Pages 1 to 9 for Ann Rpt 2015

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Save the Dates …………………………………………………………. 2

Message from the Director…………….………………..……………… 3

2015 Staff at the LIHREC………….....……………………..……....….. 4-5

Advisory Committees……….…………………………..……………….. 6-7

List of Contributors for 2015……..……….……………………………. 8

Friends of Long Island Horticulture Contributors for 2015………....…. 9

Professional Staff Summaries……….………………….……….……... 10-29

Floriculture and Greenhouse Crops……….…………..……………..… 30-44

Grapes and Other Fruit……………………………….………………… 44-52

Nursery, Landscape and Ornamentals…………………………………… 52-64

Vegetables…..……………….………………………….……………… 64-102

Diagnoses for 2015……………………………………….……………. 102-105

Weather Summary for 2015……….………….……………………….. 106-108

1 2015 LIHREC Program Leaders

From left to right: Daniel Gilrein, Sandra Menasha, Margaret McGrath, Andrew Senesac, Dale Moyer, Margery Daughtrey, Nora Catlin, Alice Wise, Faruque Zaman, Mark Brigden, and Mina Vescera.

SAVE THESE DATES:

February 25, 2016: Digger O’Dell’s Restaurant

annual fundraiser

June 25, 2016: North Fork Hen House Tour

July 9, 2016: Open House

Sept. 14, 2016: Plant Science Day & BBQ

2 Message from the Director 2015

It is hard to believe that yet another year has come and gone. However, it was an amazing year for us at the Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center because several of our staff have received amazing awards for their exceptional hard work and knowledge.

o Plant Pathologist Margery Daughtrey was recognized by Farmingdale State College Horticulture Committee as a "Dynamic Woman in Horticulture."

o Dr. Meg McGrath, Plant Pathologist for vegetables, received the IR-4 SOAR award. The IR-4 SOAR award recognizes those who promote and support IR-4 through their Service, Outreach, Altruism and Research.

o Entomologist Dan Gilrein received the IR-4 Meritorious Service Award in recognition of his outstanding contributions to the IR-4 Program and Northeast Region in the Ornamental Horticultural Research.

o Dr. Nora Catlin, Floriculture and Greenhouse Extension Specialist, received the Southern Region’s American Society for Horticulture Science (ASHS) Blue Ribbon Communication Award.

o Weed Scientist Andy Senesac was recognized by the New York State Nursery & Landscape Association (NYSNLA) with the George Good Gold Medal of Horticulture Award.

o Congratulations also to Viticulturists Alice Wise and Libby Tarleton for receiving the Edible East End Local Heroes Award for their work in sustainable winegrowing.

Two of our technicians left the LIHREC in 2015 for new careers. Viticulturist, Libby Tarleton left to begin her own organic farm in CT and Karen LaMarsh also left to manage a new organic farm.

The date for our annual Plant Science Day has been set for September 14, 2016 at 4:00 p.m., with the popular barbecue and Long Island Wine Council’s wine tasting to begin at 6:00 p.m. I hope that you can join us! Other events are listed on page 2, as well as on our website: www.LongIslandHort.cornell.edu

Please feel free to contact me if I can ever be of assistance.

Mark Bridgen, Professor and Director [email protected]

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3 2015 Staff at the LIHREC

Cornell University Program Leaders Commodity Responsibility

Dr. Mark Bridgen Horticulture Section Plant Breeding/Tissue Culture Margery Daughtrey Plant Pathology & PMB Section Ornamentals/Greenhouse Crops Dr. Margaret McGrath Plant Pathology & PMB Section Vegetables Joseph B. Sieczka Professor Emeritus Potatoes

Cooperative Extension Program Leaders Commodity Responsibility

Dr. Nora Catlin Floriculture Daniel Gilrein IPM/Entomology Sandra Menasha Vegetables/Potatoes Dale Moyer Agriculture Program Director Dr. Andrew Senesac Weed Science Mina Vescera Nursery/Landscape Alice Wise Viticulture Dr. Faruque Zaman IPM/Entomology

Support Staff Affiliation Position

Maria Figueroa Horticulture Section Research Associate Specialist Amanda Gardner Cooperative Extension Program Educator Diane Hanwick LIHREC Administrator Andrew Hoil Cooperative Extension Program Assistant Lynn Hyatt Plant Pathology & PMB Section Research Support Specialist Karen LaMarsh Plant Pathology & PMB Section Research Support Specialist Wayne Lindsay LIHREC Field Assistant Sandra Mulvaney LIHREC Administrative Assistant Christina Nalty Horticulture Section Research Associate Specialist Paulina Rychlik Plant Pathology & PMB Section Research Support Specialist Lucille Siracusano Cooperative Extension Research Technician Mark Sisson LIHREC Farm Supervisor Libby Tarleton Cooperative Extension Program Educator Irene Tsontakis-Bradley Cooperative Extension Program Educator Gerard 'Rod' Zeltmann LIHREC Field Assistant

Seasonal Support Staff Affiliation Seasonal Support Staff Affiliation

Buckley, Richard Plant Pathology Pennetti, Vincent Horticulture Clark, Emalee Horticulture Prechtl, Charles Vegetables Cohen, Mollie Plant Pathology Rivas, Constanza Horticulture Goerler, Alex LIHREC Rossin, Andrew Viticulture Hagan, Christine Horticulture Smith, Kyle Floriculture Hidalgo, Augustina Horticulture Spielmann, Hans Plant Pathology Humphrey, Peter Plant Pathology Spielmann, Rex Plant Pathology Karavolias, Nicholas Vegetables Tagger, Reet Plant Pathology Lee, Heidi Vegetables Tapiz, Pablo Horticulture McMahon, Lara Plant Pathology Voigt, Cheyenne Plant Pathology Moran, Shannon Vegetables Wanamaker, Elizabeth Viticulture Neill, Kristin Horticulture Yakaboski, Anastasia Vegetables

4 2015 LIHREC Staff

First Row: Left to Right: Shannon Moran, Nicholas Karavolias, Heidi Lee, Anastasia Yakaboski, Amanda Gardner and Daniel Gilrein.

Second Row: Left to Right: Joseph Sieczka, Vincent Pennetti, Alex Goerler, Diane Hanwick, Kyle Smith and Hans Spielmann.

Third Row: Left to Right: Andrew Senesac, Gerard Zeltmann, Lucille Siracusano, Rex Spielmann, Kristin Neill, Andrew Rossin, Nora Catlin, Mark Bridgen, Christine Hagan, Mina Vescera, Sandra Mulvaney, Paulina Rychlik, Mollie Cohen, Cheyenne Voigt, Reet Tagger and Mark Sisson.

2015 Cornell Gardeners’ Membership List

Accurso, Christine Ferber, Marlene Lo Cascio, Ann Runyan, Trudy Baldari, Anita Figuesoa, Maria Massimino, Phil Sande, Ann Bowen, Gayle Foerster, Valerie McNamara, Robert SantaMaria, Bridgen, Mark Foster, Jane Micheels, Jim MaryEllen Brown, Denise Gangone, Barbara Mohring, Ken Schildt, Patrick Brown, Lillie Gangone, Thomas Monahan, Michael Schiller, Lyn Bryant, Mike Gleason, Nancy Ninan, Remani Schlyer, Lin Bulter, Sandra Goldstein, Barbara Novellano, James Schwartz, Victor Canzoneri, John Grivasz, Claudette Olenick, Lorretta Shea, Kevin Canzoneri, Millie Gross, Margaret Ott, Sharon Sinclair, Susan Clemente, Frank Henry-Vansko, Diane Paccione, Phyllis Slade, Michael Cunningham, Delia Howe, Dave Pagnotta, George Spielmann, Liam D'Emilia, Vincent Howe, Mary Pagnotta, Marsha Vlcek, Beverly Dechert, Lorraine Killorin, Christine Pasaric, Dan Weresnick, Bill Dechert, Rudolf Kurchey, Andrew Pirrotta, Annette Wolkoff, Bill DeMott, Bob Lambert, Thomas Polashock, Eleanore Wolstoff, Jay DeSomma, Carole Lange, Doug Quinn, Margaret Young, Sharon DiGano, Joann Leonard, Lois Redlefsen, Frieda Zino, Nancy Egitto, Frank Lesica, Mirjana Redlefsen, Nahmen Emma, Lillian Lewis, Judy Reitz, Barbara

5 2015 Funding from Grant Programs & Government Agencies

American Floral Endowment USDA ARS Floriculture & Nursery Research Cornell University – Ag. Experiment Station Initiative Cornell University – CALS USDA IR-4 Biopesticide and Organic Support Cornell University – Community IPM Program Program Cornell University – Horticulture Section USDA IR-4 Project Cornell University – Plant Breeding-Genetics USDA NIFA Agriculture and Food Research Section Initiative Friends of Long Island Horticulture USDA NIFA Hatch Act Funds Gloeckner Foundation USDA NIFA Smith-Lever Funds Long Island Flower Growers Association USDA NIFA Specialty Crops Research Initiative Long Island Invasive Species Management Area USDA APHIS Farm Bill Funds (LIISMA) USDA Crop Protection and Pest Management New York Farm Viability Institute (ARDP) New York State DAM Specialty Crop Block USDA Northeast SARE Grant Program USDA Organic Agriculture Research & New York State Dept. of Ag & Markets Extension Initiative New York State Flower Industries USDA Special Crop Block Grant Program New York State IPM Program New York Wine & Grape Foundation

2015 Advisory Committees

LIHREC Advisory Council Friends of Long Island Steve Bate Greg Sandor Horticulture Committee John Condzella David Scheer Ray Bell John Graeb Rebekah Schulz Bob Van Bourgondien Ed Harbes, III Paul TeNyenhuis Jack Van de Wetering Juan Miceli-Martinez Lyle Wells

Long Island Organic Vegetable Vegetable Advisory Committee Advisory Committee Ed Harbes Jeff Rottkamp Phil Barbato Chris Kaplan-Walbrecht Hank Kraszewski Philip Schmitt, III Scott Chaskey Matthew Kurek Peter Meyer Lyle Wells Rex Farr Fred Lee Robert Nolan Mark Zaweski Larry Halsey Jim Pike

Grape Research Floriculture and Greenhouse Advisory Committee Advisory Committee Ursula Massoud, Chair Maryann Anderson Henry Martinez Richard Olsen-Harbich Amy Halsey Cristina Sheehan Larry Perrine Jeff Keil Mark Van Bourgondien Dave Thompson

Boxwood Advisory Committee Mike Gaines Karl Novak TJ Star Rich Gibney Carol Saporito Rebekah Schulz Fred Hyatt David Scheer Tom Volk Brendon Prado Joe Shipman

6 2015 Advisory Council Members

March 2, 2016 Meeting Left side: Left to Right: Steve Bate, Ed Harbes, III, John Conzdella, Sr. and David Scheer

Right side: Left to Right: John Graeb, Mark Bridgen, Rebekah Schulz, Juan Micieli- Martinez and Greg Sandor.

2015 Cornell Gardeners

7 2015 List of Contributors

The majority of the LIHREC's financial support is provided by county, state, federal and other agencies through grant programs. In addition, the following companies, associations, growers and individuals have provided plant material, equipment, supplies or grants-in-aid. Industry support is vital for supplementing general operational funds and is greatly appreciated.

Albaugh, Inc. Green Island Distributors New York Wine & Grape Aspatuck Gardens Half Hollow Nursery Foundation Ball Horticultural Co. Harbes Farm and Vineyard North Country Garden Club of BASF Corporation Harrell’s Long Island Baete, Danielle (Premier Tech) Harris Moran Seed Co. North Shore Art Guild Bay Shore Garden Club Helena Chemical Co. Nufarm Bayer Crop Science Hoffman Nursery, Inc. OHP, Inc. Bedell Cellars Isagro USA One Woman Vineyards Beds & Borders ISK Biosciences Corp. Palmer Vineyards Bejo Seeds Ivy Acres Pasaric, Dan Bianchi-Davis Greenhouses Jenell Biosurfactant Co. Pellegrini Vineyards Bio Huma Netics, Inc. Jamesport Vineyards Phyllom BioProducts Biobest Jay Guild Greenhouses Pinewood Perennials Bioworks Jay Jansen (Monrovia) Plant Food Systems Blackmore Company Johnny's Selected Seeds Pleasant View Gardens Brandt Consolidated Jung Seed Company Prospero Equipment Brent & Becky’s Bulbs Juniper Hill Greenhouses Proven Winners, LLC Castello di Borghese Kawasaki Greenhouses Pugliese Vineyards C.J. Van Bourgondien, Inc. Kontokosta Vineyards Raphael Winery & Vineyard Certis USA Kroin, Joel (Hortus) Remsenburg Garden Club Channing Daughters Vineyard Kurt Weiss Greenhouses Roanoke Vineyards Colorful Gardens L. I. Cauliflower Assoc. Rupp Seeds Comtesse Therese L. I. Flower Growers Assoc. Schmitt Family Farms Condzella, John & Ginny L. I. Sustainably Wine Growing Seedway Vegetable Seeds Cornell Breeding Program Landcraft Environments SePro Corporation Cornell Gardeners Lebanon Seaboard Corp. Shade Tree Nursery Cornell University-Federal Lewin Farms Shamrock Tree Company Capacity Funds Long Island Wine Council Siegers Seed Company Deer Run Farms Marrone Bio Innovations Southold Garden Club Digger O’Dell’s Irish Pub Martha Clara Vineyards SunGro Dow AgroSciences Mattebella Vineyards Sunshine Paper Company Duck Walk Vineyards McClure & Zimmerman Sweet Pines Apiary Dumelle, John (Premier Tech McCown, Deborah (Knight Syngenta Horticulture) Hollow Nursery) The Farrm Dümmen USA McCullough Vineyards United Phosphorus, Inc. DuPont Crop Protection MKZ Farm US National Arboretum East Coast Nurseries Mohring, Ken & Jane Valent Professional Products Emerald Flora Moghy Valent USA Emma’s Garden Growers, Inc. Monsanto Company Walker Brothers, Inc. Everris Mudd’s Vineyard Van de Wetering Greenhouses FMC Corporation Nassau Suffolk Landscape Voges, Pat & Trish Fred C. Gloeckner & Co., Inc. Gardeners Association Warner Nursery Gleason, Nancy & Tom Nastyn, Bill & Lynda Westbridge Agricultural Glover Perennial Growers Nathan Hale Garden Club Products Goode Vineyard New York State Flower Wirth, Steve Goldman, Amy Industries Wolffer Estate Vineyards Gowan Company

8 Friends of Long Island Horticulture Contributors for the Year 2015

Under $500 Under $500 Under $500

Albert H. Schmitt Family Jiffy Products of America Romanski Irrigation Farms John A. Hartmann & Sons Rottkamp’s Fox Hollow Farm Anderson Farms, Inc. Juniper Hill, Inc. Sanok, Bill Atlantic Nursery & Garden Shop Kawasaki Greenhouses, Inc. Schmitt's Farm Country Fresh Ball Seed Company Kent, Robert Sepenoski, Jr., John Bell, Jr., Ray Klein, Sue Shea, Kevin Bernero, Mary Ann Krupski Farms Shamrock Plant Health Care Bianchi-Davis Greenhouses L Agricultural Holdings Smith, Mark Bohemia Garden Center L. I. Cauliflower Association Sommer Nurseries, LTD Bridgen, Mark L. I. Perennial Farm Starkie Brothers Garden Briermere Farms, LLC LaCorte Farm & Lawn Center, Inc. Brown, Lillie Equipment, Inc. Talmage, John C. Whitmore Gardens, Inc. LaMay Tree Service, Inc. The Dee’s Nursery & Florist, Inc. C. A. Burst Tree Experts Landplans Thomas Sieb Tree & Shrub Carter Tree Farm Lockwood Greenhouses & Farm Care, LTD Cimato & Sons, Inc. Locust Avenue Farm, Inc. Titus, Mr. & Mrs. William Colorful Gardens Wholesale, LLC MKZ Farm, Inc. Trolio Landscaping, Inc. Country Gardens Nursery Marion Gardens Valley Tree & Landscaping Daley, Vincent May’s Farm Service, Inc. David Steele Farms McMahon, Thomas Valley View Wholesale Dechert, Mr. & Mrs. Rudolf McNulty Outdoors, Inc. Greenhouses DeLalio Sod Farms, LLC Mike Walsh & Sons Village Lawn & Landscaping, Inc. DeLea Sod Farms Greenhouses, Inc. VerderBer Landscape Deer Run Farms, Inc. Minei, Vito Nurseries, Inc. Dom’s Lawn Maker, Inc. Mish-Thoms, Jean Warren’s Nursery, Inc. Eberhard-Voellm Nurseries, Inc. Monrovia Growers Wells Homestead Acres Elmer D. Ruland & Son Montauk Garden Center Wickham Fruit Farm Emerald Flora, LLC N & O Horticultural Windy Way Farm Empire State Tree & Schrub Products, LTD Zullo & Associates Design, Inc. Care, LTD Nastyn, William Evergreen Land, Inc. Nomad Nurseries $500 to $999 Fairview Farm at Mecox, LLC North Fork Nursery, Inc. Atlantic Nurseries, Inc. Felix Perennials North Service Nursery, LLC C. J. Van Bourgondien, Inc. Foster, Jane Northeast Nurseries Emma’s Garden Growers, Inc. Fry, William Oakwood Road Nursery, LTD Farm Credit East Furie, Martha Parent, Joe Jim Stakey Greenhouses, LLC Gibney Design Group, Inc. Peconic Plant Care, Inc. Koppert Cress USA, LLC Glover Perennials, LLC Pleasant View Gardens, Inc. Landscape by Atlantic Nurseries Green Island Distributors, Inc. Professional Tree Surgeons Milk Pail, LLC Griffin Greenhouse Supplies, Inc. Supplies, Inc. Otto Keil Florist Halsey’s Green Thumb of Pundt, Leanne Perennial Charm Nursery Water Mill Quinn, Peter $1,000 or Greater H. Eberhard Nursery, Inc. R & M Andrews & Sons Kurt Weiss Greenhouses, Inc. Jay W. Guild Wholesale Remi Wesnofske, Inc. The Litwin Foundation Growers Richters Orchard

Floriculture Breeding and Greenhouse Production

Program Leader Dr. Mark Bridgen, Director Professor of Horticulture and Plant Breeding Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center 3059 Sound Avenue Riverhead, NY 11901

Program Objectives

To use traditional and in vitro breeding techniques to hybridize and develop new ornamental plants.

