titles arc: SIP1's publications in energy include: How Industrial Societies Use Energy: A Comparative Synthetic Fuels and Cancer, $1.50plus .28 first class. Analysis, JoelDarmstadter, Joy Dunkerley, Jack Energy Conservation, Employment and the Econ- Alterman (21,41-3), $16.95. omy, $2.50plus .93 firstclass. Internatio tai Comparisons of Energy Consumption, The Et onontic Viability of Nuclear Energy, $2.50 JoyDunkerley (2129-0), $7,50. plus 1.06 first class.

46 41-Y4 i The Potential for Solar and Wind Electric Power Solar Energy Information Locator. Generation, $2.50 plus .80 first class. Solar Technologies: An Overview. Nuclear Power, Economics and the Environment, Putting the Sun to Work for Industry (SP-34-175). $2.50 plus 1.06 first class. SERI: The First Year (SP-11-142). Weather, Gas and Solar Heating: Crisis and Resolu- Biomass: Solar Energy from Farms and Forests. tion? $2.50 plus .67 first class. Natural Gasl Methane: Cost, Availability and as an Photovoltaics: Electricity from the Sun. Energy Source, $5.00 plus 1.80 priority rate. SERI Publications Bulletin: Papers and Presenta- Economic Implications of Energy Conservation, tions. $5.00 plus 1.80 priority rate. Solar Reading List (6 bibliographies: Alcohol Fuels; A $25.00 membership in SIPI includes a subscrip- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion; Photovoltatcs; tion to the magazine Environment and the newsletter Solar Energy for Industrial Process Heat; Utilization SlPlscope. of Biological Wastes; Wind Energy). In Review: A SERI Monthly Update (periodical). Small Farm Energy Project "SERI's Role in Solar Heating and Cooling," a paper Center for Rural Affairs by C. J. Bishop and F. Kreith (DDS-109). P.O. Box 736 "Biomass EnergyA Two-Edged Sword," a paper Hartington. NE 68739 by T. B. Reed (DDS-011). Sponsored by the Center for Rural Affairs and "A Case Study of a Low Cost Solar Housing Pro- funded by the Community Services Administration, gram," a paper by S. Towle (DDS-131). the Small Farm Energy Project has 24 demonstra- Order all of the above from SERI Document Distri- tion farms in Cedar County. Nebraska. open for bution Service. visits. and holds informational workshops in Iowa. A National Solar Energy Education Directory (#061- Minnesota. South Dakota. and Nebraska. It offers 000- 00210 -3), $4.75. may be ordered from Super- information on renewable. alternative energy sources intendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing for farms: wastes recycling; composting: energy con- Office. Washington, DC 20402. This provides a com- servation; wind and solar energy; alcohol, methane, prehensive listing of post-secondary solar energy hydrogen, and other biofuets. The Project's free courses. newsletter reports on innovative energy projects. A publications list is available. Union of Concerned Scientists 1208 Massachusetts Avenue Write or call (402-254-6893) to arrange for a visa Cambridge. Massachusetts 02138 from a resource person. A group of scientists and engineers who have been conducting research into nuclear power safety ques- Solar Energy Research institute tions for several years. the Union of Concerned Sci- 1636 Cole Boulevard entists is independent and free of ties to the power Golden. CO 80401 industry. They maintain that nuclear power is dan- Opened in 1977. the Solar Energy Research Institute gerous. In addition to conducting technical research was established as part of the solar initiative that de- on nuclear power problems, UCS works to bring veloped from the Solar Energy Research Develop- information to the public and to government offi- ment and Demonstration Act of 1974. It seeks to cials; it takes legal action to change the federal gov- develop a program that will promote the short- and ernment's nuclear power policies and to force public long-term increase of solar technologies. In addition disclosure of government data on the hazards of to providing planning support to the Department of nuclear power. Energy. the Institute conducts analyses of the Its Publications List, free, includes, among others, market. works in foreign countries, and acts as an the following: information exchange. For speakers contact Vicki The Nugget Fileexcerpts from the U.S. govern- Taliaferro at the Public Information Office (above ment's special file on nuclear power plant accidents address). and safety defects, $4.95. The following brochures and bibliographies (listed Looking But Not SeeingThe Federal Nuclear in the institute's Publkatiims Bulletin) are available Power Nutt Inspection Program, Lawrence S. Tye. free: $3.50.

47 .48 The Risks of Nuclear Power Reactors: A Review of Energy Conservation: Industry the NRC Reactor Softly Study, WASH-1900 (NU- Energy Conservation: Transportation. REG-75101 4). $6.25. Energy Storage Technology. Facts About the Nuclear Power Controversy,single copies free, bulk prices on request. Fuels from Plants (Bioconversion). What You Should Know About the Hazards of Nu- Fuels front Wastes (Bioconversion). clearPower, single copies free, bulk prices on re- Geothermal Energy. quest. New Fuels from Coal. Do YouKnow W hat Plutonium Is?singlecopies free, Nuclear Fusion. bulk prices on request. Solar Heating and Cooling. Q & A Answers to Your Questions About Nuclear Dangers... and Solar Potential,single copies free, Solar Sea Power (Ocean Thermal Energy Conver- bulk prices onrequest. sion). Resources, a Reference Guide for Citizens Compiled Wind Power by UCS listsbooks, articles, films, journals, miscel- A free monthly publication,The Energy Consumer, laneous information sources, organizations (free). provides information about federal energy programs The newsletterNucleus is freeto members. and is available from the Office of Consumer Affairs, DOE, at the Washington address. United States Department of Energy Films are available on free loan from the DOE Tech- Washington, DC 20585 nical Information Center (Tennessee address): The Department of Energy was created in 1977 in CoalTaking the Lumps Out,No. 525. 5 minutes order to centralize energy programs and carry out (liquefaction and gasification). energy policy for the United States. CoalThe Other Energy, No. 526, 15 minutes (new Write to the above address, Office of Public Affairs, technologies). for the Department's publication list. Order, however, from Technical Information Center, U.S. De- Conservation Investing in Tomorrow,No. 517, 6:30 partment of Energy. P.O. Box 62, Oak Ridge, 'TN minutes. 37830. Examples of publications. which arefree: Don't Cut Us Off,No. 514, 16 minutes (high costs and how they affect the poor and the old). Put the Sun to Work Today. John Denver on Conservation,No. 529,4:08 minutes. Tips for Energy Savers. Running on EmptyThe Fuel Economy Challenge, Water Power: Use of a Renewable Resource. No. 531, 27 minutes. Some senior high school publications are: Up the Power Curve,No. 515. 10 minutes (conserva- Agriculture, Energy, and Society. tion). Energy in the Global Marketplace. The Ultimate Energy,No. 509, 28 minutes (fusion How a Bill Becomes a Law to Conserve Energy. power). U.S. Energy Policy Which Direction? The Challenge of the Future, No. 508, 28:30minutes. Award Winning Energy Education Activities for Ele- Energy Update,No. 527, 28:30 minutes. mentary and High School Teachers. GeothermalNature's Boiler, No. 519, 7:25min- Fact sheets, 4-8 pages long, are also available: utes. Alternative Energy Sources: A Bibliography. EnergyThe American ExpDrience, No. 507, 28:30 minutes (history). Alternative Energy Sources: Environmental Impacts. Look to the Sun,No. 513, 12:20 minutes. Breeder Reactors. Sun Power for Farms,No. 512, 12:23 minutes. Conventional Reactors. The Silent Power,No. 530, 27 minutes (uses of nu- Electricity from the Sun I (Solar Photovoltaic El- clear power in the U.S. space program). ergy). Solar EnergyThe Great Adventure,27:30min- Electricity from the Sun 11 (Solar Thermal Energy utes. Conversion). Energy Conservation: Homes and Buildings. The Speakers Bureau of the Department of Energy

48 49 can make arrangements for experts to talk about ization, Worldwatch Institute was conceived and de- energy issues: development of technologies, con- signed by William M. Dictel and Lester R. Brown, It servation, political implications. Contact thc Speak- is primarily funded by the Rockefeller Brothers ers Bureau, Office of Public Affairs, at the DOE Fund. Its aim is "to encourage a reflective, deliberate Washington address. approach to global problem solving." Among its At DOE field locations and Washington headquart- members is Denis Hayes, who wrote the CbN news- ers, the Department has computerized electronic paper article "More Through Less: Effective Energy simulators depicting energy-environment tradeoffs. Use." Worldwatch Books are published by W. W. A list of regional locations is available from DOE Norton and are available in bookstores. For speak- headquarters. ers, comet Bruce Stokes, above address. Several of the Worldwatch Papers (an order form is Wood Energy Institute available) are devoted to energy issues: Box 800 Camden, ME 04843 1. The Other Energy Crisis: Firewood, Erik Eck- holm. A national. member-supported organization. the Wood Energy Institute seeks to advance the intelli- 6. Nuclear Power, the Fifth Horseman, Denis gent use of wood as a renewable energy source. Hayes. Membership for individuals is $15 a year, and in- 11. Energy: The Solar Prospect, Denis Hayes. cludes a subscription to thc periodical Wood 'n 15. Energy for Development. Third World Options, Energy. Denis Hayes. Its publication, The Woodburners EiiiRlopedia, dis- 19. The Solar Energy Timetable, Denis Hayes. cusses in encyclopedic fashionall aspects of using wood as fuel. It costs $7.95 plus 85 cents ship- 26. Planting for the Future: Forestry for Human ping charges and can be ordered from Vermont En- Needs, Erik Eckholm. ergy Resources at the above address. Single copies are $2.00 each; bulk copies (any combination of titles). according to the following sched- Worldwatch Institute ule: 1776 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. 2-10, $1.50 each. Washington. DC 20036 11-50. $1.25 each. An international, interdisciplinary, nonprofit organ- 51+, $1.00 each.

