Int J Ayu Pharm Chem RESEARCH ARTICLE www.ijapc.com e-ISSN 2350-0204

Acharya Charakas’ Analysis on Anuvanshiki Siddhanta (Genetics) in Ayurveda Sumit Sharma1*, Sakshi2 and Subhash Upadhyay3

1-3Department of Rachna Sharir, SGCAS & H, TANTIA University, Sriganganagar, Rajasthan, India

ABSTRACT Ayurveda is science of life dealing with prevention and cure of diseases. The notion of Anuvanshiki (Genetics) has been known to the eminent scholars centuries back. Every life starts from a seed to grow into an individual as we see in process of budding of a plant from a littleseed. Acharya Sushruta & Charaka gave relevant concepts regarding hereditary and its effects during developmental period and even for later stage of life. Genes are the structural & functional unit of hereditary which is encoded with genetic information for an individual. The article is based on the Anuvanshiki Siddhanta with the ideology of modern genetics including teratological impact. The advancement in technology based life has a severe impact over the upcoming progeny (generation) because of the induced stress level, work pressure, sedentary lifestyle which over all affects the fertility rate. It is reviewed under literary methodology by putting together the thoughts of contemporary sciences and classical literature.

KEYWORDS Anuvanshiki, Beeja, Beejabhaga, Beejbhagavayava,Genetics& Teratology

Greentree Group Publishers Received 08/08/18 Accepted 27/08/18 Published 10/09/18 ______

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INTRODUCTION (healthy offspring) and to cure various According to the Ayurvedic philosophy, congenital diseases. every action is being done with some Factors for determining Hereditary purpose (Hetu). The whole Prakriti (nature) Defects: has been evolved with a purpose like for Acharya Charaka has explained the instance, Sukha- Dukha (happiness-grief), concept of fertilization and development Purusha or Jeevatmaand like along with view that a man is born from Beeja(Shukra- Shonita) came into man but the offspring is not similar. If the existence for development of an individual abnormality results, it is due to the damaged 1along with its other component parts which genetic source of that part & if nothing are discussed later. The formation of happens then it’s in normal state. He said Garbha is the process of union of that sense organs are self derived and their Shukra(sperm),Shonita (ovum) and presence/absence is determined by fate. So Jeeva(life)in the Kukshi(uterus)2 .It also offspring are not invariably similar to 5 includes the Shad bhavas which also parents . The genes which carry the genetic participate in embryogenesis (Matrija, basis of all the body parts and thus produce Pitraja, Aatmaj, Satvaja, the person having similar body parts but the Rasaja&Satmayaja)3. senses are governed by the deed enshrined The transmission of characters /traits from in the soul. Thus even in patients of leprosy, parents to child and along with generations the disease is transmitted to the offspring is called as Anuvanshiki (inheritance). only if the genes are affected otherwise not. These are being transferred by the Beeja On the other hand, in case of senses, it is (ovum-sperm),BeejaBhaga (chromosomes) only by chance that the offspring of a blind 6 and Beejabhagavayaya (genes). Gene is the man comes as blind . principal unit of inheritance. Matraj and Causes of Deformity in a Male &Female Pitrajbhava can be related with the parental Child: imprints4. Various genetic diseases are The hereditary defect that occurs in fetus is developed due to any deformity in the due to the imperfection of Beeja, Beeja Beejabhaga, Beejbhagavayava. These Bhaga and Beejabhagavayava. If a woman factors also carry same type of deformity in conceives when her Shonita (ovum) and next generation. The study of Beeja and Garbhasya (uterus) were not completely Beejbhaga, Beejdosha is useful for Supraja vitiated but simply afflicted by the circulating Doshas then it may result in ______