To conduct applied research with greenhouse and floriculture crops on topics of significance to professionals in the green industry.

To conduct demonstration trial gardens for commercial herbaceous perennial plants. Dr. Mark Bridgen [email protected] To work closely with all agriculture industries on Long Island and to Ph: 631-727-3595 share the successful research projects of staff members at the LIHREC. Fax: 631-727-3611

Program Summary

The breeding and development of new plants is a priority for our research program. Traditional and state-of-the-art biotechnological breeding techniques are used to hybridize different plant species.

Our research to breed resistance to downy mildew in Garden Impatiens (Impatiens walleriana) came to fruition is 2015. Cornell is now the first university to have walleriana-type Impatiens that are resistant to downy mildew. This hybridization project was part of James Keachs’ PhD research. The next steps with the impatiens are to make the hybrids sterile and to develop a viable procedure for F1 hybrids through seed propagation. Vincent Pennetti continued his genetic manipulation of clover plants (Trifolium spp.) using the chemicals Surflan and Colchicine. The object of his research is observe changes in ploidy level in clover plants as a result of the application of different concentrations of these chemicals. An M.S. candidate, Nor Kamal Ariff Nor Hisham Shah (i.e., Nor) has also been using in vitro mutation techniques to develop new varieties of Vitex agnus-castus, the Chaste Tree. He is also outlining the procedures to micropropagate this plant. Our breeding program of Alstroemeria (Inca Lily) hybrids shifted directions in 2015. After several years of evaluation, superior, winter-hardy selections were identified and a decision was made to place these elite plants in vitro. In order for these plants to be successful commercially, Inca Lilies need to be micropropagated; this is the first step to get our new cultivars commercialized.

Our research program to evaluate the growth regulation effects of ultraviolet-C (UV-C) radiation on ornamental plants continues to have exciting results. The correct dosage rate of UV-C light to greenhouse plants will reduce plant height and increase branching in some annual species. Effects on flowering have also been observed showing earlier flowering in some species and delayed flowering in others.

Program Justification

Plant breeding is necessary for the discovery of new genetic resources and the development of new plants for food, fiber, and beauty. The continued growth and competitiveness of America’s agriculture depends on innovative research, rapid application of this research, and clear communication about its benefits to stakeholders. By continuing to develop new, commercial plants, the American horticulture systems will remain highly competitive in the global economy. New downy mildew-resistant Impatiens interspecific hybrid.

Impact to Industry

A variety of research is being conducted in plant breeding, plant physiology, and plant propagation with the ultimate objective of developing useful and new plants. These plants will hopefully be useful additions to the American horticultural industry. Traits such as new flower colors, disease suppression, self growth-regulation, extended postharvest longevity, and novel attractive growth habit and flowering are admirable goals. The education and training of students that goes along with this research, are not only the mission of Cornell University, but are worthy endeavors for our world.

Program Team

Maria Figueroa, Research Associate Tina Nalty, Research Associate Nor Kamal Ariff Nor Hisham Shah, M.S. candidate James Keach, PhD candidate

Student Interns (L to R):

Vincent Pennetti Christine Hagan Kristin Neill

Floriculture Program

Program Leader Nora Catlin, Ph.D. Extension Educator, Floriculture Specialist Cornell Cooperative Extension of Suffolk County 423 Griffing Avenue, Suite 100 Riverhead, NY 11901

Program Objectives

Through educational programs, demonstrations, publications, and individual consultations, provide Long Island greenhouse and floriculture growers with up-to-date information on best management practices and recommendations for crop selection, crop production, pest management, business management, environmental issues, and applicable regulations.

Conduct demonstration trials of annual plant cultivars and applied Nora Catlin research on various aspects of integrated pest management and crop [email protected] production at the Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Ph: 631-727-7850 x214 Center as well as at commercial operations. Fax: 631-852-3205

Program Summary

The Floriculture Extension program works closely with the industry to address current needs and to anticipate future needs. Main areas of focus include demonstration trials of annual plants and applied research that investigates various aspects of crop production. Some recent projects include researching disease resistant cultivars, assisting growers in the adoption of biocontrol, studying cultural strategies for disease management, and product testing.

Educational programs are continually tailored to keep growers on the forefront of developing issues and research based information. Some examples of educational outreach include an annual Long Island Greenhouse and Floriculture Conference and Trade Show, the Floriculture Session of the annual Long Island Agricultural Forum, and open houses that highlight the annual plant trials. Newsletters and e- newsletters are distributed, including Long Island Agricultural News, Northeast Greenhouse Notes, and e-Gro Alert (http://e-gro.org/alerts.php). Internet content is also posted on the Floriculture Program web page (http://ccesuffolk.org/agriculture/floriculture) and a Facebook page (https://www.facebook.com/LIGreenhouse). In addition to organized educational programs and educational materials, information and recommendations are provided on an individual basis on topics such as crop production, pest and disease management, business management, environmental issues, and regulatory issues.

Program Justification

The New York floriculture industry currently ranks ninth in the nation for commercial sales, with Long Island accounting for approximately 50% of the ~$144 million statewide wholesale value. With over 10 million square feet in greenhouse production, there is a definite need for local support to assist the local industry in remaining competitive as well as maintaining environmental stewardship.

Long Island Annual Plant Trial

Impact to Industry

• Up-to-date information is provided to growers and industry professionals through individual consultation, educational programs, publications, and internet content. Educational programs and publications improve growers’ and industry professionals’ knowledge and understanding of relevant information pertaining to crop production, pest and disease management, business management, environmental issues, and regulatory issues.

• Demonstration trials of annual plant cultivars keep growers informed and up-to-date by allowing the comparison of plant material from different breeding and marketing companies, particularly the many new introductions that occur each year. This trial also demonstrates plant performance under local conditions and assist growers in choosing the best plants to produce and market.

• Applied research at the Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center and at commercial operations provides useful information on pest management methods, cultural practices, and new and commercially available products.

Program Team

Nora Catlin, Floriculture Specialist, Program Leader Kyle Smith, Program Assistant

Key Collaborators: Neil Mattson, Margery Daughtrey, Mark Bridgen, Cornell University; Elizabeth Lamb, NYS IPM Program; Dan Gilrein, CCE-Suffolk

Plant Pathology – Ornamental Crops

Program Leader Margery Daughtrey Senior Extension Associate Dept. of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center 3059 Sound Avenue Riverhead, NY 11901

Program Objectives

Improve understanding and management of diseases of greenhouse and nursery crops:

• Help growers better utilize new tools, including new reduced-risk fungicides, biological controls, and SAR (systemic acquired resistance) materials

• Identify new diseases confronting the industry and develop control recommendations Margery Daughtrey [email protected] • Develop new information to improve management strategies for Ph: 631-727-3595 diseases that commonly cause crop losses Fax: 631-727-3611

Program Summary

This program combines applied research with immediate extension of results to growers in NY and nationwide. Extension activities address pressing issues affecting ornamental crop health.

Powdery mildews and downy mildews: Cultivar comparisons, biological control trials, biorational and reduced-risk chemical tests. Impatiens, rudbeckia, poinsettia, gerbera, mini-rose, verbena, coleus, and rosemary are used in these studies. USDA Floriculture and Nursery Research Initiative funding has fueled progress in managing both powdery and downy mildew diseases. The relatively new downy mildew problems on impatiens and coleus are the focus of current research.

Root rots and vascular wilts: Pythium and Phytophthora: identification of what species are affecting greenhouse crops, finding the reservoirs of these organisms in the greenhouse, learning how cultural controls may reduce problems, evaluating the impact of fungicide resistance, and development of biological and chemical management strategies. Collaborative studies with Carla Garzon at Oklahoma State University are funded through the USDA Floriculture and Nursery Research Initiative.

Black root rot (Thielaviopsis): chemical and cultural controls and cultivar comparisons.

Boxwood blight: comparison of boxwood cultivars for their susceptibility to boxwood blight.

Program Justification

In these challenging times, growers can ill afford plant diseases, as these invariably lead to dollar losses. Disease preventive treatments add to profitability. Disease control must also be designed to safeguard health of workers and the environment. Studies on biology of pathogens and trials evaluating new control techniques provide valuable information to the ornamentals industry. Leading growers today actively seek well- informed advice on how to improve their pest management programs, and closely follow applied research so that they can adopt better methods immediately.

Impact to Industry

Our studies on impatiens downy mildew have identified a number of effective fungicides and we will be continuing studies on oospores and management. We identified a new Peronospora species as the cause of downy mildew on coleus a few years ago, and established that the pathogen can also affect agastache and perilla (a slightly different downy mildew causes major losses on basil). Our 2015 study identified a number of seed-grown coleus with relatively low susceptibility to downy mildew. Growers have been helped with identification and management strategies for these highly contagious new diseases.

In collaboration with Shawn Kenaley (Cornell, Ithaca) research has been conducted on the new rust diseases of crabapple and callery pear: Japanese apple rust and pear trellis rust, respectively. Last year the Juniperus chinesis cultivar ‘Robusta Green’ was found to host Gymnosporanium sabinae, the pear trellis rust, on Long Island, while other J. chinensis cultivars were seen to harbor G. yamadae, the Japanese apple rust. Learning more about the alternate hosts should help us to manage these new diseases with non-chemical means.

Root disease management guidelines for growers have been improved through studies on control of Pythium, Phytophthora, Fusarium and Thielaviopsis. Ongoing work at Cornell in collaboration with researchers at Oklahoma State, Clemson and USDA-ARS has improved knowledge of what pathogen species are present in greenhouses today, how they may be identified using new DNA technologies, how they interact with fungus gnat vectors, and how they may be better managed. Many reduced-risk and biocontrol options have been identified. Floral and nursery product performance for the consumer is improved through skillful health management during crop production.

Program Team

Research Support Specialists: Lynn Hyatt Paulina Rychlik

Collaborators: Carla Garzon, Oklahoma State University; Nina Shishkoff, USDA-ARS Shawn Kenaley, Cornell University Cornell Cooperative Extension of Suffolk County Educators

Long Island Entomology Program

Program Leader Daniel Gilrein Extension Entomologist Cornell Cooperative Extension of Suffolk County Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center 3059 Sound Avenue Riverhead, NY 11901

Program Objectives

The Entomology Program supports economic and environmental health of Long Island's agriculture and ornamental horticulture industries with applied research, technical information, advice, diagnostic services and educational programs concerning insect and mite pests, pest management, and biological control in agricultural production and professional landscape maintenance situations. Daniel Gilrein [email protected] Ph: 631-727-3595 Fax: 631-727-3611

Program Summary

The Entomology Program includes three main focus areas:

Applied research addresses regional questions and problems concerning insect and mite management on ornamental plants, vegetables, and fruit. Effective pest control options of lower toxicity and environmental impact are emphasized with particular interest in ground and surface water protection.

Diagnostic services for horticultural industries and public entities identify agents causing injury or infestation and suggest appropriate management options. The Diagnostic Laboratory also screens for invasive or new pests, receiving commercial samples as well as conducting field visits, phone and email consultations. The Program provides a gateway to national entomological expertise in taxonomy and identification where necessary for difficult determinations and to confirm new and invasive pests or biotypes.

Educational programs disseminate useful information on new pest management products and technologies, pests and pest control issues, invasive species, and management strategies. Training programs are also provided for new growers and professionals as well as experienced practitioners. Media includes illustrated lectures, articles in trade magazines and newsletters, fact sheets, web-based content and informal discussions.

Program Justification

Long Island's agricultural and ornamental horticulture industries are valued over $250M. Quality standards and crop values are high, with a low tolerance for damage or infestation. Pests are constant threats, but groundwater, other non-target environmental impacts, and health concerns related to pesticide use are also important issues in our region. Long Island growers and landscape professionals are progressive adopters of technology and look to the Entomology Program as a source of impartial information and research to support critical decisions on new insect and mite Southern pine beetles management solutions that minimize risks while maintaining profitability.

Impact to Industry

In 2015 the Entomology Program staff made over 30 presentations to over 1,700 participants from vegetable, fruit, nursery, greenhouse, professional landscape, home garden and other audiences and fielded more than 1,900 consultations by phone, email, or in person. The Diagnostic Lab processed over 311 samples during the year and the Program completed 19 trials and demonstrations investigating pesticide alternatives and new methods for managing insect and mite pests such as biological control and pheromone mating disruption. Nearly ¾ of all Suffolk orchard acreage is using mating disruption.

At least 3 new pests were found in Suffolk County in the past year, including a new (Stigmella sp.) leafminer in Siberian elm. Spotted wing drosophila, brown marmorated stink bug and southern pine beetle continue to be pests of serious concern in agriculture or landscapes and were subjects for our monitoring program.

Groundwater protection is a primary concern of the Entomology Program. In addition to applied research and educational outreach the Program is working with NYS DEC on Best Management Practice Guides for imidacloprid users, incorporating alternatives and recommendations that minimize risks to groundwater. The Guides will be completed in early 2016. Imidacloprid detections have dropped from 7% (97 locations) in 2006 to 4.4% (75 locations) in 2014 with levels dropping to 2.2 ppb or less from a high of 12.9 ppb.

The Program updates the Cornell Pest Management Guidelines for Commercial Production and Maintenance of Trees and Shrubs and contributes to the Guidelines for perennials & greenhouse crops and vegetables. The Program is a resource to government agencies and civic groups, and supports the Certified Nursery and Landscape Professional Program, CCE Suffolk’s Home Horticulture Diagnostic Labs and Master Gardener Program, to extend benefits of entomological research and expertise to homeowners and professionals with up-to-date information on beneficial insects and pests specific to Long Island.

Program Team

Dr. Faruque Zaman, Associate Entomologist Lucille Siracusano, Program Assistant

Collaborators: Nora Catlin, Floriculture Specialist Mina Vescera, Nursery and Landscape Specialist Sandra Menasha, Vegetable/Potato Specialist Becky Wiseman, Laura McBride, Kevin Sanwald, and Ken Johnson Agriculture Stewardship Program, Cornell Cooperative Extension of Suffolk County

Disease Management for Vegetable Crops

Program Leader Margaret Tuttle McGrath Associate Professor Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology Section Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center 3059 Sound Avenue Riverhead, NY 11901

Program Objectives Optimize management of diseases affecting vegetables and herbs grown on Long Island within organic and conventional production systems by: • studying pathogen biology, including sources. • investigating fungicide resistance and impact on control. • developing scouting protocols and action thresholds. • evaluating control practices, including fungicides, resistant varieties, and integration of chemical and genetic control.

Examine impact on diseases of biofumigation with mustard cover crop Margaret T. McGrath and practices to improve soil health with focus on reduced tillage. [email protected] Ph: 631-727-3595 Diagnose disease problems for growers. Fax: 631-727-3611

Program Summary The fungal pathogen that causes powdery mildew in cucurbits, which is the most important disease of this crop group, has proven itself adept at evolving to overcome management tools; therefore, to ensure management guidelines developed for growers are sound, efficacy of fungicides and resistant varieties, which are the only management tools for powdery mildew, needs to be examined regularly. Research conducted in 2015 included 1) testing registered conventional fungicides used alone and in combinations; 2) examining fungicide sensitivity of pathogen isolates from commercial and research fields; and 3) determining whether resistance to race 1 and race 2 of the pathogen bred into melon was continuing to provide effective suppression. Fungicides also were evaluated for downy mildew in basil. Biopesticides were evaluated for downy mildew of basil, bacterial speck of tomato and Phytophthora blight in pepper and pumpkin. Most products are suitable for organic production. Results from evaluations are used to justify labeling for new products and to provide growers information on efficacy to assist with selection of registered products. Varieties and experimentals with resistance to downy mildew in basil and Septoria leaf spot, early blight, and/or late blight in tomato were evaluated for horticultural characteristics and resistance. The Decision Support System for timing fungicide applications for late blight was evaluated for organically-produced tomato. It utilizes environmental conditions and other factors affecting this disease. A sentinel plot was maintained for the national cucurbit downy mildew forecasting program. A monitoring program was conducted for basil downy mildew (national) and late blight in tomato. Mustard biofumigation was used to manage Phytophthora blight. Sources, placement, and timing of N fertility were examined for organic, reduced-till acorn squash.

Program Justification Powdery mildew is the most important disease affecting cucurbit crops every year throughout LI. Fungicide resistance is a major concern. A new strain of the cucurbit downy mildew pathogen occurring since 2004 has been causing more significant losses than previously. Cucurbits, especially pumpkin, are very important crops on LI. Late blight has been occurring every year on LI since 2009 especially impacting tomato in commercial fields and gardens. This change is associated with appearance in the US of new pathogen strains. Basil downy mildew is a new disease that has occurred in NY every year since 2008 in commercial field and greenhouse crops plus gardens. Powdery mildew isolate Biopesticides are used for organic and conventional disease control. insensitive to Quintec. Recognized need for practices like reduced tillage to improve soil health.

Impact to Industry Research conducted in 2015 yielded information useful to growers producing vegetables and basil. Research on efficacy of fungicides with targeted activity for cucurbit powdery mildew and sensitivity (resistance) of the pathogen to these fungicides added to the knowledge base about product efficacy and fungicide resistance in this pathogen. This information is needed to provide sound recommendations to growers about managing this disease. Pristine was as effective as newer fungicides, Quintec and Vivando, and a grower standard program (later 2 in alternation along with Torino, another new fungicide), suggesting there were few pathogen strains resistant to Pristine present in 2015, in contrast with previous years. However, most pathogen isolates collected in fall from fungicide-treated research plots and 2 commercial pumpkin crops were resistant to the active ingredients in Pristine and tolerated a dose of Quintec high enough to impact control. Isolates from plots not treated with these fungicides were sensitive. This documents that using fungicides prone to resistance can select tolerant strains during a season, but the shift may not occur fast enough to impact control. Using at-risk fungicides in alternation is expected to reduce selection pressure, compared to using one fungicide repeatedly, As a result of monitoring work, growers knew when important diseases were occurring on Long Island, and thus when fungicide applications were needed. This information also furthered knowledge about these diseases. Late blight did not occur in 2015. Cucurbit downy mildew appeared in early August on cucumber. Cantaloupe, watermelon, squashes and giant pumpkin also became affected by the end of August, indicating additional pathotypes had been dispersed to LI. The web-based monitoring program for basil downy mildew proved useful for tracking and sharing information about its occurrence, and contributed to recognition of its importance in the USA. 2015 was another important year for basil downy mildew with numerous reports from throughout most of the USA. Downy mildew in field-grown basil was effectively controlled with conventional fungicides applied on a preventive, weekly schedule but not when an application was delayed because of rain and not with organic fungicides although this program was done twice weekly. Effective resistance to this new disease was documented in crosses developed by breeders at Rutgers and in experimental varieties from Enza and PanAm seed companies.