Part Two: State Humanities Committees

Your community program based on Energy and the Way We Live ma.; ...ilify for funding under the California National Endowment for the Humanities. For in- Bruce Sievers, Executive Director California Council for the Humanities formation about financial assistance and funding in Public Policy guidelines, contact your state committee. 312 Sutter Strcct. Suite 601 San Francisco. CA 94108 (415)391-1474 Alabama Arizona Colorado Jack Gcrcn. Executive Director Lorraine Frank. Executive Director Kathlene Lemon. Executive Director Alabama Committee for the Arizona Council on the Humanities Colorado Humanities Program Humanities and Public Policy and Public Policy 855 Broadway Box 700 112 Nonh Central Avenue Boulder, CO 80302 Birmingham Southern College Suite 304 (303)442.7298 Birmingham, AL 35204 Phoenix. AZ 85004 (205) 324-1314 (602) 257.0335 Connecticut Alaska Arkansas Marianne Barnaby, Gary Holthaus. Executive Director Anthony Dube. Executive Director Executive Director Alaska Humanities Forum Arkansas Humanities Program Connecticut Humanities Council 429 D Strcct. Room 211 University Tower Building 195 Church Street Loussac Sogn Building 12th & University. Suite 1019 Wesleyan Station Anchorage. AK 99501 Litttc Rock. AR 722114 Middletown, CT 06467 7) 272-5341 (501)663.3451 (203) 347-6888, 347.3788

49 5() Delaware Kansas St. Paul. MN 55101 Rona Finkelstein. Marion Cott. Executive Director (612) 224.5739 Executive Director Kansas Committee Delaware Humanities Council for the Humanities Mississippi 2600 Pennsylvania Asenue 112 West Sixth Street Cora Norman. Executive Director Wilmington. DE 19806 Suite 509 Mississippi Committee for the (302)738.8491 Topeka. KS 66603 for the Humanities Florida (913) 357-0359 3825 Ridgewood Road William Brennan. Executive Director Room III Florida Endowment Kentucky Jackson, MS 39211 for the Humanities Armor E. Curtis. Executive Director (601)982.6752 LET 360. University of South Florida Kentucky Humanities Council. Inc. Tampa. FL 33620 Ligon House Missouri (813) 974.4094 University of Kentucky Robert Walrond, Executive Director Lexington. KY 40506 Missoun State Committee Georgia J. Preston Prather. (606) 258.5932 for the Humanities. Inc 6920 rviillbrook Boulevard Executive Director Louisiana St. Louis, MO 63130 Committee for the Humanities David Boileau. Executive Airector (314) 889-5940 in Georgia Louisiana Committee Georgia Center for for the Humanities Montana Continuing Education Boa 12. Loyola University Margaret Kingsland, Athens. GA 30601 New Orleans, LA 70118 Executive Director (404)452-4381 (504) 865-9404 Montana Committee for the Humanities Hawaii Maine P.O. Box 8036 Annette M. Lew. Executive Director Karen Bowden. Executive Director Hellgatc Station Hawaii Committee Maine Council for the Missoula, MT 59807 for the Humanities Humanities and Public Policy (406) 243.6022 2615 South King Street. Suite 211 P.O. Box 7202 Honolulu. HI 96826 Portland. ME 04112 Nebraska (808)947.5891 (207) 773-5051 Michael J. Holland. Idaho Maryland Executive Director David Hansen. Executive Director Maria NI. Hcyssel, Nebraska Committee The Association for the Humanities Executive Director for the Humanities in Idaho The Maryland Committee for the 1915 West 24th Street. Room 216 1433 West Franklin Street Humanities and Public Policy Kearney, NE 68847 Boise. ID 83702 330 North Charles Street. Room 306 (308) 234-2110 (202) 724-0386 Baltimore. MD 21201 Nevada Illinois (301) 837-1938 Nfarvin L. Vawter, Elmer Cole. Executive Director Executive Director Massachusetts Nevada Humanities Committee Illinois Humanities Council Nathaniel Reed. Executive Director P.O. Box 8065 201 West Springfield Avenue Massachusetts Foundation for the Reno. NV 89507 Room 1002 Humanities and Public Policy (702) 784.6587 Champaign. IL 61820 237E Whitmore Administration (217) 333.7611 Building New Hampshire University of Massachusetts Philip E. Ginsburg. Indiana Amherst. MA 01003 Executive Director Alan Shusterman. (413) 545-1936 New Hampshire Council Executive Director for the Humanities Indiana Committee Mi-higan 112 South State Street for the Humanities Ronald D Means. Concord. NH 03301 4200 Northwestern Asenue Executive Director (603) 224.4071 Indianapolis, IN 46205 Michigan Council for the Humanities 1317)925.7195 Nisbet Building. Suite 3t1 New Jersey Iowa Michigan State University Miriam L. Murphy. Philip L Sins ely. Exeeinise Director East Lansing. MI 48824 Executive Director Iowa Board for Public Programs (517) 355.0160 New Jersey Committee in the Humanities for the Ilunianities Oakdale Campus Minnesota Rutgers. The Stale University 1 inversity of Iowa Cheryl Dickson. Executive Director CN 5062 Iowa City. IA 52242 Minnesota Humanities Commosir. New Brunswick. NJ 08903 (319) 353.6754 Metro Square. Suite 282 (201) 932.7726

30 51 -r

New Mexico Pennsylvania Virginia Allen Gerlach, Executive Director Robert Gianetti, Executive Director Robert C. Vaughan, New Mexico Humanities Council Public Committee for the Humanities Executive Director 267 Geology Building to Pennsylvania Virginia Foundation for the The University of New Mexico 401 North Broad Street Humanities and Public Policy Albuquerque, NM 87131 Philadelphia, PA 19108 One B West Range (505) 277.3705 (Albuquerque) (215)925.1005 University of Virginia Charlottesville, VA 22903 (505) 646.1945 (Las Cruces) South Carolina (804) 924.3296 New York Leland Cox, Executive Director Washington Carole Groneman, South Carolina Committee Executive Director for the Humanities William H Oliver. New York Council for the Humanities 2301 Devine Street Executive Director 33 West 42nd Street McCrory Building Washington Commission New York, NY 10036 Columbia, SC 29205 for the Humanities, Inc. (212) 354-3040 (803)799.1704 Olympia, WA 9850! (206) 866.6510 North Carolina South Dakota Rollyn Oakley Winters, John Whalen, Executive Director West Virginia Executive Director South Dakota Committee Charles Daugherty North Carolina Humanities on the Humanities Executive Director Committee University Station, Box 35 Humanities Foundation 1209 W. Market Street Brookings, SD 57006 in West Virginia Greensboro. NC 27412 (605) 688.4823 Box 204 (919) 379-5325 Institute. WV 25112 Tennessee (304) 768-8869 North Dakota Robert Cheatham, Everett Albers, Executive Director Executive Director Wisconsin North Dakota Committee for the Tennessee Committee Patricia Anderson, Humanities and Public Issues for the Humanities Executive Director Patterson Hotel, Suite 501) Suite 202, Green Hills Office Park Wisconsin Humanities Committee Bismarck, ND 585(11 1001 18th Avenue South 716 Langdon Street (701) 258-9010 Nashville, TN 37212 Madison, WI 53706 (615) 320-7001 (608) 262-0706

Ohio Texas Wyoming Charles C. Cole, Jr.. James Veninga, Executive Director Audrey Cotherman, Executive Director Texas Committee for the Humanities Executive Director Ohio Committee for Public Programs and Public Policy Wyoming Council for the Humanities in the Humanities VIA Station, P.O. Box 19096 Box 3274 760 Pleasant Ridge Avenue Arlington. TX 76019 University Station Columbus, OH 43209 (817)273.3174 Laramie, WY 8271)1 (614)236.6879 Utah (307) 766-6496 Oklahoma Delmont Oswald, Executive Director Puerto Rico Anita May, Executive Director Utah Endowment for the Humanities Arturo Morales CarriOn Oklahoma Humanities Committee 111 Public Policy Fundacion Puertorriquefia Executive Terrace Building 10 West Broadway de las Humanidades Broadway Building, Suite 200 Suite 500 Box 4307 Salt Lake City, UT 84101 2809 Northwest Expressway Old San Juan, PR 00904 (801) 531-7868 Oklahoma City. OK 73112 (809) 723-2087 (405) 840-1721 Vermont Rhode Island Victor R. Swenson, Thomas H. Roberts. Oregon Executive Director Executive Director Richard Lewis. Executise Director Vermont Council on the Humanities Rhode Island Committee 481 S.W. Washington in Public Policy for the Humanities Room 410 Grant llouse, P.O Box 58 86 Weybosset Street, Room 307 Portland. OR 97204 Hyde Park, VT I" 655 Providence, RI 1)2903 (503) 241-0543 (802) 1188-5060 (401) 521.615(1

51 52 SECTION FOUR An Annotated FilmList

Introduction This list of films is designed to be used with Courses by Newspaper's Winter/Spring 1980 program, En- ergy andthe Way We Live, and with the National Issues Forum of the same name. The films were chosen to stimulate discussion and a careful consideration of the many issues we face as we begin to deal with the deepening energy crisis. For many years, man went his way blithely assum- ing that technological advancement was a good thing and that the sources of energy were limitless. Now, we face the grim truth that neither of these assumptions is true. We must attempt to pick up the pieces and begin to repair the damage to the environment as we also try to find sane, safe alternatives to the fossil fuels we have come to depend upon so heavily. The primary sales source of each film is given. Many of these films will also be available from your local public library film department on a free loan basis or from a university film rental library at a modest rental fee. A list of distributor addresses and additional resources follows the filmography. For additional information about films or programming advice, contact the Educational Film Library Association (EFLA), 43 West 61st Street, New York, NY 10034. Telephone: (212) 246-4533.

Compiled by Esme J. Dick, media specialist, The Educational Film Library Association Brunswick School, Greenwich, Connecticut. Ms. Dick is an elected member of the Greenwich Repre- Editor sentative Town Meeting and has been active in the Judith Trojan town's search for a solution to its transportation Editorial Coordinator problems. Previously, she was Administrative Direc- Educational Film Library Association (EFLA) tor of the Educational Film Library Association and EFLA Staff Director of the American Film Festival, She contributes reviews and articles to various film publica- Brian Camp. Editorial Assistant tions and served as Chairperson for the pre-screening Maryann Chach. Reference Librarian committee in the Energy Category at the 1979 Ameri- Nadine Covert, Executive Director can Film Festival. Jane Rayleigh. Consultant Kay Satz. Festival Coordinator

('1979 by the Educational Film Library Association. Inc.

52 5:3 1 Our Energetic Lifestyle

Auto-Mates, 22 min., color. 1978, Director/Distrib- physical life of the area. Often. he is opposed by other utor: Gary A. Walkow. landholders who foresee the damage that this new in- A husband and wife, returning from a Sunday visit, dustry will do to their lifestyle. The extravagant ways in which the family lives and the political implications discover that they are trapped inside their car. For two days and nights. we follow their odyssey of the story make it a good overview of the tempta- tions and greed that have contributed much to the through filling stations. drive-in restaurants. and exploitation of energy resources. Stars Elizabeth Tay- drive-in movies- -into a state of delirium and halluci- lor, Rock Hudson, James Dean. Mercedes McCam- nation. A satire on our automotive society. the film is bridge. shot entirely within the confines of the automobile. E.D. N.C. The Terrible News, 30 min.. color, 197'. Director: The City. 55 min., b&w. 1939. Directors: Ralph Swain Wolfe. Distributor: Bitterroot Films. Steiner & Willard Van Dyke. Distributor. The Mu- Points out many of the environmental dangers that seum of Modern Art. our energy-hungry lifestyle creates. E.D. Produced for the 1939 New York World's Fair and Toast, 12 min., color. 1976. Director: Daniel Hoff- sponsored by the American Institute of City Plan- men. Distributor: Bullfrog Films. ners. The City has become a classic statement on the urban crisis. The noise, dirt, tension, fast-paced One way in which we. as a nation, are very wasteful of fuel is in the methods of food production we employ. motion, overcrowding. and traffic jams in the big city Thissimple non-narrated film follows the story of one are contrasted with the calm and tranquillity of suburban homelife. Demonstrates in a pointed but slice of toast through the agri-business that makes the humorous manner that. even JO years ago, the wheat, the bread factory where the loaf is made, the truck ride to the supermarket, the car ride to and United States was not only a high energy nation but a from the store to buy it, and the toaster in which it is nation of high energy consumers as well. The com- Finally burned to a crisp. We are also shown where the mentator's message:You take your choice ... you electricity to run the toaster comes from, the oil well and your children. the choice is yours," is still a valid warning today. N.C. in a far-off country, the barrel of oil, shipment to a refinery. use in a generating plant. and, finally, the de- Energy Carol, I Imin.. color. 1975. Director. Les liv cry of electricity to the house with the toaster. A Drew. Distributor. National Film Board of Canada. mind-blowing illustration of the misuse of energy. A retelling of Dickens' A Christmas Carol in which E.D. Ebenezer Scrooge is turned into the energy-wasting The Trigger Effect, 52 min., color, 1979. Producers: president of a power company. Illustrates the many BBC-TV & Time Life Films. Distributor: Time Lif.. ways in which we waste fuel without thinking of the Multimedia. future. Although its cartoon format and frivolity may not appeal to everyone, this is a useful film to start a BBC-TV host James Burke recreates scenes from the discussion of the waste of energy resources. ED. New York City blackout of November 9, 1965, to show our dependence on modern forms of energy and Giant, 201 min.. color, 1956. Director: George Ste- technology. What, Burke asks, would happen if our % ens. Distributor. Audio Brandon Films. interdependent network of technology were suddenly Edna Ferber's story of the life of an Eastern woman to fail? Our ability to survive would depend on our who marries a Texas landbaron before the Western oil knowledge of how to use a plow. which Burke sees a- boom. By selling off his land to the oil companies. he the first great "trigger" of civilization. From the Con- brings about enormous changes in the economic and nections series.

