Hitching a ride Introduction Resources to survive and The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, Cummings, K.S. and C.A. Mayer. 1992. Field Guide to IN, near Winchester. This warm water stream Freshwater Mussels of the Midwest. Illinois Natural History meanders throughout Randolph County before Survey Manual 5. 194 pp. thrive entering Delaware County, passing through Muncie Reproduction is a tricky process for our native for approximately nine miles. A majority of this Unio Gallery at Missouri State University freshwater mussels. After fertilization, a female stretch is sampled annually by the Bureau of Water unionid.missouristate.edu/ holds her fertilized eggs in a special area called Quality to assess the health of the White River’s fish, the marsupium. Here, they grow into a larval stage macroinvertebrate and mussel communities. Let’s USFWS. America’s Mussels: Silent Sentinels. www.fws.gov/ called glochidia. In the spring or summer, the take a look at some of the clean water species they midwest/endangered/clams/mussels.html glochidia are released and begin life as parasites, encounter during their biological monitoring. Text contributed by: David Inskeep, Biology teacher at hitching a ride on a host fish. Making this more The waters of the West Fork White River in Delaware complicated, most Unionid mussels are host- Northwestern High School, Kokomo, Indiana; Sarah County are home to many animals that are relatively specific, which means that each mussels species Brichford, Field Technician Howard County Stormwater Freshwater unknown to most people. Beneath the water has to use a specific host fish or the glochidia will The role mussels District; and Laura A. Bowley, Aquatic Biologist at the surface, we expect to see fish, but there is also a not survive. Muncie Sanitary District’s Bureau of Water Quality. wide assortment of aquatic insects, crustaceans play in water quality and mollusks as well. The variety of life in a stream To ensure successful transmission of the parasitic Photos contributed by: Muncie Sanitary District’s Bureau ecosystem is very rich indeed, but these animals and Mussels glochidia to the fish host, female freshwater Mussels are the natural filterers of aquatic systems. of Water Quality. their well-being are often overlooked simply because mussels of the family Unionidae (most of our native Because everything in the waterway goes through we don’t see them when we take a casual glance at a mussels belong to this family) have developed some their gills, they are sensitive to many kinds of WEST FORK WHITE RIVER stream. We must look below the water surface, and astonishing adaptations and strategies. The fleshy pollutants. Sediment in the waterways is especially sometimes below rocks and even into the stream mantle of many females in this family changes harmful, suffocating mussels and interfering with DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA bottom, to get a complete picture of life in a stream. important processes needed to survive. Because of during this time to resemble remarkably realistic Check out our other brochures to learn more about mimics of small fish, crayfish, or aquatic insects. these sensitivities, studying these aquatic organisms One inhabitant you might find on the river bottom is the many creatures that call White River home. The female manipulates the lure, enticing an is important for assessing the health of our water the freshwater mussel. Although freshwater mussels attack from the host fish. This allows glochidia to resources. Their presence in a water body is generally a are distributed all over the world, the greatest . . positive indicator of overall water quality and health. be propelled toward the fish’s gills and fins where abundance and varietyPollution are foundHome in Northis whereHow can America. theseIntroduction What exactly is ResourcesIntroduction Resources The waters of West Fork White River are home to a wide Voshell, J. Reese. Illustrated by Amy Bartlett Wright. animals live Indiana has over 35,600a miles macroinvertebrate? of rivers and streams, as Simon, T., & Tomelleri, J. (2011). Fishes of Indiana: A Field they will then attach. The glochidia then attempt to Impacts the habitat is assortment of animals. Some of them are fairly easy to 2002. A Guide to Common Freshwater Invertebrates of North well as thousands of acres of lakes, ponds, and wetlands. Freshwater mussels are fascinating creatures Aquatic benthic macroinvertebrates include crayfish, Guide. Bloomington,see, like Indiana: raccoons, Indiana turtles, University and fish. Press. But by far the most America. The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company, A clean stream has very few impacts from pollution. Like other animals, fish are constantly searching for food, Altogether, these waterways are home to 227 different underwater? mussels, snails, worms, leeches, and numerous insects. abundant animals in the creek are living on the stream This does not mean the water is always clean, only protection from predators, and a place to raise their species of fish ranging in size from huge catfish to tiny Text & Photos: Sarah Brichford, Howard County Blacksburg, Virginia. 442 pp. Aquatic refers to the stream environment where these bottom, where they are not easily seen. These animals are that pollution may occur but the impacts are not young. Clean streams offer high-qualityMacroinvertebrates, habitat for like all all animals, requireminnows. oxygen Indiana’s landscape offers many different Stormwater District, Kokomo, Indiana and Drew Mussels of different species develop different shell animals live; benthic refers to the bottom of the stream; called aquatic benthic macroinvertebrates, and they are at Bouchard Jr., R. William. 2004. Guide to Aquatic Invertebrates of the attach to the fish’s gills and fins. long lasting. Pollution interferes with the needs of these needs. to live. Most types that live fully underwaterhabitats use gills for fish, including cold waters in the Great Lakes Holloway, Aquatic Biologist at the Muncie Sanitary with surprising life histories, including intriguing macro means these animals are visible with the naked home among the rocks and logs on the bottom of streams. Upper Midwest: Identification Manual for Students, Citizen Monitors, stream fish: food, protection, and reproduction. to obtain oxygen dissolved in the water. Thedrainages gills to the north and warm waters in the Wabash and District’s Bureau of Water Quality are continuously moved back and forth to “capture” eye; and invertebrate means these are animals without and Aquatic Resource Professionals. Water Resources Center, White River drainages ina backbone.central and Aquatic southern macroinvertebratesIndiana. This develop Macroinvertebrates are interesting for several reasons. FOOD oxygen. Other individuals utilize breathingvaried tubes landscape that has a lot to offer for different fish. Review: Greg Bright, Commonwealth BioMonitoring, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. 208 pp. shapes and sizes. Clean streams in Indiana have a Sediment extend from their body up to the water surface. Still underwater. Some, like mussels and leeches, never leave Their specific behaviors include being laid-back net Indianapolis, Indiana Many small fish eat aquatic insects, such the water habitat. In contrast, insect macroinvertebrates builders, free-floating opportunists, and aggressive Merritt, R.W. and K.W. Cummins, Eds. 1996. An Introduction to the adaptations for Soilsurvival. erosion is a big others get their oxygen by attaching an airThe bubble West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, IN, near as the nymph form of the mayfly or Jay Beugly, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana to the body for an oxygen supply while they are use the water as a nursery, developing underwater for hunters. These animals are busy feeding themselves Aquatic Insects of North America, Third Edition. Kendall//Hunt problem in Indiana’s rivers caddisfly. A good supply of these Winchester. This warm weekswater streamor even meanders years before throughout they emerge from the water from a range of food in the stream and, in turn, they are AQUATIC swimming, similar to a diver with a scuba tank. Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa. 862 pp. and streams. Sediment insects means the small fish will have Randolph County beforeas entering an adult. Delaware The adult County, phase is relatively short, lasting an important food source for fish. Many types of fishing diverse mussel community with mussels of all ages covers the stream bottom plenty to eat. In turn, larger fish eat the passing through Muncie for approximately nine miles. A After several weeks attached to the host fish, from only a few hours to a month or so. For example, a flies and baits look like macros. Macroinvertebrates are Hoosier Riverwatch. Spring 2012. Volunteer Stream Monitoring Training and the gravel areas fish majority of this stretch is sampled annually by the Bureau MACROINVERTEBRATES smaller fish. White River is also full of dragonfly nymph spends months developing underwater also good indicators of the overall health of a stream. The Manual. Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Indianapolis, need to find food and lay crayfish, which is a favorite foodThis of beetle carries an air bubbleof Water Quality to assess the health of White River’s fish Stream Fish before crawling out of the water to spend a few weeks as number and variety of macros present tells us about the Indiana. 130 pp. (www.in.gov/idem/riverwatch/) eggs. Neither the insects sunfish and bass. for oxygen supply. community. Let’s take aa look winged at some adult of that the will clean lay water the eggs for a new generation. quality of both the water and the nearby surroundings. eaten by fish nor the fish species they encounter during their biological monitoring. the glochidia resemble tiny adult mussels. The (max age for mussels in this area is 20-25 years), WESTText: FORKSarah Brichford, WHITE Howard County RIVER Stormwater District, Kokomo, WEST FORK WHITE RIVER eggs can survive when The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, IN, near Indiana and Samuel J. Gradle, Aquatic Biologist at the Muncie covered by sediment due HIDING PLACES Winchester. This warm water stream meanders throughoutDELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA to lack of oxygen. 3 Sanitary District’s Bureau of Water Quality. Fish need to hide when Leaves water Randolph County before entering Delaware County, young mussels then detach and drift to the stream while waters devoid of mussels may be indicative of a predators are around. for adult phase passing through Muncie for approximately nine miles. A Photographs: Julie Speelman, PhD student in Aquatic Biology, Purdue Predators include larger fish, Check out our othermajority brochures of this stretch to learn is sampled more annuallyabout by the Bureau University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Laura Bowley, Muncie Sanitary Toxins mammals, and birds. The 1 the many creaturesof Water that Quality call White to assess River the health home. of White River’s fish, District Bureau of Water Quality, Muncie, Indiana. Green Heron and Kingfisher © 2012 Ernie Cooper Adult macroinvertebrate, and mussel communities. Let’s take a . Toxins are poisonous are two birds that primarily lays eggs look at some of the clean water species they encounter problem in the waterway. Hitching a ride How can these IntroductionWhat exactly is ResourcesIntroduction Resources bottom, now fully independent. This is a critical substances present in during their biological monitoring. Check out our other brochures to learn more about eat fish. The shadow of a to survive and animals live The West Fork of thea White macroinvertebrate? River begins in Lynn, Cummings, K.S. and C.A.The watersMayer. of1992. West Field Fork Guide White to River are home to a wide Voshell, J. Reese. Illustrated by Amy Bartlett Wright. IN, near Winchester. This warm water stream Freshwater Musselsassortment of the Midwest. of animals. Illinois Some Natural of them History are fairly easy to 2002. A Guide to Common Freshwater Invertebrates of North many types of chemicals underwater? meanders throughoutAquatic Randolph benthic County macroinvertebrates before include crayfish, Survey Manual 5.see, 194 like pp. raccoons, turtles, and fish. But by far the most America. The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company, thrive entering Delaware County,mussels, passing snails, through worms, Muncieleeches, and numerous insects. abundant animals in the creek are living on the stream Blacksburg, Virginia. 442 pp. heron searching for a meal for approximately nineAquatic miles. Arefers majority to the of thisstream environment where Uniothese Gallery at Missouribottom, State Universitywhere they are not easily seen. These animals are the many creatures that call White River home. Reproduction is a tricky process for our native Macroinvertebrates, like all animals, require oxygen freshwater mussels. After fertilization, a female to live. Most types that live fully underwaterstretch use gills is sampled annuallyanimals by live; the benthic Bureau refersof Water to the bottom of the stream;unionid.missouristate.edu/ called aquatic benthic macroinvertebrates, and they are at Bouchard Jr., R. William. 2004. Guide to Aquatic Invertebrates of the holds her fertilized eggs in a special area called to obtain oxygen dissolved in the water. TheQuality gills to assess the macrohealth meansof the Whitethese animals River’s fish,are visible with the naked home among the rocks and logs on the bottom of streams. Upper Midwest: Identification Manual for Students, Citizen Monitors, used in everyday life. macroinvertebrate andeye; mussel and invertebrate communities. means Let’s these are animals withoutUSFWS. America’s Mussels: Silent Sentinels. www.fws.gov/ the marsupium. Here, they grow into a larval stage are continuously moved back and forth to “capture” and Aquatic Resource Professionals. Water Resources Center, take a look at some ofa thebackbone. clean water Aquatic species macroinvertebrates they develop midwest/endangered/clams/mussels.htmlMacroinvertebrates are interesting for several reasons. signals to a fish that it’s time called glochidia. In the spring or summer, the oxygen. Other individuals utilize breathing tubes that University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. 208 pp. . glochidia are released and begin life as parasites, extend from their body up to the water surface.encounter Still during theirunderwater. biological monitoring.Some, like mussels and leeches, never leave Their specific behaviors include being laid-back net Text contributed by: David Inskeep, Biology teacher at hitching a ride on a host fish. Making this more the water habitat. In contrast, insect macroinvertebrates builders, free-floating opportunists, and aggressive Merritt, R.W. and K.W. Cummins, Eds. 1996. An Introduction to the others get their oxygen by attaching an air Thebubble waters of the West Fork White River in Delaware Toxins that enter the complicated, most Unionid mussels are host- use the water as a nursery, developing underwater forNorthwestern Highhunters. School, These Kokomo, animals Indiana; are busy Sarah feeding themselves Aquatic Insects of North America, Third Edition. Kendall//Hunt to the body for an oxygen supply while they are County are home to manyweeks animals or even that years are before relatively they emerge from the waterBrichford, Field Technicianfrom a range Howard of food County in the Stormwater stream and, in turn, they are AQUATIC specific, which means that each mussels species swimming, similar to a diver with a scuba tank. FreshwaterPublishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa. 862 pp. to take cover next to a rock, unknown to most people. Beneath the water has to use a specific host fish or the glochidia will The role mussels as an adult. The adult phase is relatively short, lastingDistrict; and Lauraan A. important Bowley, Aquaticfood source Biologist for fish. at the Many types of fishing surface, we expect to see fish, but there is also a What do from only a few hours to a month or so. For example, Munciea Sanitary District’sflies and Bureaubaits look of Waterlike macros. Quality. Macroinvertebrates are Hoosier Riverwatch. Spring 2012. Volunteer Stream Monitoring Training not survive. MACROINVERTEBRATES wide assortment of aquatic insects, crustaceans Hitching a ride stream are potentially play in water quality dragonfly nymph spends months developing underwater also good indicators of the overall health of a stream. The Manual. Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Indianapolis, Pollution IntroductionHome is where ResourcesIntroduction Resources This beetle carries an air bubbleand mollusks as well. The variety of life in a stream To ensure successful transmission of the parasitic before crawling out of the water to spend a few weeksPhotos as contributed by:number Muncie and Sanitary variety District’sof macros Bureau present tells us about the Indiana. 130 pp. (www.in.gov/idem/riverwatch/) for oxygen supply. ecosystem is very rich indeed, but these animals and quality of both the water and the nearby surroundings. Mussels The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, Cummings, K.S. and C.A. Mayer. 1992. Field Guide to under a downed tree, or in a a winged adult that will lay the eggs for a new generation.of Water Quality. glochidia to the fish host, female freshwater Mussels are the natural filterers of aquatic systems. to survive and Indiana has over 35,600 miles of rivers and streams, as Simon, T., & Tomelleri, J. (2011). Fishes of Indiana: A Field time for the young mussels, as they will only settle their well-being are often overlooked simply because WEST FORK WHITE RIVER Impacts IN, near Winchester. Thisthe warm water habitat stream is Freshwater Mussels of the Midwest. Illinois Natural History mussels of the family Unionidae (most of our native Because everything in the waterway goes through Text: Sarah Brichford, Howard County Stormwater District, Kokomo, well as thousands of acres of lakes, ponds, and wetlands. Guide. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. we don’t see them when we take a casual glance at a The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, IN, near meanders throughout Randolph County before mussels belong to this family) have developed some their gills, they are sensitive to many kinds of WEST IndianaFORK and Samuel WHITE J. Gradle, AquaticRIVER Biologist at the Muncie A clean stream has very few impacts from pollution. Like other animals, fish are constantly searching for food,Survey Manual 5. Altogether,194 pp. these waterways are home to 227 different harmful. Some toxins stream. We must look below the water surface, and DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA entering Delaware County, passing through Muncie Winchester. This warm water stream meanders throughout astonishing adaptations and strategies. The fleshy pollutants. Sediment in the waterways is especially Sanitary District’s Bureau of Water Quality. thrive This does not mean the water is always clean, only protection from predators, and a place to raise their species of fish ranging in size from huge catfish to tiny Text & Photos: Sarah Brichford, Howard County sometimes below rocks and even into the stream 3 Randolph County before entering Delaware County, DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA for approximately nine miles. A majority of this Unio Gallery at Missouri State University deep pool beyond the reach mantle of many females in this family changes harmful, suffocating mussels and interfering with Leaves water Nestled inReproduction the is a tricky process forbed our native of athat pollutionstream, may occur but the impacts are not young. Clean streams offer high-quality habitat for all minnows. Indiana’s landscape offers many different Stormwater District, Kokomo, Indiana and and Drew bottom, to get a complete picture of life in a stream. passing through Muncie for approximately nine miles. A stretch is sampled annually by the Bureau of Water unionid.missouristate.edu/ during this time to resemble remarkably realistic important processes needed to survive. Because of Photographs: Julie Speelman, PhD student in Aquatic Biology, Purdue freshwater mussels. After fertilization, a female long lasting. Pollution interferes with the needs of these needs. habitats for fish, including cold waters in the Great Lakes Holloway, Aquatic Biologist at the Muncie Sanitary for adult phaseCheck out our othermajority brochures of this stretch to learn is sampled more annuallyabout by the Bureau Quality to assess the health of the White River’s fish, mimics of small fish, crayfish, or aquatic insects. these sensitivities, studying these aquatic organisms One inhabitant you might find on the river bottom is University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Laura Bowley, Muncie Sanitary holds her fertilized eggs in a special area called stream fish: food, protection, and reproduction. drainages to the north and warm waters in the Wabash and will kill fish and their 1 the many creaturesof Water that Quality call White to assess River the health home. of White River’s fish, macroinvertebrate and mussel communities. Let’s USFWS. America’s Mussels: Silent Sentinels. www.fws.gov/ District’s Bureau of Water Quality macroinvertebrates The female manipulates the lure, enticing an is important for assessing the health of our water the freshwater mussel. Although freshwater mussels District Bureau of Water Quality, Muncie, Indiana. the marsupium. Here, they grow into a larval stage White River drainages in central and southern Indiana. This © 2012 Ernie Cooper Adult macroinvertebrate, and mussel communities. Let’s take a take a look at some of the clean water species they midwest/endangered/clams/mussels.html of the bird’s sharp beak. attack from the host fish. This allows glochidia to resources. Their presence in a water body is generally a are distributed all over the world, the greatest . . called glochidia. In the spring or summer, the FOOD varied landscape has a lot to offer for different fish. Review: Greg Bright, Commonwealth BioMonitoring, encounter during their biological monitoring. be propelled toward the fish’s gills and fins where positive indicator of overall water quality and health. lays eggs look at some of the clean water species they encounter glochidia are released and begin life as parasites, Sediment abundance and varietyPollution are foundHome in Northis whereHow can America. theseIntroduction What exactly is ResourcesIntroduction Resources Check out our other brochures to learn more about Many small fish eat aquatic insects, such Text contributed by: David Inskeep, Biology teacher at Indianapolis, Indiana The waters of West Fork White River are home to a wide Voshell, J. Reese. Illustratedduring by Amy Bartlett Wright. their biological monitoring. animals live Indiana has over 35,600a miles macroinvertebrate? of rivers and streams, as Simon, T., & Tomelleri, J. (2011). Fishes of Indiana: A Field they will then attach. The glochidia then attempt to Impacts the habitat is assortment of animals. Some of them are fairly easy to 2002. A Guide to Common Freshwater Invertebrates of North hitching a ride on a host fish. Making this more well as thousands of acres of lakes, ponds, and wetlands. Guide. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. Soil erosion is a big The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, IN, near Freshwater mussels are fascinating creatures Aquatic benthic macroinvertebrates include crayfish, see, like raccoons, turtles, and fish. But by far the most A clean stream has very few impacts from pollution. America. The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company, Jay Beugly, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana Like other animals, fish are constantlyunderwater? searching for food, Altogether, these waterways are home to 227 different The waters of the Westas Forkthe nymph White formRiver ofin theDelaware mayfly or abundant animals in the creek are living on the stream This does not mean the water is always clean, only mussels, snails, worms, leeches, and numerous insects. Blacksburg, Virginia. 442 pp. Northwestern High School, Kokomo, Indiana; Sarah protection from predators, and a place to raise their species of fish ranging in size from huge catfish to tiny Text & Photos: Sarah Brichford, Howard County Aquatic refers to the stream environment where these bottom, where they are not easily seen. These animals are that pollution may occur but the impacts are not young. Clean streams offer high-qualityMacroinvertebrates, habitat for like all all animals, requireminnows. oxygen Indiana’s landscape offers many different Stormwater District, Kokomo, Indiana and and Drew the many creatures that call White River home. Mussels of different species develop different shell animals live; benthic refers to the bottom of the stream; called aquatic benthic macroinvertebrates, and they are at Bouchard Jr., R. William. 2004. Guide to Aquatic Invertebrates of the complicated, most Unionid mussels are host- attach to the fish’s gills and fins. long lasting. Pollution interferes with the needs of these needs. to live. Most types that live fully underwaterhabitats use gills for fish, including cold waters in the Great Lakes macro means these animals are visible with the naked Holloway, Aquatichome amongBiologist the at rocksthe Muncieand logs Sanitary on the bottom of streams. Winchester. This warm water stream meanders throughout Upper Midwest: Identification Manual for Students, Citizen Monitors, problem in Indiana’s rivers with surprising life histories, including tointriguing obtain oxygen dissolved in the water. The gills macroinvertebrates are well food sources outright, stream fish: food, protection, and reproduction. drainages to the north and warm waters in the Wabash and District’s Bureau of Water Quality caddis fly. A good supply of these eye; and invertebrate means these are animals without County are home to many animals that are relatively are continuously moved back and forth to “capture” and Aquatic Resource Professionals. Water Resources Center, White River drainages ina backbone.central and Aquatic southern macroinvertebratesIndiana. This develop Macroinvertebrates are interesting for several reasons. Brichford, Field Technician Howard County Stormwater FOOD oxygen. Other individuals utilize breathingvaried tubes landscape that has a lot to offer for different fish. Review: Greg Bright, Commonwealth BioMonitoring, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. 208 pp. shapes and sizes. Clean streams in Indiana have a Sediment extend from their body up to the water surface. Still underwater. Some, like mussels and leeches, never leave Their specific behaviors include being laid-back net . specific, which means that each mussels species Indianapolis, Indiana Many small fish eat aquatic insects, such the water habitat. In contrast, insect macroinvertebrates builders, free-floating opportunists, and aggressive Merritt, R.W. and K.W. Cummins, Eds. 1996. An Introduction to the Randolph County before entering Delaware County, Freshwater others get their oxygen by attaching an air bubble and streams. Sediment adaptations for Soilsurvival. erosion is a big The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, IN, near as the nymph form of the mayfly or use the water as a nursery, developing underwater for Jay Beugly, Purduehunters. University, These animals West Lafayette,are busy feeding Indiana themselves insects means the small fish will have Aquatic Insects of North America, Third Edition. Kendall//Hunt unknown to most people. Beneath the water to the body for an oxygen supply while they are problem in Indiana’s rivers caddis fly. A good supply of these Winchester. This warm water stream meanders throughout weeks or even years before they emerge from the water from a range of food in the stream and, in turn, they are Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa. 862 pp. AQUATIC and streams. Sediment swimming, similar to a diver with a scuba tank.Randolph County before entering Delaware County, The role mussels District; and Laura A. Bowley, Aquatic Biologist at the insects means the small fish will have as an adult. The adult phase is relatively short, lasting an important food source for fish. Many types of fishing covers the stream bottom passing through Muncie for approximately nine miles. A has to use a specific host fish or the glochidia will diverse mussel community with mussels of all ages plenty to eat. In turn, larger fish eat the After several weeks attached to the host fish, from only a few hours to a month or so. For example, a flies and baits look like macros. Macroinvertebrates are Hoosier Riverwatch. Spring 2012. Volunteer Stream Monitoring Training MACROINVERTEBRATES passing through Muncie for approximately nine miles. A What do and the gravel areas fish majority of this stretch is sampled annually by the Bureau covers the stream bottom smaller fish. White River is also full of dragonfly nymph spends months developing underwater also good indicators of the overall health of a stream. The Manual. Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Indianapolis, Hitching a ride Introduction Resources surface, we expect to plentysee fish, to eat.but thereIn turn, is largeralso a fish eat the need to find food and lay of Water Quality to assess the health of White River’s fish Pollution Home is where Introduction Resources crayfish, which is a favorite foodThis of beetle carries an air bubble before crawling out of the water to spend a few weeks as number and variety of macros present tells us about theStream Fish Indiana. 130 pp. (www.in.gov/idem/riverwatch/) eggs. Neither the insects sunfish and bass. for oxygen supply. community. Let’s take a look at some of the clean water a winged adult that will lay the eggs for a new generation. quality of both the water and the nearby surroundings. The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, Cummings, K.S. and C.A. Mayer. 1992. Field Guide to Muncie Sanitary District’s Bureau of Water Quality. eaten by fish nor the fish species they encounter during their biological monitoring. WEST FORKto surviveWHITE RIVER and Indiana has over 35,600 miles of rivers and streams, as Simon, T., & Tomelleri, J. (2011). Fishes of Indiana: A Field not survive. (max age for mussels in this area is 20-25 years), WESTText: FORKSarah Brichford, WHITE Howard County RIVER Stormwater District, Kokomo, the glochidia resemble tiny adult mussels. The IN, near Winchester. This warm water stream Freshwater Mussels of the Midwest. Illinois Natural History eggs can survive when Impacts the habitat is majority of this stretch is sampled annually by the Bureau The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, IN, near well as thousands of acres of lakes, ponds, and wetlands. Guide. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. and the gravel areas fish Indiana and Samuel J. Gradle, Aquatic Biologist at the Muncie covered by sediment due A clean stream has very few impacts frommeanders pollution. throughout Randolph County before Survey Manual 5. 194 pp. smaller fish. White River is also full of Like other animals, fish are constantly searching for food, Altogether, these waterways are home to 227 different wide assortment of aquatic insects, crustaceans HIDING PLACES Winchester. This warm water stream meanders throughoutDELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA Sanitary District’s Bureau of Water Quality. thrive entering Delaware County, passing through Muncie to lack of oxygen. Fish need to hide when 3 Randolph County before entering Delaware County, This does not mean the water is always clean, only protection from predators, and a place to raise their species of fish ranging in size from huge catfish to tiny Text & Photos: Sarah Brichford, Howard County Leaves water Reproduction is a tricky process for our native for approximately nine miles. A majority of this Unio Gallery at Missouri State University predators are around. passing through Muncie for approximately nine miles. A Nestled in the bed of athat pollutionstream, may occur but the impacts are not young. Clean streams offer high-quality habitat for all minnows. Indiana’s landscape offers many different Stormwater District, Kokomo, Indiana and and Drew while waters devoid of mussels may be indicative of a Photographs: Julie Speelman, PhD student in Aquatic Biology, Purdue stretch is sampled annually by the Bureau of Water unionid.missouristate.edu/ young mussels then detach and drift to the stream for adult phase freshwater mussels. After fertilization, a female long lasting. Pollution interferes with the needs of Check out our othermajority brochures of this stretch to learn is sampled more annuallyabout by the Bureau these needs. habitats for fish, including cold waters in the Great Lakes Holloway, Aquatic Biologist at the Muncie Sanitary play in water quality Predators include larger fish, of Water Quality to assess the health of White River’s fish University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Laura Bowley, Muncie Sanitary need to find food and lay Quality to assess the health of the White River’s fish, holds her fertilized eggs in a special area called stream fish: food, protection, and reproduction. drainages to the north and warm waters in the Wabash and crayfish, which is a favorite food of mammals, and birds. The the many creaturesof Water that Quality call White to assess River the health home. of White River’s fish District’s Bureau of Water Quality and mollusks as well. The variety of life in a stream 1 District Bureau of Water Quality, Muncie, Indiana. the marsupium. Here, they grow into a larval stage macroinvertebrate and mussel communities. Let’s USFWS. America’s Mussels: Silent Sentinels. www.fws.gov/ Stream Fish while others cause Toxins macroinvertebrates Green Heron and Kingfisher © 2012 Ernie Cooper Adult community. Let’s take a look at some of the clean water White River drainages in central and southern Indiana. This . Photos contributed by: Muncie Sanitary District’s Bureau take a look at some of the clean water species they midwest/endangered/clams/mussels.html Toxins are poisonous called glochidia. In the spring or summer, the FOOD varied landscape has a lot to offer for different fish. Review: Greg Bright, Commonwealth BioMonitoring, are two birds that primarily lays eggs species they encounter during their biological monitoring. encounter during their biological monitoring. To ensure successful transmission of the parasitic problem in the waterway. substances present in Hitching a ride How can these IntroductionWhat exactly is ResourcesIntroduction Resources glochidia are released and begin life as parasites, bottom, now fully independent. This is a critical eat fish. The shadow of a Check out our other brochures to learn more about Sediment Many small fish eat aquatic insects, such Indianapolis, Indiana to survive and animals live The West Fork of thea White macroinvertebrate? River begins in Lynn, Cummings, K.S. and C.A.The watersMayer. of1992. West Field Fork Guide White to River are home to a wide Voshell, J. Reese. Illustrated by Amy Bartlett Wright. Text contributed by: David Inskeep, Biology teacher at community. Let’s take a look at some of the clean water IN, near Winchester. This warm water stream Freshwater Musselsassortment of the Midwest. of animals. Illinois Some Natural of them History are fairly easy to 2002. A Guide to Common Freshwater Invertebrates of North eggs. Neither the insects meanders throughoutAquatic Randolph benthic County macroinvertebrates before include crayfish, see, like raccoons, turtles, and fish. But by far the most hitching a ride on a host fish. Making this more many types of chemicals underwater? Survey Manual 5. 194 pp. America. The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company, The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, IN, near entering Delaware County,mussels, passing snails, through worms, Muncieleeches, and numerous insects. abundant animals in the creek are living on the stream Soil erosion is a big thrive Blacksburg, Virginia. 442 pp. the many creatures that call White River home. The waters of the Westas Forkthe nymph White Riverform ofin theDelaware mayfly or Jay Beugly, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana heron searching for a meal for approximately nineAquatic miles. Arefers majority to the of thisstream environment where Uniothese Gallery at Missouribottom, State Universitywhere they are not easily seen. These animals are Reproduction is a tricky process for our native Macroinvertebrates, like all animals, require oxygen Northwestern High School, Kokomo, Indiana; Sarah sunfish and bass. stretch is sampled annually by the Bureau of Water freshwater mussels. After fertilization, a female to live. Most types that live fully underwater use gills animals live; benthic refers to the bottom of the stream;unionid.missouristate.edu/ called aquatic benthic macroinvertebrates, and they are at Bouchard Jr., R. William. 2004. Guide to Aquatic Invertebrates of the ecosystem is very rich indeed, but these animals and holds her fertilized eggs are in a special area called Quality to assess the macrohealth means of the theseWhite animals River’s fish,are visible with the naked home among the rocks and logs on the bottom of streams. Upper Midwest: Identification Manual for Students, Citizen Monitors, complicated, most Unionid mussels are host- to obtain oxygen dissolved in the water. The gills used in everyday life. USFWS. America’s Mussels: Silent Sentinels. www.fws.gov/ macroinvertebrate and mussel communities. Let’s the marsupium as they grow into a larval stage are continuously moved back and forth to “capture” eye; and invertebrate means these are animals without and Aquatic Resource Professionals. Water Resources Center, macroinvertebrates areproblem in Indiana’swell rivers Winchester. This warm water stream meanders throughout take a look at some ofa backbone.the clean water Aquatic species macroinvertebrates they develop midwest/endangered/clams/mussels.htmlMacroinvertebrates are interesting for several reasons. County are home to manycaddis animals fly. A thatgood are supply relatively of these signals to a fish that it’s time called glochidia. In the spring or summer, the University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. 208 pp. oxygen. Other individuals utilize breathing tubes that encounter during theirunderwater. biological monitoring.Some, like mussels and leeches, never leave Their specific behaviors include being laid-back net . Brichford, Field Technician Howard County Stormwater glochidia are released and begin life as parasites, extend from their body up to the water surface. Still Text contributed by: David Inskeep, Biology teacher at hitching a ride on a host fish. Making this more others get their oxygen by attaching an air bubble the water habitat. In contrast, insect macroinvertebrates builders, free-floating opportunists, and aggressive Merritt, R.W. and K.W. Cummins, Eds. 1996. An Introduction to the Mussels specific, which means that each mussels species The waters of the West Fork White River in Delaware Northwestern High School, Kokomo, Indiana; Sarah Toxins that enter the complicated, most Unionid mussels are host- to the body for an oxygen supply while they are use the water as a nursery, developing underwater for hunters. These animals are busy feeding themselves Aquatic Insects of North America, Third Edition. Kendall//Hunt and streams. Sediment Randolph County before entering Delaware County, Freshwater of Water Quality. County are home to many animals that are relatively specific, which means that each mussels species weeks or even years before they emerge from the waterBrichford, Field Technicianfrom a range Howard of food County in the Stormwater stream and, in turn, they are AQUATIC to take cover next to a rock, swimming, similar to a diver with a scuba tank. FreshwaterPublishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa. 862 pp. unknown to most people.insects Beneath means the the water small fish will have The role mussels unknown to most people.as an Beneathadult. The the adult water phase is relatively short, lastingDistrict; and Lauraan A. important Bowley, Aquaticfood source Biologist for fish. at the Many types of fishing has to use a specific host fish or the glochidia will surface, we expect to see fish, but there is also a District; and Laura A. Bowley, Aquatic Biologist at the from only a few hours to a month or so. For example, a flies and baits look like macros. Macroinvertebrates are The role mussels What do not survive. Muncie Sanitary District’s Bureau of Water Quality. Hoosier Riverwatch. Spring 2012. Volunteer Stream Monitoring Training MACROINVERTEBRATES Mussels are the natural filterers of aquatic systems. wide assortment of aquatic insects, crustaceans Hitching a ride has to use a specific host fish or the glochidia will stream are potentially dragonfly nymph spends months developing underwater also good indicators of the overall health of a stream. The Manual. Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Indianapolis, Pollution IntroductionHome is where ResourcesIntroduction Resources play in waterThis beetlequality carries an air bubbleand mollusks as well. The variety of life in a stream covers the stream bottom passing through Muncie for approximately nine miles. A before crawling out of the water to spend a few weeksPhotos as contributed by:number Muncie and Sanitary variety District’sof macros Bureau present tells us about the glochidia to the fish host, female freshwater To ensure successful transmission of the parasitic Indiana. 130 pp. (www.in.gov/idem/riverwatch/) plenty to eat. In turn, larger fish eat the ecosystem is very rich indeed, but these animals and surface, we expect to see fish, but there is also a under a downed tree, or in a for oxygen supply. The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, Cummings, K.S. and C.A. Mayer. 1992. Field Guide to a winged adult that will lay the eggs for a new generation. quality of both the water and the nearby surroundings. Mussels glochidia to the fish host, female freshwater Mussels are the natural filterers of aquatic systems. of Water Quality. to survive and Indiana has over 35,600 miles of rivers and streams, as Simon, T., & Tomelleri, J. (2011). Fishes of Indiana: A Field time for the young mussels, as they will only settle their well-being are often overlooked simply because WEST FORK WHITE RIVER IN, near Winchester. This warm water stream Freshwater Mussels of the Midwest. Illinois Natural History Impacts the habitat is mussels of the family Unionidae (most of our native Because everything in the waterway goes through Text: Sarah Brichford, Howard County Stormwater District, Kokomo, well as thousands of acres of lakes, ponds, and wetlands. Muncie Sanitary District’s Bureau of Water Quality. Guide. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. we don’t see them when we take a casual glance at a The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, IN, near WEST FORK WHITE RIVER meanders throughout Randolph County before Survey Manual 5. 194 pp. species they encounter during their biological monitoring. not survive. their gills, they are sensitive to many kinds of Indiana and Samuel J. Gradle, Aquatic Biologist at the Muncie A clean stream has very few impacts from pollution. harmful. Some toxins mussels belong to this family) have developed stream. We must look below the water surface, and Like other animals, fish are constantly searching for food, Altogether, these waterways are home to 227 different eaten by fish nor the fish Winchester. This warm water stream meanders throughout DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA entering Delaware County, passing through Muncie and the gravel areas fish majority of this stretch is sampled annually by the Bureau pollutants. Sediment in the waterways is especially thrive This does not mean the water is always clean, some astonishing adaptations and strategies. sometimes below rocks and even into the stream 3 Sanitary District’s Bureau of Water Quality. protection from predators, and a place to raise their species of fish ranging in size from huge catfish to tiny Text & Photos: Sarah Brichford, Howard County smaller fish. White River is also full of deep pool beyond the reach Randolph County before entering Delaware County, DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA for approximately nine miles. A majority of this Unio Gallery at Missouri State University wide assortment of aquatic insects, crustaceans harmful, suffocating mussels and interfering with Reproduction is a tricky process for our native only that pollution may occur but the impacts The fleshy mantle of many females in this family bottom, to get a complete picture of life in a stream. Leaves water Nestled in the bed of a stream,young. Clean streams offer high-quality habitat for all minnows. Indiana’s landscape offers many different Stormwater District, Kokomo, Indiana passing through Muncie for approximately nine miles. A stretch is sampled annually by the Bureau of Water unionid.missouristate.edu/ changes during this time to resemble remarkably important processes needed to survive. Because of Photographs: Julie Speelman, PhD student in Aquatic Biology, Purdue freshwater mussels. After fertilization, a female are not long lasting. Pollution interferes with the these needs. habitats for fish, including cold waters in the Great Lakes for adult phaseCheck out our other brochures to learn more about Quality to assess the health of the White River’s fish, Muncie Sanitary District’s Bureau of Water Quality realistic mimics of small fish, crayfish, or aquatic these sensitivities, studying these aquatic organisms majority of this stretch is sampled annually by the Bureau University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Laura Bowley, Muncie Sanitary holds her fertilized eggs are in a special area called needs of clean stream fish: food, protection, and One inhabitant you might find on the river bottom is USFWS. America’s Mussels:drainages Silent to Sentinels. the north www.fws.gov/ and warm waters in the Wabash and their well-being are often overlooked simply because will kill fish and their the many creaturesof Water that Quality call White to assess River the health home. of White River’s fish macroinvertebrate and mussel communities. Let’s is important for assessing the health of our water 1 the marsupium as they grow into a larval stage reproduction. of Water Quality to assess the health of White River’s fish insects. The female manipulates the lure, enticing District Bureau of Water Quality, Muncie, Indiana. Photo of Longear Sunfish and Brindled Madtom: play in water quality macroinvertebrates the freshwater mussel. Although freshwater mussels White River drainages in central and southern Indiana. This need to find food and lay © 2012 Ernie Cooper Adult community. Let’s take a look at some of the clean water take a look at some of the clean water species they midwest/endangered/clams/mussels.html . . crayfish, which is a favorite food of resources. Their presence in a water body is generally a called glochidia. In the spring or summer, the and mollusks as well. The variety of life in a stream of the bird’s sharp beak. an attack from the host fish, allowing glochidia to are distributed all over the world, the greatest varied landscape has a lot to offer for different fish. Dr. Reuben Goforth, Purdue University, encounter during theirFOOD biological monitoring. Stream Fish be propelled toward the fish. The glochidia then positive indicator of overall water quality and health. lays eggs species they encounter during their biological monitoring. glochidia are released and begin life as parasites, Photos contributed by: Muncie Sanitary District’s Bureau WEST FORK WHITE RIVER abundance and varietyPollution are foundHome in isNorth whereHow can America. theseIntroduction What exactly is ResourcesIntroduction Resources Check out our other brochures to learn more about Many small fish eat aquatic insects, such Text contributed by: David Inskeep, Biology teacher at West Lafayette, Indiana attempt to attach to the fish’s gills and fins. Impacts the habitatanimals is live a macroinvertebrate? hitching a ride on a host fish. Making this more Sediment The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, IN, near Freshwater mussels are fascinating creaturesunderwater? The waters of the Westas Forkthe nymph White Riverform ofin theDelaware mayfly or To ensure successful transmission of the parasitic Northwestern High School, Kokomo, Indiana; Sarah food sources outright, Mussels of different species develop different shell the many creatures that call White River home. complicated, most Unionid mussels are host- Review: Greg Bright, Commonwealth BioMonitoring, with surprising life histories, including intriguing macroinvertebrates areSoil erosion is a bigwell Winchester. This warm water stream meanders throughout community. Let’s take a look at some of the clean water County are home to manycaddis animals fly. A thatgood are supply relatively of these eggs. Neither the insects Brichford, Field Technician Howard County Stormwater FOOD After several weeks attached to the host fish, shapes and sizes. Clean streams in Indiana have a . specific, which means that each mussels species Randolph County before entering Delaware County, Indianapolis, Indiana sunfish and bass. problem in Indiana’s rivers Freshwater adaptations for Sedimentsurvival. ecosystem is very rich indeed, but these animals and AQUATIC The role mussels unknown to most people.insects Beneath means the the water small fish will have District; and Laura A. Bowley, Aquatic Biologist at the do in the stream? the glochidia resemble tiny adult mussels. The diverse mussel community with mussels of all ages MACROINVERTEBRATES has to use a specific host fish or the glochidia will and streams. Sediment passing through Muncie for approximately nine miles. A What do Hitching a ride Pollution IntroductionHome is where ResourcesIntroduction Resources surface, we expect to plentysee fish, to eat.but thereIn turn, is largeralso a fish eat the Jay Beugly, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana This beetle carries an air bubble Stream Fish Mussels for oxygen supply. of Water Quality. Muncie Sanitary District’s Bureau of Water Quality. young mussels then detach and drift to the stream (max age for mussels in this area is 20-25 years), WEST FORK WHITE RIVER WEST FORKto surviveWHITE RIVER and Impacts the habitat is not survive. covers the stream bottom majority of this stretch is sampled annually by the Bureau HIDING PLACES DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA wide assortment of aquaticsmaller insects, fish. Whitecrustaceans River is also full of Mussels are the natural filterers of aquatic systems. 3 thrive glochidia to the fish host, female freshwater while waters devoid of mussels may be indicative of a Leaves water Nestled in the bed of a stream, while others cause bottom, now fully independent. This is a critical for adult phase play in waterand the gravelquality areas fish crayfish, which is a favorite food of of Water Quality to assess the health of White River’s fish 1 and mollusks as well. The variety of life in a stream Stream Fish species they encounter during their biological monitoring. macroinvertebrates Photos contributed by: Muncie Sanitary District’s Bureau Adult eaten by fish nor the fish Because everything in the waterway goes through Toxins time for the young mussels, as they will only settle problem in the waterway. lays eggs FOOD To ensure successful transmission of the parasitic need to find food and lay community. Let’s take a look at some of the clean water macroinvertebrates areSediment well ecosystem is very richsunfish indeed, butand thesebass. animals and Mussels their well-being are often overlooked simply because What do The role mussels Freshwater glochidia to the fish host, female freshwater Mussels are the natural filterers of aquatic systems. of Water Quality. mussels of the family Unionidae (most of our native in ideal streams and river habitats. eggs. Neither the insects species they encounter during their biological monitoring. Nestled in the bed of a stream, their well-being are often overlooked simply because WEST FORK WHITE RIVER macroinvertebrates play in water quality Stream Fish WEST FORK WHITE RIVER do in the stream? macroinvertebrates are well Mussels do in the stream? do in the stream? camouflaged. camouflaged.WEST FORK WHITE RIVER mussels of the family Unionidae (most of our native Because everything in the waterway goes through camouflaged. do in the stream? REPRODUCTION 2 WEST FORK WHITE RIVER eaten by fish nor the fish camouflaged. Nymphs grow HIDING PLACES DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA we don’t see them when we take a casual glance at a underwater WEST FORK WHITE RIVER DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA Because everything in the waterway goes through 2 mussels belong to this family) have developed their gills, they are sensitive to many kinds of mussels of the family Unionidae (most of our native in ideal streams and river habitats. Macroinvertebrates spend their time looking for food Check out our other brochures to learn more about eggs can survive when Stormwater stream. We must look below the water surface, and the many creatures that call White River home. HIDING PLACES camouflaged.DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA problems with growth Nestled in the bed of a stream, freshwater A freshwater mussel displaysLIFE CYCLE a “lure”Nymphs to grow Toxins some astonishing adaptations and strategies. pollutants. Sediment in the waterways is especially eggs can survive when and staying safe from predators. They have many covered by sediment due sometimes below rocks and even into the stream mussels are well camouflaged. attract a potential host for its larval offspring. harmful, suffocating mussels and interfering with Fish need to hide when DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA eggs can survive when we don’t see them when we take a casual glance at a underwater The fleshy mantle of many females in this family REPRODUCTION different adaptations to accomplish these tasks and Stream Fish to lack of oxygen. bottom, to get a completepredators picture are ofaround. life in a stream. 2 important processes needed to survive. Because of changes during this time to resemble remarkably occupy locations in the stream where they function REPRODUCTION Check out our other brochures to learn more about WEST FORK WHITE RIVER Macroinvertebrates spend their time looking for food Nestled in the bed of a stream, freshwater A freshwater mussel displays a “lure” to Predators include larger fish, mussels are well camouflaged. attract a potential host for its larval offspring. realistic mimics of small fish, crayfish, or aquatic these sensitivities, studying these aquatic organisms their gills, they are sensitive to many kinds of One inhabitant you might find on the river bottom is best. Some hang tightly to rocks while others swim Stormwater mussels belong to this family) have developed some mammals, and birds. The and reproduction. LIFE CYCLE insects. The female manipulates the lure, enticing is important for assessing the health of our water the many creatures that call White River home. freely or crawl around. Some build cases to protect Lure the freshwater mussel. Although freshwater mussels covered by sediment due Green Heron and Kingfisher Mantle resources. Their presence in a water body is generally a . . we don’t see them when we take a casual glance at a themselves, and others make nets to catch food. an attack from the host fish, allowing glochidia to Toxins are distributed all over the world, the greatest stream. We must look below the water surface, and Nymphs grow Side view are two birds that primarily HIDING PLACES DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA Macroinvertebrates are a very diverse group of animals. Rock be propelled toward the fish. The glochidia then positive indicator of overall water quality and health. abundance and variety are found in North America. Clean streams have places for fish to raise their young. A Mussel Marsupium Toxins are poisonous How can these What exactly is Pollutioneat fish. HomeThe shadowis where of a Introduction ResourcesIntroduction Resources and staying safe from predators. They have many (buried) animals live Dorsal view attempt to attach to the fish’s gills and fins. Impacts the habitat is a macroinvertebrate? Lure substances presentFreshwater in mussels are fascinating creaturesunderwater? pollutants. Sediment in the waterways is especially heron searching for a meal astonishing adaptations and strategies. The fleshy Mussels of different species develop different shell many types ofwith chemicals surprising life histories, including intriguing © 2012 Louis Cahill signals to a fish that it’s time to lack of oxygen. After several weeks attached to the host fish, shapes and sizes. Clean streams in Indiana have a FOOD Mantle used in everydayadaptations life. for Sedimentsurvival. sometimes below rocks and even into the stream to take cover next to a rock, underwater the glochidia resemble tiny adult mussels. The diverse mussel community with mussels of all ages AQUATIC MACROINVERTEBRATES Fish need to hide when Toxins that enter the stream bottom with clean gravel or rocks is necessary for under a downed Thistree, beetle carries or an air bubblein a Stream Fish for oxygen supply. WEST FORK WHITE RIVER DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA different adaptations to accomplish these tasks and young mussels then detach and drift to the stream (max age for mussels in this area is 20-25 years), WEST FORK WHITE RIVER WEST FORK WHITE RIVER stream are potentially deep poolHIDING beyond PLACES the reach 3 DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA harmful, suffocating mussels and interfering with while waters devoid of mussels may be indicative of a Leaves water mantle of many females in this family changes Side view bottom, now fully independent. This is a critical for adult phase harmful. Some toxins 1 ofToxins the bird’s sharp beak. Adult time for the young mussels, as they will only settle problem in the waterway. will kill fish and their lays eggs bottom, to get a complete picture of life in a stream. in ideal streams and river habitats. What do their gills, they are sensitive to many kinds of Rock food sources outright, macroinvertebrates Nestled in the bed of a stream, predators are around. many fish to reproduce successfully. macroinvertebrates are well do in the stream? occupy locations in the stream where they function while others cause REPRODUCTION 2 camouflaged. Nymphs grow mussels belong to this family) have developed some 2 Mussel Marsupium REPRODUCTION underwater important processes needed to survive. Because of problems with growth during this time to resemble remarkably realistic Stormwater Nestled in the bed of a stream, freshwater A freshwater musselClean displays streamsLIFE CYCLE have a “lure” places to for fish to raise their young. A Stormwater (buried) 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 and reproduction. mussels are well camouflaged. attract a potentialstream host forbottom its larvalwith clean offspring. gravel or rocks is necessary for Check out our other brochures to learn more about Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org Check out our other brochures to learn more about Dorsal view many fish to reproduce successfully. Predators include larger fish, covered by sediment due Macroinvertebrates spend their time looking for food best. Some hang tightly to rocks while others swim in ideal streams and river habitats. Stormwater these sensitivities, studying these aquatic organisms mimics of small fish, crayfish, or aquatic insects. One inhabitant you might find on the river bottom is When precipitation falls When precipitation falls LIFE CYCLE on our cities and towns it The breeding season for fish begins when water Healthy creek bottom mammals, and birds. The the many creatures that call White River home. stream. We must look below the water surface, and runs across hard surfaces the many creatures that call White River home. freely or crawl around. Some build cases to protect Lure temperatures warm up in the spring. For some types of HIDING PLACES DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA - like rooftops, sidewalks The female manipulates the lure, enticing an is important for assessing the health of our water fish, the female will simply drop her eggs over gravel and and roads - and carries Toxins the freshwater mussel. Although freshwater mussels the male will fertilize the eggs as they fall down to the on our cities and towns it pollutants, including Mantle stream bottom. The fertilized eggs rest alone in spaces Green Heron and Kingfisher nitrogen and phosphorus, Nestled in the bed of a stream, freshwater A freshwater mussel displays athemselves, “lure” and others make nets to catch tofood. between the stones until hatching about 10 to 14 days . LIFE CYCLE into local waterways. resources. Their presence in a water body is generally a . . Side view later. Other fish use their tails to sweep a shallow nest attack from the host fish. This allows glochidia to Excess organic matter in the stream, often brought in the gravel, or select a hollow place under or between Toxins are poisonousare distributed all over the world, the greatest runs across hard surfaces in by stormwater, causes a cycle of plant growth and Nymphs grow rocks. The female deposits eggs into the nest and the Rock problems with growth decay that leads to low levels of dissolved oxygen. are two birds that primarily Macroinvertebrates are a very diverse group of animals. male fertilizes them. Sometimes the male fish stays near Clean stream fish like plenty of dissolved oxygen. pollutants. Sediment in the waterways is especially Marsupium The breeding season for fish begins when water Healthy stream bottom Mussel the nest to guard the eggs against predators like crayfish positive indicator of overall water quality and health. Organic matter includes leaves, grass clippings, and be propelled toward the fish’s gills and fins where 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 astonishing adaptations and strategies. The fleshy (buried) or other fish until they hatch. 