Program Team Karen Lamarsh, Research Support Specialist Rich Buckley, Research Assistant Mollie Cohen, Research Assistant Peter Humphrey, Research Assistant Lara McMahon, Research Assistant Hans Spielmann, Research Assistant Rex Spielmann, Research Assistant Reet Tagger, Research Assistant

Cheyenne Voigt, Research Assistant

Vegetable and Potato Research and Extension Program

Program Leader Sandra Menasha Vegetable and Potato Specialist Cornell Cooperative Extension of Suffolk County 423 Griffing Ave, Suite 100 Riverhead, NY 11901

Program Objectives

The vegetable and potato program provides educational programming and conducts applied research and on-farm demonstration trials to assist growers and industry personnel with various aspects of production and agricultural stewardship.

These projects include integrated pest The Vegetable Team: management (IPM), nutrient management, Shannon Moran, Heidi organic production, cover cropping, clone Lee, Nick Karavolias, Sandy Menasha and variety selection, soil health, food safety, Anastasia Yakaboski [email protected] cultural practices and marketing. Ph: 631-727-7850 x316 Fax: 631-852-3205 Program Summary

• Pest Management: Development and implementation of IPM elements such as biological control, crop rotation, sanitation, action thresholds, resistant varieties, and the use of reduced-risk pesticide materials, including organic pest management practices. • Vegetable Variety and Cultural Practice Trials: The development of cultural practices that increase yields and/or crop quality under Long Island conditions while reducing environmental impacts are critical functions impacting the long-term viability of vegetable and potato operations. Experiments are conducted to provide growers with up-to-date information. Studies are implemented to determine the adaptability of new varieties, experimental lines, and "niche" crops. The potato program concentrates on evaluating clones that have golden nematode resistance. • Agricultural Stewardship: Concerns about ground and surface water contamination from agricultural use of pesticides and fertilizers on Long Island necessitates the development of best management practices. These practices address the environmental issues by incorporating new ideas and technologies such as the use of controlled release nitrogen fertilizers to reduce nitrate leaching, utilizing deep zone/reduced tillage practices to improve soil health, and using mustard cover crops to manage soil-borne plant pathogens and reduce pesticide applications. • Educational/Extension programs: The extension of applied research is a key component of this program. Information is disseminated through grower meetings, field days, conferences, on-farm demonstration trials, on-farm consultations, newsletters, and bulletins.

Program Justification

When measured by the value of vegetables/potatoes sold and acreage in production, Suffolk County ranks 5th in New York based on the most recent Census of Agriculture. • Approximately 6,300 acres of fresh market vegetables and another 2,500 acres of potatoes are grown on Long Island. • These industries generate about 35 million dollars annually. • The vegetable and potato industries, coupled with acreage in rotational field crops, comprise about a third of the 36,000 acres of cropland in Suffolk County. • The 150 farm stands and farm markets in Suffolk County, the agri-entertainment business, and the open space provided by farmland are key components to the 1.3 billion dollar tourism industry.

Impact to Industry

• Pest Management: Implementation of a weekly scouting program in vegetables, potatoes, and small fruit with a monitoring trap network for sweet corn pests including the corn earworm, fall armyworm, and a new pest western bean cutworm. Evaluation of insecticides to control the Colorado potato beetle including reduced risk and organically approved materials. • Vegetable Variety and Cultural Practices: Variety and cultural practice evaluations at commercial farms and LIHREC are published in the Long Island Potato and Vegetable Variety, Cultural Practice, and Fungicide Efficacy Results booklet. The Golden Nematode quarantine necessitates evaluation of new resistant potato varieties and the vegetable industry has indicated a need for disease resistant variety evaluations. Growers have adopted new cultural practices such as reduced tillage and mustard cover crops after evaluation by the program. • The Organic Research Block at the LIHREC: A two-acre block was established to address the production needs of an increasing number of organic growers. Research activities include the development and assessment of organic cultural and pest management practices, fertility management, as well as vegetable variety and cover cropping trials. • Educational/Extension programs: Conferences and meetings including the Long Island Agricultural Forum, winter vegetable meetings, and summer twilight meetings have extended research results and educational programming to growers. The weekly newsletter, “Fruit and Vegetable Update”, provides growers with up-to-date information on management guidelines.

Program Team

Anastasia Yakaboski, Program Assistant Heidi Lee, Program Assistant Shannon Moran, Program Assistant Nicholas Karavolias, Program Assistant Kevin Sanwald, Ag Stewardship Technician

Kenneth Johnson, Ag Stewardship Technician Joe Sieczka, Professor Emeritus

Collaborators: Anastasia and Heidi Dr. Walter De Jong, Cornell University Heidi, Shannon and with a load of straw Dr. Meg McGrath, CU/LIHREC Anastasia harvesting to be used as a mulch Dr. Elizabeth Bihn, Cornell University potatoes for evaluation between crop rows Justin O’Dea, CCE Ulster County for weed control Rebecca Wiseman, Ag Stewardship Coordinator

Weed Science Program

Program Leader Andrew Senesac, Ph.D. Senior Extension Specialist Cornell Cooperative Extension of Suffolk County Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center 3059 Sound Avenue Riverhead, New York 11901

Program Objectives

The Weed Science Program assists the agricultural and horticultural industry by developing educational programs and conducting applied research in weed biology and management in several horticultural enterprises including vegetables, grapes, turf, woody and herbaceous perennial production in the field and containers, field-grown cutflowers, container-grown chrysanthemums, and landscape use of woody and herbaceous plant materials. Andrew Senesac, Ph.D. [email protected] Ph: 631-727-3595 Fax: 631-727-3611

Program Summary

The Weed Science program focuses on two major areas:

Applied Research: Several weed management problems are being addressed through research. The program investigates both traditional weed control approaches and alternative and cultural methods that can be integrated and used successfully.

Educational Extension Efforts: Some major areas of focus are the Cornell Pesticide Management Guide for Commercial Production of Trees and Shrubs and the Cornell Pesticide Management Guide for Production of Greenhouse Crops and Herbaceous Ornamentals, as well as other means of disseminating information about the results of recent research such as weed identification display gardens, articles in trade journals, illustrated lectures, fact sheets, and website contributions.

An additional role has been involvement with a consortium of representatives from several other state and regional governmental and non-governmental organizations in developing a Weed Management Plan for Long Island to control and prevent new infestations of invasive weeds.

Program Justification

Growers and end-users of horticultural products are constantly confronted with potential loss of quality and economic loss due to weed competition in both the production cycle and in the end-use.

Additionally, great concern about the potential contamination of the single source aquifer from which Long Island draws its drinking water has resulted in fewer registrations of herbicides here and loss of several older materials that were heavily relied upon.

Rhinoncomimus latipes on The weed science program is continually evaluating new and alternative Persicaria perfoliata methods and measures that will help solve some of these issues.

Impact to Industry

Several recent research projects have had either direct or indirect impact on the industry.

Atrazine is a herbicide commonly used by Long Island sweet corn growers. Its use may become more restricted in the near future due to new regulations under consideration. To demonstrate to growers and other stakeholders which weeds will be well controlled and which ones will escape the possible alternatives to atrazine, field and greenhouse trials were conducted to evaluate the relative safety and efficacy of other herbicides that Long Island growers can use.

Mile-a-Minute Weed (Persicaria perfoliata) has invaded natural areas and some farmland in increasing severity over the last 20 years. A program to manage this weed using small plant-eating weevils was developed at the University of Delaware. Weevils were released on two sites on the North and South Forks on highly infested private property. Evaluations will continue and additional release sites will be established to determine the effectiveness of this biological control.

To help educate the public about invasive weeds, a mobile weed identification display cart, nicknamed the ‘Weed Wagon’, has been constructed. It will be stocked with forty of the worst invasive weed species and will be used for educational purposes at stakeholder meetings and public functions.

Several products that are acceptable under the new Child Safe Playing Fields Act, which bans the use of pesticides on school grounds, were evaluated for efficacy. Although our results were not promising, there is some indication that certain combinations of the products may be more effective. Trials will continue.

Program Team

Andrew Senesac, Program Leader Irene Tsontakis-Bradley, Program Educator Drew Hoil, Program Assistant

Collaborators: Jenny Kao-Kniffin, Weed Science, Dept. of Horticulture, Cornell University Brian Eshenaur, NYS IPM Program Betsy Lamb, NYS IPM Program

Commercial Nursery & Landscape Program

Program Leader Mina Vescera Nursery & Landscape Specialist Cornell Cooperative Extension of Suffolk County 423 Griffing Ave. Suite 100 Riverhead, NY 11901

Program Objectives

• To address individual inquires, questions, and concerns that members of the horticulture industry may have, including those related to plant production, land management, and diagnosis.

• To provide educational programs and resources for professionals in the horticulture industry including regional conferences, local meetings and workshops, print publications, written articles, web- resources, and guest lectures. Mina Vescera • To conduct trials and demonstration projects that address concerns [email protected] relating to sustainable plant production and/or land management. Ph: 631-727-7850 x213 Fax: 631-852-3205

Program Summary

Educational Conferences and Events

Long Island Horticulture Conference –addresses some of the most pressing issues and cutting-edge research in plant production and landscape management.

Managing Landscapes Sustainably – features sustainable land management topics that appeal to the “green- minded” landscape professional. Landscape Architects’ Educational Event –features classroom-style lectures followed by visits to local nurseries and hands-on learning opportunities for landscape architects. Nursery Session of the Long Island Agricultural Forum –addresses important issues that help prepare Long Island nursery growers for the upcoming growing season.

Outreach and Demonstration/Research Initiatives Boxwood Blight Advisory Committee – comprised of extension and industry professionals with the intent to educate the horticulture community through educational materials and presentations on prevention and management. The Long Island Gold Medal Plant Program – purpose is to identify and promote underutilized plants of exceptional merit that are particularly suited for growing on Long Island. Nitrogen Fertilizer Management for Field Nurseries – ongoing research into the effect of reduced nitrogen fertilizer rates using controlled-release fertilizer and nutrient monitoring on the growth of field-grown trees. IPM Scouting Initiative for Nurseries – provide direct assistance to nursery growers to enhance their integrated pest management programs.

Program Justification

Nursery crops gross over $5 billion nationally and are an important component of the U.S. economy. (USDA National Agricultural Statistics Survey)

NY State ranks 9th in value of sales of ornamental horticultural Crops in the U.S. (USDA 2012 Census of Agriculture)

Suffolk County is the #1 county in NY State for the value of sold horticultural commodities and is 15th county in the entire U.S. (USDA 2012 Census of Agriculture).

Impact to Industry

2015 Outreach on Long Island that made a positive contribution to the environment:

• Several guest lectures, presentations, or tours • Nearly 50 individuals assisted during site visits or in-person consultations • Responded to over 250 phone or e-mail inquiries • Directly reached over 800 participants at conferences, meetings, guest lectures, and field days throughout the year • Provided insect and disease scouting to nursery growers • Planted Long Island ecotype perennials in the Native Friendly Demonstration Garden to evaluate their growth and ornamental appeal

Several helpful publications are available on the Nursery & Landscape Program webpage at: http://ccesuffolk.org/agriculture/commercial-nursery-landscape

• Long Island Horticulture Resource Guide • Cover Crop Strategies for Field Nurseries • Gold Medal Winners Flyers • Woody Forage Plants for Pollinators on Long Island • Salt-spray Tolerant Groundcovers, Shrubs, & Trees for Eastern Long Island • Frequently Asked Questions: Boxwood Blight • Finding Alternatives to Invasive Ornamental Plants in New York

Program Team

Mina Vescera, Nursery & Landscape Specialist (Program Leader)

Collaborators: Nora Catlin, Extension Educator Margery Daughtrey, Senior Extension Associate Dan Gilrein, Extension Entomologist Laurie McBride, Agricultural Stewardship Program Andy Senesac, Senior Extension Specialist

Grape Research and Extension Program

Program Leader Alice Wise Sr. Issue Educator/Viticulturist Cornell Cooperative Extension of Suffolk County Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center 3059 Sound Avenue Riverhead, NY 11901

Program Objectives

The Grape Program conducts applied research in vineyards and coordinates educational opportunities for the Long Island wine industry. We focus on short and long term objectives that address ecological pest management as well as economically viable yields of quality fruit. Our goal is to assist vineyard managers in making management decisions that are effective, financially sound and Alice Wise environmentally sensitive. [email protected] Ph: 631-727-3595

Program Summary Alice Wise

[email protected] Applied research projects focus on several broad goals: Ph: 631-727-3595 Fax: 631-727-3611 a) Pest management – Projects include the following: current and future materials for efficac y and use strategies; use of reduced risk and organic pesticides for control of insects and disease; viticultural

and other farm practices and their effect on pest development; alternative strategiesYour for Name vineyard floor management; disease tolerant varieties. [email protected] Ph: 631-727-3595 b) Fruit quality and quantity – 1.5 acres of the 2.4-acre research vineyard is devotedFax: 631 to a-727 trial-3611 evaluating the viticultural characteristics of 33 different winegrape varieties with multiple selections of individual varieties. c) Educational efforts include meetings such as the LI Agricultural Forum, presentation of research results, hosting visiting experts from across the country, newsletters, grower visits, webcasts and moderation of a vineyard manage list serv. We provide technical support to the Long Island Sustainable Winegrowing program. We have a dedicated program website that hosts information for both commercial growers as well as home growers. Visit http://ccesuffolk.org/agriculture/grape- program. d) . e) 26

Program Justification

With over 2000 acres of vinifera winegrapes, Long Island hosts three appellations (American Viticultural Areas): The North Fork of Long Island, The Hamptons and Long Island. There are 56 wine proprietors producing an estimated 500,000 cases (1.2 million gallons). Forty-two winery tasting rooms open to the public. With an estimated 1.3 million

Harvest of the vinifera wine visitors annually, the wine industry contributes to the economic well- grape variety trial in the being of the East End of Long Island. Many vineyards have also sold research vineyard development rights, ensuring the land is maintained as open space in October 2015 perpetuity. The wine industry is an important part of the East End’s agricultural- and tourism-based economy.

Impact to Industry

• Evaluation of new and interesting winegrape selections has helped to the potential wine quality and commercial viability. A number of selections that have shown well in the vineyard and in the winery have been adapted by the industry. It is economically important to avoid undesirable plant material as planting a vineyard can exceed $20,000 an acre.

• We are committed to helping growers with environmental stewardship. We achieve this through targeted pest management research projects, educational programs and technical support for the Long Island Sustainable Winegrowing program.

• We scrutinize cultural practices that purportedly reduce pesticide use while maintaining or improving fruit quality. For example, prebloom removal of cluster zone leaves may reduce fruit set, rendering compact clusters less susceptible to cluster rots. Management of cover crops or native vegetation in the area under the grapevine trellis may help to reduce herbicide use while reducing excessive vine vigor.

• We create educational programs that introduce new ideas, new technologies and the latest research results to vineyard managers, winemakers and marketing personnel. We involve Cornell faculty, researchers from other institutions as well as individuals from private industry to bring unique and thought provoking information to the industry.

Program Team

Amanda Gardner, Program Assistant Andrew Rossin, Field Assistant, summer Liz Wanamaker, Field Assistant, fall

Cornell collaborators: Justine Vanden Heuvel, School of Integrative Plant Science/Horticulture

Marc Fuchs, SIPS/Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology Libby Tarleton, program asst. 2002- Tim Martinson, SIPS/Horticulture 2015, Alice Wise, and Amanda Gardner, program asst. 2015 to present

Applied Pest Management in Fruit and Other Crops

Program Leader Faruque U. Zaman, Ph.D. Associate Entomologist Cornell Cooperative Extension of Suffolk County Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center 3059 Sound Avenue, Riverhead, NY 11901

Program Objectives

• Address pest management issues for tree fruit, berries, and grape growers.

• Educate growers in using reduced-risk and environmentally sustainable pest management technologies.

Faruque U. Zaman Coordinate applied research, develops technical information and • [email protected] educational materials on fruit and other pest management topics. Ph: 631-727-3595 Fax: 631-727-3611

Program Summary

The Applied Pest Management Program (APM) works on emerging and current pest management problems in tree fruit, small fruit, and wine grape production, providing new technology and research- based solutions for Long Island growers. Issues include invasive insects such as spotted wing drosophila and brown marmorated stink bug, dogwood borer, as well as improving management of existing pests with new techniques, such as plum curculio, oriental fruit moth, and codling moth. Special projects for greenhouse and nursery production are also included. The program promotes use of reduced-risk and low environmental impact control options and provides stakeholder support through educational presentations, magazine articles, newsletters, field visits, phone, and email consultations.

Applied research and extension projects include: • Year-round monitoring of spotted wing drosophila in crops and adjacent forests. • Expansion of non-insecticide based area-wide mating disruption techniques for insect control. • Surveys of the newly emerged/invasive insects and damage risk in tree fruits. • Integrated pest management in tree fruit through early detection, timely recommendation, and reduced-risk products. • Monitoring of brown marmorated stink bug in L.I. tree fruit orchards. • Conducting experiments on the effectiveness of current and newly developed insecticides, biopesticides, attractants, and biological controls.

Program Justification

Tree fruit and wine grapes are economically important commodities of Long Island agricultural industries. Beside the direct market value of production, L.I. fruit farms and vineyards are a valued part of local tourism industries. Intensive fruit production is under constant threat from both invasive and native pests. Concerns related to groundwater and food safety associated with pesticide use important issues in fruit production. The program addresses the need for a high quality product produced in environmentally and economically sustainable way.