53 54 2 "Cry Havoc" or "Cry Wolf"? The Nature of the "Energy Crisis"

Challenge of the Future, 28 min., color. 1976. Direc- A shot' version of a TV special on the energy crisis. tor: Tom Vines. Distributor: U.S. Dept. of Energy. Explores what sources of fuel are available, which A look at dwindling energy reserves from a national ones are exhaustible, which ones are more or less per- and global perspective. Examines some of the rea- inancnt, how much they pollute the environment, sons for the present crisis and suggests that there are and how expensive they are to operate. Discusses re- many options that must be explored, including solar, cycling, utilization of natural forces such as the t:des nuclear, wind power, better management of existing and the sun, and the effect of fuel combustion on supplies. E.D. outer space. Suggests a global approach to the solution of the problem. Very thorough exploration, with E. F. Schumacher... As if People Mattered, 16 some possible cures suggested. E.D. min.. color, 1977. Director: Swain Wolfe. Distribu- tor: Brifrog Films. Energy in Perspective, 21 min., color 1976. Direc- Fritz Schumacher was the prophet of a new concept in tor: Peter De'Normanville. Distributor: BP North economics: decentralization and small-scale, appro- America. priate local technology. This type of production, he A look at the need to recognize the finite nature of the argues, keeps the power and decision-making in the world's supply of fossil fuels. Includes various dia- hands of the people it :fleets, and frees them from the grams that explain the nature of the problem. Em- depersonalizing effect of big business politics. As the phasizes the turn from thoughtless use of energy to a energy crisis forces uto take stock of older and more careful use of our dwindling energy resources. newer, but smaller, n :'hods, this is an important E.D. thesis to consider. There are some annoying intercuts in this essentially talking-head film, but it is a very Energy: The Fuels and Man, 23 min., co:or, 1978. important film to consider when one looks at the Director: Jan Skrentny. Distributor: National Geo- worldwide need for practical alternatives in a fuel- graphic Society. mad world. E.D. What is energy? How is it obtained? How has it been The Energy Crunch: The Bottom of the Oil Barrel. used both in the past and now? These are the basic 35 min.. color. 1973. Producer: BBC-TV. Distribu- questions addressed. Renewable and non-renewable tor: Time Life Multimedia. fuels are explained, with some exploration of the Shows the effect on the world of dwindling oil sup- ways in which these energy sources have been ex- plies. Examines the shortages of 1973, considers ploited in the past and how they are being used today. some possible temporary solutions. and talks of the A good. general overview of the entire problem of coming economic and social upheavals that will fol- consumability of supplies and the pressures of supply low on the coattails of the worsening energy problem. and demand. E.D. Although this film was made in 1973, many of the same points could be made today. It illustrates the The Third Pollutton, 23 min.. color. 1966. Director/ continuing lack of attention paid to the real problems Distributor: Stuart Finley. that beset legislators. comps r) ..,xccutaes. and the ordinary working man. E.D Shows how the burning of solid waste contributes to the problems of air pollution as well a.:.. depleting un- The Energy Dilemma. 18 min.. color, 1973. Pro- necessarily our dwindling energy supplies. Suggests ducer: Canadian Broadcasting Corp. Distributor: better appn.. is to the problem of disposal of solid Films Inc. waste. E.D.

54 3 Substitutes for Human Muscle: Past Crises

Connections, 52 min. each, color. 1979. Producers. slaves build an Egyptian city under the supervision of BBC-TV & Time Life Films. Distributor. Tame Life their future savior, the young prince Moses (Cl.ailton Multimedia. Heston. of course). B.C. In this ten-part series. journalist and BBC-TV host The Harvest of the Seasons, 52 min., colors 1974. James Burke examines how apparently unrelated Producers: BBC-TV & Time Life Films. Distributor: events, people, and situations have come together to Time Life Multimedia. produce social and technological changes. Each film unravels lake a detective story as Burke pursues clues Among other things. Jacob Bronowski covers man's in his search for "triggers" of change. Many of the domestication of plant and animal life, and how the programs in this series deal with the development Neolithic cultivators surfaced with the nomads and and use of different energy sources. Particularly the roots of warfare. FromThe Ascent of Manseries. noteworthy are Faith in Numbers, which shows how J T. water powered the medieval industrial revolution; Thunder in the Skies, which portrays the wood short- The Limits to Growth, 30 min.: color, 1975. Pro- age in the 17th century. the first real energy crisis, the ducer: United Nations Tele vision. Distributor: Great adoption of coal as a substitute, the development of Plains National Instru.,tional Television Library. the steam engine, and the rise of the petroleum and Is there indeed a limit to the growth potential of the natural gas industries: and Countdown, which tracts world resources of water, air, fuel and food? This film the development of electricity and television. presents a historical overview of the development of The Conquered Dream, 51 min.. color, 1974. Pro- the modern industrial world from the 13th century to ducers. The National Film Board of Canada & BBC- the present. During most of that time, the story is one TV. Distributor. Ccntron Educational Films. of ever-increasing growth and consumption. Presents The Canadian northlands have been left largely un- various viewpoints, i.e., some who still think that the touched until the last 60 years. Before that. they were world is able to cope with the endless spiral and others the home of Eskimos. caribou. seal, etc. Then, mod- who caution that the resources are indeed finite, that ern explorers realized that there were vast resources we have almost reached the limits of expansion possi- of gold and oil in the area and the rush to develop and ;Aides. Suggests that the time has come to slow down exploit began. The film traces the early explorations in many areas, that we must redirect our energies into into this area and includes some rare footage of Stef- smaller, more manageable units of society. E.D. fansson's and Byrd's journeys. Notes the constant pull between the need for energy and other resources The Medieval Mind, 26 min., color. 1969. Director: and the urgent need to preserve the delicate balance John Barnes. Distributor: Encyclopaedia Britannica of nature. E.D. Educat'onal Corp. Hannibal, 103 min.. color. 1960. Director: Edgar G. Presents the paradox of the medieval culture. Reli- Ulmer. Distributor: Audio Brandon Films. gion was a unifying force, as evidenced by the artwork Despite the impressir c chariot race in Ben-Hur, few and magnificent cathedrals built in Wcstern Europe Hollywood spectacles of thc ancient world focused on during the period. Concurrently. advances in agricul- the theme of animal power as an energy source. The turethe invention and utilization of horseshoes. best dep;..tion of this seems to be in the Italian-made wheeled plows, the harness), and elsewhere (stirrups Hannibal, in which the Carthaginian leader's ele- for the cavalry. eyeglasses) were introduced, thereby phant forceI'employed to make thc treacherous altering the role of man in his culture. Secular values climb up the ttlps en route to the invasion of Italy. began to replace ieligious ideas as the technological Hunian labor as an energy sou; is depicted in innovations produced the beginnings of "leisure sprawling Cecil B. DeMille fashion in the early scenes time." The film's structure is weak. but it can be used of The 'ten Commandments (219 min., color. 1956. to provoke discussion of attitudes towards change. Distributor: Paramount/Films Inc.) :14 the Hebrew J. R.

55 56 4 Multiplying Energy: 19th and 20th Century Developments The Ballad of the iron Horse. 29 min.. color. 1970. Inc.). with Paul Robeson, demonstrates the cama- Producers. Helen Jean Rogers and John Secondan. raderie and interdependence of coal miners. ED. Distributor: Learning Corp. of America. The Indomitable Blacksmith: Thomas Davenport, 20 A dramatic re-creation of the era of the development min., b&w, 1953. Director: William J. Thiele. Dis- of the railroads. Shows how the railroads made the tributor. Indiana University, Audio-Visual Center. fast movement of people a possibility and how the Dramatization of blacksmith Tom Davenport's dis- growing industrial ,revolution was fostered and en- covery in the 1830s of the principle behind the elec- couraged by the trains. Includes the story of the build- tric motor, and his efforts to develop a practical,. mg of the first transcontinental rail line which linked working model. The moment of discovery is shown the two coasts of America. E. D. as accidental; a spinning wheel that Davenport re- The Drive for Power, 52 min.. color, 1973. Director. paired with an iron patch moves when it comes in Dax id John Kennard for BBC-TV & Time Life contact with an electromagnet. Observes that the in- Films. Distributor. Time Life Multimedia. dustrialists of the period, committed to steam power. Jacob Bronowski classes the Industrial Revolution as remained unconvinced of the potential of Daven- a social one (as were the American and French Revo- port's invention. From The Cavalcade of America lutions). Begun in the countryside, with inventions series. K.S. like the water mill to provide energy, it was a revolu- The Industrial Revolution in England, 26 min.. color, tion of the "practical." not the educated man; the in- 1959. Producer: John Barnes. Distributor: Encyclo- % onions and innovations were designed for everyday paedia Britannica Educational Corp. use. The film shows the increasing understanding of nature as a earner of energy (Franklin's experiments Prior to the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain, with electricity). Man moved from farm laborer to in- textiles were produced according to the domestic dustrial worker. Canals and railroads were instituted; system," i.e., spinning and weaving were carried out increased use of iron created the iron bridge. Ex- in a Master's cottage,. where weaver apprentices or plains that all aspects of man's cultureeven litera- journeymen worked and lived. handcrafting each and turewere affected by the changes occurring with every product. As a result, no great quantities or this new awareness of nature and the resultant tech- products were produced. and workers were not much nological innovations. Provides a view of the inter- better off than serfs. In the space of 100 years, how- relatedness of man. nature. and technology. From ever, the invention of the spinning jenny, power The Ascent of Man series. J. R. loom, and steam engine transformed Britain from an agrarian society to an industrial leadera land of How Green Was My Valley, 118 min.. b&u . 1941. cities, bustling mills, and exploitation of workers. Director. John Ford. Distributor: Films Inc. This traditional educational film personalizes its les- The classic Richard Llewellyn story of hfe and lose in son with dratnatization and animation, making the a 14 elsh coal mining community . the constant drudg- historical transformation and discovery of the three ery and tear which living 11y the mines caused. the singular inventions a palatable experience. damage to the men's health: the fate of the women A companion 111m, The Industrial Revolution: Begin- and children who often had to live in dirt: poverty nings in the United States (23 min.. color. 1968. Pro- after their lathers and husbands were killed or injured ducer/Distributor: Encyclopaedia Britannica Educa- in the mine. Gives a clear picture of the price that has tional Corp.) is not as successful a film, but it does been paid by the mining communities for the exploi- cover the importance of waterpower, Samuel Slater's tation 01 this source of energy. The cast includes Don- first textile mill (from his British model), and Eli ald Crisp. Roddy McDowall. and Maureen O'Hara. Whitney's innovation of interchangeable parts (mus- Es en grittier and more desperate is the situation ol kets) in the move from bucolic farming nation to a the coal miners and their families in The Stars Look land of cities and factories in the space of fifty years. Down (104 min.. Mu.. 1940. Director: Carol Reed. .1.1'. Distributor.: Macmillan Films; Museum of Modern Art) in w inch the coal dust coats every hotel in the Money on the Land, 52 nun., color. 1972. Producer. company town The Proud Valle(77 win.. h&w. Michael Gill for BBC-TV. WnteriNarrator: Alistair 1940. Director. Pen TennysonDistributor: Films Cooke. Distributor: lime Life Multimedia.