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 abundance and variety are found in North America. Hitching a ride How can these What exactly is sewage. Other stormwater pollutants can include substances present in How can these What exactly is Introduction ResourcesIntroduction Resources - like rooftops, sidewalks West Fork White River Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org Pollution Home is where Introduction ResourcesIntroduction Resources litter, pet waste, detergents, and fertilizers.Dorsal view Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org eat fish. The shadow of a The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, Cummings, K.S. and C.A.The watersMayer. of1992. West Field Fork Guide White to River are home to a wide Voshell, J. Reese. Illustrated by Amy Bartlett Wright. animals live The waters of West Fork White River are home to a wide Voshell, J. Reese. Illustrated by Amy Bartlett Wright. to survive and animals live a macroinvertebrate? temperatures warm up in the spring. For some types of Indiana has over 35,600a miles macroinvertebrate? of rivers and streams, as Simon, T., & Tomelleri, J. (2011). Fishes of Indiana: A Field IN, near Winchester. This warm water stream Freshwater Musselsassortment of the Midwest. of animals. Illinois Some Natural of them History are fairly easy to 2002. A Guide to Common Freshwater Invertebrates of North to lack of oxygen. and staying safe from predators. They have many they will then attach. The glochidia then attempt to assortment of animals. Some of them are fairly easy to 2002. A Guide to Common Freshwater Invertebrates of North Impacts the habitat is Freshwater mussels are fascinating creatures well as thousands of acres of lakes, ponds, and wetlands. Guide. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. meanders throughoutAquatic Randolph benthic County macroinvertebrates before include crayfish, Survey Manual 5.see, 194 like pp. raccoons, turtles, and fish. But by far the most America. The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company, many types of chemicals Aquatic benthic macroinvertebrates include crayfish, see, like raccoons, turtles, and fish. But by far the most America. The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company, underwater? and roads - and carries A clean stream has very few impacts from pollution. Like other animals, fish are constantlyunderwater? searching for food, Altogether, these waterways are home to 227 different entering Delaware County,mussels, passing snails, through worms, Muncieleeches, and numerous insects. abundant animals in the creek are living on the stream Blacksburg, Virginia. 442 pp. mussels, snails, worms, leeches, and numerous insects. abundant animals in the creek are living on the stream thrive This does not mean the heronwater is always clean, only searching for a meal Text & Photos: Sarah Brichford, Howard County Blacksburg, Virginia. 442 pp. for approximately nineAquatic miles. Arefers majority to the of thisstream environment where Uniothese Gallery at Missouribottom, State Universitywhere they are not easily seen. These animals are protection from predators, and a place to raise their species of fish ranging Aquaticin size from refers huge to thecatfish stream to tinyenvironment where these bottom, where they are not easily seen. These animals are Reproduction is a tricky process for our native Macroinvertebrates, like all animals, require oxygen that pollution may occur but the impacts are not Macroinvertebrates, like all animals, require oxygen stretch is sampled annuallyanimals by live; the benthic Bureau refersof Water to the bottom of the stream;unionid.missouristate.edu/ called aquatic benthic macroinvertebrates, and they are at Bouchard Jr., R. William. 2004. Guide to Aquatic Invertebrates of the young. Clean streams offer high-quality habitat for all minnows. Indiana’s landscapeanimals offers live; benthic many differentrefers to the bottom of the stream; Stormwater District,called aquatic Kokomo, benthic Indiana macroinvertebrates,and and Drew and they are at freshwater mussels. After fertilization, a female to live. Most types that live fully underwater use gills sometimes below rocks and even into the stream fish, the female will simply drop her eggs over gravel and Mussels of different species develop different shell Bouchard Jr., R. William. 2004. Guide to Aquatic Invertebrates of the attach to the fish’s gills and fins. to live. Most types that live fully underwater use gills long lasting. Pollution interferes with the needs of these needs. habitats for fish, including cold waters in the Great Lakes Holloway, Aquatic Biologist at the Muncie Sanitary Quality to assess the macrohealth meansof the Whitethese animals River’s fish,are visible with the naked home among the rocks and logs on the bottom of streams. Upper Midwest: Identification Manual for Students, Citizen Monitors, © 2012 Louis Cahill with surprising life histories, including intriguing macro means these animals are visible with the naked home among the rocks and logs on the bottom of streams. Upper Midwest: Identification Manual for Students, Citizen Monitors, holds her fertilized eggs are in a special area called to obtain oxygen dissolved in the water. The gills used in everyday life. USFWS. America’s Mussels: Silent Sentinels. www.fws.gov/ stream fish: food, protection, and reproduction. to obtain oxygen dissolved in the water. The gills macroinvertebrate andeye; mussel and invertebrate communities. means Let’s these are animals without pollutants, including drainages to the north andeye; warm and invertebrate waters in the means Wabash these and are animals without District’s Bureau of Water Quality the marsupium as they grow into a larval stage are continuously moved back and forth to “capture” and Aquatic Resource Professionals. Water Resources Center, and Aquatic Resource Professionals. Water Resources Center, signals to a fish arethat continuously movedit’s back and forth totimeWhite “capture” River drainages in central and southern Indiana. This called glochidia. In the spring or summer, the take a look at some ofa thebackbone. clean water Aquatic species macroinvertebrates they develop midwest/endangered/clams/mussels.htmlMacroinvertebrates are interesting for several reasons. University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. 208 pp. Fish need to hide when a backbone. Aquatic macroinvertebrates develop Macroinvertebrates are interesting for several reasons. oxygen. Other individuals utilize breathing tubes that oxygen. Other individuals utilize breathing tubes that University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. 208 pp. encounter during theirunderwater. biological monitoring.Some, like mussels and leeches, never leave Their specific behaviors include being laid-back net FOOD varied landscape has a lotunderwater. to offer for Some, different like mussels fish. and leeches, never leaveReview: Greg Bright,Their Commonwealth specific behaviors BioMonitoring, include being laid-back net glochidia are released and begin life as parasites, extend from their body up to the water surface. Still DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA the male will fertilize the eggs as they fall down to the Text contributed by: David Inskeep, Biology teacher at shapes and sizes. Clean streams in Indiana have a extend from their body up to the water surface. Still Sediment the water habitat. In contrast, insect macroinvertebrates builders, free-floating opportunists, and aggressive Many small fish eat aquatic insects, such the water habitat. In contrast, insect macroinvertebrates Indianapolis, Indianabuilders, free-floating opportunists, and aggressive hitching a ride on a host fish. Making this more others get their oxygen by attaching an air bubble Merritt, R.W. and K.W. Cummins, Eds. 1996. An Introduction to the adaptations for survival. others get their oxygen by attaching an air bubble Merritt, R.W. and K.W. Cummins, Eds. 1996. An Introduction to the The waters of the Westuse Fork the waterWhite as River a nursery, in Delaware developing underwater forNorthwestern Highhunters. School, These Kokomo, animals Indiana; are busy Sarah feeding themselves Toxins that enter the Soil erosion is a big The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, IN, near Jay Beugly, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana complicated, most Unionid mussels are host- Aquatic Insects of North America, Third Edition. Kendall//Hunt nitrogen and phosphorus, as the nymph form of the mayfly or use the water as a nursery, developing underwater for hunters. These animals are busy feeding themselves Aquatic Insects of North America, Third Edition. Kendall//Hunt to the body for an oxygen supply while theyCounty are are home to many animals that are relatively mussels are well camouflaged. attract a potential host for its larval offspring. problem in Indiana’s rivers to the body for an oxygen supply while theyWinchester. are This warm water stream meanders throughout weeks or even years before they emerge from the waterBrichford, Field Technicianfrom a range Howard of food County in the Stormwater stream and, in turn, they are specific, which means that each mussels species Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa. 862 pp. AQUATIC to take covercaddis fly. A good supplynext of these to a rock, weeks or even years before they emerge from the water from a range of food in the stream and, in turn, they are swimming, similar to a diver with a scuba tank. Freshwater Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa. 862 pp. AQUATIC unknown to most people. Beneath the water and streams. Sediment swimming, similar to a diver with a scuba tank.Randolph County before entering Delaware County, has to use a specific host fish or the glochidia will The role mussels as an adult. The adult phase is relatively short, lastingDistrict; and Lauraan A. important Bowley, Aquaticfood source Biologist for fish. at the Many types of fishing insects means the small fish will have as an adult. The adult phase is relatively short, lasting an important food source for fish. Many types of fishing surface, we expect to see fish, but there is also a stream bottom. The fertilized eggs rest alone in spaces diverse mussel community with mussels of all ages covers the stream bottom passing through Muncie for approximately nine miles. A from only a few hours to a month or so. For example, Munciea Sanitary District’sflies and Bureaubaits look of Waterlike macros. Quality. Macroinvertebrates are Hoosier Riverwatch. Spring 2012. Volunteer Stream Monitoring Training After several weeks attached to the host fish, plenty to eat. In turn, larger fish eat the flies and baits look like macros. Macroinvertebrates are not survive. MACROINVERTEBRATES underwater from only a few hours to a month or so. For example, a Hoosier Riverwatch. Spring 2012. Volunteer Stream Monitoring Training wide assortment of aquatic insects, crustaceans harmful, suffocating mussels and interfering with MACROINVERTEBRATES stream are potentially and the gravel areas fish smaller fish. White River is also full of majority of this stretch is sampled annually by the Bureau dragonfly nymph spends months developing underwater also good indicators of the overall health of a stream. The Manual. Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Indianapolis, dragonfly nymph spends months developing underwater also good indicators of the overall health of a stream. The play in water quality Manual. Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Indianapolis, This beetle carries an air bubbleand mollusks as well. beforeThe variety crawling of life out in of a streamthe water to spend a few weeksPhotos as contributed by:number Muncie and Sanitary variety District’sof macros Bureau present tells us about the mantle of many females in this family changes into local waterways. of Water Quality to assess the health of White River’s fish need to find food and lay crayfish, which is a favorite foodThis of beetle carries an air bubble before crawling out of the water to spend a few weeks as number and variety of macros present tells us about theStream Fish To ensure successful transmission of the parasitic Indiana. 130 pp. (www.in.gov/idem/riverwatch/) under a downed tree, or in a Indiana. 130 pp. (www.in.gov/idem/riverwatch/) for oxygen supply. ecosystem is very rich indeed, but these animals and a winged adult that will lay the eggs for a new generation. quality of both the water and the nearby surroundings. Mussels eggs. Neither the insects sunfish and bass. for oxygen supply. community. Let’s take a look at some of the clean water glochidia to the fish host, female freshwater Mussels are the natural filterers of aquatic systems. of Water Quality. a winged adult that will lay the eggs for a new generation. quality of both the water and the nearby surroundings. their well-being are often overlooked simply because WEST FORK WHITE RIVER between the stones until hatching about 10 to 14 days (max age for mussels in this area is 20-25 years), eaten by fish nor the fish species they encounter during their biological monitoring. mussels of the family Unionidae (most of our native Because everything in the waterway goes through Text: Sarah Brichford, Howard County Stormwater District, Kokomo, the glochidia resemble tiny adult mussels. The WESTText: FORKSarah Brichford, WHITE Howard County RIVER Stormwater District, Kokomo, WEST FORK WHITE RIVER we don’t see them when we take a casual glance at a eggs can survive when mussels belong to this family) have developed their gills, they are sensitive to many kinds of The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, IN, near WEST IndianaFORK and Samuel WHITE J. Gradle, AquaticRIVER Biologist at the Muncie harmful. Some toxins The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, IN, near stream. We must look below the water surface, and different adaptations to accomplish these tasks and Indiana and Samuel J. Gradle, Aquatic Biologist at the Muncie Winchester. This warm water stream meanders throughout DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA Excess organic matter in the stream, often brought covered by sediment due some astonishing adaptations and strategies. pollutants. Sediment in the waterways is especially Sanitary District’s Bureau of Water Quality. HIDING PLACES Winchester. This warm water stream meanders throughoutDELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA deep pool beyond the reach Sanitary District’s Bureau of Water Quality. sometimes below rocks and even into the stream 3 Randolph County before entering Delaware County, DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA to lack of oxygen. The fleshy mantle of many females in this family harmful, suffocating mussels and interfering with Fish need to hide when 3 Randolph County before entering Delaware County, bottom, to get a complete picture of life in a stream. Leaves water Leaves water changes during this time to resemble remarkably important processes needed to survive. Because of passing through Muncie for approximately nine miles. A Photographs: Julie Speelman, PhD student in Aquatic Biology, Purdue later. Other fish use their tails to sweep a shallow nest while waters devoid of mussels may be indicative of a predators are around. passing through Muncie for approximately nine miles. A Photographs: Julie Speelman, PhD student in Aquatic Biology, Purdue for adult phaseCheck out our other brochures to learn more about young mussels then detach and drift to the stream majority of this stretch is sampled annually by the Bureau for adult phaseCheck out our other brochures to learn more about realistic mimics of small fish, crayfish, or aquatic these sensitivities, studying these aquatic organisms University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Laura Bowley, Muncie Sanitary Predators include larger fish, majority of this stretch is sampled annually by the Bureau University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Laura Bowley, Muncie Sanitary One inhabitant you might find on the river bottom is bottom, to get a complete picture of life in a stream. will kill fish and their the many creaturesof Water that Quality call White to assess River the health home. of White River’s fish is important for assessing the health of our water 1 in by stormwater, causes a cycle of plant growth mammals, and birds. The 1 the many creaturesof Water that Quality call White to assess River the health home. of White River’s fish insects. The female manipulates the lure, enticing the freshwater mussel. Although freshwater mussels District Bureau of Water Quality, Muncie, Indiana. District Bureau of Water Quality, Muncie, Indiana. © 2012 Ernie Cooper Adult community. Let’s take a look at some of the clean water Toxins resources. Their presence in a water body is generally a . . of the bird’s sharp beak. © 2012 Ernie Cooper an attack from the host fish, allowing glochidia to are distributed all over the world, the greatest Green Heron and Kingfisher Adult community. Let’s take a look at some of the clean water Toxins are poisonous . be propelled toward the fish. The glochidia then positive indicator of overall water quality and health. lays eggs species they encounter during their biological monitoring. are two birds that primarily species they encounter during their biological monitoring. abundance and varietyPollution are foundHome in Northis whereHow can America. theseIntroduction What exactly is ResourcesIntroduction Resources predators are around. lays eggs Check out our other brochures to learn more about in the gravel, or select a hollow place under or between problem in the waterway. animals live bottom, now fully independent. This is a critical substances present in Hitching a ride How can these IntroductionWhat exactly is ResourcesIntroduction Resources Check out our other brochures to learn more about attempt to attach to the fish’s gills and fins. Impacts the habitat is a macroinvertebrate? eat fish. The shadow of a Freshwater mussels are fascinating creaturesunderwater? food sources outright, many types of chemicals to