Impact to Industry In 2015, the APM team responded to nearly 323 pest and problem inquiries through farm visits, diagnostic lab samples, phone calls, and emails. At least 4 presentations were delivered to over a total of 137 participants from fruit industries and other stakeholders. Seven articles were published in various agricultural news magazines distributed over 300 subscribers.

The APM team joined with regional collaborators to monitor brown marmorated stink bug populations in orchards using commercial pheromone lures. Seven BMSB adults and nymphs were captured in traps in 2015. Population on Long Island is still very low (1.75 BMSB/trap/season) compared to the provisional management threshold (10 BMSB/trap/season). BMSB may be responsible for some of the stink bug fruit damage (< 0.20%) seen this year.

Recent study, done by the APM team, showed spotted wing drosophila, a new invasive pest, poses very high risk to raspberries, blueberries, and blackberries. L.I. growers have been notified the time of population increase and infestation level. Timely information was helpful for growers reducing infestation level to some extent. At this point SWD poses minor threat to vineyards reassuring growers and eliminating the need for pesticides to control it.

Producing tree fruit on Long Island is a challenge made easier by the Entomology and Agricultural Stewardship’s Fruit IPM programs, providing growers with timely and specific pest information particular to each unique orchard. Nearly 72% of L.I.’s tree fruit acreage is using non-pesticide mating disruption to manage important pests. Some orchards have reduced insecticide sprays from 8 to 1 per year and started using reduced-risk alternatives. Overall tree fruit damage by insect was <5% in 2015.

Program Team

Daniel Gilrein, Extension Entomologist Lucille Siracusano, Program Assistant

Collaborators: Greg Loeb, Arthur Agnello, NYSAES, Geneva, NY. Peter Jentsch, Hudson Valley Lab Juliet Carroll, NYSIPM Laura McBride, Stewardship Program Cornell Cooperative Extension of Suffolk County

29 Floriculture and Greenhouse Crops

Use of Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) radiation on ornamental plants for growth regulation Investigator: Mark Bridgen Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

The objective of this research is to determine the effects of ultraviolet-C irradiation (UV-C) on commercially-valuable greenhouse ornamental plants with specific interest in growth regulation (height/branching/fresh weight). The use of UV-C irradiation is a low-cost technique that is easy to apply to plants. It has already been shown to be a defense-inducible biological elicitor in horticultural products that can extend the postharvest vase life of cut flowers, suppress attack from natural diseases such as Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum, and other plant pathogens, and act as a natural growth regulator. Under normal growing conditions, effects of UV-C light are not seen on plants because Ultraviolet-C wavelengths (below 280 nm) are highly energetic, absorbed by ozone and are not present in the sunlight at the earth’s surface.

Ultraviolet-C irradiation (UV-C) has been successfully used as an environmentally-friendly and safe pre-harvest treatment to increase fresh mass and lateral branching. It has also been shown to affect the flowering time of plants either by increasing the time to flower or delaying the time to flower, depending upon the species.

To apply treatments, germicidal low-pressure vapor UV lamps (Osram HNS OFR) were suspended in the LIHREC greenhouses over greenhouse benches. Each lamp has a nominal power output of 30 W and peak wavelength emission of 253.7 nm. The dosage rate was measured at room temperature (∼25 °C). Uniform potted plants of Impatiens walleriana, Zinnia elegans, Catharanthus roseus, Salvia splendens and others were subjected to 0, 5, 10, or 15 minute treatments of UV-C every 7 days for 5 weeks. Plants that receive too high a dosage rate are damaged by the UV-C light. Plants that received UV-C were shorter than control plants and more highly branched.

The impact of applying this technology to whole plants would be a breakthrough for the floriculture industry. It will save time and money, and it will have tremendous benefits for the environment by reducing pesticide applications to plants and decreasing the need for plant growth regulators. This is a novel and sophisticated, low-cost technique that can be a sustainable and environmentally-friendly. This project is funded by the American Floral Endowment and is based upon work that is supported by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and Hatch funds.

Breeding and development of downy mildew resistance in Impatiens walleriana Investigators: James Keach and Mark Bridgen Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center and Ithaca

Impatiens downy mildew, Plasmopara obducens, is been responsible for the near-total losses of the common impatiens, Impatiens walleriana. The advent of this virulent new race of downy mildew has defoliated and decimated impatiens across the United States, as well as worldwide.

30 Often a key crop for small greenhouse growers and nurseries, and a fixture in landscapes and home gardens, susceptibility appears to be near-universal in the common species, I. walleriana. While the New Guinea types (I. hawkeri) appear resistant, they have drastically different cultivation requirements and methods; unfortunately, these do not form viable hybrids with the common species. Fortunately, preliminary data suggest that other, compatible species may be resistant and useful for breeding new, more diverse forms.

The effect of downy mildew was evaluated on different impatiens species; the species that were resistant to the fungal disease were identified. Four of those resistant species were chosen to hybridize with Impatiens walleriana. Successful hybrids were produced during the hybridization program. The hybrid impatiens plants were screened for durable resistance to downy mildew and four plants were identified to be resistant to the disease. These plants were compared to susceptible cultivars of I. walleriana as well as to the resistant Impatiens plant named ‘Bounce’. These new resistant lines are being used to produce additional resistant plants.

In vitro micropropagation and mutation of clover, Trifolium amoenum Investigators: Vincent Pennetti and Mark Bridgen Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

Procedures to micropropagate and mutate White Clover, Trifolium repens, in vitro were developed during this study. White Clover plants, as well as other species of Trifolium, are natural nitrogen fixers that are widely cultivated cover crops; they possess many essential nutrients as well as unique aesthetic traits. Additionally, White Clover has been observed to positively impact livestock and surrounding plant life, provide erosion control, and supply a highly desirable nectar source for honeybees.

In this study two chemical mutagens, Colchicine—a gout medication that causes chromosome doubling—and Surflan—an herbicide which doubles as a cell mutagen—were used successfully to mutate White Clover plants. Plants that were exposed to these two mutagens demonstrated physical mutations, such as increased leaflets per clover. Analysis of shoot production per plantlet exposed to 6-benzylaminopurine exhibited evidence to support that a concentration of 1g/L BAP-6 is most successful in the induction of shoots for micropropagation. Furthermore, other species of Trifolium responded similarly to that of White Clover in vitro. This observation, coupled with the results from the BAP-6 trials, provided reason to believe that this cytokinin can be used to micropropagate Trifolium amoenum, as well as any mutated plants that resulted from exposure to Colchicine or Surflan.

Breeding of hybrid Alstroemeria Investigators: Mark Bridgen and Maria Figueroa Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

Alstroemeria, the Inca Lily or Lily-of-the-Incas, is popular in the United States because of its colorful and long-lasting cut flowers. Traditional and in vitro breeding techniques are being used to hybridize Alstroemeria species with the goal to develop new winter-hardy hybrids for the garden. Multiple crosses were made with Alstroemeria species from Brazil and Chile. Hybrid embryos are rescued after pollination via plant tissue culture. Once the embryos

31 germinate in vitro, they are subcultured onto micropropagation medium, grown, rooted, and transferred to the greenhouse until flowering. Cold-hardy (USDA hardiness zone 5) varieties have been introduced by Cornell University and have expanded the interest of this colorful plant as a garden perennial throughout the United States. The objective of this breeding project is to develop and release new garden cultivars to the American market.

Evaluation of herbaceous perennial plants on Long Island Investigators: Mark Bridgen and Christina Nalty Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

This multi-year project evaluates new herbaceous plants and compares them to other commercially valuable plants when grown under Long Island's climatic conditions. The trial and display gardens at the Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center (LIHREC) are also used for educational purposes with more than 300 species and cultivars of winter-hardy herbaceous ornamental plants. The gardens are organized and planted by species in order to effectively evaluate different cultivars of the same genus growing side-by-side.

The project allows new plants to be evaluated and introduced into the trade and promotes interest in the use of herbaceous plants for the landscape. Each year, these plants are tested and evaluated from a professional landscaper’s perspective. Their maintenance, flower and foliage integrity, bloom period, and insect and disease resistance are recorded and reported to the nursery and greenhouse industries. Winter hardiness is also recorded. Educational programs, such as conferences, all-season demonstrations, open houses, field days, workshops, and symposia keep growers informed and in touch with these research findings.

2015 Evaluations of dahlias Investigators: The Cornell Gardeners and Long Island Dahlia Society Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

The Long Island Dahlia Society trials and displays more than 150 different varieties of dahlias at the LIHREC each summer. The Dahlia Garden is located to the south of the main gardens. This bed is replanted every spring; in the fall the tuberous roots are removed from the ground, cleaned, and stored for the following year. More than 300 guests visited the gardens during 2015 to enjoy the beauty, variety, size, and duration of bloom of the dahlia.

Dahlias are considered one of the most spectacular garden flowers because there is a great variety of form in their flowers. They are available in showy dinner-plate size to the bright, little single ones. Dahlias require some special care for winter storage, however, with minimum care, beautiful dahlia flowers can grace gardens from July until frost. Dahlias should be planted in a sunny location in rich and well-drained soil.

2015 Long Island annual plant trial Investigator: Nora Catlin Location: Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center

This year a total of 75 cultivars, including 59 new cultivars, were included in the Long Island Annual Plant Trial. The Long Island Annual Plant Trial is located at the Long Island

32 Horticultural Research & Extension Center, 3059 Sound Avenue, Riverhead, NY. This year plants were submitted by Ball Horticultural Co. and Proven Winners.

Rooted cuttings or plugs were received in April, transplanted, and maintained in the greenhouse until planted outdoors. While in the greenhouse, plants were sub-irrigated and fertilized with a constant feed of 125-150 ppm N of 20-10-20 and pests were managed as needed. During the first week of June, plants were transplanted into containers outside. For each cultivar, three 12- inch containers were planted with three plants each. Containers were drip irrigated and fertilized with constant liquid feed, alternating between 20-10-20 and 15-5-15, ~200 ppm N. Since most consumers are interested in identifying low maintenance annuals, pests and diseases are not managed once plants are outside, nor are the plants trimmed, pruned, or deadheaded. (The one exception was dahlia, which were occasionally deadheaded throughout the season.)

Plants were evaluated five times from mid-June though early September by numerous individuals. Flower display, foliage quality, and overall impact were rated on a scale of 0-5 (5=best; the flower display rating was omitted for the plants that are regarded as foliage plants such as coleus, hibiscus, and ipomoea). Evaluations were averaged to determine the season-long plant rating.

The plants with a season-long rating within the top 25% of scores were: Coleus ‘ColorBlaze Velveteen’, ‘FlameThrower Chili Pepper’, ‘FlameThrower Chipotle’, and ‘FlameThrower Spiced Curry’; Hibiscus ‘Little Zin’; Impatiens ‘Rockapulco Wisteria’; Petunia ‘Supertunia Indigo Charm Imp.’, ‘Supertunia Morning Glory Charm’, ‘Supertunia Pink Star Charm’, ‘Supertunia Rose Blast Charm’, ‘Supertunia Sangria Charm’, ‘Supertunia Violet Star Charm’, ‘Supertunia Vista Bubblegum’, ‘Supertunia Vista Fuchsia’, ‘Supertunia Vista Silverberry’, and ‘Tidal Wave Red Velour’; Sedum ‘Lemon Coral’; and Vinca ‘Valiant Apricot’, ‘Valiant Burgundy’, ‘Valiant Lilac’, and ‘Valiant Punch’.

This season was, for the most part, a good season weather-wise. Temperatures were close to average in June and July, and slightly warmer than average in August. Rainfall was well below average through July and August. There was one rainstorm accompanied by very strong winds in mid-July that damaged some plants, particularly some of the taller and larger plant material. Some pest and disease issues were noted. In general, all dahlias performed poorly, due to leafhopper injury, European corn borer injury, and powdery mildew on some cultivars.

For more information contact Nora Catlin ([email protected] or 631-727-7850 x214), or visit http://ccesuffolk.org/agriculture/floriculture/long-island-trial-gardens for reports and top performing plants from previous years’ trials. In addition, trail data has been entered into the National Plant Trials Database (http://www.planttrials.org); the Long Island Annual Plant Trial is listed as ‘Cornell Long Island’.

This trial is supported in part by the participating companies, as well as generous assistance and donations from Ivy Acres and the Blackmore Company. Many thanks to Caroline Kiang and Robin Simmen who assisted with plant evaluations, and Kyle Smith who assisted with evaluations and the maintenance of the trial.

33 Evaluation of plant safety of difenconazole+azoxystrobin and benzovindiflupyr + azoxystrobin on Lamium and Phlox, and of fluxapryrosad +pyraclostrobin on Leucanthemum Investigator: Nora Catlin Location: Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center

Plant safety of foliar sprays of three rates (8, 14, and 28 oz/100 gal) of difenconazole+azoxystrobin (Alibi Flora, A13703G) and three rates (4, 7, and 14 oz/100 gal) of benzovindiflupyr+azoxystrobin (Mural, A18126B) was evaluated on lamium (Lamium maculatum) ‘Golden Anniversary’ and phlox (Phlox paniculata) ‘David’. Plant safety of three rates (8, 16, and 32 oz/100 gal) of fluxapryrosad+pyraclostrobin (BAS70306F) was also evaluated on Shasta daisy (Leucanthemum maximum) ‘Becky’.

Treatments were applied as foliar sprays applied to drip to phlox and Shasta daisy on 16-July 2015, 29-July 2015, and 13-Aug 2015, and to lamium on 13-Aug 2015, 26-Aug 2015, 9-Sept

2015. Treatments were applied using a CO2-powered sprayer fitted with a TeeJet 8003 nozzle at 30psi. Treatments and an untreated control were replicated across 10 single-plant replicates.

Trial plants were evaluated for symptoms of phytotoxicity every 2 weeks, starting 1 week after the first application. Any possible symptom of phytotoxicity was evaluated using a 0-10 scale (0 = no symptoms); fungicide residue was evaluated on a 0-4 scale (0=no residue, 1=very slight residue, 2=residue noticeable, 3=residue apparent and unacceptable, 4=residue very apparent and very unacceptable). Additionally, plant height and width were measured approximately 1 week after the first treatment and at the conclusion of the trial. Where applicable, data were subject to ANOVA and means were separated using Tukey’s HSD (p=0.05).

No symptoms of phytotoxicity or differences in plant size were observed on lamium treated with difenconazole+azoxystrobin (Alibi Flora), lamium treated with benzovindiflupyr+azoxystrobin (Mural, A18126B), phlox treated with benzovindiflupyr+azoxystrobin (Mural, A18126B), or Shasta daisy treated with fluxapryrosad+pyraclostrobin (BAS70306F). Plants were flowering during the trial, and no adverse symptoms were observed on the blooms.

However, phytotoxicity symptoms of necrotic spots and lesions were observed on leaves of phlox treated with difenconazole+azoxystrobin (Alibi Flora). Flowers remained unaffected. Occasional and minimal symptoms were observed at the 8 oz rate, moderate symptoms were observed at the 14 oz rate, and noticeable symptoms that would affect salability of the plant were observed at the 28 oz rate.

On scattered replicates, occasional and mild residue was observed on Shasta daisy treated with all rates of fluxapryrosad+pyraclostrobin (BAS70306F) and also on phlox plants treated with the 7 and 14 oz rates of benzovindiflupyr+azoxystrobin (Mural, A18126B). However the appearance of the residue was minimal and would not affect the salability of the plant.

Project work supported by the USDA IR4 Program.

34 Efficacy of new foliar treatments for the management of Botrytis blight of lily (year 2) Investigator: Nora Catlin Location: Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center

Various labeled and experimental products were tested for their efficacy in managing Botrytis blight of lily, caused by Botrytis eliptica. Tested products included: fluxapryoxad+pyraclostrobin (BAS70306F; 8 oz/100 gal), Bacillus amyloliquifaciens strain F727 (MBI110; 1 gal/100 gal), fludioxonil (NUP 09092; 4 oz/100gal and 8 oz/100gal), thyme oil (Proud 3; 1 gal/100 gal), mandestrobin (S2200; 7.5 oz/100 gal and 15 oz/100 gal), benzovindiflupyr+azoxystrobin (Mural; 7 oz/100 gal), fenhexamid (Decree; 1.5 lb/100 gal), and the proprietary product F9110 (24 oz/100 gal). An untreated and uninoculated control and an untreated and inoculated control were also included. Treatments were replicated across 8 single plant replicates per treatment.

Lily ‘Dazzle Yellow’ bulbs were planted on 17-June into 5.5-inch pot using MetroMix 360. Plants were kept in the greenhouse until after the first treatment. After the first treatment, plants were moved into a hoop house fitted with shade cloth and overhead irrigation in order to provide ideal disease conditions. Containers of symptomatic plants were placed among the plants to serve as inoculation and the untreated-uninoculated control plants were set on the opposite side of the house, in an un-shaded section a distance away from the inoculum.

Treatments were applied every 2 weeks for 7 weeks, starting on 14-July (27 d after planting), with the exception of Bacillus amyloliquifaciens, thyme oil, and fenhexamid, which were applied weekly. Foliar sprays were applied to drip using a CO2-powered sprayer fitted with a TeeJet 8003 nozzle at 30psi.

Plants were evaluated weekly, starting one week after treatment. Disease severity was evaluated using a 0-10 scale (0=no symptoms, 10=most) and the number of affected leaves was recorded. Where applicable, data were subject to ANOVA and means were separated using Tukey’s HSD (p=0.05).

At the final evaluation, the fluxapryoxad+pyraclostrobin, fludioxonil (both rates), mandestrobin (both rates), benzovindiflupyr+azoxystrobin, and the untreated uninoculated treatments had significantly fewer affected leaves and significantly lower severity ratings than the Bacillus amyloliquifaciens, thyme oil, fenhexamid, and F9110 treatments.

Impact of various plant growth regulators on the branching of osteospermum Investigators: Nora Catlin Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

Four rates (200, 400, 800 and 1600 ppm) of dikegulac-sodium (Augeo), two rates (150 and 300 ppm) of benzyladenine (Configure), and two rates (500 and 1000 ppm) of ethephon (Florel), were applied to osteospremum ‘Flower Power Compact Lemon’ and ‘Flower Power Purple Red’ to determine effects on branching. Untreated pinched and pinched plants were also compared.