56 Alistair Cooke', droll commentary on the rise of capi- Art), wheat king Frank Powell's coups on the market talism in the U.S. covers the change from a nation of are contrasted with the distress his machinations yeoman farmers to one of urban dwellers and factory cause. Come and Get It (99 min.. b&w, 1936. Direc- workers. He examines the sweeping changes in agri- tors: Howard Hawks & William Wyter. Distributor culture that were aline% ed during tie 19th century Audio Brandon Films) focuses on the lumber indus- through inventions like the reaper and combine, try and how the exploitation of America's forests which paradoxically made the farmers' lot tougher: made one man wealthy. M.C. the increased productivity caused prices to drop so much that farmers went into debt to pay for the Patent Pending, 51 min.. color. 1975. Producer: Ray technology that increased their output. Cooke also Hubbard. Distributor: Gould Entertainment Corp. examines the rise. achie%ements. and guiding men- A history of the early days of the Industrial Revolu- talities of the giant capitalists Rockefeller and Car- tion in America. Such men as Eli Whitney. Cyrus negie, and the in%entorentrepreneur Thomas A. McCormack. Ransoms Olds, Henry Ford, Isaac Edison. From the America series. Might be used in Singer and others are shown as they developed their tandem w nil two accounts of fictional capitalists. In A inventions which changed the face of the world. Uses Corner in Wheat (12 min., b &w. silent. 1909. Direc- archive footage, stills, and old drawings. A reminder tor: D. W. Griffith. Distributor: Museum of Modern of where the fuel-hungry society came from. ED

5 Plenty and ProfVgacy: Energy and Growth in America American Graffiti. 112 min.. color. 1973. Director: In 1789. Samuel Slater brought the secrets of the George Lucas. Distributor: Universal 16. British textile spinning frame to the United States. Americans social, cultural, and economic depen- This was the beginning of the largescale production dence on the automobile is no more vividly repre- of textiles in this country. Later. when Eli Whitney in- sented than in this nostalgic look at California high vented the cotton gin and Frances Cabot Lowell built schoolers tooling about on the pivotal night of the the first self-contained factories. industry continued senior prom in the preenergy crisis era of 1962. That to expand. This expansion had a very profound effect the characters are defined by their choice of wheels is on the way of life of the entire country. Soon, 19th- best exemplified by Suzanne Somers' role as the CLI- century America was booming with new industries sive, unattainable "blonde in the white's' - Bird." and inventions and the Westward expansion was well under way. A good overview of the origins of the Burning rubber on the highway has become the domi- energy-hungry world we inherited. E.D. nant metaphor for freedom in the films of the '70s. as evidenced by the success of such titles as Vanishing Conflicts in American Values: Where Do We Go Point (107 min.. color, 1971. Director: Richard C. from Here, 15 min.. color. 1974. Producer: Ealing Saralian. Distributor: Films Inc.). The Last Ameri- Corporation. Distributor: BFA Educational Media can Hero (100 min.. color. 1973. Director: Lamont A discussion catalyst on three different points of view Johnson. Distributor: Films Inc.): Grand Theft Auto in the present energy crises: a coal producer. a lamer (89 min.. color, 1977. Director: Ron Howard. Dis- who does not want his land strip-mined, and a manu- tributor: Films Inc.); Convoy (111 min.. color, 1978. facturer who is most anxious to have more coal to use Director: Sam Peckinpah. Distributor: United Art- in his business. All three make very good cases for ists 16); and, in particular, Smokey and the Bandit why they are right. A good film to start a dialogue on (97 min color, 1977. Director: Hal Needham. Dis- this topic. E.D. tributor: Universal 16) in which Burt Reynolds in a souped-up Trans Am diverts the hopelessly incompe- FnergyThe America', Experience. 28 min.. color, tent forces (it law and order from a 24-hour beer rim 1978. Producer/Distributor. U.S. Dept. of Energy. front Atlanta toTexarkana and back. Asgasohne sup- A look at 2110 years of history: how we developed our plies diminish, Hollywood will have to alter its meta- phors. B.C. various energy resources, progress from wood to coal, coal to oil. oil to gas. All of these changes made The American Parade: The Second Revolution. 27 us the mdtearial leader of the world. but we continue nun., color, 1977. Producer. CBS News. Distributor. to pay a price for this overconsumption of energy. BFA Educational Media. Now seems to be the point in time when we will have

57 5,9 to do something about the problem, hefore all them: milking machines. refrigeration. assorted lightweight finite resources are gone. E.D. household appliances. etc. M.C. The Farmer in a Changing America, 27 min.. color, Power and Wheels: The Automobile in Modern 1973. Directors: Randolph Hobler & Paul Stein. Dis- American Life, 17 min., color. 1972. Director: Wil- tributor: Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational liam Kay. Distributor. Encyclopaedia Britannica Corp. Educational Corp. Since the Depression. agribusiness has replaced agri- Explores America's love affair with the automobile. culture. An individual farm can stretch for miles and including its original benefits of providing cheap is so completely mechanized that farm work is com- transportation, shortening geographical distances., parable to factory work. Farmers ha% c become man- and obscuring social distinctions. The automobile is agers. and scientific advances have so impro% ed stan- so closely tied to the economy that one out of six dardization and quantity that 2'1 of the population members of the work force is engaged in an auto- feeds the other 98'.1. Concentrates on the vast ma- mobile-related service. Like an uncmtrolled mon- chinery that has revolutionized the harvesting and ster. the automobile has even defaulted on its processing of crops. and the wave of the future when promise of cscapc. the millions of cars on the road farming will be carried out in domed, controlled en- and the endless traffic jams make cscapc impossible. vironments. M.C. M.C. Henry Ford's America, 56 min.. color. 1977. Direc- A Thousand Suns, 9 min., color. 1974. Director: tor: Donald Brittain. Distributor: National Film Dick Gilbert. Distributor: Barr Films. Board of Canada. An attempt to put the ethic of conspicuous consump- Henry Ford was the founder of a dynasty of auto- tion into perspective. We have created a standard of motAle manufacturers. The invention and production living in America undreamed of in most other parts of of the Model I was the ultimate liberator of the the world. Our most important product has become masses Cars grew ever bigger and better as the years waste, which raises the question of how to dispose of went on. and finally, every home had, not one, but it. Man must set a higher value on things that endure often two or more Fords in the garage. As well as and do so without causing damage to others and the touching on the life of a big industrialist, this film ex- planet itself. E.D. plores the IMpECt upon our lifestyle of the automobile. which now dominates all of our lives. E.D. Waterground, I& min., color. 1977. Director: Fran- ces Morton. Distributor: Appalshop Films. The New Alchemists, 29 min.. color. 1975. Director: Dorothy Henaut. Distributor. Benchmark Films. A tribute to a 100-year-old water-powered North Carolina grist mill, operated by a descendant of the On a small fami in Massachusetts. a group of scien- original operator. Walter Winebarger talks about his tists and their families maintain a lifestyle indepen- work. the natural flour he provides (no bleach, no dent of modern chemicals and high-energy technol- chalk). and his business today vs. the mill's 24- ogy. Plants arc grown in ways that encourage their hour-a-day. six-day-a-week business in the '20s. He natural defenses to keep away undesirable diseases grinds flour and meal using a method little changed and pests. Only organic fertilizers are used. and heat from the process used by five generations of Wine- and light are provided by solar heat and a home-built bargcrs. The mill operates in a lush. natural setting. windmill. Gives a very positive picture of the possi- which is contrasted with the interior of an automated bilities of living a comfortable, self-sufficient life in General Mills plant in Johnson City. Tennessee. The the post-fossil fuel cm. E.D. GM flour is mass processed and packaged in sterile. Power and the Land, 35 min.. b&vir. 1940 Director: inhuman surroundings. An executive talks about Jon% Ivens. Distributors. National Audio isual Ceti, electricity, speed, and big profits. Winebarger enjoys ter. Macmillan Films. The Museum of Modern Art. small profits. but immense satisfactton from his work. Show% the transformation that electricity makes in LI. the liv es of a dairy farmer and his family. Before the estahlishment of the Rural Electrification Agency. Waterloo Farmers. 28 min.. color, 1976. Director: w Inch made it possible for Amman farmers to enjoy halo costa. Distributor: National Film Board of the benefits of electricity. the farmer and his wife had Canada. to do all their work manually. The installation of clec- An interesting contrast between two brandies of the tricit made the workday less %warm.. Conceniratcs Atnish faith. The Old Order :iiid the New Order on the conveniences that electricity can bring. electric difIcr on the efficacy and propriety 01 using up-to-

58 59 date farming methods. The Old Order continues 400- quality. A good discussion - starer for the real prob- year-old traditions, the New Order uses modern lems behind old and new, organic or energy-intensive equipment in an attempt to cut labor and improve farming. E,D.