survive and animals live a macroinvertebrate? Mussels of different species develop different shell the many creatures that call White River home. heron searching for a meal thrive underwater? the many creatures that call White River home. with surprising life histories, including intriguing and decay that leads to low levels of dissolved FOOD used in everyday life. After several weeks attached to the host fish, shapes and sizes. Clean streams in Indiana have a . signals to a fish that it’s time adaptations for Sedimentsurvival. REPRODUCTION . the glochidia resemble tiny adult mussels. The diverse mussel community with mussels of all ages AQUATIC Toxins that enter the What do MACROINVERTEBRATES Freshwater AQUATIC Hitching a ride Introduction Resources to take cover next to a rock, The role mussels This beetle carries an air bubble Stream Fish Pollution Home is where Introduction Resources What do for oxygen supply. MACROINVERTEBRATESHitching a ride Pollution IntroductionHome is where ResourcesIntroduction Resources young mussels then detach and drift to the stream (max age for mussels in this area is 20-25 years), WEST FORK WHITE RIVER WEST FORKto surviveWHITE RIVER and rocks. The female deposits eggs into the nest and the stream are potentially play in waterThis beetlequality carries an air bubble Impacts the habitat is time for the young mussels, as they will only settle under a downed tree, or in a for oxygen supply. Mussels HIDING PLACES DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA WEST FORKto WHITEsurvive RIVER and Impacts the habitat is 3 thrive WEST FORK WHITE RIVER Leaves water Nestled in the bed of a stream, harmful. Some toxins bottom, now fully independent. This is a critical while waters devoid of mussels may be indicative of a for adult phase while others cause 3 DELAWAREthrive COUNTY, INDIANA 2 deep pool beyond the reach DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA 1 Leaves water Nestled in the bed of a stream, macroinvertebrates Toxins Adult for adult phaseCheck out our other brochures to learn more about lays eggs FOOD important processes needed to survive. Because of problem in the waterway. oxygen. Stream fish need plenty of dissolved oxygen will kill fish and their macroinvertebrates 1 the many creatures that call White River home. time for the young mussels, as they will only settle Sediment of the bird’s sharp beak. Adult FOOD macroinvertebrates are well lays eggs Check out our other brochures to learn more about Sediment What do The role mussels Freshwater food sources outright, the many creaturesmacroinvertebrates that call White River home. are well in ideal streams and river habitats. during this time to resemble remarkably realistic What do The role mussels Freshwater macroinvertebrates Nestled in the bed of a stream, play in water quality Stream Fish Stream Fish macroinvertebrates are well Mussels Nestled in the bed of a stream, do in the stream? do in the stream? camouflaged. WEST FORK WHITE RIVER while others cause macroinvertebrates play in water quality Stream Fish camouflaged. macroinvertebrates are well Mussels REPRODUCTION 2 WEST FORK WHITE RIVER male fertilizes them. Sometimes the male fish stays near Freshwater Nymphs grow HIDING PLACES DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA do in the stream? Stream Fish WEST FORK WHITE RIVER do in the stream? Musselscamouflaged. underwater DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA in ideal streams and river habitats. camouflaged. 2 WEST FORK WHITE RIVER 2 problems with growth HIDING PLACES DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA Nestled in the bed of a stream, freshwater A freshwater mussel displays a “lure”Nymphs to grow DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA Macroinvertebrates spend their time looking for food Stormwater Check out our other brochures to learn more about problems with growth REPRODUCTION mussels are well camouflaged. 2 attract a potential host for its larvalunderwater offspring. the many creatures that call White River home. Nestled in the bed of a stream, freshwater A freshwater mussel displaysLIFE CYCLE a “lure” to Macroinvertebrates spend their time looking for food Check out our other brochures to learn more about Nymphs grow Toxins and reproduction. the many creatures that call White River home. and staying safe from predators. They have many to survive. Organic matter includes leaves, grass Nymphs grow Toxins Clean streams have places for fish to raise their young. A mussels are well camouflaged. attract a potential host for its larval offspring. and staying safe from predators. They have many Lure underwater occupy locations in the stream where they function Stream Fish different adaptations to accomplish these tasks and underwaterMantle REPRODUCTIONstream bottom with clean gravel or rocks is necessary for Stream Fish different adaptations to accomplish these tasks and Side view occupy locations in the stream where they function REPRODUCTION Rock Nestled in the bed of a stream, freshwater A freshwater mussel displays a “lure” to the nest to guard the eggs against predators like crayfish many fish to reproduce successfully.occupy locations in the stream where they function mussels are well camouflaged. attract a potential host for its larval offspring. Mussel Marsupium REPRODUCTION Stormwater (buried) Nestled in the bed of a stream, freshwater A freshwater mussel displays a “lure” to best. Some hang tightly to rocks while others swim mussels are well camouflaged. attract a potential host for its larval offspring. Stormwater Dorsal view LIFE CYCLE and reproduction. best. Some hang tightly to rocks while others swim Stormwater freely or crawl around. Some build cases to protect When precipitation falls LIFE CYCLE Lure clippings, and sewage. Other stormwater pollutants freely or crawl around. Some build cases to protect Mantle Lure Check out our other brochures to learn more about themselves, and others make nets to catch food. 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 on our cities and towns it themselves, and others make nets to catch food. Mantle Side view Nestled in the bed of a stream, freshwater A freshwater mussel displaysLIFE CYCLE a “lure” to Rock Side view Macroinvertebrates are a very diverse group of animals. 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 Clean streams have places for fish to raise their young. A Mussel Marsupium runs across hard surfaces Macroinvertebrates are a very diverse group of animals. Rock (buried) Mussel Marsupium Dorsal view Check out our other brochures to learn more about The breeding season for fish begins when water Healthy stream bottom Lure or other fish until they hatch. (buried) - like rooftops, sidewalks Dorsal view Predators include larger fish, temperatures warm up in the spring. For some types of and roads - and carries © 2012 Louis Cahill can include litter, pet waste, detergents, and fish, the female will simply drop ©her 2012 Louiseggs Cahill over gravel and pollutants, including Mantle the male will fertilize the eggs as they fall down to the Macroinvertebrates spend their time looking for food mussels are well camouflaged. attract a potentialnitrogen and phosphorus,stream host forbottom its larvalwith clean offspring. gravel or rocks is necessary for Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org stream bottom. The fertilized eggs rest alone in spaces West Fork White River Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org into local waterways. between the stones until hatching about 10 to 14 days Excess organic matter in the stream, often brought Side view fertilizers. later. Other fish use their tails to sweep a shallow nest in by stormwater, causes a cycle of plant growth in the gravel, or select a hollow place under or between Rock these sensitivities, studying these aquatic organisms and decay that leads to manylow levels of dissolved fish to reproduce successfully. rocks. The female deposits eggs into the nest and the oxygen. Stream fish need plenty of dissolved oxygen Marsupium mimics of small fish, crayfish, or aquatic insects. male fertilizes them. Sometimes the male fish stays near Mussel to survive. Organic matter includes leaves, grass the nest to guard the eggs against predators like crayfish (buried) 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 Stormwater clippings, and sewage. Other stormwater pollutants or other fish until they hatch. 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 can include litter, pet waste, detergents, and Dorsal view Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org One inhabitant you might find on the river bottom is best. Some hang tightly to rocks while others swim West Fork White River Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org When precipitation falls fertilizers. on our cities and towns it LIFE CYCLE mammals, and birds. The the many creatures that call White River home. the many creatures that call White River home. runs across hard surfaces is important for assessing the health of our water The breeding season for fish begins when water - like rooftops, sidewalks Healthy stream bottom The female manipulates the lure, enticing an Toxins and reproduction. temperatures warm up in the spring. For some types of freely or crawl around. Some build cases to protect the freshwater mussel. Although freshwater mussels Lure and roads - and carries fish, the female will simply drop her eggs over gravel and pollutants, including Green Heron and Kingfisher the male will fertilize the eggs as they fall down to the . nitrogen and phosphorus,Mantle . . stream bottom. The fertilized eggs rest alone in spaces resources. Their presence in a water body is generally a into local waterways. attack from the host fish. This allows glochidia to themselves, and others make nets to catch food. between the stones until hatching about 10 to 14 days are distributed all over the world, the greatest Excess organic matter in the stream, often brought Toxins are poisonous Nymphs grow Side view later. Other fish use their tails to sweep a shallow nest in by stormwater, causes a cycle of plant growth are two birds that primarily in the gravel, or select a hollow place under or between and decay that leads to low levels of dissolved Rock rocks. The female deposits eggs into the nest and the oxygen. Stream fish need plenty of dissolved oxygen be propelled toward the fish’s gills and fins where positive indicator of overall water quality and health. male fertilizes them. Sometimes the male fish stays near Hitching a ride How can these What exactly is Macroinvertebrates are a very diverse group of animals. to survive. Organic matter includes leaves, grass Marsupium substances presentabundance in and variety are found in NorthHow can America. these What exactly is Introduction ResourcesIntroduction Resources Mussel the nest to guard the eggs against predators like crayfish Pollution Home is where Introduction ResourcesIntroduction Resources clippings, and sewage. Other stormwater pollutants Clean streams have places for fish to raise their young. A or other fish until they hatch. 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 (buried) eat fish. The shadow of a The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, Cummings, K.S. and C.A.The watersMayer. of1992. West Field Fork Guide White to River are home to a wide Voshell, J. Reese. Illustrated by Amy Bartlett Wright. can include litter, pet waste, detergents, and The waters of West Fork White River are home to a wide Voshell, J. Reese. Illustrated by Amy Bartlett Wright. to survive and animals live a macroinvertebrate? Dorsal view Phone: 765-747-4896West Fork White | MuncieSanitary.org River Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org animals live Indiana has over 35,600a miles macroinvertebrate? of rivers and streams, as Simon, T., & Tomelleri, J. (2011). Fishes of Indiana: A Field IN, near Winchester. This warm water stream Freshwater Musselsassortment of the Midwest. of animals. Illinois Some Natural of them History are fairly easy to 2002. A Guide to Common Freshwater Invertebrates of North and staying safe from predators. They have many fertilizers. assortment of animals. Some of them are fairly easy to 2002. A Guide to Common Freshwater Invertebrates of North they will then attach. The glochidia then attempt to Impacts the habitat is Lure well as thousands of acres of lakes, ponds, and wetlands. Guide. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. meanders throughoutAquatic Randolph benthic County macroinvertebrates before include crayfish, Survey Manual 5.see, 194 like pp. raccoons, turtles, and fish. But by far the most America. The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company, many types ofFreshwater chemicals mussels are fascinating creatures Aquatic benthic macroinvertebrates include crayfish, see, like raccoons, turtles, and fish. But by far the most America. The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company, underwater? A clean stream has very few impacts from pollution. Like other animals, fish are constantly searching for food, Altogether, these waterways are home to 227 different entering Delaware County,mussels, passing snails, through worms, Muncieleeches, and numerous insects. abundant animals in the creek are living on the stream underwater? mussels, snails, worms, leeches, and numerous insects. abundant animals in the creek are living on the stream thrive Blacksburg, Virginia. 442 pp. This does not mean the heronwater is always clean, only searchingprotection from predators, and fora place to raise a their mealspecies of fish ranging in size from huge catfish to tiny Text & Photos: Sarah Brichford, Howard County Blacksburg, Virginia. 442 pp. for approximately nineAquatic miles. Arefers majority to the of thisstream environment where Uniothese Gallery at Missouribottom, State Universitywhere they are not easily seen. These animals are Aquatic refers to the stream environment where these bottom, where they are not easily seen. These animals are Reproduction is a tricky process for our native Macroinvertebrates, like all animals, require oxygen that pollution may occur but the impacts are not young. Clean streams offer high-qualityMacroinvertebrates, habitat for like all all animals, requireminnows. oxygen Indiana’s landscape offers many different Stormwater District, Kokomo, Indiana and and Drew stretch is sampled annuallyanimals by live; the benthic Bureau refersof Water to the bottom of the stream;unionid.missouristate.edu/ called aquatic benthic macroinvertebrates, and they are at Bouchard Jr., R. William. 2004. Guide to Aquatic Invertebrates of the Mussels of different species develop different shell animals live; benthic refers to the bottom of the stream; called aquatic benthic macroinvertebrates, and they are at Bouchard Jr., R. William. 2004. Guide to Aquatic Invertebrates of the freshwater mussels. After fertilization, a female to live. Most types that live fully underwater use gills attach to the fish’s gills and fins. long lasting. Pollution interferes with the needs of these needs. to live. Most types that live fully underwaterhabitats use gills for fish, including cold waters in the Great Lakes Quality to assess the macrohealth meansof the Whitethese animals River’s fish,are visible with the naked home among the rocks and logs on the bottom of streams. Upper Midwest: Identification Manual for Students, Citizen Monitors, Holloway, Aquatic Biologist at the Muncie Sanitary holds her fertilized eggs are in a special area called to obtain oxygen dissolved in the water. The gills with surprising life histories, including tointriguing obtain oxygen dissolved in the water. The gills macro means these animals are visible with the naked home among the rocks and logs on the bottom of streams. Upper Midwest: Identification Manual for Students, Citizen Monitors, USFWS. America’s Mussels: Silent Sentinels. www.fws.gov/ used in everyday life. stream fish: food, protection, and reproduction. macroinvertebrate andeye; mussel and invertebrate communities. means Let’s these are animals without drainages to the north andeye; warm and invertebrate waters in the means Wabash these and are animals without District’s Bureau of Water Quality the marsupium as they grow into a larval stage are continuously moved back and forth to “capture” and Aquatic Resource Professionals. Water Resources Center, are continuously moved back and forth toWhite “capture” River drainages in central and southern Indiana. This and Aquatic Resource Professionals. Water Resources Center, take a look at some ofa thebackbone. clean water Aquatic species macroinvertebrates they develop midwest/endangered/clams/mussels.htmlMacroinvertebrates are interesting for several reasons. © 2012 Louis Cahill signals to a fish that it’s time Macroinvertebrates are interesting for several reasons. called glochidia. In the spring or summer, the oxygen. Other individuals utilize breathing tubes that University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. 208 pp. a backbone. Aquatic macroinvertebrates develop oxygen. Other individuals utilize breathing tubes that University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. 208 pp. encounter during theirunderwater. biological monitoring.Some, like mussels and leeches, never leave Their specific behaviors include being laid-back net FOOD varied landscape has a lotunderwater. to offer for Some, different like mussels fish. and leeches, never leaveReview: Greg Bright,Their Commonwealth specific behaviors BioMonitoring, include being laid-back net glochidia are released and begin life as parasites, extend from their body up to the water surface. Still shapes and sizes. Clean streams in Indiana have a Sediment extend from their body up to the water surface. Still the water habitat. In contrast, insect macroinvertebratesText contributed by: builders,David Inskeep, free-floating Biology teacheropportunists, at and aggressive Merritt, R.W. and K.W. Cummins, Eds. 1996. An Introduction to the Indianapolis, Indiana hitching a ride on a host fish. Making this more Many small fish eat aquatic insects, such the water habitat. In contrast, insect macroinvertebrates builders, free-floating opportunists, and aggressive Merritt, R.W. and K.W. Cummins, Eds. 1996. An Introduction to the others get their oxygen by attaching an air Thebubble waters of the West Fork White River in Delaware adaptations for Soilsurvival. erosion is a big others get their oxygen by attaching an airThe bubble West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, IN, near use the water as a nursery, developing underwater forNorthwestern Highhunters. School, These Kokomo, animals Indiana; are busy Sarah feeding themselves Aquatic Insects of North America, Third Edition. Kendall//Hunt Mantle Jay Beugly, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana complicated, most Unionid mussels are host- Toxins that enter the as the nymph form of the mayfly or to the body for an oxygen supply while they are use the water as a nursery, developing underwater for hunters. These animals are busy feeding themselves Aquatic Insects of North America, Third Edition. Kendall//Hunt County are home to many animals that are relatively problem in Indiana’s rivers to the body for an oxygen supply while theyWinchester. are This warm water stream meanders throughout specific, which means that each mussels species weeks or even years before they emerge from the waterBrichford, Field Technicianfrom a range Howard of food County in the Stormwater stream and, in turn, they are Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa. 862 pp. AQUATIC caddis fly. A good supply of these from a range of food in the stream and, in turn, they are swimming, similar to a diver with a scuba tank. Freshwater to take cover next to a rock, weeks or even years before they emerge from the water unknown to most people. Beneath the water Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa. 862 pp. AQUATIC and streams. Sediment swimming, similar to a diver with a scuba tank.Randolph County before entering Delaware County, has to use a specific host fish or the glochidia will The role mussels as an adult. The adult phase is relatively short, lastingDistrict; and Lauraan A. important Bowley, Aquaticfood source Biologist for fish. at the Many types of fishing insects means the small fish will have as an adult. The adult phase is relatively short, lasting an important food source for fish. Many types of fishing surface, we expect to see fish, but there is also a diverse mussel community with mussels of all ages covers the stream bottom plenty to eat. In turn, larger fish eat the passing through Muncie for approximately nine miles. A not survive. from only a few hours to a month or so. For example, Munciea Sanitary District’sflies and Bureaubaits look of Waterlike macros. Quality. Macroinvertebrates are Hoosier Riverwatch. Spring 2012. Volunteer Stream Monitoring Training MACROINVERTEBRATES underwater After several weeks attached to the host fish, from only a few hours to a month or so. For example, a flies and baits look like macros. Macroinvertebrates are Hoosier Riverwatch. Spring 2012. Volunteer Stream Monitoring Training wide assortment of aquatic insects, crustaceans MACROINVERTEBRATES dragonfly nymph spends months developing underwater also good indicators of the overall health of a stream. The stream are potentially and the gravel areas fish smaller fish. White River is also full of majority of this stretch dragonflyis sampled annuallynymph spends by the Bureaumonths developing underwater also good indicators of the overall health of a stream. The play in water quality Manual. Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Indianapolis, Manual. Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Indianapolis, This beetle carries an air bubbleand mollusks as well. beforeThe variety crawling of life out in of a streamthe water to spend a few weeksPhotos as contributed by:number Muncie and Sanitary variety District’sof macros Bureau present tells us about the need to find food and lay crayfish, which is a favorite foodThis of beetle carries an air bubbleof Water Quality to assessbefore the crawlinghealth of out White of the River’s water fish to spend a few weeks as number and variety of macros present tells us about theStream Fish To ensure successful transmission of the parasitic Indiana. 130 pp. (www.in.gov/idem/riverwatch/) Indiana. 130 pp. (www.in.gov/idem/riverwatch/) for oxygen supply. ecosystem is very richa indeed,winged adultbut these that animalswill lay theand eggs for a new generation. quality of both the water and the nearby surroundings. Mussels under a downed tree, or in a of Water Quality. eggs. Neither the insects community. Let’s take a look at some of the clean water glochidia to the fish host, female freshwater Mussels are the natural filterers of aquatic systems. sunfish and bass. for oxygen supply. a winged adult that will lay the eggs for a new generation. quality of both the water and the nearby surroundings. their well-being are often overlooked simply because stream bottom with clean gravel or rocks is necessary for eaten by fish nor the fish species they encounter during their biological monitoring. Because everything in the waterway goes through Text: Sarah Brichford, Howard County Stormwater District, Kokomo, WEST FORK WHITE RIVER mussels of the family Unionidae (most of our native (max age for mussels in this area is 20-25 years), WESTText: FORKSarah Brichford, WHITE Howard County RIVER Stormwater District, Kokomo, WEST FORK WHITE RIVER we don’t see them when we take a casual glance at a the glochidia resemble tiny adult mussels. The The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, IN, near eggs can survive when mussels belong to this family) have developed their gills, they are sensitive to many kinds of WEST IndianaFORK and Samuel WHITE J. Gradle, AquaticRIVER Biologist at the Muncie harmful. Some toxins The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, IN, near Indiana and Samuel J. Gradle, Aquatic Biologist at the Muncie stream. We must look below the water surface, and DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA different adaptations to accomplish these tasks and Winchester. This warm water stream meanders throughout covered by sediment due some astonishing adaptations and strategies. pollutants. Sediment in the waterways is especially HIDING PLACES Winchester. This warm water stream meanders throughoutDELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA sometimes below rocks and even into the stream 3 Sanitary District’s Bureau of Water Quality. to lack of oxygen. deep pool beyond the reach 3 Sanitary District’s Bureau of Water Quality. The fleshy mantle of many females in this family harmful, suffocating mussels and interfering with Randolph County before entering Delaware County, DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA Fish need to hide when Randolph County before entering Delaware County, bottom, to get a complete picture of life in a stream. Leaves water Leaves water changes during this time to resemble remarkably important processes needed to survive. Because of passing through Muncie for approximately nine miles. A Photographs: Julie Speelman, PhD student in Aquatic Biology, Purdue while waters devoid of mussels may be indicative of a predators are around. passing through Muncie for approximately nine miles. A Photographs: Julie Speelman, PhD student in Aquatic Biology, Purdue for adult phaseCheck out our othermajority brochures of this stretch to learn is sampled more annuallyabout by the Bureau young mussels then detach and drift to the stream for adult phase realistic mimics of small fish, crayfish, or aquatic these sensitivities, studying these aquatic organisms University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Laura Bowley, Muncie Sanitary Side view Predators include larger fish, Check out our othermajority brochures of this stretch to learn is sampled more annuallyabout by the Bureau One inhabitant you might find on the river bottom is will kill fish and their University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Laura Bowley, Muncie Sanitary is important for assessing the health of our water 1 the many creaturesof Water that Quality call White to assess River the health home. of White River’s fish mammals, and birds. The 1 the many creaturesof Water that Quality call White to assess River the health home. of White River’s fish insects. The female manipulates the lure, enticing the freshwater mussel. Although freshwater mussels District Bureau of Water Quality, Muncie, Indiana. District Bureau of Water Quality, Muncie, Indiana. © 2012 Ernie Cooper Adult community. Let’s take a look at some of the clean water Toxins an attack from the host fish, allowing glochidia to resources. Their presence in a water body is generally a . . of the bird’sGreen Heron andsharp Kingfisher beak. © 2012 Ernie Cooper Adult community. Let’s take a look at some of the clean water are distributed all over the world, the greatest Toxins are poisonous . be propelled toward the fish. The glochidia then positive indicator of overall water quality and health. lays eggs species they encounter during their biological monitoring. are two birds that primarily lays eggs species they encounter during their biological monitoring. abundance and varietyPollution are foundHome in Northis whereHow can America. theseIntroduction What exactly is ResourcesIntroduction Resources Check out our other brochures to learn more about The waters of West Fork White River are home to a wide Hitching a ride animals live Indiana has over 35,600a miles macroinvertebrate? of rivers and streams, as Simon, T., & Tomelleri, J. (2011). Fishes of Indiana: A Field Voshell, J. Reese. Illustrated by Amy Bartlett Wright. problem in the waterway. substances present in How can these IntroductionWhat exactly is ResourcesIntroduction Resources attempt to attach to the fish’s gills and fins. Impacts the habitat is assortment of animals. Some of them are fairly easy to Check out our other brochures to learn more about Freshwater mussels are fascinating creatures well as thousands of acres of lakes, ponds, and wetlands. Guide. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. 2002. A Guide to Common Freshwater Aquatic benthic macroinvertebrates include crayfish, see, like raccoons, turtles, and fish. But by far the most eat fish. The shadow of a A clean stream has very few impacts from pollution. Like other animals, fish are constantly searching for food, Altogether, these waterways are home to 227 different bottom, now fully independent. This is a critical underwater? Invertebrates of North America. The McDonald The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, Cummings, K.S. and C.A.The watersMayer. of1992. West Field Fork Guide White to River are home to a wide Voshell, J. Reese. Illustrated by Amy Bartlett Wright. mussels, snails, worms, leeches, and numerous insects. abundant animals in the creek are living on the stream to survive and animals live a macroinvertebrate? This does not mean the water is always clean, protection from predators, and a place to raise their Text & Photos: Sarah Brichford, Howard County IN, near Winchester. This warm water stream Freshwater Musselsassortment of the Midwest. of animals. Illinois Some Natural of them History are fairly easy to 2002. A Guide to Common Freshwater Invertebrates of North species of fish ranging Aquaticin size from refers huge to thecatfish stream to tinyenvironment where these bottom, where they are not easily seen. These animals are & Woodward Publishing Company, Blacksburg, the many creatures that call White River home. only that pollution may occur but the impacts young. Clean streams offer high-qualityMacroinvertebrates, habitat for like all all animals, requireminnows. oxygen Indiana’s landscape offers many different Stormwater District, Kokomo, Indiana meanders throughoutAquatic Randolph benthic County macroinvertebrates before include crayfish, Survey Manual 5.see, 194 like pp. raccoons, turtles, and fish. But by far the most America. The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company, Mussels of different species develop different shell animals live; benthic refers to the bottom of the stream; called aquatic benthic macroinvertebrates, and they are at Virginia. 442 pp. many types of chemicals are not long lasting. Pollution interferes with the to live. Most types that live fully underwater use gills underwater? these needs. habitats for fish, including cold waters in the Great Lakes Muncie Sanitary District’s Bureau of Water Quality entering Delaware County,mussels, passing snails, through worms, Muncieleeches, and numerous insects. abundant animals in the creek are living on the stream Blacksburg, Virginia. 442 pp. with surprising life histories, including intriguing macro means these animals are visible with the naked home among the rocks and logs on the bottom of streams. food sources outright, thrive to obtain oxygen dissolved in the water. The gills the many creatures that call White River home. needs of clean stream fish: food, protection, and drainages to the north and warm waters in the Wabash and Bouchard Jr., R. William. 2004. Guide to Aquatic heron searching for a meal for approximately nineAquatic miles. Arefers majority to the of thisstream environment where Uniothese Gallery at Missouribottom, State Universitywhere they are not easily seen. These animals are eye; and invertebrate means these are animals without Reproduction is a tricky process for our native Macroinvertebrates, like all animals, require oxygen reproduction. are continuously moved back and forth to “capture” Photo of Longear Sunfish and Brindled Madtom: stretch is sampled annuallyanimals by live; the benthic Bureau refersof Water to the bottom of the stream; called aquatic benthic macroinvertebrates, and they are at White River drainages in central and southern Indiana. This Invertebrates of the Upper Midwest: Identification freshwater mussels. After fertilization, a female to live. Most types that live fully underwater use gills unionid.missouristate.edu/ Bouchard Jr., R. William. 2004. Guide to Aquatic Invertebrates of the oxygen. Other individuals utilize breathing tubes that a backbone. Aquatic macroinvertebrates develop Macroinvertebrates are interesting for several reasons. Quality to assess the macrohealth meansof the Whitethese animals River’s fish,are visible with the naked home among the rocks and logs on the bottom of streams. FOOD varied landscape has a lot to offer for different fish. Dr. Reuben Goforth, Purdue University, Manual for Students, Citizen Monitors, and holds her fertilized eggs are in a special area called to obtain oxygen dissolved in the water. The gills Upper Midwest: Identification Manual for Students, Citizen Monitors, shapes and sizes. Clean streams in Indiana have a extend from their body up to the water surface. Still underwater. Some, like mussels and leeches, never leave Their specific behaviors include being laid-back net . After several weeks attached to the host fish, West Lafayette, Indiana used in everyday life. USFWS. America’s Mussels: Silent Sentinels. www.fws.gov/ Many small fish eat aquatic insects, such macroinvertebrate andeye; mussel and invertebrate communities. means Let’s these are animals without the marsupium as they grow into a larval stage are continuously moved back and forth to “capture” and Aquatic Resource Professionals. Water Resources Center, adaptations for survival. others get their oxygen by attaching an air bubble the water habitat. In contrast, insect macroinvertebrates builders, free-floating opportunists, and aggressive Aquatic Resource Professionals. Water Sediment as the nymph form of the mayfly or The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, IN, near signals to a fish that it’s time called glochidia. In the spring or summer, the take a look at some ofa thebackbone. clean water Aquatic species macroinvertebrates they develop midwest/endangered/clams/mussels.htmlMacroinvertebrates are interesting for several reasons. University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. 208 pp. use the water as a nursery, developing underwater for hunters. These animals are busy feeding themselves Resources Center, University of Minnesota, St. oxygen. Other individuals utilize breathing tubes that to the body for an oxygen supply while they are . Soil erosion is a big caddis fly. A good supply of these Winchester. This warm water stream meanders throughout Review: Greg Bright, Commonwealth BioMonitoring, glochidia are released and begin life as parasites, encounter during theirunderwater. biological monitoring.Some, like mussels and leeches, never leave Their specific behaviors include being laid-back net weeks or even years before they emerge from the water from a range of food in the stream and, in turn, they are Paul, Minnesota. 208 pp. AQUATIC extend from their body up to the water surface. Still swimming, similar to a diver with a scuba tank. Text contributed by: David Inskeep, Biology teacher at problem in Indiana’s rivers insects means the small fish will have Randolph County before entering Delaware County, Indianapolis, Indiana hitching a ride on a host fish. Making this more the water habitat. In contrast, insect macroinvertebrates builders, free-floating opportunists, and aggressive Merritt, R.W. and K.W. Cummins, Eds. 1996. An Introduction to the as an adult. The adult phase is relatively short, lasting an important food source for fish. Many types of fishing others get their oxygen by attaching an air bubble diverse mussel community with mussels of all ages and streams. Sediment passing through Muncie for approximately nine miles. A Jay Beugly, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana Toxins that enter the The waters of the Westuse Fork the waterWhite as River a nursery, in Delaware developing underwater forNorthwestern Highhunters. School, These Kokomo, animals Indiana; are busy Sarah feeding themselves the glochidia resemble tiny adult mussels. The plenty to eat. In turn, larger fish eat the from only a few hours to a month or so. For example, a flies and baits look like macros. Macroinvertebrates are Merritt, R.W. and K.W. Cummins, Eds. 1996. An complicated, most Unionid mussels are host- Aquatic Insects of North America, Third Edition. Kendall//Hunt to the body for an oxygen supply while theyCounty are are home to many animals that are relatively What do covers the stream bottom majority of this stretch is sampled annually by the Bureau MACROINVERTEBRATES smaller fish. White River is also full of specific, which means that each mussels species weeks or even years before they emerge from the waterBrichford, Field Technicianfrom a range Howard of food County in the Stormwater stream and, in turn, they are Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa. 862 pp. AQUATIC dragonfly nymph spends months developing underwater also good indicators of the overall health of a stream. The Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North Hitching a ride to take cover next to a rock, swimming, similar to a diver with a scuba tank. Freshwater Introduction Resources unknown to most people. Beneath the water and the gravel areas fish of Water Quality to assess the health of White River’s fish Pollution Home is where Introduction Resources as an adult. The adult phase is relatively short, lasting an important food source for fish. Many types of fishing crayfish, which is a favorite foodThis of beetle carries an air bubble before crawling out of the water to spend a few weeks as number and variety of macros present tells us about theStream Fish has to use a specific host fish or the glochidia will The role mussels District; and Laura A. Bowley, Aquatic Biologist at the America, Third Edition. Kendall//Hunt Publishing surface, we expect to see fish, but there is also a need to find food and lay sunfish and bass. for oxygen supply. community. Let’s take a look at some of the clean water What do not survive. from only a few hours to a month or so. For example, Munciea Sanitary District’sflies and Bureaubaits look of Waterlike macros. Quality. Macroinvertebrates are Hoosier Riverwatch. Spring 2012. Volunteer Stream Monitoring Training a winged adult that will lay the eggs for a new generation. quality of both the water and the nearby surroundings. Company, Dubuque, Iowa. 862 pp. The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, Cummings, K.S. and C.A. Mayer. 1992. Field Guide to MACROINVERTEBRATES wide assortment of aquatic insects, crustaceans also good indicators of the overall health of a stream. The Hitching a ride (max age for mussels in this area is 20-25 years), eggs. Neither the insects species they encounter during their biological monitoring. to survive and Indiana has over 35,600 miles of rivers and streams, as Simon, T., & Tomelleri, J. (2011). Fishes of Indiana: A Field dragonfly nymph spends months developing underwater Manual. Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Indianapolis, Introduction Resources young mussels then detach and drift to the stream WEST FORK WHITE RIVER WEST FORK WHITE RIVER stream are potentially play in water quality Pollution Home is where Introduction Resources Impacts IN, near Winchester. Thisthe warm water habitat stream is Freshwater Mussels of the Midwest. Illinois Natural History This beetle carries an air bubbleand mollusks as well. beforeThe variety crawling of life out in of a streamthe water to spend a few weeksPhotos as contributed by:number Muncie and Sanitary variety District’sof macros Bureau present tells us about the eaten by fish nor the fish The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, IN, near well as thousands of acres of lakes, ponds, and wetlands. Guide. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. To ensure successful transmission of the parasitic Indiana. 130 pp. (www.in.gov/idem/riverwatch/) Hoosier Riverwatch. Spring 2012. Volunteer Stream meanders throughout Randolph County before Survey Manual 5. 194 pp. under a downed tree, or in a for oxygen supply. ecosystem is very rich indeed, but these animals and The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, Cummings, K.S. and C.A. Mayer. 