35 Rotted cuttings were received on 19-March. Dikegulac-sodium treatments were applied on 24- March, 1 day prior to transplant. On 25-March all plants were transplanted. On 3-April, all plants with the exception of the Augeo-treated plants and the untreated-unpinched controls were pinched to 6-10 nodes. After pinching on 3-April, the benzyladenine and ethephon treatments were applied.

All treatments were applied using a CO2-powered sprayer fitted with a TeeJet 8003 nozzle at 30psi; application volume was ~2 qt/100 sq ft. There were 7 single-plant replicates per treatment for ‘Flower Power Compact Lemon’ and 8 single-plant replicates per treatment for ‘Flower Power Purple Red’.

For ‘Flower Power Purple Red’, initial height and width were recorded on 3-April, and final height and width were recorded on 9-May. Phytotoxicity evaluations were recorded weekly from 3-April through 13-May. Plant quality evaluations were recorded on 13-May. The number or flower buds and open blooms were also recorded on 18-May, and the number of branches on 2-June. For ‘Flower Power Compact Lemon’, initial height and width were recorded on 3- April, and final height and width were recorded on 26-May. Phytotoxicity evaluations were recorded weekly from 3-April to 13-May. Plant quality evaluations were recorded on 26-May. The number or flower buds and open blooms were recorded on 28-May, and the number of branches on 22-June. For both cultivars, at the termination of the trial plants were harvested at the soil line for dry weight determination. The number of days to first open bloom were also recorded. Where applicable, data were subjected to ANOVA and means were separated using Tukey’s HSD (P=0.05).

Many of the ‘Flower Power Compact Lemon’ plants were poor in quality when received, with poor root development, some foliar discoloration and stunting, and possibly some damage to the growing tip of the cutting. Therefore, only results from the ‘Flower Power Compact Purple’ will be discussed herein.

There were few clear significant differences between the treatments and the untreated controls regarding the number of branches, buds and flowers, and plant quality. In general, the high rates of dikegulac-sodium (1600 ppm) and ethephon (1000 ppm) had generally lower quality ratings compared to the other treatments, were smaller in size, and had less dry weight. Some phytotoxicity was observed: plants treated with the 1600 rate of dikegulac-sodium showed chlorosis on the new growth and some stunt throughout the trial, and plants treated with the 800 ppm rate showed mild to moderate symptoms of chlorosis throughout the trial. Plants treated with the 400 ppm rate of dikegulac-sodium, and some plants treated with both rates of benzyladenine showed mild symptoms of chlorosis, but only for the first 2 weeks after treatment.

Based on the results of this trial, using a 1600 ppm rate of dikegulac-sodium or a 1000 ppm rate of ethephon are not recommended for osteospermum. The lower rates of dikegulac-sodium (200, 400, or 800 ppm), benzyladenine (150 or 300 ppm), and the low rate of ethephon (500 ppm) may be useful in improving plant quality and/or branching. While some improvement in plant quality and branching were observed with these treatments, the results were somewhat

36 inconsistent in this trial. Further testing might be necessary. A complete report can be obtained by contacting the author.

Project work supported by the USDA IR4 Program.

Seed-grown coleus cultivar comparison for downy mildew susceptibility Investigators: Margery Daughtrey, Nora Catlin and Lynn Hyatt Location: Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center

The objective of this trial was to determine the relative performance of seed-grown coleus types in an environment conducive to downy mildew with inoculum supplied by nearby plants. PanAmerican Seed and F. C. Gloeckner & Co. supplied a range of coleus types, 36 in total. These were seeded in Elle pots on 20 May 2015 and potted on 24 June into ProMix BX in 1 gal pots. The coleus were moved outside to a shade-covered (50%) hoop house on 23 July, and arranged in 5 single-plant replications. Infected coleus set evenly within the plot served as a natural source of inoculum, and plants were irrigated twice/day using overhead sprinkler irrigation. The nature of the symptoms was described for each plant on 12 Aug. The number of leaves showing downy mildew infection was counted for each plant on 2 September, at the end of the trial. Plants were also given a quality rating on 2 September, in which 6=inconspicuous spotting, good overall; 5=some spotting visible but acceptable, no defoliation; 4=more leaf spotting, still no defoliation; 3=most of the leaves spotted, some defoliation; 2=some bare stem areas, obvious spotting and defoliation; 1=totally diseased and unattractive. Data on number of leaf spots per plant and on plant quality collected 2 September were analyzed using Tukey’s HSD, P=0.05.

There was little natural rainfall during the trial, but irrigation kept up conditions for infection. All plants showed some downy mildew sporulation upon close examination August 12. The main symptom was leaf spotting, which took the form of small to large discolored patches, with sporulation opposite on the undersurface of the leaves. The patches began as pale areas, and sometimes turned dry brown with time. Infected leaves were sometimes shed from the plant, so that the count of infected leaves in September underestimated how many had been infected during the trial. There were no significant differences in the number of leaf spots per plant. Some leaf twisting was noted in Fairway Red Velvet, Kong Mix Empire and Kong Mosaic.

In spite of the ability of the downy mildew to infect all of the plants tested, many of them remained extremely attractive to the end of the trial. Although there were no significant differences in the quality rating, there was a trend for some cultivars to remain more attractive in spite of the downy mildew. Based on the results of this trial, the following would be the best choice in situations where downy mildew was anticipated (such as an overhead-irrigated, shaded planting): Kong Salmon Pink, Kong Rose, Premium Sun Mighty Mosaic, Kong Mix Empire, Kong Scarlet, Kong Red, Premium Sun Crimson Gold, Kong Lime Spritz, Wizard Jade, Wizard Velvet Red, Kong Mosaic, Wizard Sunset, Rainbow Mix, Superfine Multi Rainbow, Wizard Scarlet, Fairway Yellow, Superfine Festive Dance, Fairway Orange, Premium Sun Dark Chocolate, Premium Sun Chocolate Splash, Premium Sun Lime Delight, Superfine Red Velvet, Premium Sun Chocolate Covered Cherry, and Wizard Pastel. From these results, we would expect all of these coleus to have good landscape performance as long as they were protected

37 from inoculum with fungicides during greenhouse production (where high humidity makes the disease particularly destructive).

Plants with poorer quality ratings included: Fairway Red Velvet, Premium Sun Watermelon, Wizard Pineapple, Black Dragon, Premium Sun Chocolate Mint, Premium Sun Rose Lime Magic, Wizard Coral Sunrise, Superfine Volcano, Wizard Golden, Wizard Mosaic, Superfine Color Pride, and Premium Sun Flip Side. These should be grown in less shady, more open sites with careful irrigation practices.

Danger of dipping begonias in a common reservoir before planting Investigators: Margery Daughtrey, Nora Catlin and Lynn Hyatt Location: Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center

Growers often choose to dip cuttings into liquid reservoirs of biological control materials rather than drenching the materials after planting. This is a common practice for application of the beneficial nematodes, Steinernema feltiae, which are used for fungus gnat management. The danger of this practice comes when cuttings are not free from diseases. Inoculum (spores or bacterial cells) can be deposited in the water from diseased leaves and be redistributed to many of the cuttings dipped subsequently. Theoretically this could result in very efficient pathogen spread. To demonstrate the danger of dipping leaves into water, a trial was conducted in spring 2015. On May 8, plugs of NonStop begonia ‘Pink’ and ‘Deep Salmon’ with 2-3 true leaves were dipped into solutions containing various amounts of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. begoniae (Xab), the bacteria which cause bacterial blight of begonia. Non-inoculated controls were dipped into water. There were 12 single plant replications of each inoculum concentration for each cultivar, testing 4 concentrations in contrast to a control. Plants were potted into 4” pots in ProMix BX immediately after dipping into one of the treatment suspensions, and placed into trays on the greenhouse bench. Treatment 1 was a water control (with 1 drop Tween/500 ml); Treatment 2 was a slightly cloudy suspension of bacteria from one plate of potato dextrose agar added to sterile distilled water (+ Tween), later determined to be 2 X 107 cfu/ml by serial dilution plating; Treatments 3 and 4 were each 1:9 dilutions of the previous treatment and Treatment 5 was a 1:99 dilution. The number of infected leaves per plant and the number of lesions per plant were counted on 5/20, 5/26, 6/3 and 6/23. The begonias were sub-irrigated during the trial so that leaf spots would not be spread by overhead watering.

No leaf spots or wedges indicating infection by Xab were seen on control plants (treated by a dip in clean water) during the trial. In Treatment 2 (highest inoculum concentration), on May 20 the Salmon cultivar had 6 leaves with symptoms and the Pink cultivar had 3; while on May 26, 11 out of 12 Salmon plants had symptoms, and 9 out of 12 Pink. These symptoms in plants with the highest inoculum concentration continued to progress: on June 23 half of the begonias in the Pink cultivar were dead and 11 out of 12 of the Salmon cultivar showed 1 to 6 spotted leaves. Observations June 23 also showed that even plants dipped into the most dilute bacterial concentration (Treatment 5, which was 1 ten-thousandth the concentration of Treatment 2) became infected: 75% of these plants were infected for both cultivars. There were 1 to 6 infected leaves per plant on the infected plants in Treatment 5 on this date. The Xab bacteria can obviously be spread through dipping plants in contaminated water, and the number of symptomatic leaves and the number of infection sites per leaf has been shown to be roughly

38 proportional to the number of bacterial cells in the water. Future work will use actual plants with leaf infections of Xab as inoculum sources in dipping solution.

Identification of Pythium and Globisporangium species affecting Begonia spp., Impatiens spp., Euphorbia pulcherrima (poinsettia) and Chrysanthemum morifolium (garden mum) crops on Long Island in 2015 Investigators: Margery Daughtrey, Paulina Rychlik and Carla Garzon Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center and Oklahoma State University

In an ongoing investigation of Pythium and Globisporangium populations in Long Island greenhouses, samples of growing media were collected from 8 businesses in spring (March 24- June 9) and/or fall (Aug 31-Dec 14) of 2015. In the spring production season, begonias and New Guinea impatiens/SunPatiens were the focus of attention, while fall samples were taken from poinsettias and mums, resulting in a total of 1120 samples. Three teaspoons of peat-lite growing medium were collected from each container sampled. Samples were incubated with potato slices in water for 24 hours, and the potato slices were plated on PARP selective medium for isolation of Pythium spp. Isolates were tentatively identified to species using colony morphology and cleaned by selecting single hyphal tips for subculturing, using a dissecting microscope; after growth in V8 broth, mycelium was harvested and frozen for each isolate. The Pythium mycelium was later shipped to Oklahoma State University for molecular analysis in the lab of collaborator C. Garzon.

For begonia, 175 samples of growing medium were collected, out of which only 4 isolates of Pythium or Globisporangium spp. were obtained. Root rot was not seen to be a problem for this crop in 2015 (no root rot was observed, and only 2.3% of the samples contained Pythium or Globisporangium spp.), but bacterial leaf spot (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. begoniae) was seen in some of the Rex begonia cultivars during the survey. From the 305 samples collected from New Guinea impatiens, 69 Pythium/Globisporangium isolates were obtained (23% of the samples contained one or more of these potential pathogens). This indicates that New Guinea impatiens and SunPatiens (Impatiens hawkeri and Impatiens hybrids, respectively) were significantly threatened by Pythium root rot in 2015. From outdoor-grown garden mums, 240 samples were collected, from 5 greenhouse operations, and 88 isolates were obtained (from 37% of the sampled plants). There were 400 samples of growing medium from poinsettias, and 8% of these yielded 31 isolates of different Pythium/Globisporangium species. Six different species were found in 2015 according to morphological identification: G. irregulare, G. acanthophoron, P. aphanidermatum, P. myriotylum, P. acanthicum, and P. oligandrum. Thus it appeared that there was a higher likelihood of inoculum of Pythium/Globisporangium available to infect the garden mum crop than the poinsettia, begonia or New Guinea impatiens crops in 2015; this is understandable in view of greater likelihood of exposure to these root rot organisms in an outdoor crop where field soil is nearby, even with sanitation precautions such as growing the crop on woven weed matting. Additional analysis of the Pythium and Globisporangium populations will provide further information on root rot pathogen diversity, movement and impact in Long Island greenhouses.

39 Botrytis control on geranium with OHP F0514 Investigators: Margery Daughtrey, Paulina Rychlik and Lynn Hyatt Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

Three rates of a new OHP experimental were tested for their effectiveness against Botrytis blight of geranium caused by Botrytis cinerea. The treatments were compared to sprays of Decree as an industry standard. Geranium ‘Pinto White’ was used for the trial; rooted cuttings were transplanted to 4.5 inch pots on 9 April 2015 in ProMix BX. Spray treatments began 7 May, applying the fungicide “to glisten” with a hand-held CO2 sprayer with a hollow cone nozzle at 35 p.s.i. The OHP F0514 was applied at 1X, 2X and 4X rates, and Decree at 1.5 lb/100 gal. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design in six replications of 4 plants, including nontreated inoculated controls. The experiment was conducted in a plastic tent on the greenhouse bench to maintain high humidity. The geraniums were misted late in the day each afternoon and conidia of B. cinerea were blown into the tent over the misted plants several times a week. Treatments were repeated 21 May and 4 June, providing a 2-week spray interval. The number of leaves per plant with Botrytis lesions was recorded on 21 and 29 May, as well as 3, 18 and 22 June. Data were analyzed using Tukey’s HSD, P=0.05.

Botrytis blight was reduced by all rates of OHP F0514 treatment in the 21 May data collection. Effects were not statistically significant later in the trial, in part due to the complication of diseased leaves falling off the plant. A shorter treatment interval would likely have improved the performance of the experimental fungicide. At the end of the trial, on 22 June, the highest rate of the fungicide tested showed only 3.0 leaves per plant with Botrytis lesions, compared to 4.8 leaves per plant in the non-treated control geraniums. This benefit from the 4X rate tested was comparable to the effect of Decree, which showed 2.9 leaves per plant with Botrytis blight.

Powdery mildew control on petunia with NuFarm fungicides Investigators: Margery Daughtrey and Lynn Hyatt Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

Experimental fungicides from NuFarm were trialed for their effectiveness against powdery mildew o petunia caused by Podosphaera xanthii. The vegetatively propagated cultivar ‘Double Wave Rose’ was used for the trial; cuttings were transplanted on 23 June to 6-inch azalea pots containing ProMix BX. There were 6 treatments, each applied to 10 individual plant replications in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied on 18 and 22 July and 5 August. Non-inoculated controls were maintained in a separate greenhouse. The experimental NUP- 15013, and a combo of NUP-15013, NUP-07121 and NUP-15022 were compared to Secure (fluazinam), Pageant, and to a noninoculated control. Treatments were made with a hand-held CO2 sprayer at 35 p.s.i. with a hollow cone nozzle. Infested plants were moved to the greenhouse 10 July to serve as a source of inoculum. Plants were fertilized with Peters 20-10- 20 at 200 ppm at every watering. The number of leaves with powdery mildew were counted for each plant on 13 and 22 Aug. Data were analyzed using Tukey’s HSD, P=0.05.

Greenhouse temperatures during the trial were probably too hot for optimal development of the powdery mildew. The nontreated controls on 22 Aug showed 16 leaves per plant with powdery mildew. The fungicide treatments gave excellent control, with only a few small colonies

40 apparent on a few leaves in the Pageant and Secure treatments. The Nufarm experimentals allowed no visible powdery mildew colony development during the trial, and no phytotoxicity was noted.

Downy mildew on impatiens: susceptibility of different impatiens species Investigators: Margery Daughtrey, James Keach, Lynn Hyatt, Mark Bridgen and Catalina Salgado Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

The impatiens downy mildew caused by Plasmopara obducens has caused this popular bedding plant to fall out of favor locally since its first appearance in the Long Island landscape in fall 2011. Dramatic symptoms devastated landscape plantings in the rainy spring of 2012. Given disease-fostering environmental conditions, systemic infection by this pathogen will cause flower drop, leaf drop, and complete collapse of infected plants. A study in summer 2015 exposed 23 Impatiens species or hybrids to inoculum of P. obducens in a shaded hoop house provided with overhead irrigation twice daily. A number of new hosts for the downy mildew were identified, using molecular sequencing of the rDNA ITS region to verify the identity of P. obducens on plants showing downy mildew symptoms or sporulation. All of the samples showed 100 percent nucleotide identity with P. obducens from I. walleriana. The downy mildew that is so destructive to I. walleriana caused scattered leaf lesions and occasional stem lesions on I. briartii, I. cinnabarina, I. grandis, I. irvingii, I. laurentii, I. repens and I. sodenii var. uguensis, none of which had previously been reported anywhere in the world as hosts of P. obducens. Thus far no other species of impatiens has been identified that is as susceptible as I. walleriana to P. obducens. Other impatiens species may hold genetic solutions to the downy mildew problem to which I. walleriana is so susceptible. Even if a plant had some susceptibility to the pathogen, a reduction in the severity of symptoms and in the rapidity of epidemic development would allow an impatiens to be used successfully as a bedding plant once again.

Effectiveness of Mural for powdery mildew control on petunia Investigators: Margery Daughtrey and Lynn Hyatt Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

The Syngenta experimental fungicide Mural was assessed for control of Podosphaera xanthii on petunia ‘Double Wave Rose’ in summer 2015. The petunias were transplanted to 6-inch azalea pots in ProMix BX on 23 June. Treatments were applied to 10 single-plant replications on 8 and 22 July, and 5 Aug arranged in a randomized complete block design. Two rates of Mural (4.0 and 7.0 oz/100 gal) were compared to Pageant at 12.0 oz/100 gal and a non-treated control. Plants were sprayed “to cover” rather than “to drip”. Inoculum was supplied by moving 5 infected plants into the greenhouse on 10 July, two days after the first treatment. The number of leaves with powdery mildew colonies were counted on each plant on 4, 13 and 22 Aug.

Both rates of Mural and the Pageant were effective for powdery mildew management in this trial. The inoculated controls showed 17 colonies of powdery mildew per plant on 22 Aug, while Mural and Pageant treated plants were free from powdery mildew. A few tiny colonies were seen with the lower of the Mural rates tested (4.0 oz/100 gal) during the course of the trial, so the higher rate would be preferable for resistance management purposes. A grower would of course be using these materials in rotation with other fungicides with different modes of action.