6 Prelude to Crisis Louisiana Story, 77 min., bei.w . 1948. Director. Rob- In the pre-OPEC era, conflicts and triumphs within ert Flaherty. Distributor: Films Inc. the burgeoning oil industry served as the basis for Commissioned by Standard Oil of New Jersey to many Hollywood melodramas. including such titles show the great benefits that come from developing as Oil for the Lamps of China (98 min., b&w, 1935. the oil resources of the country. A small Cajun boy Director: Mervyn LeRoy. Distributor: United Art- and his family are affected by the coming of an oil ists 16), Boom Town (120 min.. b&w, 1940. Direc- company to drill a well in the bayou. The boy makes tor: Jack Conway. Distributor: Films Inc.), Black friends with the drillers and gradually comes to see Gold (1963), and, more recently, Oklahoma Crude them as beneficial to his community. The photog- (112 min., color, 1973. Director: Stanley Kramer. raphy of Richard Leaeock and the music of Virgil Distributor: Swank Motion Pictures). Location pho- Thomson underscore the, drama m this sensitive film. tography and impressive footage aboard an offshore Of course. there arc new ways to look at this film oil rig en hance Thunder Bay, onc of the few such films today. Many feel that the oil company far from pro- in which the romantic subplots took a back seat to the viding the family with a few material goodsis in drilling action. Rimes Stewart and Dan Duryea en- reality ruining one of the great remaining natural deavor to be the first wildcatters to strike offshore oil, and, in doing so. come into conflict with the proud resources. the bayous of Louisiana. Very good film to use in a discussion of this issue. E.D. shrimp fishermen of the Louisiana Gulf Coast. Pro- vides an authentic picture of one aspect of the oil in- Mr. Blandings Builds His Dream House, 94 min.. dustry and an indication of environmental issues to be b&w. 1948. Director: H. C. Potter. Distributor: considered. B.C. Films Inc. Americans' desire for their own homes during the Urbanissimo, 6 min.. color. 1970. Directors: John postwar housing shortage was somewhat unrealisti- Hubley & Faith Hubley. Distributor: Films Inc. cally reflected in this witty tale relating the varied comic disasters inherent in the building of a home. The Hubleys' animated impression of a city: a Cary Grant is the apartment-dwelling ad man who satirical portrait of a jumble of buildings and blocks aspires to suburbia; Myrna Loy, his whimsical on legs invading the countryside, exploiting our natu- spouse: and Shirty') Moffet and Connie Marshall. ral resources. destroying mountains,'raining oil. their precocious daughters. B.C. polluting duck ponds. and technologically improving things in ways that tarn a farmer an eggbeater for his The River, 30 min., b &w, 1937. Director: Pare eggs and canned fruit for his fresh produce. When LorentzPhotographers: Stacey Woodard. Floyd crisis strikes. the city's legs are innovatively replaced Crosby. Willard Van Dyke. Music: Virgil Thomson. with wheels. M.C. Distributor: National Audiovisual Center. Classic '30s documentary that follows the Mississippi Wild River, 105 min., color. 1960. Director: Elia (and its tributaries) from its source to the sea and Kazan. Distributor: Films Inc. studies the industry. life. and trade that depend on the A Depression-era drama dealing with the effects on a river and the hardships c:..cd by the river. Produced community of the economic upheaval caused by the for the Farm Security i .ministration. under the Tennessee Valley Authority project to bring hydro- Dept. of Agriculture. the film proved to be effective electric power to the area. A government engineer is propaganda for the Tennessee Valley Authority. the sent to convince an old woman that she must leave the government-financed corporation that harnessed the island that she and her husband have homesteaded. energy of the Tennessee River and converted it into Raises personal, human problems that such well- electrical power. M.0 intentioned searches for more energy have so often Thunder Bay. 102 min. color.1953. Director: An- caused. With Montgomery Oft. Lee Remick. Jo Van thony Mann. Distributor: Universal 16. Fleet. Bruce Dern. E.D. 7 Other People, Other Patterns of Energy Use Desert Cloud. 18 min., color, 1976. Director: appearances supporting their political beliefs. For Graham Stevens. Distributor: Bullfrog Films. Americans interested in being more self-sufficient, and as a study of the possibilities of such a lifestyle, In Kuwait, as in many other countries where the cli- this is a good discussion film. E. D. mate is inhospitable, people have used many devices to create a comfortable living environment. Houses Mac's Mill, 12 min., color, 1979. Producer: National are built with thick stone walls, which keep out the Film Board of Canada. Distributor: Bullfrog Films. sun during the day but store heat which is later re- Mac Armstrong owns 2,000 acres of heavily timbered leased at night. Streets are narrow, so there is always shadow along them: courtyards inside the houses land in Canada. He also has a stream Rowing through provide walkways and an area for the circulation of the middle of his land, so he works a waterpowered sawmill built originally by his father shortly after the air, The "desert cloud" of the title is a solar structure turn of the century Mae and his father reflect on their built of two kinds of plastic, black and clear in color. The heat expands the air in the center, causing a bal- way of life and on their ability to remain independent loon to rise. The balloon pulls in more air and in- in a world where most people are dependent upon others for survival. If carefully harvested, the forest creases its storage capacity. As it rises from the desert will last forever. Cutting and selling his own timber on floor, condensation underneath causes "rain" to fall. request, Mac has the means at hand to maintain a A dramatic demonstration of the possibilitiesof using regular income. Simple operation makes it possible the abundant energy of the sun to improve the en- vironmcm. This is contrasted with the recent de- for him to manage without hiring an army of workers. velopment of the oil wells in this area and the pro- Mac's Mill operates on the Schumacher theory that found effect they have on the lifestyle. ED. technology should be appropriate to the people whose lives are affected by it and small enough to stay Findhorn, 62 min., color, 1976, Director: Peter Wer- within their control. E.D. ner. Distributor: Moving Pictures. More Nuclear Power Stations, 48 min., color, 1976. The Findhorn Community in Scotland is primarily a Director: Per Mannstuedt. Distributor: Green religious community. However, their lifestyle con- Mountain Post Films. tains many lessons for persons seeking ways to live A Danish film which tours nuclear power facilities in more in harmony with nature. Members build their various parts of Europe. A good illustration of the ow n community houses, and grow almost all of their wide use of this source of energy which has far- own food in very productive organic gardens. High reaching political and social consequences for all lights one possible approach to the worldwide need for new methods of survival, ED. people. E.D. A Sense of Place, 56 min., color, 1976. Director: Living the Good Life, 30 min.. color, 1977. Director. Rene Bonniere. Distributor: National Film Board of John Hoskyns-Abrahall. Distributor: Bullfrog Films. Canada. Some 45 years ago, Helen and Scott Nearing decided Studies the problems ins oh ed in moving vast num to drop out of the energy-consuming market econ- bers of people from a rural to an urban area. Should omy They built their own energy-efficient home by be of great interest to town planners and government hand. grew all their own loud, and cut their ow n fire- officials w ho must deal with the ever-increasing prob. wood as their source of heat in the harsh New Eng- km of the movement ti, larger urban areas. Another land %%inters. However, they have not dropped out of film in the NFBC's Urban Transportation series. mot% ement with society. As pacifists and %egetarians which also includes Where Do We Go from Here, A they hay e written many boob and made many public BusFor Us, and Regina Telebus. E.D.

61 60 8 The International Politics of Energy The Bottom of the Oil Barrel, 34 min.. color. 1973. very much affected by world pressures on the Middle Producer. BBC-TV. Distributor: Time Life Multi- East. This is the story of one modern Egyptian family. media, more fortunate than many. The father is an oil engi- The oil age has been with us for approximately 100 neer, the grandfather is an old-style farmer. A good years. During that time we have become dependent illustration of the conflicting lifestyles in Arab coun- on oil for transportation. heat, and light. Now we are tries, which struggle to exploit their natural resources becoming aware that we have been wasteful and and improve their way of life, aware of the many selfish; the supply ts coming to an end. Engineers and problems that such -prosperity" often brings. E. D. scientists rush around the world desperately seeking Rana, 19 min., color, 1977. Director: Debby Kings- to find new deposits of oil and ways to extract the land for Film Australia. Distributor: Wombat Films. small deposits in inaccessible places. Raises many Rana is a young Moslem student living in Old Delhi: questions about the .vossibilities of what will happen she lives the traditional life in a strict Islamic family. after the oil is gone. or it indeed there is still time to However, her family is one of great learning and save the supply. ED, some modern views. Rana is shown going each day to The Choice Is Ours, 23 min., color. 1976. Producer. the University where she hopes to earn a degree. Shc Shoshoni Productions. Distributor. L'itersity of is also a linguist and gives lessons in several different California, Extension Media Center. languages. Seemingly, this is a portrait of a woman in An introductory overview of the problems of a world an emerging and developing country who has made of finite resources and capabilities. Addresses the the transition from ancient traditions to modern life. problems of overpopulation, famine. dwindling en- Yet Rana expects to marry when her parents find a ergy resources, and pollution. Discusses both the suitable husband for her. Shc does not find this problems and some possible solutions. E. D. strange and comments that she has no fears about her parents' choice; as she puts it,They know my nature Controlling Interest: The World of the Multinational and will choose well for me." A fine film to use in a Corporation, 45 min.. color, 1978. Director: Janet discussion of the contrasting lifestyles in other parts Roach. Distributor: California Newsreel. of the world and the ways in which industrialization An account of the growing powerof the multinational affects or does not affect traditions. E.D. conglomerates and their influence over global affairs Saudi Arabia: The Oil Revolution, 30 mm., color, and international policies. Raises many of the basic 1976. Director: Anthony Thomas. Distributor: questiorts about the conflict between the profit motive Learning Corp. of America. and expansion needs of the corporation and the human needs of the people of the world. What will Explores the contiasting nays of life that make up happen when the world begins to move to a more modern Saudi Arabia. It remains, in me..a respects,' simple global economy in the face of waning indus- devout Muslim world where many women still wear trial possibilities? E.D. the traditional veil and live secluded, protected lives. while their husbands go about the business of com- A Modern Egyptian Family, 17 min.. color. 1977, merce. It is also a country where a few men acquire Director: Sam Bryan. Distributor: International enormous wealth from oil and exploit this resource as Film Foundation. widely as possible. This documentary is well-photo- Although Egypt isless endowed with natural re- graphed and covers many of the essential differences sources than many of the Arab countries. it is still between the many factions in Saudi Arabia. E.D.

61 82 9 The Global Lifeboat: Energy and the Third World The Cost of Cotton, 30 min., color. 1978. Director: life tin its370 families. Living next to the town dump, Luis Arguenta Distributor: Latin American Film they spend much time reclaiming niatenals from itin Project. order to supply both food and hardware in the Guatemala has become one of the world's pro- struggle to improve their lifestyle. E.D. ducers of cotton. This developing nation faces in- Sky Chief, 26 min., color, 1972. Producer: Michael creasing pressure from other countries to develop this Scott. Distributor: University of California, Exten- industry to supply the world with more cotton. Unfor- sion Media Center. tunately. this industrialization has had a profound The confusion and conflict brought about when an effect on the way of life of the people. Because of the international petroleum consortium moves into an chemical pesticides used in the growing of the cotton Ecuadorian village. The lives of the mestizo settlers, crop. serious health and environmental problems have resulted. E.D. traders. and indigenous groups will be disrupted by this -invasion" of foreigners. But, will they benefit Land of the Broken Sky. 13 ram.. color. 1972. Pro- from this invasion? Most will not find jobs in the new ducer: Texaco Inc.. with Film Counselors. Inc. Dis- industry, nor does their way of life permit them to tributor: Association Films. take advantage of the new energy source. A good film to use in a consideration of the problems of foreign While developed industrial nations begin to look for exploitation for foreign proit in a rural economy. alternatii es to the heavy use of oil. the Third World is E.D. beginning to search for ways to increase their supplies. Ole such project is the building of the Trans- We Didn't Want It to Happen This Way, 28 min.. Andean pipeline. This airborne pipe is helping to color, 1978. Director: Herb Goro. Distributor: bring energy supplies to developing Latin American International Association of Machinists and Aero- nations. E.D. space Workers. One of the problems of our heavily industrialized Misa Colombian. 20 min.. b&w. 1977. Director: society has been the high cost of manufacturing the Anne fischel.Distributor: Documentary Educa- complex materials it needs. To counteract this ex- tional Resources. pense and probably also to increase profits. many The de% eloped countries of the West %vise to cut multinational corporations have in recent years hack on ;heir economic and resource waste at the begun to make an increasingly large part of their same time as man) emerging countries try to gain the products in other, Third World countries. This has "better" living conditions and increased supply of had a big effect on American workers, many of whom consumer goods they envy. Here we sec a shanty have iost their jobs to cheap labor in developing na- town in Colombia. w Inch seeks to find a better way of tions. E.D.