1992. Field Guide to eggs can survive when A clean stream has very few impacts from pollution. Like other animals, fish are constantly searching for food, Altogether, these waterways are home to 227 different a winged adult that will lay the eggs for a new generation. quality of both the water and the nearby surroundings. Mussels HIDING PLACES Winchester. This warm water stream meanders throughoutDELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA glochidia to the fish host, female freshwater Mussels are the natural filterers of aquatic systems. of Water Quality. Monitoring Training Manual. Indiana Department entering Delaware County, passing through Muncie their well-being are often overlooked simply because to survive and Indiana has over 35,600 miles of rivers and streams, as Simon, T., & Tomelleri, J. (2011). Fishes of Indiana: A Field covered by sediment due 3 thrive This does not mean the water is always clean, Text & Photos: Sarah Brichford, Howard County time for the young mussels, as they will only settle Text: Sarah Brichford, Howard County Stormwater District, Kokomo, WEST FORK WHITE RIVER Impacts IN, near Winchester. Thisthe warm water habitat stream is Freshwater Mussels of the Midwest. Illinois Natural History Fish need to hide when Randolph County before entering Delaware County, of Natural Resources, Indianapolis, Indiana. 130 protection from predators, and a place to raise their species of fish ranging in size from huge catfish to tiny mussels of the family Unionidae (most of our native Because everything in the waterway goes through well as thousands of acres of lakes, ponds, and wetlands. Guide. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. Leaves water Reproduction is a tricky process for our native only that pollution may occur but the impactsfor approximately nine miles. A majority of this Unio Gallery at Missouri State University we don’t see them when we take a casual glance at a The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, IN, near WEST FORK WHITE RIVER meanders throughout Randolph County before Survey Manual 5. 194 pp. to lack of oxygen. predators are around. passing through Muncie for approximately nine miles. A Nestled in the bed of a stream,young. Clean streams offer high-quality habitat for all minnows. Indiana’s landscape offers many different Stormwater District, Kokomo, Indiana their gills, they are sensitive to many kinds of Indiana and Samuel J. Gradle, Aquatic Biologist at the Muncie while waters devoid of mussels may be indicative of a Rock mussels belong to this family) have developed A clean stream has very few impacts from pollution. Like other animals, fish are constantly searching for food, Altogether, these waterways are home to 227 different pp. (www.in.gov/idem/riverwatch/) stretch is sampled annually by the Bureau of Water unionid.missouristate.edu/ bottom, now fully independent. This is a critical harmful. Some toxins stream. We must look below the water surface, and for adult phase freshwater mussels. After fertilization, a female are not long lasting. Pollution interferes with the entering Delaware County, passing through Muncie these needs. habitats for fish, including cold waters in the Great Lakes Muncie Sanitary District’s Bureau of Water Quality some astonishing adaptations and strategies. pollutants. Sediment in the waterways is especially Winchester. This warm water stream meanders throughout DELAWAREthrive COUNTY, INDIANA This does not mean the water is always clean, Predators include larger fish, majority of this stretch is sampled annually by the Bureau Quality to assess the health of the White River’s fish, sometimes below rocks and even into the stream Sanitary District’s Bureau of Water Quality. protection from predators, and a place to raise their species of fish ranging in size from huge catfish to tiny Text & Photos: Sarah Brichford, Howard County holds her fertilized eggs are in a special area called needs of clean stream fish: food, protection, and deep pool beyond the reach 3 Randolph County before entering Delaware County, DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA for approximately nine miles. A majority of this Unio Gallery at Missouri State University mammals, and birds. The of Water Quality to assess the health of White River’s fish Text: Sarah Brichford, Howard County Stormwater USFWS. America’s Mussels:drainages Silent to Sentinels. the north www.fws.gov/ and warm waters in the Wabash and The fleshy mantle of many females in this family harmful, suffocating mussels and interfering with Reproduction is a tricky process for our native only that pollution may occur but the impacts 1 macroinvertebrate and mussel communities. Let’s while others cause bottom, to get a complete picture of life in a stream. Leaves water Nestled in the bed of a stream,young. Clean streams offer high-quality habitat for all minnows. Indiana’s landscape offers many different Stormwater District, Kokomo, Indiana the marsupium as they grow into a larval stage reproduction. Photo of Longear Sunfish and Brindled Madtom: passing through Muncie for approximately nine miles. A stretch is sampled annually by the Bureau of Water unionid.missouristate.edu/ macroinvertebrates Green Heron and Kingfisher © 2012 Ernie Cooper Adult community. Let’s take a look at some of the clean water White River drainages in central and southern Indiana. This changes during this time to resemble remarkably important processes needed to survive. Because of Photographs: Julie Speelman, PhD student in Aquatic Biology, Purdue freshwater mussels. After fertilization, a female are not long lasting. Pollution interferes with the these needs. habitats for fish, including cold waters in the Great Lakes Muncie Sanitary District’s Bureau of Water Quality District, Kokomo, Indiana and Samuel J. Gradle, called glochidia. In the spring or summer, the take a look at some of the clean water species they midwest/endangered/clams/mussels.html for adult phaseCheck out our othermajority brochures of this stretch to learn is sampled more annually about by the Bureau Quality to assess the health of the White River’s fish, Toxins are two birds that primarily species they encounter during their biological monitoring. FOOD varied landscape has a lot to offer for different fish. Dr. Reuben Goforth, Purdue University, realistic mimics of small fish, crayfish, or aquatic these sensitivities, studying these aquatic organisms One inhabitant you might find on the river bottom is University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Laura Bowley, Muncie Sanitary holds her fertilized eggs are in a special area called needs of clean stream fish: food, protection, and drainages to the north and warm waters in the Wabash and problem in the waterway. lays eggs Aquatic Biologist at the Muncie Sanitary District’s encounter during their biological monitoring. time for the young mussels, as they will only settle Toxins are poisonous glochidia are released and begin life as parasites, will kill fish and their the many creaturesof Water that Quality call White to assess River the health home. of White River’s fish macroinvertebrate and mussel communities. Let’s USFWS. America’s Mussels: Silent Sentinels. www.fws.gov/ eat fish. The shadow of a Many small fish eat aquatic insects, such West Lafayette, Indiana Text contributed by: David Inskeep, Biology teacher at macroinvertebrates insects. The female manipulates the lure, enticing is important for assessing the health of our water the freshwater mussel. Although1 freshwater mussels District Bureau of Water Quality, Muncie, Indiana. the marsupium as they grow into a larval stage reproduction. White River drainages in central and southern Indiana. This Photo of Longear Sunfish and Brindled Madtom: Bureau of Water Quality. hitching a ride on a host fish. Making this more substances present in Sediment The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, IN, near © 2012 Ernie Cooper Adult community. Let’s take a look at some of the clean water take a look at some of the clean water species they midwest/endangered/clams/mussels.html heron searching for a meal The waters of the Westas Fork the nymphWhite Riverform ofin theDelaware mayfly or of the bird’s sharp beak. an attack from the host fish, allowing glochidia to resources. Their presence in a water body is generally a . . called glochidia. In the spring or summer, the varied landscape has a lot to offer for different fish. Dr. Reuben Goforth, Purdue University, Northwestern High School, Kokomo, Indiana; Sarah are distributed all over the world, the greatest encounter during theirFOOD biological monitoring. many types of chemicals macroinvertebratescomplicated, most Unionid mussels are host- areSoil erosion is a bigwell Winchester. This warm water stream meanders throughout Review: Greg Bright, Commonwealth BioMonitoring, be propelled toward the fish. The glochidia then positive indicator of overall water quality and health. lays eggs species they encounter during their biological monitoring. glochidia are released and begin life as parasites, signals to a fish that it’s time Photographs: Julie Speelman, PhD student in Aquatic County are home to manycaddis animals fly. A thatgood are supply relatively of these Brichford, Field Technician Howard County Stormwater abundance and varietyPollution are foundHome in Northis whereHow can America. theseIntroduction What exactly is ResourcesIntroduction Resources Many small fish eat aquatic insects, such Text contributed by: David Inskeep, Biology teacher at West Lafayette, Indiana used in everyday life. specific, which means that each mussels species problem in Indiana’s rivers Randolph County before entering Delaware County, FreshwaterIndianapolis, Indiana Check out our other brochures to learn more about to take cover next to a rock, unknown to most people.insects Beneath means the the water small fish will have attempt to attach to the fish’s gills and fins. Freshwater musselsImpacts are fascinatingthe habitat creaturesanimals is live a macroinvertebrate? hitching a ride on a host fish. Making this more Sediment The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, IN, near What do Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; has to use a specific host fish or the glochidia will The role mussels District; and Laura A. Bowley, Aquatic Biologist at the underwater? the many creatures that call White River home. The waters of the Westas Forkthe nymph White formRiver of in theDelaware mayfly or Northwestern High School, Kokomo, Indiana; Sarah in ideal streams and river habitats. Toxins that enter the under a downed tree, or in a and streams. Sediment surface, we expect to plentysee fish, to eat.but thereIn turn, is largeralso a fish eat the passing through Muncie for approximately nine miles. A Jay Beugly, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana food sources outright, Mussels of different species develop different shell complicated, most Unionid mussels are host- Review: Greg Bright, Commonwealth BioMonitoring, Laura Bowley, Muncie Sanitary District Bureau of with surprising life histories, including intriguing macroinvertebrates areSoil erosion is a bigwell Winchester. This warm water stream meanders throughout not survive. Muncie Sanitary District’s Bureau of Water Quality. County are home to manycaddis animals fly. A thatgood are supply relatively of these Brichford, Field Technician Howard County Stormwater stream are potentially covers the stream bottom majority of this stretch is sampled annually by the Bureau FOOD deep pool beyond the reach Nestled in the bed of a stream, wide assortment of aquaticsmaller insects, fish. Whitecrustaceans River is also full of After several weeks attached to the host fish, shapes and sizes. Clean streams in Indiana have a . specific, which means that each mussels species problem in Indiana’s rivers Randolph County before entering Delaware County, FreshwaterIndianapolis, Indiana Water Quality, Muncie, Indiana. adaptations for survival. Sediment AQUATIC The role mussels unknown to most people.insects Beneath means the the water small fish will have District; and Laura A. Bowley, Aquatic Biologist at the harmful. Some toxins of the bird’s sharp beak. macroinvertebrates play in waterand the gravelquality areas fish and mollusks as well. Thecrayfish, variety whichof life is in a afavorite stream food of of Water Quality to assess the health of White River’s fish Stream Fish the glochidia resemble tiny adult mussels. The diverse mussel community with mussels of all ages has to use a specific host fish or the glochidia will Photos contributed by: Muncie Sanitary District’s Bureau What do MACROINVERTEBRATESHitching a ride Introduction Resources and streams. Sediment surface, we expect to plentysee fish, to eat.but Inthere turn, is largeralso a fish eat the passing through Muncie for approximately nine miles. A Jay Beugly, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana will kill fish and their macroinvertebrates are well To ensure successful transmission of the parasitic community. Let’s take a look at some of the clean water This beetle carries an air bubble Stream Fish Pollution Home is where Introduction Resources need to find food and lay ecosystem is very rich sunfishindeed, butand thesebass. animals and (max age for mussels in this area is 20-25 years), for oxygen supply. WEST FORK WHITE RIVER WEST FORKto surviveWHITE RIVER and not survive. Muncie Sanitary District’s Bureau of Water Quality. of Water Quality. Mussels young mussels then detach and drift to the stream Impacts the habitat is covers the stream bottom wide assortment of aquaticsmaller insects, fish. Whitecrustaceans River is also full of majority of this stretch is sampled annually by the Bureau food sources outright, glochidia to the fish host, female freshwater Mussels are the natural filterers of aquatic systems. species they encounter during their biological monitoring. HIDING PLACES 3 DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA DELAWAREthrive COUNTY, INDIANA eggs. Neither the insects their well-being are often overlooked simply because while waters devoid of mussels may be indicative of a Leaves water Nestled in the bed of a stream, do in the stream? camouflaged. WEST FORK WHITE RIVER bottom, now fully independent. This is a critical for adult phase of Water Quality to assess the health of White River’s fish do in the stream? while others cause play in waterand the gravelquality areas fish crayfish, which is a favorite food of mussels of the family Unionidae (most of our native Because everything in the waterway goes through and mollusks as well. The variety of life in a stream camouflaged. macroinvertebrates 1 Stream Fish while others cause eaten by fish nor the fish Toxins Adult Photos contributed by: Muncie Sanitary District’s Bureau we don’t see them when we take a casual glance at a time for the young mussels, as they will only settle problem in the waterway. lays eggs FOOD To ensure successful transmission of the parasitic need to find food and lay community. Let’s take a look at some of the clean water REPRODUCTIONMacroinvertebrates spend their time looking for food 2 mussels belong to this family) have developed their gills, they are sensitive to many kinds of WEST FORK WHITE RIVER macroinvertebrates areSediment well ecosystem is very richsunfish indeed, andbut thesebass. animals and Mussels problems with growth eggs can survive when stream. We must look below the water surface, and Freshwater of Water Quality. Nymphs grow HIDING PLACES DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA in ideal streams and river habitats. What do The role mussels glochidia to the fish host, female freshwater Mussels are the natural filtererseggs. of aquatic Neither systems.the insects species they encounter during their biological monitoring. Clean streams have places for fishand stayingto raise safe their from young. predators. A They have many some astonishing adaptations and strategies. pollutants. Sediment in the waterways is especially macroinvertebrates Nestled in the bed of a stream, play in water quality Stream Fish their well-being are often overlooked simply because WEST FORK WHITE RIVER and reproduction. covered by sediment due do in the stream? macroinvertebrates are well sometimes below rocks and even into the stream Mussels Because everything in the waterway goes through stream bottom with clean gravel or rocks is necessary for underwater Fish need to hide when DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA do in the stream? do in the stream? WEST FORK WHITE RIVER mussels of the family Unionidae (most of our native different adaptations to accomplish these tasks and camouflaged. camouflaged. camouflaged. REPRODUCTION 2 WEST FORK WHITE RIVER eaten by fish nor the fish we don’t see them when we take a casual glance at a The fleshy mantle of many females in this family harmful, suffocating mussels and interfering with Nymphs grow HIDING PLACES DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA to lack of oxygen. bottom, to get a complete picture of life in a stream. 2 underwater DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA mussels belong to this family) have developed their gills, they are sensitive to many kinds of WEST FORK WHITE RIVER many fish to reproduce successfully.occupy locations in the stream where they function predators are around. Macroinvertebrates spend their time looking for food Check out our other brochures to learn more about eggs can survive when 2 important processes needed to survive. Because of in ideal streams and river habitats. changes during this time to resemble remarkably Stormwater stream. We must look below the water surface, and problems with growth the many creatures that call White River home. HIDING PLACES DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA Nestled in the bed of a stream, freshwater A freshwater mussel displaysLIFE CYCLE a “lure” to Toxins Macroinvertebrates spend their time looking for food Predators include larger fish, Check out our other brochures to learn more about Nymphs grow some astonishing adaptations and strategies. pollutants. Sediment in the waterways is especially and staying safe from predators. They have many covered by sediment due sometimes below rocks and even into the stream best. Some hang tightly to rocks while others swim realistic mimics of small fish, crayfish, or aquatic these sensitivities, studying these aquatic organisms One inhabitant you might find on the river bottom is mussels are well camouflaged. attract a potential host for its larvalunderwater offspring. harmful, suffocating mussels and interfering with Fish need to hide when DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA Stormwater mammals, and birds. The the many creatures that call White River home. many fish to reproduce successfully. Stream Fish The fleshy mantle of many females in this family to lack of oxygen. freely or crawl around. Some build cases to protect different adaptations to accomplish these tasks and is important for assessing the health of our water REPRODUCTION bottom, to get a completepredators picture are ofaround. life in a stream. When precipitation falls insects. The female manipulates the lure, enticing the freshwater mussel. Although freshwater mussels 2 important processes needed to survive. Because of Green Heron and Kingfisher changes during this time to resemble remarkably Nestled in the bed of a stream, freshwater A freshwater mussel displays athemselves, “lure” and others make nets to catch tofood. LIFE CYCLE . . occupy locations in the stream where they function REPRODUCTION an attack from the host fish, allowing glochidia to resources. Their presence in a water body is generally a Toxins are distributed all over the world, the greatest Macroinvertebrates spend their time looking for food Nestled in the bed of a stream, freshwater A freshwater mussel displays a “lure” to Predators include larger fish, Check out our other brochures to learn more about on our cities and towns it Nymphs grow problems with growth mussels are well camouflaged. attract a potential host for its larval offspring. are two birds that primarily best. Some hang tightly to rocks while others swim realistic mimics of small fish, crayfish, or aquatic these sensitivities, studying these aquatic organisms One inhabitant you might find on the river bottom is The breeding season for fish beginsMacroinvertebrates when water are a very diverse group of