41 Control of downy mildew on coleus with Segovis 2015 Investigators: Margery Daughtrey and Lynn Hyatt Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

The effectiveness of Segovis, a Syngenta experimental, was tested for the Peronospora sp. causing downy mildew of coleus in 2015. Coleus ‘Wizard Pineapple’ plants were transplanted to nursery containers (Classic 400) in ProMix BX on 8 Sept 2015. Treatments (at 2-week intervals) were applied beginning 9 Sept using a hand-held CO2 sprayer at 35 p.s.i. with a hollow cone nozzle. Plants were then moved outdoors to a shadecloth-covered hoop house where they received overhead irrigation twice daily (6:30 am and 2:00 pm). Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Inoculum was supplied by infected coleus plants set evenly within the plot. Ratings were made 21 Sept and 1 Oct for the number of leaves per plant with downy mildew symptoms. The percent leaf cover on the most severely affected leaf for each plant was recorded on 21 Sept. The total number of leaves on each plant was counted on 1 Oct, allowing calculation of the percentage of leaves infected on that date. Data were analyzed using Tukey’s HSD, P=0.05.

Conditions were highly favorable for infection and spread early in the trial. Symptoms were first visible 19 Sept in inoculated controls. On 1 Oct, the percent leaf cover on the most severely affected leaf for each plant was quite different: 16% for the inoculated control and only 1.7- 2.8% on all the fungicide-treated plants. Although the lowest rate of Segovis tested (0.6 fl oz/100 gal) did not give significant downy mildew suppression, the two higher rates (1.2 and 2.4 fl oz/100 gal) did reduce disease, and were comparable to results with Resplend at 14.0 fl oz/100 gal at the 1 Oct rating. Inoculated controls showed 85% of the leaves infected on 1 Oct, while Segovis treatment reduced this to 21% (1.2 fl oz rate) and 13% (2.4 fl oz rate). Micora at 8.0 fl oz/100 gal also gave statistically significant reduction of disease on 1 Oct, but 59% of the leaves were infected. The level of control achieved in this trial suggested that all materials would have been more appropriately used at a 1-week rather than a 2-week interval under these high-inoculum, conducive-environment conditions—and would of course have been used in rotation with other active ingredients by a grower. There were no indications of phytotoxicity from the Segovis treatments.

Efficacy of entomopathogens for control of whiteflies on poinsettia Investigators: Daniel Gilrein, Nora Catlin, Lucille Siracusano and Laurie McBride Location: LIHREC, Riverhead, NY and Mattituck, NY

Five insecticide treatments were compared in a greenhouse trial for control of sweetpotato whitefly (SPWF, Bemisia tabaci Genn.) on two cultivars of potted poinsettia (‘Prestige Red’, ‘Polar Bear’) grown under two humidity régimes. Materials tested included BotaniGard 22WP (Beauveria bassiana strain GHA 22%, Laverlam/Bioworks) at two rates, BotaniGard 22WP tank mixed with Molt-X (azadirachtin, BioWorks) at one rate, and Preferal [Isaria fumosorosea 20% = Isaria javanica (Friederichs & Bally) Samson & Hywel-Jones strain Apopka 97 (ATCC 20874), SePRO] at two rates. Water-sprayed plants were used as a control. Treatments were compared in separate adjacent ranges under ambient conditions vs high relative humidity maintained for a period (~10 hr) following application. Treatments were applied on Nov. 11 (all), 19, 24 and Dec. 3 (all except BotaniGard tank mix with Molt-X). Preferal was added to water and shaken frequently over a period of ca. 20 min. prior to application and again agitated

42 during application. Sprays were applied to wet using a TeeJet twinfan 8006VS nozzle operating at 30 psi during mid-afternoon. High humidity conditions were created by wetting down all reachable greenhouse surfaces and heating pipes. Dataloggers were included to measure temperature and humidity.

Whitefly populations were moderate to high at the start of the trial, making for a fairly rigorous test. ‘Polar Bear’ appeared to be preferred by SPWF over ‘Prestige Red.’ Following the first application of the BotaniGard 22WP + Molt-X tank mix we noted leaves of both cultivars becoming chlorotic and some leaf-drop on all plants treated with the BotaniGard + Molt-X tank mix so applications in that treatment were discontinued. Ambient humidity was moderate (range approx. 25 – 70%) for most of the trial. Preferal labels suggest a RH of 80% or higher for 8-10 hours following application and we were generally very successful at raising within-canopy RH to over 80% in house 106 on all treatment dates for the desired period (10 hr) following application, except for the last application when humidity dropped late in the evening and the high RH period extended only about 8 hours.

Most BotaniGard treatments provided significant control of SPWF particularly on ‘Prestige Red’. Populations remained relatively high though generally suppressed on ‘Polar Bear’ foliage treated with BotaniGard or (in house 105, ambient conditions) Preferal. There appeared to be no consistently or highly enhanced whitefly control associated with high humidity evident in this trial. A stronger test might include replicated humidity regimes, possibly maintained over a longer period following application. Poinsettia ‘Polar Bear’ was included in this study due to its known susceptibility to Botrytis, but no problems with disease were observed in either cultivar. BotaniGard residue was noticeably more apparent on foliage where applied at the higher application rate compared with the lower rate, but still considered in the acceptable range.

The investigators wish to thank Dümmen NA and the NYS IPM Program for their support of this trial.

Control of western flower thrips with foliar insecticides Investigators: Daniel Gilrein, Faruque Zaman and Lucille Siracusano Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

This trial evaluated several materials as foliar sprays for control of western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) on greenhouse-grown marigold. Products tested included Sevin (carbaryl 2F, Techpac), malathion 50% (Malathion 4.37EC, Bonide), Avid 0.15EC (abamectin, Syngenta), AzaGuard 3% (azadirachtin 0.28EC, Biosafe Systems), Overture 35WP (pyridalyl, Valent Professional Products), Acephate 97UP (UPI), TriStar 8.5SL (acetamiprid, Cleary/Nufarm), and Aria 50SG (flonicamid, FMC). A water spray was included as a control. Foliar sprays were applied to wet on 6/30 and 7/8/15 using a TeeJet 8006VS twin fan nozzle operating at 30 psi. Control plants were sprayed with water only. Plants treated with Sevin, Malathion, and Acephate were removed from the greenhouse for application, then immediately returned (Sevin labels exclude use in greenhouses).

Plants treated with Overture and Acephate had the lowest numbers of thrips overall on the final rating (7/15/15), though only those treated with Acephate were significantly different from

43 water-sprayed plants. All plants treated with insecticide had noticeably less foliar damage from thrips compared with the controls but only those treated with Sevin, Malathion, Avid, and Acephate had significantly less damage than water-sprayed plants. Sevin sprays left very heavy and objectionable residue (likely much less if the 4L formulation had been used). Plants sprayed with Overture had light but acceptable residue. Overall marketability was high in all treatments except plants sprayed with Sevin or water (controls). No phytotoxicity was observed in any treatment; in past trials some injury has been observed on marigolds sprayed weekly with acephate.

LIPPPS: Best management practices for imidacloprid in greenhouse crops Investigators: Daniel Gilrein, Nora Catlin and Jason Pelton (NYS DEC) Location: LIHREC, Riverhead, NY and Mattituck, NY

Imidacloprid: Reducing Risks to Groundwater from Commercial Greenhouse Production Uses, Practical Approaches for Users, a factsheet on best management practices for commercial imidacloprid use in greenhouse crop production, was prepared as part of the Long Island Pesticide Pollution Prevention Strategy towards protecting groundwater and surface water from pesticide-related contamination while continuing to meet the region’s pest management needs. The factsheet address issues with imidacloprid application timing, methods, and rates, especially for media treatment for important target pests (e.g. whiteflies, aphids, fungus gnats) that can reduce risks to groundwater as well as alternative products, non-chemical controls and IPM practices.

Thanks to NYS Department of Environmental Conservation for their support of this work.

Grapes and Other Fruit

Evaluation of vinifera winegrape varieties and clones Investigators: Alice Wise and Amanda Gardner Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center research vineyard, Riverhead

A 1.5 acre variety and clone trial is located at LIHREC. The goal of this work is to assess viticultural characteristics and fruit quality for 33 red and white vinifera winegrape varieties. For all bearing vines, the following data was taken: crop weight, cluster number, berry number/cluster, and fruit quality assessments (°Brix, titratable acidity, pH). Harvest data from past years can be viewed on the grape program website: http://ccesuffolk.org/grape-program. The 2015 season was slightly cooler than 2014, 3511 vs. 3264 GDD, respectively. July through September, the weather was very dry. Despite irrigation, young vines in the research vineyard were stressed, likely exacerbated by the presence of weed cover as we practice under-vine mowing. Crown gall continued to be problematic for three-year-old vines of Arneis, Moscato Giallo and in particular Vermentino. Virus testing of several varieties was done in the fall by Cornell virologist Marc Fuchs. For a second time, several Zweigelt vines have tested negative for virus. These vines turn scarlet red after veraison, suspicious but not typical symptoms of leaf roll or red blotch virus. Several

44 Moscato Giallo vines with severely stunted shoots (symptoms did not occur in 2014) were virus tested. One vine has tested positive for red blotch virus, disappointing but not surprising. A cold hardy vinifera hybrid, Saperavi, was planted in 2015. This eastern European variety is reportedly cold hardy, productive and slightly susceptible to Botrytis. Several wineries in the Finger Lakes have grown and vinified this successfully. Thanks to the sunny dry weather, canopy and cluster diseases that are problematic with wet weather were minimal in 2015. Long Island has had three consecutive seasons with good to very good fruit quality. Innovative under trellis management in vineyards: under vine mowing Investigators: Alice Wise and Amanda Gardner, CCE-SC, and Justine Vanden Heuvel, Cornell Location: LIHREC vineyard cv. Merlot

Conventional viticultural wisdom dictates that significant weed growth in the area under vines provides competition for water and nutrients. Consequently, herbicides have long been used as a cost-effective way to maintain a weed free strip under vines. However, under this regime, excessive vine vigor is often an issue for winegape varieties. This forces vineyards to repeatedly hedge excessive shoot growth during the summer. Growers are interested in alternative under vine strategies to both manage vigor and reduce overall pesticide use. In 2008, a tractor mounted under trellis mower was purchased from Edwards Equipment Co., Yakima, WA. Replicated treatments were located in a block of Merlot: mowing only, glyphosate only, mowing with a single glyphosate in late June and mowing with a single glyphosate in late July. Weed cover and species were evaluated monthly. Repeated mowing promoted the development of rabbit’s foot and white clover followed by perennial grasses, particularly crabgrass. Yield components – crop weight and cluster number per vine, average berry number per cluster - were collected and fruit quality – Brix, TA, pH - was assessed at harvest. The treatments did not have any impact on yield or quality; this has been the case each of the last eight years. This is surprising as we anticipated that berry set and/or berry size would be reduced by the presence of green cover. Where green cover is maintained through July (T.1 & T.4), vine size has been consistently reduced compared to glyphosate treated plots. However, shoot length and shoot diameter are identical among treatments. We believe the difference in pruning weight is due to late season growth of lateral shoots in the upper canopy. This is visually evident; however, it is difficult to capture that data because of canopy hedging. Leaving vines unhedged would create a disease management nightmare. In spring 2013, lysimeters were installed as a means of monitoring nitrate leaching. There is evidence from trials in upstate NY and Europe that the presence of green cover under vines reduces leaching of nitrates and pesticides. Though performance of lysimeters was inconsistent (no samples forthcoming due to drought conditions), trends indicated higher nitrate levels in T.2 – season long glyphosate plots compared to mowing only or mowing with a single glyphosate.

Innovative under trellis management in vineyards: under vine cover crops Investigators: Alice Wise and Amanda Gardner, CCE-SC, and Justine Vanden Heuvel, Cornell Location: a Long Island commercial vineyard cv. Syrah

As a complement to the under vine mowing trial, an under vine cover crop trial was seeded in

45 spring 2011. To prepare plots for seeding, glyphosate was applied to eliminate existing weeds. Plots were then hand-hoed, a lengthy and challenging effort as the ground was quite compact. No Mow fescue (a proprietary mix) and Dutch white clover were seeded by hand. A treatment with a No Mow/clover mix was initially dominated by clover. In 2015, plots consisted primarily of fescue, little clover was evident. Glyphosate treated plots served as the grower standard treatment. Yield components – crop weight and cluster number per vine, average berry number per cluster - were collected and fruit quality – Brix, TA, pH - was assessed at harvest. As with the mowing trial, treatments have not influenced yield or quality. However, the No Mow fescue significantly reduced vine size as defined by pruning weights. Pruning weights in clover plots were not significantly different from those in glyphosate plots. Petioles collected for nutrient analysis revealed that vine nitrogen status was lower in fescue plots, consistent with past results. In spring 2013, we installed lysimeters as a means of monitoring nitrate leaching. There is evidence from trials in upstate NY and Europe that the presence of green cover under vines reduces leaching of nitrates and pesticides. As with the mowing trial, lysimeter results were inconsistent in part due to a lack of available samples during the drought. On several dates late in the year, we observed higher nitrate levels in the two plots with clover.

Investigation of leaf roll and red blotch virus Investigators: Alice Wise and Amanda Gardner, CCE-SC, and Marc Fuchs, Cornell Location: Long Island vineyards and LIHREC vineyard

There are a number of virus diseases found in vinifera winegrape varieties. Two viruses, leaf roll and red blotch, have become increasingly common in many winegrape industries, including Long Island. Infections debilitate vines, leading to reductions in yield and fruit quality. Leaf roll virus was problematic in the early years of the industry but declined due to the use of certified plant material. However, leaf roll has experienced a resurgence in recent years for a number of reasons. In addition, a newly characterized virus, red blotch, has been identified in a handful of local vineyards. We have extensively sampled suspicious vines in the industry and in the research vineyard. Cornell virologist Marc Fuchs generously provides testing services. In one blotch with a high incidence of red blotch, we are tracking vine health and productivity. For several years, we have tracked symptoms, collected vine pruning weights and sampled fruit pre- harvest. The goal is to better understand how symptoms manifest in different seasons and to track spread of the virus. It is suspected that mealybugs and fruit lecanium scale, both common in local vineyards, may be spreading both virus diseases.

Control of cluster rot diseases: early cluster zone leafing to loosen clusters and reduce cluster rot Investigators: Alice Wise and Amanda Gardner Location: Long Island Chardonnay vineyard

Due to high relative humidity and frequent rainfall in the postveraison time period, cluster rot is problematic in eastern vineyards. In varieties such as Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc and Pinot Noir, cluster rot leads to reductions in yield, as much as 50%, and fruit quality. Expenses also escalate as growers must sort diseased fruit prior to processing. Cluster zone leaf removal, removal of 2-4 leaves/shoot around clusters, is a standard practice in eastern US vinifera vineyards. It improves light penetration and airflow, promoting quality and reducing disease pressure. The traditional timing for removing cluster zone leaves takes place after berries have set. Early leaf removal, the removal of 6-8 basal leaves prebloom, has been shown in studies to

46 reduce berry set due to a decrease in carbohydrate availability. Looser clusters are much less susceptible to cluster rot. A replicated research project was implemented in a commercial vineyard cv. Chardonnay. Six basal leaves were removed prebloom, 50% bloom and at the usual post-bloom timing. The 50% bloom treatment reduced the number of berries/cluster compared to the post bloom timing. Berry weight was similar among treatments. Botrytis incidence and severity appeared to be lower in 50% bloom plots but results were not statistically significant. Because this is a labor intensive, expensive practice to implement by hand, in 2016 we (along with colleagues in the Finger Lakes) will explore mechanization of leaf removal prebloom and the use of anti-transpirants as alternatives to hand leafing.

2015 grape commodity survey Investigators: Alice Wise and Amanda Gardner, CCE-SC, and extension associates statewide Location: Long Island vineyards

The 2015 grape commodity survey was conducted in conjunction with Cornell Cooperative Extension's NYS IPM Program and Grape Programs in the main growing regions of New York State; Lake Erie, Finger Lakes, Long Island and the Hudson Valley. Both commercial vineyards and grapevine nurseries were included in the study. This work was sponsored by NYS Dept of Ag & Markets. Pheromone traps were deployed for several exotic moth pests - European grape vine moth, European grape berry moth, Egyptian cotton leafworm and summer fruit tortrix. These are found in several west coast grape growing regions. They have the potential to cause widespread damage, leading to potential reductions in yield and quality of winegrapes. Two sets of traps were placed in each of five vineyards. Traps were checked every other week late June through October. Fortunately, the intended targets were not found in Long Island traps or in traps placed throughout upstate NY. Vineyards were also scouted for Australian grapevine yellows disease, a phytoplasma (simple bacteria) that can infect grapevines in particular Riesling and Chardonnay. It can cause restricted growth in the spring as well as late season leaf curl and berry shrivel. There was no evidence of grapevine yellows infections. Vineyards were also sampled for leaf roll and red blotch virus. Several vineyards tested positive for one or both. Both of these viruses manifest differently in different vineyards/varieties but in general, they cause a reduction in quality and quantity of fruit.

Veraison to Harvest newsletter coverage of fruit ripening in New York Investigators: Alice Wise and Amanda Gardner, CCE-SC; Tim Martinson, Cornell statewide extension viticulturist and extension associates statewide Location: Long Island vineyards

Veraison marks the point in time that winegrowers consider the beginning of the ripening period. Berries develop color, soften, lose acids and develop sugar, flavors and aromas. The progression of ripening is important to monitor and compare to previous seasons. This facilitates planning for both harvest and winemaking activities. Extension personnel statewide sampled fruit from commercial vineyards at weekly intervals. Six blocks were sampled in two different North Fork vineyards. Each region forwarded juice samples to the wine analytical lab at Geneva for analysis of sugar, acid, pH, tartaric, malic, citric and acetic acids. In addition to juice analysis results, extension personnel from each region composed weekly articles

47 describing fruit quality, varieties being harvested, issues facing vineyard managers and so on. The analytical results and regional blurbs were compiled in a weekly newsletter to growers, distributed electronically by State Viticulturist Tim Martinson. Timely technical articles from research and extension personnel were also included where appropriate. While this work does not supplant the need to thoroughly understand and monitor one’s own vineyard, it provides a useful point of reference for winegrowers. To access Veraison to Harvest newsletters: http://grapesandwine.cals.cornell.edu/veraison-to-harvest/. Educational and extension programs for the wine industry Investigators: Alice Wise and Amanda Gardner Location: varied by meeting

The following meetings were held for the wine industry in 2015.