62 10 Conventional Fuels in Transition Appalachia, Rich Land Poor People, 59 min., b&w, of tree farming, genetic research in tree production, 1971. Director: Jack Willis. Distributor: Indiana and modern management techniques as applied to University, Audio-Visual Center. the cutting of trees. From the Nova series. E.D. The problems of unemployment and subsequent exo- Massachusetts Story, 58 min., color, 1977. Director/ dus from the coal mining towns of eastern Kentucky Distributor: Gordon Massingham. where mechanization of the mining industry is elimi- Studies the oil exploration off the coast of George nating many jobs. The federal unemployment pro- Bank, Massachusetts. Shows the fears and concerns grams and the coal companies have done little to help of the shipyard owners and the position of the the people of the area. Meanwhile, the stripping of government officials in charge of the project. Gives a the land has contributed to a terrible erosion problem good history of the region, highlighting the changes which leaves the land infertile and unproductive once that may come to this region as the quest for energy is the coal has been taken-from it. Indicts the indiffer- pursued. E.D. ence of business interests. E.D. Coal: The Other Energy, 15 min., color, 1978. Direc- Natural Gas: Supply and Demand, 28 min.. coloi, tor: Hal Kirn. Distributor: U.S. Dept. of Energy. 1974. Director: Stuart Knickerbocker. Distributor: Consumers Power Company. Many believe that coal may well be the fuel source that will last us the longest in the present stage of tech- A gas company film about the history Of the natural nology. Unfortunately. coal as a fuel pollutes the air gas industry. Discusses the problems of diminishing to an alarming degree and has been banned in many domestic supply and the need to explore for new places because of this. Now, a great deal of research is sources. E.D. being done for ways to make this fuel burn leaner Offshore, 19 min., color, 1973. Director: John and more efficiently. illustrates the washing tech- Ralph. Distributor: National Film Board of Canada. niques that remove many of the harmful chemicals from the coal, but does not explore, in depth, the full Off the coast of Nova Scotia. the Canadian govern- costs of this additional process and their effects on the ment is exploring for undersea oil. The Sedco-H drill- final cost to the consumer. E.D. ing rig operators work 24 hours a day, hoping to hit the oil fields that helped to form the western prairie of The End of the Road, 23 min., color, 1975. Director: Canada. Illustrates the extreme measures that are John Armstrong. Distributor: BP North America being taken in many parts of the world in hopes of The building of the 800-mile pipeline from Prudhoe extending the world's usable reserves of fossil fuels. Bay to Valdez. Dramatically shows the hard work Discusses some of the problems inherent in this type involved in such attempts to make accessible the of exploration and the constant precautions that must dwindling oil supplies in distant parts of the world. be taken to avoid the dangers of pollution and blow- E.D. out. E.D. FirewoodThe Other Energy Crisis, 10 min.. color. Onshore Planning for Offshore Oil: Voices from 1977. Director: Dick Young. Distributor: Dick Scotland, 21 min., color, 1976. Director. Janet Men- Young Productions. delsohn. Distributor: The Conservation Foundation. Many people have turned in recent years to wood- As oil supplies dwindle. the big oil companies are burning stoves and open fireplaces as one u ay to help constantly searching for new supplies Modern tech- with energy supplies and the problems of fossil fuels. nology has made it possible for them to begin to tap Unfortunately. use of wood also poses some other the oil under the ocean in many parts of the world. problems. Indiscriminate cutting of trees for firewood Unfortunately. as with so many other methods of can also have a very bad effect on the environment. mining. this brings with it another set of very special Erosion. flooding, and depletion of resources can fol- problems. In this instance, the social. physical. and low as a consequence of bad forest management. An economic effects of the drilling and offshore develop- effecttre look at environmental problems that can ment in a Scottish seacoast town arc considered arise when sources of power are exploited without Somewhat static presentation of a very important giving thought to the consequences. See also The Re- issue. E.D. newable Tree (59 min.. color. 1975. Director: Ben Shed. Distributor: Time Life Multimedia), which Saving a Big Land, 28 min., color, 1975. Director: documents the forest industry and questions the claim Robert Dicrbcck. Distributor: Great Plains National that trees are a renewable resource. Shows the history Instructional Television Library.

63 64 A United Nations film that explores the conflicting an oil company decide whether tapping this well will issues surrounding the develoment of the Alaskan bring in sufficient new oil to justify the potential cost pipeline. In theory, this pipeline will help to make the of the project. E.D. U.S. independent of imported oil and improve its Western Coal: An American Dilemma, 21 min capacity to continue as an industrialized nation. On color, 1976. Director: John Hanson. Distributor: the other hand, the true impact upon the ecology of Churchill Films. the region can only be guessed at: we may find that the price paid for such a pipeline will prove to be too Many feel that coal is the best hope for a temporary high. E.D. solution to the energy crisis. Unfortunately, its mining and use present many special problems. One com- The Slender Chance, 17 min.. color, 1976. Director; munity in Montana is shown discussing the effects of Peter Griffiths. Distributor: BP North America. strip mining. Ranchers and townsfolk, officials and A petroleum engineer tries to determine how much corporate interests argue the different problems of oil is actually in a hole that has been drilled thousands preservation of land and a way of life versus jobs for of feet deep. He must find the evidence that will help miners and provision of energy supplies. ED.

11 Nuclear Energy: A Faustian Bargain?

The Battle Over the Peaceful Atom, 40 min., b&w, what was then considered a safe method of disposal. 1976. Directors: Philip Loreti & Jon Sutherland. Dis- In 1975. the Environmental Protection Agency distributor: Sutherland/Loreti Productions. covered that some barrels sunk off the Farallon Is- Examines man> aspects of the continumgdebateoser lands west of California had leaked into the sea. At nuclear energy, using one Rhode Island community about the same time, scientists discovered the world's as the focus. Presents both sides at. objectively as is largest known marine sponge, leading to speculation possible with such an emotionally charged issue. that this had been caused by genetic mutations ED. brought about by excessive radiation. Now, radioactive waste is buried in the ground. But no box, bin, The China Syndrome, 122 min.. color. 1979. Direc- or other coffin invented to bury the waste will last for- tor: James Bridges, Distributor: Swank Motion Pic- ever; radioactivity continues for hundreds of millions tures. of years. This is one of the major problems that scien- In a foreshadowing of the Three Mile Island (Penn- tists must solve if nuclear power is to become a gener- sylvania) disaster. TV newsreporter Kimberly W ally acceptable. practical source of energy. ED. (Jane Fonda) and cameraman Richard Adams (Mi- Lovejoy's Nuclear War, 60 min.. color, 1975. Direc- chael Douglas) happen on an accident in a California tor: Dan Keller, Distributor: Green Mountain Post nuclear plant. They secretly film the control-room Films. confuston and then have difficulty convincing the TV station manager to air their report. With the aid of a Depicts one man's act of cis]] disobedience and the frightened but conscientious engineer, Jack Godell subsequent legal actions against hem. In 1974 Samuel (Jack Lemmon). Wells and Adams try to expose the Holden Los cjoy , concerned for his own safety and near disaster A sad commentary on scientists and that of his neighbors. toppled the 500-foot steel conscienceless. opportunist corporate executes'. s. weather tower of a projected nuclear power plant to When The China Syndrome premiered, power com- bring public attention to the dangers of nuclear pany spokesmen unanimously agreed the film's thesis power. In the subsequent legal battle, Lovejoy was was implausible. But only a week later, their credi- eventually acquitted on a technicality, but his action bility was lost because of the Three Mile Island fiasco. was Thstrumental in rousing the ,trea to the possible dangers of the power plant and also in halting its constru,,ton. E.D. Danger! Radioactive Waste, 50 nun., color, 1976. Director: Joan Konner. Distributor: Films Inc No Act of God, 28 min.. color, 1977. Directors: Ian Ball & Sidney Goldsmith Distributor: Bullfrog Although the debate over the safety of nuclear energy Films. continues, the major stumbling block in the development of this kind of energy is the problem of disposing Here. we see sonic of the characteristics of the liquid of radioactive waste. In 1950. hundreds of barrels of metal cooled fast breeder fission reactor, with a dis- radioactive material were sunk into the oceans in cussion 01 the grim problems involved in the use of

64 this type of energy source. The filmmakers assembled Many critics of nuclear power reactors of the breeder an impressive List of authorittes to speak on the sub- variety are aware that the alternate passibility of ject. They touch. in general, upon three main issues. laser-fusion might offer a safe alternative. Here, we the lack of sate ways to dispose of nuclear wastes. the see one such experiment being conducted in a govern- possibilities of sabotage and terrorist activity, and ment laboratory. Using both microphotography and the increased availability of plutonium for weapons. animation. this beautiful and awe-inspiring film E. D. attempts to find a way to use this technology to help solve the dilemmas we face. A very good film which The Nuclear Dilemma, 40 min.. color. 1974. Pro- should generate discussion: might well be used with ducer: BBC-TV, Distributor: Time Life Multimedia. one of the films on breeder reactors in a full explora- For many, the nuclear fission reactor presents the best tion of this controversial area. E.D. and easiest solution to the present energy crisis. To others, itis a frightening and deadly method that To Imitate the Sun. 33 mm., color, 1971. Director: should not be pursued until and unless it can be made Jim Chimbidis. Distributor. U.S. Atomic Energy one hundred percent safe, if this is possible. Many Commission. feel that we are approaching an inevitable disaster, others feel that without it we are doomed to a "stone- The workings of a nuclear fusion generator. The age" existence. E.D. many problems that government scientists see in controlling such units and their conviction that these Target for Antares, lb nun.. color, 1978. Director: problems must be solved in order to consider using Charles R. Barnett. Distributor: Los Alamos Scien- nuclear-generated electric power. E. D. tific Laboratory.