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deformity in offspring. She conceives but organs that characterize a male, are fetus gets damaged in one or more excessively vitiated, then this gives birth to maternally derived organs (skin, blood) that a child who is not a complete male but only are affected with morbidity in genes7. These having masculine characteristics and is vitiated Doshas may afflict the Beeja known as Tranaputrika11. (chromosomes) or Beejabhaga (genes) The occurrence of sexual disorders is due to from where the organs derived gets disturbance in the genetic composition. The deformed. When the Beejabhaga in the Klinefelter’s Syndrome (abnormal male ovum of mother which is responsible for the XXY) is a male because of presence of Y production of uterus is excessively vitiated, chromosome. The testes are poorly then she gives birth to a sterile child and on developed leading to the sterility and vitiation of Beejabhagavayava then she gynecomastia also persists12.On the other gives birth to Putipraja8. When along with hand, Turner’s syndrome is an example of above symptoms a portion of the genes female with only one X chromosome. Here concerning the organs that characterize a subject is always a female. There is female like breasts, genital organs, hair etc; agenesis of ovaries and associated in the ovum of the mother gets excessively deformities include mental retardation, vitiated then she gives birth to a child who skeletal abnormalities and folds of skin on is not a complete female but only with side of neck (webbed neck)13. characteristics- such type of child is known Factors responsible for abnormality in as Varta. The cases of Suchimukhi9 and fetus: Sandhya yoni10 can also be referred in In answer to the question put up by genetical defects present in females Agnivesha, Lord Atreyareplied that due to Causes of Deformity in Male Child: genetic factors, self deeds, by time period, Whenthe part of the Beeja which is mother’s food regime and behavioral responsible for the production of the sperm activities; the vitiated Dosha result in many in the fetus is excessively vitiated, it results type of congenital abnormalities14.When in a sterile child and Beejabhagavayavais the developed zygote (union of sperm- excessively vitiated, then it results in birth ovum) is completely or partially damaged to a Putipraja. When beejabhagavayava in terms of genetic portion, the progeny has which is responsible for the production of characters of female and male sperm and also portions of the Beejabhaga Dwireta(hermaphrodite). Similarly cases of which are responsible for the production of Pavanindriya(devoid of semen) with ______

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damaged genetic portion and reduced mismatch and hybrid DNA combinations. reproductive factor results into male and The system can prevent diseases like cystic femaleSandya(sterility)15. fibrosis, phenylketonuria (PKU), galactosemia, retinoblastoma, albinism, DISCUSSION sickle-cell anemia, thalassemia, Tay-Sachs The word, Beeja refers to Moola (root). It is disease, autism, growth hormone the main cause of Uttpati (origin) i.e. it has deficiency, adenosine deaminase capacity to generate and Shukra- Shonita deficiency, and juvenile muscular are root factors for development mentioned dystrophy which are due to genetic 16 in our literature. The normal Beeja (shukra- disturbance . shonita) with normal properties can The concept of Aahar-Vihar Paricharya reproduce but due to vitiation by Dosha, the also affects condition of the fetus. The food, fertilization process is not completed. Just or diet regime, lack of exercise, like an affected seed, does not sprout into a environmental factors affects growth of plant, so is the incapability of Beeja to Garbha. If growing individual in the uterus reproduce. Beejabhagavayava (genes) is is prompt to the certain agents fundamental unit of inheritance andit is (chemical/physical) abnormalities in located over Beejabhaga responsible for development can be hazardous These transmission of characters from parent cell. agents are called as “teratogens”. If these Beeja are affected by Dosha Teratological agents have wider area of (genetic mutation) it results in various contact on organ to organ which become 17 abnormalities. The signs–symptoms of prone for morphological deformities . Turner’s syndrome andKlinefelter’s Birth defect, congenital malformation, and syndrome are narrated under such congenital anomaly are synonymous terms chromosomal abnormalities which relate used to describe structural, behavioral, with Varta&Tranputrika. The view functional, and metabolic disorders present 18 onAtulyaGotraby Acharya Charaka is at birth . referred to be important. The congenital anomalies occur due to Detailed examination of Gotra system must intake of drugs, alcohol etc. and mostly be done along with other factors,because during third to eight weeks of gestation like marriage between blood relatives can lead limbs defect due to sedative thalidomide. to abnormal offspring due to genetic The consumption of alcohol may result in microcephaly or other structural ______

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deformities of brain, or FASD (fetal alcohol spectrum disorder).Cigarette smokinghas been linked to anincreased risk for orofacial clefts (cleft lip andcleft palate). It also contributes to intrauterinegrowth retardation and premature delivery19.

CONCLUSION The whole theory of Genetics (Anuvanshiki Siddhanta) is based upon those 3 fundamental parts which on vitiation results into deformities. Genes are present on chromosomes which carry the genetic basis for an individual’s constitution yet derived from the parent cell..‘A man is similar to man’ is said on the basis of the chromosomal constitution. The mutations which occur in genes (known as genetic mutation) lead to different types of congenital anomalies. The Beejabhaga and Beejbhagavayava described are similar to chromosome &genes concept of modern science.The related fact about Garbha and AnuvanshikiSiddhanta is beneficial for achieving a better progeny and prevention from the congenital abnormalities.

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