• January – LI Agricultural Forum Viticulture session featured Cornell viticulture Justine Vanden Heuvel, Program Director of the Oregon Wine Research Institute Mark Chien and Alice Wise. • March – grape pest management meeting featuring Cornell pathologist Wayne Wilcox and entomologist Greg Loeb. • July – Plant Science Day vineyard tour and discussion. • September – Growers toured the research vineyard (better time to taste fruit in variety trial). • October – Students from a Cornell viticulture class toured the research vineyard. • November – With the LI Sustainable Winegrowing group, co-hosted a professor of viticulture from the University of Bordeaux. One day of vineyard tours, one day of lectures.

Monitoring spotted wing drosophila populations and assessing the impacts on Long Island fruit productions Investigators: Faruque Zaman and Julie Carroll Location: Participating Long Island fruit farms

Spotted wing drosophila (SWD) populations were monitored from June to September 2015 in one commercial location each of raspberry, blueberry, blackberry, and grape using two traps per location. Traps were 1-qt deli cups baited with fermenting lure (apple cider vinegar + yeast- sugar solution) and checked approximately once per week. Samples were brought back to LIHREC for identification of SWD and compared with degree-day information from local weather stations and fruit infestation levels in fields. Data were compared with past seasons to determine any consistencies that might help predict infestations and time controls.

In 2015, first SWD was captured on July 10 from a raspberry field in the Northville area. The time of first capture was similar to the first capture in 2014 but 2 weeks late then 2013. SWD populations were low until July end but increased significantly later in the season till September. Fruit damage by SWD was found between 40 – 80% depending on the time of harvest and berry types. Early harvested blueberries were not affected. However, late harvested blueberries (late July to onward), fall raspberries, and blackberries were heavily infested. Grape damage was limited to <2.0% mainly in rows near forest. Berry growers were informed the

48 weekly emergence of SWD and predicted fruit infestation risk through Cornell Cooperative Extension of Suffolk County published newsletter, phone calls, and individual meetings.

This work was partially funded by the Friends of Long Island Horticulture and NYS Department of Agriculture and Markets.

Studying the efficacy of spotted wing drosophila synthetic lures in blueberries Investigators: Faruque Zaman and Greg Loeb Location: Participating Long Island blueberry grower.

Cornell Cooperative Extension of Suffolk County joined with the Cornell University collaborators to study the effectiveness of five synthetic lures treatments (experimental materials) for monitoring spotted wing drosophila [SWD, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura)] populations in a blueberry field on Long Island. Traps baited with apple cider vinegar were included as standard treatment. A total of 12 traps were set in the field, two traps from each treatment. Six traps, one from each treatment, were set in fruiting zone near the forest border and the other six traps were set in field interior at a distance of 3m apart. Traps were placed in the field from 6/8/2015 to 8/25/2015 and checked weekly for SWD adults. Lures were changed every 2 – 4 weeks as directed by the protocol. Drowning solutions in traps were changed weekly and brought back to LIHREC lab for cleaning, sorting, and counting. Traps baited with treatment C (experimental material) recorded the highest number of SWD captures throughout the study period even in the very low population pressure. None of the lures were specifically attracted to SWD. All lures attracted other fruit flies including many non-targets such as beetles and moths.

This work was funded by the NYS Department of Agriculture and Markets.

Implementation of an area-wide insect mating disruption participatory program in Long Island tree fruit orchards – 2015 (2nd year updates) Investigators: Faruque Zaman, Laurie McBride and Daniel Gilrein Location: Participating Long Island tree fruit farms

In recent years codling moth, oriental fruit moth, and peachtree borers have emerged as major pests for apple and peach production on Long Island. Fruit growers were heavily dependent on conventional insecticide application for the control of these pests in orchards. Since 2014 Cornell Cooperative Extension of Suffolk County, with funding by the USDA Specialty Crops Block Grant Program (sponsored by NYS Department of Agriculture and Markets), started an area-wide insect mating disruption participatory project among the Long Island tree fruit growers. This project engaged and motivated L.I. tree fruit growers to expand the use of non- insecticidal and environment friendly mating disruption method through 40% cost-sharing and technical support for 2014 - 2016 growing seasons. About 72% (248 acres) of the Long Island tree fruit acreage has brought under mating disruption based insect control in 2015, which is an about 150% increase from the pre-project period. As a result of mating disruption technique use, participating growers substantially reduced (>75%) the insecticide application in their orchards for controlling CM, OFM, and peachtree borers. Similar to 2014, codling moth damage was found less than 1.0% in the mating disruption area, where as over 23% moth damage was found in three blocks where mating disruption was not used or properly executed. Oriental fruit moth

49 damage was found just 0.25% in apples and 0.15% in peaches in the mating disruption area. However, in the non-mating disruption blocks nearly 1.0% fruit was found damaged by OFM. The project will continue 40% cost sharing program for 2016 season.

This work was funded by the USDA Specialty Crops Block Grant Program through NYS – Department of Agriculture and Markets.

2015 Long Island tree fruit Integrated Pest Management program Investigators: Faruque Zaman, Daniel Gilrein and Laurie McBride Location: Participating Long Island tree fruit farms

Eleven apple and five peach orchards were participated in a tree fruit integrated pest management project in 2015 run by the Agriculture Stewardship Program of Cornell Cooperative Extension, Suffolk County. Growers received season-long weekly pest monitoring and management recommendations with assistance from Entomology staff from CCE-Suffolk County, NYSAES at Geneva, and Cornell University’s Hudson Valley Lab. To assess impact and determine future areas to focus about 16,500 apples and 4,000 peaches were inspected for fruit damage throughout the growing season (500 fruits/sample checked from 5 interior and 5 border trees). Codling moth (CM), plum curculio (PC), tarnished plant bug (TPB), European apple sawfly (EAS), and oriental fruit moth (OFM) were the most significant insect pests in pome and stone fruits on Long Island. Together these insects were responsible for 6.0% fruit damage in 2015.

CM was the most damaging pest on Long Island apples again in 2015. However, the overall CM infestation was much lower (<1.0%) in pheromone mating disruption technique used block. Where as non-mating disruption block had as high as 29% apple damage. Over the past three years fruit damage by PC was under control (2.0 – 4.0%) compared to the 2011 season (>15%). Early detection by beating tray sampling, visual fruit inspection for characteristic crescent scar, and timely use of insecticides Avaunt and Assail were very effective. PC control in Long Island orchards is challenging because of relatively small orchard size surrounded by long forest borders and multiple cultivars within blocks. Similar to 2014 (0.6%), TPB damage was low in apples and peaches in 2015 (0.21%) down from 1.28% and 2.04% for apples and peaches, respectively, in 2012. Timely weed management was recommended for reducing TPB damage in fruits. No insecticide application was needed. Stink bug damage was very low, less than 0.2% apples and <0.10% peaches showed some kind of injury (including brown marmorated stink bug [BMSB, Halyomorpha halys], green stink bug, and brown stink bug). Most damage was in exterior rows near forest borders as expected. Damage was not attributed to any particular stink bug species. Overall, BMSB populations remain very low (1.75 adults/trap/season in apples and peaches, below the 10 adults/trap/season provisional management threshold for peaches set by USDA-BMSB researchers) compared to other mid-Atlantic regions. One BMSB and two green stink bug (Chinavia hilaris) adults were found in apples during the fruit scouting period. The levels of fruit damage from stink bug observed in 2015 was much lower than 2013 and 2014 in the Northeast states. Internal lepidoptera (OFM and CM) damage was average 4.65% in apples. There has been an upswing of CM damage in some orchards. Although CM has historically been a minor threat for pome fruit on L.I., there was noticeable damage (>5%) in two locations during late summer and early fall in 2013 increasing up to 23% in 2015 (15% in 2014). Growers are encouraged to include CM when planning mating disruption for the coming year. Cost

50 sharing (40%) through CCE-SC for pheromone ties was provided in 2015 and will be available for the 2016 season. With the reduced use of broad-spectrum insecticides, fruit growers are also advised to be watchful for emerging (usually minor) pests in the coming years, including dogwood borer, pear psylla, San Jose scale, apple leaf midge, and ambrosia beetle damage.

Seasonal monitoring of brown marmorated stink bug in Long Island tree fruit orchards Investigators: Faruque Zaman, Peter Jentsch and Arthur Agnello Location: Participating Long Island tree fruit farms

Cornell Cooperative Extension of Suffolk County joined with regional collaborators to monitor brown marmorated stink bug [BMSB, Halyomorpha halys (Stål)], populations in three fruit orchards using MDT lure (AgBio; 66 mg). A total three pyramid traps were set near the forest borders adjacent to a 35-acre peach, a 20-acre apple, and a 10-acre mixed (apple and peach) planting on eastern Long Island, NY. Traps were set in the field from 5/20/2015 to 10/13/2015. Traps were checked weekly for BMSB adults or nymphs. Lures were changed every 4 weeks. Traps baited with MDT lure recorded first adult captures on June 3 at a peach location (Wading River, 442 GDD calculated from Jan. 1). During the entire season 2 male and 5 female BMSB were captured in all three traps. The average number of BMSB/trap/season was 1.75 which is slightly higher than 2014 (1.50). During visual inspection of fruit trees and adjacent areas, a total of 6 BMSB adults and 2 nymphs were found, and four green stink bug (Chinavia halaris) were found on apple trees. Beside trap captures and visual observation, about 30 BMSB adults were reported from residential landscape and homeowners in the eastern Suffolk County. The findings suggest this insect is now established and breeding in the eastern part of the Long Island and responsible for some fruit damage.

This project was funded by the USDA-BMSB- Specialty Crop Research Initiative Project Number 59-1931-2-230.

Season-long monitoring of emerging insects in fruit orchards and vineyards on Long Island. Investigators: Faruque Zaman and Laurie McBride Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

The arrival of some new invasive insects poses new threat to the region's fruit production. In 2015 growing season five new invasive insects including brown marmorated stink bug, spotted wing drosophila, San Jose scale, leopard moth, and dogwood borer population and damage were monitored in several tree fruit orchards on Long Island. The brown marmorated stink bug populations were found 1.75 adults/trap/season. Overall tree fruit damage by stink bug was found <0.25%. Season first spotted wing drosophila emergence was occurred around early July and fruit damage was found between 40 – 80% depending on the time of harvest and berry fruit types. Early harvested blueberries were not affected. However, late harvested blueberries, fall raspberries, and blackberries were heavily infested. Grape damage was limited to <2.0% mainly in rows near forest. Dogwood borer and San Jose scale were found in some orchards and both pests are establishing on Long island. Leopard moth occurrence was limited to one apple orchard and tree damage level was minimum (<0.3%). The information generated from this study has provided valuable decision-making support to the growers and extension staff for

51 applying management tools on time. The data on emerging pests will also serve as baseline information for future intergraded pest management program (IPM) in tree fruit production on Long Island. This is the first year of this study and we are planning to continue this study for two more years (2016 – 17) for better understanding the population patterns and damage potential of these invasive insects.

This work was partially funded by The Friends of Long Island Horticulture.

Nursery, Landscape & Ornamentals

In vitro procedures for the development of new Vitex varieties Investigators: N.K.A. Nor Hisham Shah and Mark Bridgen Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

Vitex agnus-castus L. is grown for its delicate-textured aromatic foliage and spikes of lavender flowers that form in late summer and attract butterflies. In the United States, the interest in Vitex as a garden plant is increasing because it is a plant that deer will not eat. It is also becoming more popular because of its high drought tolerance and its ability to grow in almost any soil type as long as it has good drainage. Vitex grows as a shrub to a height of 5-15 feet, spreading from 15 to 20 feet; in home gardens, plants are often pruned to a shorter height. The leaf of this deciduous plant is palmately compound, lanceolate shaped with pinnate venation and is bluish-green to green in color. To grow well, this plant requires full sun or partial shade along with well-drained soil. Vitex is hardy to USDA Zone 7 and grows on Long Island and south in North America to USDA Zone 11.

The objectives of this research are (1) to develop in vitro techniques such as somaclonal variation and mutation induction techniques to develop new varieties of Vitex agnus-castus L., (2) to outline the appropriate micropropagation and propagation protocols for the commercial production of the new hybrids, and (3) to release new ornamental plant cultivars to the American horticultural market.

Vitex agnus-castus, also known as the Chaste Tree, is a fantastic woody ornamental plant. However, there is a need for breeding with Vitex agnus-castus to reduce the plant’s growth habit, improve its winter hardiness, and improve the range of flower colors that are available. Essentially, this valuable plant could use a makeover. The goal is to develop plants with variegated leaves, shorter and more compact growth, new flower colors, new leaf forms, and much more. The concurrent research developing micropropagation techniques will allow the new plants that are developed to be quickly propagated and introduced to the nursery industry.

Display gardens at Cornell University’s LIHREC Investigators: The Cornell Gardeners Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

Since 2004, a group of volunteers known as the Cornell Gardeners, has maintained display gardens at Cornell University’s LIHREC as part of the University’s outreach mission. Their goals are to share knowledge and expertise about gardening, and to offer help and assistance about gardening to the public. The display gardens are planted along the north and northwest

52 edges of the LIHREC property. These gardens include, from east to west: the Herb Garden, which includes a pergola, designed and constructed by the gardeners, the Bulb Garden which displays tulips, daffodils, and other spring bulbs followed by summer blooming Asiatic, Oriental, and LA hybrid lilies, and later geophytes such as Alstroemeria, the Fragrance Garden, that focuses on perennials, annuals, shrubs and trees that delight the sense of smell, the Evergreen Garden, covering the periphery with evergreens and having a focal point of a stone bench, the Butterfly and Pollinator Garden, and the Cottage Garden, a collection of perennials, grasses, shrubs and small trees, designed to provide color and points of interest throughout the year.

Alternate hosts for new rust diseases of crabapple and callery pear Investigators: Margery Daughtrey, Paulina Rychlik, Lynn Hyatt, Dan Gilrein and Shawn Kenaley Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

Pear trellis rust, which causes large reddish leaf spots on callery pear cultivars, has been known in southeastern New York since 2009. Severe symptoms of dieback in a nursery on Juniperus chinensis ‘Robusta Green’ were investigated in fall 2014, and the involvement of a rust fungus was suspected. Revisiting the site in 2015 led to the discovery of conspicuous orange telia (rust spore structures) growing directly from the stem of the ‘Robusta Green’ junipers just below the dieback; these telia were identified by morphology and molecular sequencing of the LSU D1- D2 domain as Gymnosporangium sabinae, the pear trellis rust that has been on Long Island for at least seven years. The pear trellis rust was found on ‘Robusta Green’ juniper in two Riverhead landscapes after this initial discovery. Other Juniperus chinensis cultivars have been found to be alternate hosts for this rust disease on the West Coast and in Europe, but ‘Robusta Green’ is the only one identified as a host for pear trellis rust on Long Island thus far. Spores produced on this juniper cultivar are spread by air currents to callery pear in spring, causing infections that result in large reddish leaf spots. Secondary infections on the spotted areas by an anthracnose fungus (Colletotrichum sp.) may increase the amount of browning and lead to defoliation, while the rust infection alone has only rarely been aesthetically damaging on landscape trees in our experience. Another discovery in 2015, also made possible through molecular sequencing techniques, was that Juniperus chinensis ‘Robusta Green’, J. c. ‘Pfitzeriana’ and J. c. ‘Kaizuka’ are hosts of Japanese apple rust, Gymnosporangium yamadae, also known in southeastern NY since 2009. Japanese apple rust was found on crabapple in Riverhead, Southampton, East Hampton and Orient in 2015, with the assistance of arborists who noted the somewhat distinctive reddish leaf spots. Japanese apple rust is also likely to be hosted by additional cultivars of J. chinensis. Protection of the rosaceous host in the spring when orange telia are evident on junipers is the best course for protection of crabapples, similar to control of the more familiar cedar-apple rust.

Long Island pesticide pollution prevention strategy: Mefenoxam management Investigators: Margery Daughtrey, Meg McGrath, Jason Pelton and Dale Moyer Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

Groundwater monitoring has indicated that mefenoxam is present in very low but detectable amounts in Long Island’s groundwater. This systemic fungicide is used for control of many important diseases caused by oomycetes (water molds), including late blight of potato and

53 tomato, downy mildews, and Pythium and Phytophthora root rots—affecting vegetable, floral and nursery crops. In order to encourage growers and professional landscapers to use the best possible management practices for diseases caused by these pathogens, using mefenoxam effectively without pollution of groundwater, an educational program was developed by Cornell Cooperative Extension of Suffolk County and Cornell University working closely with the NYS Department of Environmental Conservation. Two meetings were first held with the TRAC (Technical Review and Advisory Committee) and the stakeholder community to collect their input. These meetings were followed by fact sheet development and presentations made at the Long Island Agricultural Forum, the Long Island Horticulture Conference and the Nassau- Suffolk Landscape Gardeners Conference in winter 2015-2016. Concepts emphasized in the fact sheets and presentations were the use of proper application rates, proper timing, proper methods, the use of alternative fungicides and appropriate integrated pest management (IPM) practices. The fact sheets may be accessed at the following links: http://tinyurl.com/mefenoxam-nursery http://tinyurl.com/mefenoxam-greenhouse http://tinyurl.com/mefenoxam-potato-tomato

Control of oriental beetle grubs in containers with beetleGONE!tlc and grubGONE!G Investigators: Daniel Gilrein and Lucille Siracusano Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

Nine treatments were compared in a container plant trial for control of oriental beetle grubs [Exomala orientalis (Waterhouse)]. Treatments included drenches with two rates of beetleGONE!tlc (76.5% water-dispersible formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. galleriae, strain SDS-502, Phyllom BioProducts), broadcast application with two rates of grubGONE!G (9.09% Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. galleriae, strain SDS-502, Phyllom BioProducts), grubGONE!G incorporated at three rates into potting media prior to planting, Talstar Nursery Granular Insecticide (0.2% bifenthrin, FMC Corp.) incorporated at one rate into potting media prior to planting, and a water-drench control. On 8/31 GrubGONE!G and Talstar Nursery Granular media-incorporation treatments were applied by combining insecticide with media. On 9/1 pots were sown with a commercial turfgrass seed mixture. On 9/15 oriental beetle 3rd-instar grubs were placed about 1” below the media surface using 10 grubs per pot. On 9/16 remaining treatments were applied. BeetleGONE! was drenched over the grass in 200 ml per pot; grubGONE!G was broadcast over the surface followed by 200 ml water. Control pots were drenched with water only.