12 Solar Energy and "Appropriate Technologies" A Building in the Sun, 20 min.. color, 1978. Director: Energy for the Future, 17 min., color, 1974. Direc- Gary W. Gritfen. Distributor. Griffen Productions. tor: Bert Van Bork. Distributor. Encyclopaedia Bri- Studies the building of the largest privately financed tannica Educational Corp. solar heated building in the United States. From the Several new methods of finding and using energy are outset of the project, the architects 4nd ow ners were surveyed. Scientists look under the sea in the hope of determined to build with as little environmental dam- finding cheaper, safer nuclear power. The wind may age to the area as possible. The resulting building is be used to power more than the conventional wind- pleasing in design and very efficient in function. mill. Also looks at one house that has for many years Unfortunately, the film does not clarity all aspects of operated as a solar heated and electrified home. the building, and there is much use of cloying classical E.D. music throughout. E.D. Dawn of the Solar Age I: Solar Energy, 29 min,, Energy: The Problems and the Future. 23 min.. color, 1978. Producer/Distributor: National Geo- Color. 1977, Producer: Edward Goldwyn. Distribu- tor: Time Life Multimedia, graphic Society. Dawn of the Solar Age II: Wind and Water Energy, The basic elements ot the world water, earth, wind, 25 niin., color. 1977. Producer. Edward Goldwyn and heatare all possible future energy sources. Al- Distributor: Time Life Multimedia though many people fear that these will prove to be We live in a technologically advanced culture with too expensive to harness, much work is already being ever-increasing demands for energy. Will we turn to done to develop these natural, renewable, non- nature to satisfy these needs? These two films, w Nell polluting resources. In France, the Rance River proj- can be used either consecutively or individually, ect uses tidal power to provide electricity; in some clearly present the developing technologies harness- areas, hot water springs on provide warmth. Wind- ing energy from nature. Superb photography, line mills have been used in many parts of the world for animation. charts. diagrams, and clear presentation centuries, and are beginning to he used again in an detail the efforts to convert, store, and use energy increasing number of technologies In New Mexico. from the sun, wind, or water. Explains the efficiency research on the use of passive solar energy is being of these energy sources and the problems inherent in carried out. A good overview of many *soft" alterna- each. From the Nom series. J.R. tives to current energy problems. E.D.

65 66 Pedal Power, 18 min.. color. 1978. Director: John Reston, Virginia, was faced in 1976 with the need to Hoskyns-Abrahall. Distributor: Bullfrog Films. build a new elementary school. Concerned by the As we search for as to reduce our dependence on ever-increasing costs of building and maintaining fossil fuel, the bicycle is returning as a fine alterna- schools., the school board set about finding a more tive. In addition to being used to drive a bike, pedal efficient answer to the problem. The Terraset Ele- power has many other possibilities for a variety of mentary School was the result. It was built very household tasks, from grinding corn to making ice largely into the ground to utilize the earth's own heat, cream and chopping wood, etc. A good discussion and it also uses solar energy for both heating and cool- film for a consideration of alternatives. E.D. ing the building. Scenes of the children in their new building give one the impression that this has been a The Sunbeam Solution, 38 min., color, 1974. Pro- very successful venture. Although this solution is ducer: BBC-TV. Distributor: Time Life Multimedia. obviously not applicable to all towns, this is a pro- Oil is running out, nuclear power stations are at best socative film which would benefit town planners and dangerous and certainly meet with a good deal of legislatures, as well as taxpayers seeking to hold dow n community resistance. What then are the alterna- local expenses. E.D. tives? Here, we see some of the many ways in which we might use solar power as a solution to the Wise Masters of Wind and Water, 16 min., color, problem. Orbiting power stations might provide 1976. Director: Mafilm Studio. Distributor: Perspec- enough power to operate factories and fuel urban tive Films. buildings. Individual houses can be built with inde- A non-narrated look at various ways that wind power pendent sources of solar power. Wind and wave can be used to drive machinery. The traditional uses power. geothermal power, and the use of such natural of windmills and paddlewheels to sharpen tools, grind elements as hydrogen are all new avenues under exploration. E.D. flour, and clean clothes are shown. Because the film has no comment, it might call for a little research and Terraset Sun, 20 min.. color, 1978. Director: Chris input from a group leader to get the most out of a Bedford. Distributor: Solarium Productions. screening. E.D.

13 Making Our Own: Synthetic Fuels

Bates' Car, 16 min., color. 1975. Director: Tony Ian- legislature to pass a strong strip-mining law. M many zello. Distributor: Arthur Mokin Productions. now consider coalin its natural state and as a source Essentially an interview with Harold Bates, who for synthetic fuelsto be one of our best hopes for holds to the theory that one dons not need gasoline in solving thc energy crisis, this film takes on a new order to run a car. For years. he has successfully oper- significance and deserves careful screening. ED ated his car on gas which he produces from barnyard Bill Loosely's Heat Pump, 10 min., color, 1976. Pro- manure. Mr. Bates maintains thatitis perfectly duCer: National Film Board of Canada. Distributor: feasible for people to produce their own methane gas Bullfrog Films. this way and be independent of the oil companies. Since 1951, Bill Loosely has heated his house by E.D means of a heat pump which extracts heat from the ground around the house and pumps it into the house. Before the Mountain Was Moved, 58 min.. color, The device is a very simple one: it employs copper 1971. Director: Robert K. Sharpe. Distributor: tubing filled with Freon gas and is buried in the McGraw-Hill Films. ground around the house at a depth of about live feet. A docu-drama. based on the fight of a group of West The gas collect:, the heat from the ground, which re- Virginians who were outraged by the effect of strip mains a constant 45 degrees year rotund. The heat is mining on their land. Shows many of the terrible ef- drawn into the house and is distributed by Means of a fects of landslides and other environmental damage simple electric pump. Mr. Loosely estimates that the to their homes. The residents ran a well-organized pump costs him about $70 a year to operatC. This is an campaign against this indiscriminate damage to their impressive case history when one eonsiders that the land by outside. profit-oriented coal companies. house is in An area where thc ground normally freezes Eventually. they were successful in getting the state to a depth of about three feet each winter. E.D.

66 67 Buffalo Creek Flood: An Act of Man, 39 min.. color. may be made to nature damaged by our wastefulness 1975. Director. Mimi Pickering. Distributor. Appal- is in the reclamation of waste products through re-

shop Films. . cycling. The potential for reclaiming many materials Sometimes the by-product of the industrial processes is great and many communities are now involved in by which we seek to produce energy is destruction of various recycling efforts. One hope for the future is land and people. A very dramatic instance of this was the production of eeo- fuel from non-recyclable the Buffalo Creek Valley disaster in Kentucky. A waste, which would rescue some of the energy now dam built of coal waste burst. flooding the entire val- lost to us. E.D. ley. Many were left homeless, some killed. Includes A Well in West Virginia, 15 min., color, 1974. Pro- interviews with survivors and company officials, each ducer. Stuart Finley. Distributor. American Gas As- giving their version of what happened and why. sociation. E.D. Gas is still a relatively cheap fuel source. although Recycling, 21 min.. color. 1971. Director/Distribu- supplies are by no means as certain as they once were. tor: Stuart Finley. A geologist and a drilling crew are seen as they go about the business of searching out new sites for One of the ways that some small measure of redress wells. --E.D.

14 More Through Less: Effectiye EnergyUse Backyard Alternative Energy, 26 min., color. 1978. Rotary: Engine of the Future, I I min., color. 1973. Director. Kirby Brumfield. Distributor. Kirby Brum- Producer. Inst:tut fur Film and Bild. Distributor: lield Energy Productions. Films Inc. The Brumfield family is very interested in utilizing The piston engine is generally regarded as an ineffi- alternative energy sources. so they set out on a jour- cient user of energy. Many feel that it must eventually ney to sec what different people have done to solve be replaced by a more practical alternative. Here. we their energy problems. The family discovers wind- are shown the workings of a rotary engine which mills. solar heated greenhouses and houses. methane many experts feel will eventually replace the older gas driven engines, pedal power, horse power. wood engine. E.D. and steam power. In most cases, people designed and built their own units using unlikely or ingenious Running on EmptyThe Fuel Economy Challenge, methods. Technically, the film has some flaws. includ- 27 min.. color. 1978. Producer/Distributor: U.S. ing a rather coy narration, but many of the ideas it Dept. of Energy. presents are of great importance. The film should Illustration of the various ways in which car users an, have many uses in study groups. E.D. help save fuel. Discusses different problems encoun- Regina Telebus, 20 min.. color. 1974. Director: Rex tered in city and highway driving. A public informa- Trasker. Distributor: National Film Board of Can- tion film of considerable importance. E.D. ada. Saving Energy at Home. 13 min.. color. 1974. Direc- The citizens of Regina. .katehewan. have a suc- tor: Alan Barker. Distributor: Ramsgate Films. cessful tnass transit system that operates in an unusual manner. It is a dial -ii-bus flexible scheduling system. The average home is a very wasteful place. Doors and which relieves many of the problems that often windows leak valuable heat, pilot lights consume con- hamper the development of suburban bus systems. siderable amounts of fuel. Careless use of appliances. Using small buses. citizens call a number and request running two machines when one will do, and many service as needed: the bus provides on-demand. other ways in which we waste energy are explored. door-to-destination service. A model that communi- Ways to cut down on such waste are noted. E.D. ties would do well to study as they plan for community-wide transit. See also A BusFor Us (14 min.. We Will Freeze in the Dark, 42 min., color, 1977. color. 1976. Director: Rex Trasker. Distributor: Nu. Producer: Capital Cities Communications. Distribu- lima' Film Board of Canada ), for more on innovative tor: McGraw-Hill Films. busing. E.D. The energy crisis affects all of us in a wide variety of

67 6 R o ay s It is cxacerbated by our wasteful, self-dosorbed ergy allot these are way. of approaching the prob- lifestyle. Explores the need to engage ina wide vari- lem. Makes the point that there is an urgent need for ety of programs to avoid disaster Recycling. insula- stronger government programs to combat the grow- tion, new building designs, ear poc!ing, solaren- ing crisis. E.D.

15 Choosing Our Future: Choices and Tradeoffs

Blz_k Coal, Red Power, 41 min.. color. 1974. Pro- same house as A City Farmstead, but is a slightly ducer Sheik Grossman. Distributor. Indiana Uni- longer and more in-depth study. One might use either versity. Audio-Visual Center. film, depending on the time available and object of A competent. thoughtful exploration of the prol-nis the discussion planned. E.D. that have been caused by strip mines on the Hopi and Navajo lands in Arizona. On the one hand, such ac- Living Way Out, 25 min., color, 1976. Director: Phil- tivities have provided jobs for the Indians On the lip Robertson. Distributor: Australian Information other. strip mining has caused severe erosion of weir Service. land. and damaged the ecology of the desert. Raises Although this film is set in the Australian outback, one s er important question. how can we increase or the problems it raises are universal. A company exploit the supplies of remaining fossil fuels without builds a mine far from civilization and the workers doing permanent damage to both the land and the flock to it. Although the mine provides urban con- people on ill E.D. sumers with fuel and other needs, the miners pay a A City Farmstead, 15 min.. color. 1977. Director: heavy price for this. They are isolated from many Louts Sehwartzberg. Distributor: Phoenix Films. services and live lonely lives. The effect on the lives of workers is well-illustrat.d and some possible solu- Many feel that in order to survive the energy crunch, tions arc offered. E.D. it may be essential to break up urban areas into smaller units. This film shows a project in Berkeley. The Other Way, 26 min., color.. 1975. Producer: California. in which an A; house :las been trans- BBC-TV. Distributor: Time Life Multimedia, formed into a self-reliant, ecologically sound urban Economist E. F. Schumacher argues that we exploit habitat Cover, the areas of heating. waste recycling. our non-renewable resources. His solutions are a and urban food production. wood introduction to this series of changes that involve using simpler,more specific problem. E.D. easily operated mach'nery that gets the job done but Cree Hunters of Misstassini, 58 nun., color, 1974. requires a less competitive approach to marketing Director, e Richardson and Tony lanzelto. Dis- and distribution of products, e.g., more items would tributor: National Film Board of Canada. be produced locally. E.D. For 300 years. the Cree Indians of northern Quebec Our Land Is Our Life, 58 min.. color. 1974. Direc- pros ince have managed to preserve their way of life. tors: Boyce Richardson & Tony lanzello. Distribu- largely untouched by white men and their culture. In tor: National Film Board of Canada. recent years. this has changed. The government has In March 1974. the 0-cc Indian 1.Jople of Misstassini offered the Indians large sums o: money as com- in northern Quebec met to discuss the government pensation for their traditional hunting pounds. so offer of money for their hunting grounds. The land that a Danz hydroelectric dam may be built in the o as wanted for the site of a giant hydroelectric proj- region What this way of hie is really, like and what is ect. After considering all aspects of the situation. ,it stake is explored in this sens.. A e. respectful &cu- jobs. money. more contact with other cultures, the r "'pups wishing ,o loot. at the political proc- Indians decided overwhelmingly that none of these tent on in this struggle should also screen considerations were worth the forfeiture of their Is Our Life (see below ). E D. land. See also Cree Hunters of Misstassini. E.D Down .0 Earth City Living, 18 nun.. color. 1977. D t- Paul Jacobs and the Nuclear Gang, 58 min.. color, re ct o r Joaquin Padro. Distributor. Pyramid i aims. 1979, Directors. Jack Vv'ilis & Saul Landau. Distribu- Integral Urban House in Berkeley. California. is an tor: The Center for Documentary Media. urban energy -ellictent house, The house is solar In 1957, journalist Paul Jacobs began investigating heated. and the family raises bees. chickens. and the story of a possible cover-up by the government of othe animals to help supply its oo n food Covers the information about the effects of low-level radiation