animals. Healthy creek bottom be propelled toward the fish. The glochidia then positive indicator of overall water quality and health. Stormwater mammals, and birds. The runs across hard surfaces Toxins are poisonousabundance and varietyPollution are foundHome in Northis whereHow can America. theseIntroduction What exactly is ResourcesIntroduction Resources and reproduction. LIFE CYCLE is important for assessing the health of our water the many creatures that call White River home. eat fish. The shadow of a insects. The female manipulates the lure, enticing and staying safe from predators. They have many animals live a macroinvertebrate? freely or crawl around. Some build cases to protect Lure the freshwater mussel. Although freshwater mussels temperatures warm up in the spring. For some types of attempt to attach to the fish’s gills and fins. Impacts the habitat is Green Heron and Kingfisher - like rooftops, sidewalks substances presentFreshwater in mussels are fascinating creaturesunderwater? themselves, and others make nets to catch food. Mantle an attack from the host fish, allowing glochidia to resources. Their presence in a water body is generally a Toxins are distributed all over the world, the greatest. . fish, the female will simply drop her eggs over gravel and Mussels of different species develop different shell heron searching for a meal Nymphs grow Side view © 2012 Louis Cahill are two birds that primarily and roads - and carries many types ofwith chemicals surprising life histories,signals includingto a fish intriguingthat it’s time Macroinvertebrates are a very diverse group of animals. Rock be propelled toward the fish. The glochidia then positive indicator of overall water quality and health. abundance and variety are found in North America. the male will fertilize the eggs as they fall down to the shapes and sizes. Clean streams in Indiana have a FOOD Clean streams have places for fish to raise their young. A Mussel Marsupium Toxins are poisonous How can these What exactly is After several weeks attached to the host fish, Pollution Home is where Introduction ResourcesIntroduction Resources used in everydayadaptations life. for Sedimentsurvival. (buried) eat fish. The shadow of a mussels are well camouflaged. attract a potentialpollutants, including host for its larval offspring. and staying safe from predators. They have many animals live to take cover next to a rock, a macroinvertebrate? Lure Dorsal view attempt to attach to the fish’s gills and fins. substances presentFreshwater in musselsImpacts are fascinatingthe habitat creatures is stream bottom. The fertilized eggs rest aloneunderwater in spaces the glochidia resemble tiny adult mussels. The diverse mussel community with mussels of all ages AQUATIC heron searching underwater?for a meal Toxins that enter the MACROINVERTEBRATES occupy locations in the stream where they function nitrogen and phosphorus, This beetle carries an air bubble Stream Fish under a downed tree, or in a Mussels of different species develop different shell for oxygen supply. many types ofwith chemicals surprising life histories, including intriguing different adaptations to accomplish these tasks and between the stones until hatching about 10 to 14 days young mussels then detach and drift to the stream (max age for mussels in this area is 20-25 years), WEST FORK WHITE RIVER WEST FORK WHITE RIVER © 2012 Louis Cahill signals to a fish that it’s time into local waterways. stream are potentially DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA shapes and sizes. Clean streams in Indiana have a FOOD deep poolHIDING beyond PLACES the reach 3 DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA After several weeks attached to the host fish, used in everydayadaptations life. for Sedimentsurvival. later. Other fish use their tails to sweep a shallow nest bottom, now fully independent. This is a critical while waters devoid of mussels may be indicative of a Leaves water Mantle harmful. Some toxins for adult phase to take cover next to a rock, AQUATIC Excess organic matter in the stream, often brought of the bird’s sharp beak. 1 underwater the glochidia resemble tiny adult mussels. The diverse mussel community with mussels of all ages Toxins Adult Marsupium Toxins that enter the MACROINVERTEBRATES in the gravel, or select a hollow place under or between time for the young mussels, as they will only settle problem in the waterway. lays eggs stream bottom with clean gravel or rocks is necessary for under a downed Thistree, beetle carries or an air bubblein a Stream Fish in by stormwater, causes a cycle of plant growth and will kill fish and their REPRODUCTION for oxygen supply. WEST FORK WHITE RIVER different adaptations to accomplish these tasks and young mussels then detach and drift to the stream (max age for mussels in this area is 20-25 years), WEST FORK WHITE RIVER stream are potentially rocks. The female deposits eggs into the nest and the in ideal streams and river habitats. What do deep poolHIDING beyond PLACES the reach 3 DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA decay that leads to low levels of dissolved oxygen. food sources outright, macroinvertebrates Nestled in the bed of a stream, while waters devoid of mussels may be indicative of a Leaves water macroinvertebrates are well Side view bottom, now fully independent. This is a critical harmful. Some toxins for adult phase male fertilizes them. Sometimes the male fish stays near do in the stream? 1 while others cause REPRODUCTION camouflaged. of the bird’s sharp beak. Adult occupy locations in the stream where they function 2 Toxins Clean stream fish like plenty of dissolved oxygen. Nymphs grow time for the young mussels, as they will only settle problem in the waterway. will kill fish and their lays eggs the nest to guard the eggs against predators like crayfish REPRODUCTION underwater Organic matter includes leaves, grass clippings, and problems with growth Stormwater Rock in ideal streams and river habitats. What do 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 Nestled in the bed of a stream, freshwater A freshwater musselClean displays streamsLIFE CYCLE have a “lure” places to for fish to raise their young. A food sources outright, macroinvertebrates Nestled in the bed of a stream, or other fish until they hatch. and reproduction. macroinvertebrates are well sewage. Other stormwater pollutants can include many fish to reproduce successfully. do in the stream? camouflaged. mussels are well camouflaged. attract a potentialstream host forbottom its larvalwith clean offspring. gravel or rocks is necessary for occupy locations in the stream where they function while others cause REPRODUCTION 2 West Fork White River Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org Nymphs grow Mussel Marsupium REPRODUCTION underwater litter, pet waste, detergents, and fertilizers. many fish to reproduce successfully. problems with growth Stormwater Nestled in the bed of a stream, freshwater A freshwater musselClean displays streamsLIFE CYCLE have a “lure” places to for fish to raise their young. A best. Some hang tightly to rocks while others swim Mussel Stormwater (buried) 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 and reproduction. mussels are well camouflaged. attract a potentialstream host forbottom its larvalwith clean offspring. gravel or rocks is necessary for Stormwater Dorsal view Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org best. Some hang tightly to rocks while others swim many fish to reproduce successfully. When precipitation falls LIFE CYCLE on our cities and towns it Stormwater The breeding season for fish begins when water Healthy creek bottom and reproduction. freely or crawl around. Some build cases to protect runs across hard surfaces Lure temperatures warm up in the spring. For some types of When precipitation falls When precipitation falls LIFE CYCLE - like rooftops, sidewalks fish, the female will simply drop her eggs over gravel and on our cities and towns it and roads - and carries The breeding season for fish begins when water Healthy creek bottom the male will fertilize the eggs as they fall down to the freely or crawl around. Some build cases to protect runs across hard surfaces pollutants, including Mantle Lure temperatures warm up in the spring. For some types of stream bottom. The fertilized eggs rest alone in spaces - like rooftops, sidewalks nitrogen and phosphorus, fish, the female will simply drop her eggs over gravel and themselves, and others make nets to catch food. between the stones until hatching about 10 to 14 days and roads - and carries the male will fertilize the eggs as they fall down to the into local waterways. on our cities and towns it pollutants, including Mantle Side view later. Other fish use their tails to sweep a shallow nest Excess organic matter in the stream, often brought stream bottom. The fertilized eggs rest alone in spaces in the gravel, or select a hollow place under or between nitrogen and phosphorus, in by stormwater, causes a cycle of plant growth and Nestled in the bed of a stream, freshwater A freshwater mussel displays athemselves, “lure” and others make nets to catch tofood. between the stones until hatching about 10 to 14 days Rock rocks. The female deposits eggs into the nest and the LIFE CYCLE into local waterways. Side view later. Other fish use their tails to sweep a shallow nest decay that leads to low levels of dissolved oxygen. Excess organic matter in the stream, often brought Macroinvertebrates are a very diverse group of animals. male fertilizes them. Sometimes the male fish stays near Clean stream fish like plenty of dissolved oxygen. in the gravel, or select a hollow place under or between Mussel Marsupiumthe nest to guard the eggs against predators like crayfish runs across hard surfaces in by stormwater, causes a cycle of plant growth and Organic matter includes leaves, grass clippings, and Clean streams have places for fish to raise their young. A Rock rocks. The female deposits eggs into the nest and the or other fish until they hatch. 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 decay that leads to low levels of dissolved oxygen. (buried) male fertilizes them. Sometimes the male fish stays near sewage. Other stormwater pollutants can include Macroinvertebrates are a very diverse group of animals. Clean stream fish like plenty of dissolved oxygen. Marsupium Dorsal view Phone: 765-747-4896West Fork White | MuncieSanitary.org River Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org The breeding season for fish begins when water Healthy stream bottom Mussel the nest to guard the eggs against predators like crayfish litter, pet waste, detergents, and fertilizers. Organic matter includes leaves, grass clippings, and 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 Lure or other fish until they hatch. (buried) sewage. Other stormwater pollutants can include 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 - like rooftops, sidewalks West Fork White River Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org (buried) 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 litter, pet waste, detergents, and fertilizers.Dorsal view Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org temperatures warm up in the spring. For some types of and roads - and carries fish, the female will simply drop her eggs over gravel and © 2012 Louis Cahill Stormwater pollutants, including © 2012 Louis Cahill Mantle the male will fertilize the eggs as they fall down to the mussels are well camouflaged. attract a potentialnitrogen and phosphorus,stream host forbottom its larvalwith clean offspring. gravel or rocks is necessary for stream bottom. The fertilized eggs rest alone in spaces into local waterways. between the stones until hatching about 10 to 14 days Excess organic matter in the stream, often brought Side view Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org later. Other fish use their tails to sweep a shallow nest Dorsal view in by stormwater, causes a cycle of plant growth in the gravel, or select a hollow place under or between and decay that leads to low levels of dissolved Rock many fishrocks. Theto female depositsreproduce eggs into the nest and the successfully. oxygen. Stream fish need plenty of dissolved oxygen Marsupium male fertilizes them. Sometimes the male fish stays near Mussel to survive. Organic matter includes leaves, grass the nest to guard the eggs against predators like crayfish (buried) 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 Stormwater clippings, and sewage. Other stormwater pollutants or other fish until they hatch. 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 can include litter, pet waste, detergents, and Dorsal view Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org best. Some hang tightly to rocks while others swim West Fork White River Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org When precipitation falls fertilizers. When precipitation falls on our cities and towns it LIFE CYCLE runs across hard surfaces The breeding season for fish begins when water Healthy stream bottom - like rooftops, sidewalks freely or crawl around. Some build cases to protect temperatures warm up in the spring. For some types of Lure and roads - and carries fish, the female will simply drop her eggs over gravel and pollutants, including the male will fertilize the eggs as they fall down to the on our cities and towns it nitrogen and phosphorus,Mantle stream bottom. The fertilized eggs rest alone in spaces into local waterways. Nestled in the bed of a stream, freshwater A freshwater mussel displays athemselves, “lure” and others make nets to catch tofood. between the stones until hatching about 10 to 14 days LIFE CYCLE Excess organic matter in the stream, often brought Side view later. Other fish use their tails to sweep a shallow nest in by stormwater, causes a cycle of plant growth in the gravel, or select a hollow place under or between runs across hard surfaces and decay that leads to low levels of dissolved Rock rocks. The female deposits eggs into the nest and the oxygen. Stream fish need plenty of dissolved oxygen male fertilizes them. Sometimes the male fish stays near Macroinvertebrates are a very diverse group of animals. to survive. Organic matter includes leaves, grass Marsupium The breeding season for fish begins when water Healthy stream bottom Mussel the nest to guard the eggs against predators like crayfish clippings, and sewage. Other stormwater pollutants (buried) or other fish until they hatch. 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 can include litter, pet waste, detergents, and - like rooftops, sidewalks Phone: 765-747-4896West Fork White | MuncieSanitary.org River Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org temperatures warm up in the spring. For some types of fertilizers. Dorsal view and roads - and carries fish, the female will simply drop her eggs over gravel and pollutants, including © 2012 Louis Cahill the male will fertilize the eggs as they fall down to the mussels are well camouflaged. attract a potentialnitrogen and phosphorus, host for its larval offspring. stream bottom. The fertilized eggs rest alone in spaces into local waterways. between the stones until hatching about 10 to 14 days Excess organic matter in the stream, often brought later. Other fish use their tails to sweep a shallow nest in by stormwater, causes a cycle of plant growth in the gravel, or select a hollow place under or between and decay that leads to low levels of dissolved rocks. The female deposits eggs into the nest and the oxygen. Stream fish need plenty of dissolved oxygen male fertilizes them. Sometimes the male fish stays near to survive. Organic matter includes leaves, grass the nest to guard the eggs against predators like crayfish clippings, and sewage. Other stormwater pollutants or other fish until they hatch. 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 can include litter, pet waste, detergents, and West Fork White River Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org fertilizers.

Lure Mantle

Side view Rock Mussel Marsupium (buried) 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 Dorsal view Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org Introduced Mussels of the West Fork Present status mussels North America has an abundance of clean, shallow, Although they are widespread, mussels are sensitive to Introduced (also called exotic, invasive, non-native, moderately flowing streams and rivers, and is home to pollution, and significant declines in mussel populations or alien) species are those which are not native to a White River in Delaware County the greatest mussel diversity in the world. Many mussel throughout North America have been documented. geographic location. Because they are not native, they species are restricted to a particular geographic area or Freshwater mussels are considered one of the most have no natural predators and can thrive, usually to the Nine of the seventeen commonly found native mussel species in the White River in Delaware County* location (endemic). There are currently 70 native species endangered groups of animals in North America. detriment of native species. Introduced species take known in Indiana, and 21 found in West Fork White According to The Nature Conservancy, about 70 percent over the living spaces of our native species, deplete River in Delaware County. of freshwater mussels in North America are extinct or their food sources, and interfere with their life cycles. imperiled. Currently, 42 species are listed as federally Populations grow very quickly and are susceptible endangered, and another 70 have been proposed to mass die-offs. We currently have two introduced for listing. Contributing factors include: over-harvest mussel species in the White River in Delaware County. (button and cultured pearl industries), water pollution (sediment and chemicals), habitat alteration/destruction (streambed excavation and dams), and competition from exotic species (zebra and quagga mussel, Asian clam). Asiatic Clam Corbicula fluminea Max length: 2 inches; lifespan: Since 1991, it has been ILLEGAL TO TAKE OR 2-4 years POSSESS FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN INDIANA. Live The Asiatic clam has been found in mussels must be left undisturbed, and shells cannot this area since the 1980s. It is capable be collected except with a special permit from the of self-fertilization and a single clam can produce 100,000 Indiana Department of Natural Resources. These young in a lifetime. At this point, our waterways have Mucket Threeridge Rainbow Plain Pocketbook protections will help Indiana mussel populations to generally adapted to this invasive species. Actinonaias ligamentina Amblema plicata Villosa iris Lampsilis cardium recover and sustain their important role in healthy Grows up to 7” Grows up to 7” Grows up to 3” Grows up to 7” aquatic ecosystems. Zebra Mussel Dreissena fluminea STATE Max length: 2 inches; lifespan: SPECIAL 2-5 years CONCERN The zebra mussel was likely introduced in the Great Lakes in the 1980s via ballast water transfer. Their native range is the Ural and Caspian Sea region in Asia. They are particularly devastating because their juveniles, or veligers, are microscopic and free-swimming. This allows them to be easily and unknowingly dispersed on waders, bait buckets, trailers, boats, etc. Once they become adults, they are able to attach to objects and create large clusters of mussels that can clog pipes, engines, etc. They can also attach to aquatic insects, crayfish, and our native mussels, which can lead to the death of these native species. An adult Flutedshell Wavyrayed Fatmucket White Heelsplitter Spike female zebra mussel can release up to a million young Lasmigona costata Lampsilis siliquoidea Lasmigona complanata Eurynia dilatata during a single spawning season. Zebra mussels were discovered in Prairie Grows up to 7” Lampmussel Grows up to 5” Grows up to 8” Grows up to 5” Creek Reservoir in 2015, Lampsilis fasciola and had spread to the *Not to scale Grows up to 4” river by 2017. Now they are found throughout the White River in Delaware County, with the densest areas between Prairie Creek and Yorktown. Zebra mussels covering a sampler plate