68 69 on those emmsed to tallow trout annumc tests ant! On both passive and avinc, is employed. windows and workers energy plants. He pursued this skylights are skillfully placed in order to collect as stun for the tn... 20 years until his death in January much natural heat and light as possible. Also, the 1978 front lung Lauver. w hail he may have contracted natural area in which the house is situated is used ,is as a result of evosure to low-level radiation in the part of the design. e.g.. a tree may be incorporated course 01 his investigations. Two 01 his colleagues. into the building. pros iding both natural shade and 11 rllis and Landau. filmed Jacobs during `:is last beauty to the interior. For urban dwellers, some of months and pursued the story of the cover-up after the recommended methods are not possible. Wood- his death. Their in% estigations. verified by re% datums burning stoves are a great sav mg. but sources of of governm:nt-sponsored studies. indicated that the cheap wood are not available in many areas. The incidence of v,irious types of cancer was much higher houses are generally built in large part by their own- in areas where nuclear testing had taken place in the ers. The ads antages are many, enormous say ings and 1950. and 4160 among workers in nuclear plants. A respect for one's env ironment are two of the most powerful. well-documented report on the potential obvious. E.D. dangers of rapid technological development without adequate safeguards for human beings. --N.C. Which Energy, 23 min., color.19Th. Director: Martin Mailin, Distributor: Stuart Finley. A Place to Live, 24 mm.. color. 1978. Director: Fred Compares existing and possible future energy James. Distributor: Lumen-Bel sources. Vtsits a variety of field installations and re- Patsy and Fred 11C1111111 are the 'winders of the Shelter search laboratories. Shows fossil fuels, nuclear fusion Institute in Maine. 'the Institute is a self-help group and fission experiments, including breeder reactors. Inch teaches its members to build their own houses solar. wind. and possible conservation methods. A using many energy -say ing techniques Saar heating. good overview. ED.

Additional Resources Canadian Film Institute. National Science Film Li- Higgir..,. Judith H. Energy. A Multimedia Guide for brary, Water Films. 2nd ed. Ottawa. Secietariat. Children and Young Adults. Santa Barbara, Cali- Canadian National Committee, International Hydro- fornia. American Bibliographical Center/Clio Press. logical Decade. 1974. Includes section on hydroelee- 1979. Films and filmstrips on Coal- Gas, Nuclear Inc power and corrvation. Energy. Oil and Solar Energy. Consery ation Education Association. Critical Index Seitz-Pt:trash, Ann. and Kathryn Wolff. AAAS Sci- of Films on Man and Hos Environment. Danville. Illi- ence Film Catalog. Washington, D.C.: American As- nois; Interstate Printers and Publishers, 1972. sociation for the Advancement of Science; Ncw Educational Film Library AssociationAmerican York. R. R. Bow ker. 1975. Subject guide to science Film Festival Program Guides. New York. EFLA. films. Includes films on energy and conservation. Annual Festival guides include categories on energy and environmental issues. Sive, Mary Robinson. Selecting Instructional Media: A Guide to Audiovisual and Other Instructional The Energy Films Index: An Educator's Guide to Media Lists. Littleton. Colorado: Libraries Unlim- Current Energy Films. Portland. Oregon: Energy & ited. 1978, Includes section on Energy and Environ- Man's Environment. 1978. ment Education. Energy halm New York: Environment Information (enter. Annual publication which includes films. Source Book for Courses by Newspaper's Connec- among other materials. tions: Technology and Change, Fall 1979. San Fran- Energy on Film. Nit vi York: New York State Alliance cisco: Boyd & Fraser, 1 1Y79. includes lengthy filmog- to Save Energy. 1978. II :311y describes 160 films. raphy compiled by the Educational Film Library Association, The Environment Film Review: A Critical Guide to ology Films. New 'fork. 1 an ironment Information Williams, Hannah C. Man and His Environment. Center, 1972. New York: EFLA. 1972.

69 Distributors' Addresses

Lo' Alamos Scientific Laboratory. P.O. Box 1663. Green Mountain Post Films, P.O. I3ox 177. Mon- Los Alamos, NM 87545. tague. MA 01351. American Gas Association. 1515 Wilson Boulevard, Griflen Productions. Pells Road. Rhinebeck. NY Arlington. VA 22209. 12572. Appalshop Films. Box 743. Whitesburg, 101 41858. Images. 300 Phillips Park Road. Mamaroneck. NY Association Films. 866 'Third Venue, New York, 10543. NY 10022, Indiana University. Audio-Visual Center, Bloonung- Audio Brandon Films. 34 NlacOuesten Parkway' So., Ion. IN 47401. Mount Vernon. NY 10550. International Association of Machinists and Aero- Australian Information Service, 636 Fifth /Venue. space Workers, 1300 Connecticut Avenue. N.W New York. NY 10020 Washington. DC 20036. International Film Foundation. 475 Fifth Avenue. BFA Educational Media. 2211 Michigan Avenue. New York. NY 10017. P.O. Box 1795, Santa Monica. CA 90406. Latin American Film Project. P.O. Box 315. Frank- BP North America. 620 Filth A elute. New York. NY lin Lakes. NJ 07417. 10020. Barr Films, P.O. Box 5667, 3490 East Foothill Learning Corp. of America, 1350 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10019. Boulevard. Pasadena, CA 91107. Lumen-Bel. Box 311. Village Station. New York. NY Benchmark Films. 145 Scarborough Road, Briarchli 10014. Manor. NY 10510. Macmillan Films. Inc.. 34 MacQuesten Parkw;iy so.. Bitterroot Films. Hammond Arcade. Missoula. MT Mount Vernon, NY 10550. 59801. Gordon Massingham, Box 717, Masitye. MA Kirby Brumfield Energy Productions. 10003 S.W. 02469. 60th Street. Portland. OR 97219. McGraw-Hill Films. 110 15th Street. Del Mar. CA 13u111rog Films. Oley. PA 91547, 92014. California Newsreel, 630 Natoma Street. San Fran- Ai thur Mokin Productions. 17 West 60th Street. New cisco. CA 94103. York. NY 10023. The Center for Documentary Media. Inc.. 1290 Moving Fictures, 153 Hollister, Santa Monica. CA Madison A enue. New York. NY 10028. 90405. Centron Fducational Films. 1621 West Ninth Street. The Museum of Modern Art. Dept. of Film Circula- Law rence. KS 66044. tion, 11 West 53rd Street. New York. NY 1:1019. Churchill Films. 662 North Robertson Boulevard. National Audiovisual Center. General Services Ad- Los Angeles. CA 90069. ministration. Washington. DC 20409, The Conser%ation Foundation. 1717 Massachusetts National Film Board of Canada. 1251 Venue 01 the A enue. N.W.. Washington. DC 20036. Americas. 16th Floor. New York. NY 10020, Consumers Power Company. 212 West Michigan National Geographic Society. 17th and M Stt2ets, Avenue, Jackson, Ml 49201. N.W., Washington. DC 20036. Documentary Educational Resources. 5 Bridge Paramount Pictures Corp,. Non-Theatrical Di% ision. Street Watertown. MA 02172. 5451 Marathon Street, I Iollywood, CA 90038, Encyclopaedia 13ntannica Educational Corp .425 N Perspective Films. 469 West Erie Street, Chicago. IL Michigan Avenue. Chicago. IL 60611. 60610. Films Inc.. 733 Green Bay Road. Wilmette, IL Phoenix Films, Inc., 470 Park /Venue South, New 6009 1 , York, NY 10016. Stuart Finley. 3428 Mansfield Road. Falls Church. Pyramid Films, P.O. Box 1048, Santa Monica. ('A VA 22041. 90406. Gould Entertainment Corp.. 101 West 57th Street. Ramsgate Films. 70.4 Santa Monica Botilo ard. Santa New York, NY 10019. Monica, CA 90401. Great Plains National Instructamal ieloision Li- Solarium Productions. 1061 31st Street. NAV_ brary. Box 80669, Lincoln, NB 68501, Washington. DC 20007,

70 Sutherland; Laren Productions. 5 Conrad Circle. Umwrsal 16, 445 Park Avenue, New York, NY Wenhain. MA 01984, 10022. Swank Motion Pictures, 201 S. JellersonAvenue. St. Lime:may of California, Extension Media Center. Louis. MO 63103. 2223 Fulton Street. Berkeley, CA 94720. Tune Life Multimedia, Time & Lile Building, 1271 Gary A. Walkow, 8508 Appian Way, Los Angeles, Avenue of the Americas, New Yo-k. NY 10020. CA 91)046, United Artists 16, 729 Soenth Avenue, New York, Wombat Films. Little Lake, Glendale Road, Box 70, NY 10019. Ossining. NY 10562. U.S. Atomic Energy Comnussion, Washington. DC Dick Young Productions, 118 Riverside Drive. New 20545. York, NY 10024. U.S. Dept. of Energy, Film Library, P.O. Box 62, Oak Ridge, TN 37830.

.41"

71 TO ENRICH THE STUDY OF ENERGY AND THE WAY WE LIVE

Reader and Study Guide for ENERGY AND THE WAY WE LIVE is an anthology of provocative and thoughtful articles that explore America's energy alternatives and their likely impact on modern society. These articles examine the history of energy technology and consumption, the impact of often-contradictory values on energy policy, and the effects of energy dilemmas on national and international a ffair.

The Study Guide portion features brief summaries of key concepts, commentaries on the newspaper and anthology articles, and review questions.

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