Grub survival in control pots was high (82%). Talstar Nursery Granular was the most effective (about 95% control) followed by both beetleGONE! treatments (69.5 – 74.4% control). There was only slight, if any, and insignificant reduction in oriental beetle grub infestations in grubGONE!G treatments. Performance of grubGONE!G might be improved at higher application rates, with a more dilute formulation to improve distribution in the media profile, and/or placement in the root zone where grubs concentrate. Efficacy outdoors in cooler conditions with fall treatment may also vary (greenhouse temperatures during the day where the trial was conducted were generally in the upper 70’s to low 80s Fahrenheit during the trial).

54 Treatments may also be more effective against earlier instar grubs, though application timing and insecticide persistence may be issues. Grass was noticeably thinner and stunted in less effective treatments likely due to grub feeding, but no symptoms of phytotoxicity were observed in this trial.

Thanks to Phyllom BioProducts and to Dr. Tamson Yeh, Marie Boulier and Marie Camenares, CCE Suffolk IPM Program, for their support of this trial.

Control of wax scale on nursery and landscape ornamentals Investigators: Daniel Gilrein and Lucille Siracusano Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

Several treatments were evaluated for control of wax scale in a summer trial. Treatments targeting crawler stages of wax scale on 3-gal. container-grown Ilex x meserveae ‘China Girl’ included Acephate 97UP (acephate 97S, UPI), SuffOil-X (80% mineral oil, BioWorks), Aria 50SG (flonicamid, FMC) and Kontos 2F (spirotetramat, OHP). M-Pede insecticidal soap (potassium salts of fatty acids 49%S, Gowan) at 0.5% was included with all insecticides to improve wetting on foliage. A water-only spray was included as a control. On July 3 (1077 GDD, March 1 – July 3) the first crawlers of both scale species were observed but most scales were still in the egg stage. On July 16 (1873 GDD) when most eggs were hatched the first application was made. Treatments applied thoroughly to wet from all sides of the plant using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer fitted with a TeeJet 8006VS twinfan nozzle operating at 30 psi. Control plants were sprayed with water only.

There was a high degree of variability in scale levels on plants at the start of the trial, which appears to have carried over through the study. Despite this, it appears Aria, though labeled for control of soft scales, was not effective against wax scale in this trial. There was no phytotoxicity observed in any treatment.

Thanks to Friends of Long Island Horticulture for their support of this trial.

Control of euonymus scale on nursery and landscape ornamentals Investigators: Daniel Gilrein and Lucille Siracusano Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

Nine treatments were compared in an outdoor field container trial for control of euonymus scale (Unaspis euonymi [Comstock]) on 2’-high, 3-gallon nursery-grown ‘Green Spire’ euonymus (Euonymus japonicus ‘Green Spire’) conducted from June 10 to September 19, 2011. Treatments included A168901B 40WG (thiamethoxam 20% + chlorantraniliprole 20%, Syngenta Crop Protection), Flagship 25WG (thiamethoxam, Syngenta), Kontos (spirotetramat 2F, OHP), NNI-0101 (Rycar/pyrifluquinazon 1.80 SC, SePro), Safari 20SG (dinotefuran, Valent Professional Products), Talus 70DF (buprofezin, SePRO), TriStar 30SG (acetamiprid, Cleary), Distance (pyriproxyfen 0.86EC, Valent Professional Products) and a water-spray control. Treatments were applied on June 15 (crawlers were first observed and active on June 3). Flagship drench was applied to wet the upper half of the root zone, Safari drench was applied using approx. 350ml (12 fl oz) diluted material, and sprays were applied from all sides to

55 thoroughly wet foliage and stems. CapSil adjuvant (100% blend of polyether- polymethylsiloxane copolymer and nonionic surfactant, Aquatrols) was included (6 fl oz/100 gal) with TriStar sprays. TriStar application was repeated on June 29 and Distance on July 6. Treatments were evaluated by tallying the number of scale crawlers on four stems per plant prior to treatment on June 10 and all stages (crawlers, females, males) on three stems per plant on July 11. Numbers of mature females were also tallied on three stems per plant on Sept 19.

Talus and Distance were most effective for controlling euonymus scale in this trial, followed closely by Kontos, significantly reducing scale populations on treated plants. No or nearly no live females were found at final check (11 Sept.) on plants treated with Distance or Talus. TriStar, Safari, NNI-0101 and A16901 treatments all had noticeably lower numbers of females on treated plants than on those sprayed with water, but differences were not significant. Flagship (drench) was not effective in this study for reducing scale populations. There were no differences in overall plant quality among treatments on either rating date although improvement would likely be observed the following year with new growth, as high amounts of persistent scale residue remained on plants to the end of the trial. No differences in plant heights and widths were seen among treatments and no phytotoxicity was observed in any treatment.

The investigators wish to thank the IR-4 Project for their support of this trial.

LIPPPS: Best management practices for imidacloprid in commercial landscape tree and shrub maintenance Investigators: Daniel Gilrein, Mina Vescera and Jason Pelton (NYS DEC) Location: LIHREC, Riverhead, NY and Mattituck, NY

Imidacloprid: Reducing Risks to Groundwater from Commercial Landscape Tree and Shrub Uses, Practical Approaches for Users, a factsheet on best management practices for commercial imidacloprid use in landscape trees and shrubs, was prepared as part of the Long Island Pesticide Pollution Prevention Strategy (LIPPPS) towards protecting groundwater and surface water from pesticide-related contamination while continuing to meet the region’s pest management needs. The factsheet addresses issues with imidacloprid application timing, methods, and rates, especially for soil treatment for important target pests (e.g. boxwood leafminer, hemlock woolly adelgid, Japanese beetle) that can reduce risks to groundwater as well as alternative products, non-chemical controls and IPM practices.

Thanks to NYS Department of Environmental Conservation for their support of this work.

Fall-planted bulb crop safety with selected herbicides: IR-4 Investigators: Andrew Senesac, Irene Tsontakis-Bradley and Andrew Hoil Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

A trial was conducted for the USDA IR-4 Project to determine the safety of Dimension and Tower on field-planted spring-flowering bulbs. Narcissus 'Golden Echo', Tulipa 'Flair', and Iris reticulata were planted in September 2014 into Riverhead Sandy Loam then treated the following spring. Dimension 2EW was applied at 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 lb ai/A and Tower 6EC was applied at 0.98, 1.97, and 3.94 lb ai/A on May 3 over-the-top of plants that had emerged, then

56 again at 6WAT on June 13 at which time plants had begun senescing. Overhead irrigation was provided as needed and plots were maintained weed-free with manual weeding. Percent injury data was collected at 1, 2, and 4 weeks after each treatment. In Dimension treatments, little or no injury was observed for the three bulb species. In Tower-treated plots, little or no injury was observed in Tulipa and Iris. In Narcissus, necrosis was observed, moderate at the highest rate, with some recovery by trial end.

Ornamental grass safety with over-the-top applications of select herbicides: IR-4 Investigators: Andrew Senesac, Irene Tsontakis-Bradley and Andrew Hoil Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

As ornamental grasses, especially native species, become more popular in the trade as attractive, low-maintenance additions to the landscape, additional management tools are needed by growers and landscape managers. Since 1963, the IR-4 Project has been the major resource for supplying pest management tools for specialty crop growers by developing research data to support new EPA tolerances and labeled product uses. At the Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center in Riverhead, New York, a trial was conducted for the USDA IR-4 Project to determine the tolerance of select preemergence herbicides for use on ornamental grass and sedge species.

Treatments, applied to container-grown grasses and sedges shortly after transplant and again six weeks later, included Gallery SC applied at 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 lb ai/A, Dimension 2EW applied at 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 lb ai/A, and Pendulum 2G applied at 3.0, 6.0, and 12.0 lb ai/A. Ornamental grasses and sedges, treated while actively growing on June 18 and August 4 were Andropogon gerardii, Andropogon virginicus, Calamagrostis acutiflora 'Overdam', Carex buchanani 'Red Rooster', Carex morrowii 'Ice Dance', Cortaderia selloana, Eragrostis spectabilis, Festuca glauca 'Elijah Blue', Hierochloe odorata, Juncus effusus, Muhlenbergia dubia, Muhlenbergia dumosa, Nassella tenuissima, Panicum virgatum, Pennisetum alopecuroides, Schizachyrium scoparium, Sorghastrum nutans, and Sporobolus heterolepis.

Percent injury was assessed at 1, 2, and 4 weeks after each treatment. No injury was observed for Gallery treated Andropogon gerardii, Calamagrostis acutiflora, Carex buchanani, Carex morrowii, Cortaderia selloana, Eragrostis spectabilis, Hierochloe odorata, Juncus effusus, Muhlenbergia dumosa, Nassella tenuissima, Panicum virgatum, Pennisetum alopecuroides, Schizachyrium scoparium, Sorghastrum nutans, and Sporobolus heterolepis while moderate injury was observed in Festuca ovina and Muhlenbergia dubia. For Dimension-treated species, Eragrostis spectabilis and Juncus effusus exhibited no injury symptoms, while Cortaderia selloana and Andropogon gerardii exhibited moderate injury and Muhlenbergia dubia exhibited severe injury. For species treated with Pendulum, Hierochloe odorata, Juncus effusus, Muhlenbergia dubia, and Panicum virgatum exhibited no injury while Andropogon gerardii, Eragrostis spectabilis, Muhlenbergia dumosa, and Sorghastrum nutans exhibited minor injury.

Ornamental crop tolerance with select herbicides: IR-4 Investigators: Andrew Senesac, Irene Tsontakis-Bradley and Andrew Hoil Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

A trial was conducted at the Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center in 2015

57 to determine the tolerance of selected ornamental crops to Marengo, Dimension, and Biathlon herbicide under the USDA IR-4 Program. Marengo 0.0224G was applied at 0.0448, 0.0896, and 0.1792 lb ai/A, Dimension 2EW was applied at 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 lb ai/A, and Biathlon 2.75G was applied at 2.75, 5.5, and 11.0 lb ai/A. Ornamentals, treated while actively growing on June 9 and July 20 were Chasmanthium latifolium, Echinacea purpurea 'Magnus', Rhododendron x 'Delaware Valley', and Iberis sempervirens 'Snowflake'. Andropogon virginicus was treated while actively growing on June 18 and August 4.

Percent injury was assessed at 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks after the first treatment and 1, 2, and 4 weeks after the second. In ornamentals treated with Biathlon, Chasmanthium, Echinacea, and Rhododendron, slight injury was observed after the first application at the two higher rates, with recovery by 6 WAT. After the second treatment, all exhibited minor injury (10% or less) at all rates. Iberis was treated with Marengo resulting in severe injury at all rates. Andropogon was treated with Dimension with moderate injury of 33% at the highest rate.

Winter annual weed management with fall treatments Investigators: Andrew Senesac, Irene Tsontakis-Bradley and Andrew Hoil Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

A field trial was conducted to evaluate the use of Nufarm V10233 (flumioxazin + pyroxasulfone 76WG) and SureGuard 51WDG for the management of winter annual weeds in an established mixed landscape. V10233 was applied at 10, 20, and 40 oz/A and SureGuard was applied at 6.6, 13.2, and 26.4 oz/A as directed sprays in August of 2014. The mixed landscape, planted in 2012 into Riverhead Sandy Loam, included Acer rubrum, Cephalotaxus harringtonia 'Fastigiata', Pieris japonica 'Shojo', Ilex glabra 'Densa', Fothergilla gardenii, Hemerocallis x 'Green Flutter', and Pennisetum alopecuroides 'Moudry'.

Efficacy data was collected in the fall of 2014 and the spring of 2015 on the local population of weeds. Phytotoxicity data was collected in the spring only. Very little injury and no impact on growth were observed in the ornamentals. In plots treated with the higher rates of both products, very minor injury (no higher than 8%) was observed in Pieris, Ilex, and Cephalotaxus in early ratings only and no injury was observed in the other species.

Excellent winter annual weed control (as percent cover) was observed in earlier ratings for all rates of both products. For late spring ratings, a greater number of winter annual weeds were evident, especially in plots treated with the low rate of V10233. Data was also collected for non- winter annual weeds. Good to excellent overall weed control was maintained in plots treated with the two high rates of both products. Poor overall weed management was observed in the plots treated with the low rate of V10233.

Tolerance of directed sprays in landscapes Investigators: Andrew Senesac, Irene Tsontakis-Bradley and Andrew Hoil Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

A study was conducted at the Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center in 2015 to determine the tolerance of several ornamental species to V-10233 (flumioxazin +

58 pyroxasulfone 76WG) at 10 and 20 oz/A compared to SureGuard (flumioxazin 51WDG) at 6.6 and13.2 oz/A and Tower (dimethenamid 6EC) at 32 fl oz/A. Ornamentals, planted in Riverhead Sandy Loam in 2013, were Acer rubrum, Pieris japonica 'Shojo', Thuja occidentalis 'Nigra', Iris virginica, and Hemerocallis x 'Green Flutter'. They were well established and flushing new growth when directed treatments were applied on May 19, 2015. Eight weeks later, on July 14, treatments were repeated. Data was collected at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after the first treatment and 2, 4, and 8 weeks after the second.

Data was collected on percent cover of the local population of weeds. Percent weed cover was extremely low in plots treated with V-10233 at both the high and low rates. In fact, weed cover of the two rates was nearly identical. Plots treated with the high rate of SureGuard had fairly low weed cover as well, whereas the Tower-treated plots and those treated with the low rate of SureGuard saw higher percent weed cover. Quackgrass was observed in several plots in the trial but not in plots treated with V-10233.

Minimal injury was observed in Acer early in the trial for all treatments, with recover by 8WAT. Minimal to moderate injury was observed in Pieris early in the trial in all treatments. Later in the trial, samples treated at the low rate of V-10233 exhibited very minimal injury and nearly complete recovery. Samples treated at the high rate of V-10233 exhibited moderate injury symptoms with some decrease, but not recovery, by trial end. No injury was observed in Thuja. Although herbaceous ornamentals were not proposed for this trial, they were part of the established mixed planting and injury data was collected. Minimal to moderate injury was observed for both species with partial recovery for both by trial end. Additional data will be collected Spring 2016 when plants resume growth.

Weed management in sedum production for green roofs Investigators: Andrew Senesac, Nora Catlin, Irene Tsontakis-Bradley and Andrew Hoil Location: Kawasaki Nursery, Suffolk County, NY

Production of sedum as component species in ‘green roof’ tiles is a new segment of the green industry in the Northeast. Typically growers will start flats with multi-species unrooted sedum stems in a covered greenhouse. Once rooted, the flats are moved outdoors for establishment and maturation. This period outdoors is one when the flats are exposed to infestation of wind- and bird-borne weed seeds. The goal of this study was to determine if there are commercially available herbicides which can provide acceptable weed control with minimal crop damage during this period. The study was conducted at a commercial grower’s site. The treated flats contained the following mixture of species and cultivars: Sedum spurium ‘Voodoo’, S. spurium ‘Fuldaglow’, S. spurium ‘Tricolor’, S. spurium ‘Summer Glory’, S. rupestre ‘Angelina’, S. sexangulare, S. acre, S. hybridum 'Immergrunchen', S. kamtschaticum ‘Variegatum’, S. pachyclados and S. sieboldii. Treatments consisted of two rates each of three granular herbicides: pendimethalin (Pendulum 2G), oxadiazon & pendimethalin (Jewel 2+1.25G) and oxyfluorfen & prodiamine (Biathlon 2+0.75G). The postemergence graminicide clethodim (EnvoyPlus) was also evaluated. The treatments were visually evaluated for percent ground cover and plant vigor (10-1 scale) of sedum and for control of overseeded mouse-ear chickweed (Cerastium fontanum ssp. vulgare) and annual bluegrass (Poa annua). Although none of the herbicides caused rapid or noticeable injury, it did appear that pendimethalin had the least

59 negative effect on percent groundcover. Both weed species were well controlled by pendimethalin as well. It appeared that there may be a differential response of the sedum species to the various treatments. Follow up studies are being conducted to further examine this possible effect.

Efficacy and plant tolerance of rice hulls applied as dormant mulch in a hoophouse Investigators: Andrew Senesac, Irene Tsontakis-Bradley and Andrew Hoil Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

A trial was conducted in an unheated poly-covered hoop house at LIHREC to examine some practical parameters of application of parboiled rice hull mulch to dormant herbaceous perennials. The purpose of applying mulch in late December is to manage liverwort (Marchantia spp.) and bittercress (Cardamine spp). These weeds can become serious problems during the dormant period after overwintering houses are covered with white poly film.

Commercially available rice hulls were applied to the surface of container media at 0.25 (355 ml/pot) and 0.5 inch (710 ml/pot) depths on December 15, 2014. Some treatments contained established Hemerocallis or Carex 'Ice Dance' while other treatments had no ornamental plants. Tackifying agents were added to some treatments. One potential drawback of the loose, light rice hull mulching material is that when the poly is removed in the spring, the mulch will be susceptible to wind removal, so a tackifying agent could help prevent that. Corn starch or powdered psyllium, at 1.45 gm/pot, was applied to the bare potting media or mixed with moistened rice hull before application. All the containers were overseeded with bittercress (mixed species) seed and a slurry of living liverwort clonal bodies. In the spring, after the poly film had been removed, the treatments were evaluated for weed control efficacy, ornamental plant tolerance, and wind resistance on May 21, 2015.

The results indicate that the rice hulls can provide excellent control of both weed species with no harmful effects on the ornamentals. Weed control was not improved when the rice hull layer was increased to 0.5 inch. Both tackifying agents worked very well. The evaluation measured the amount of material that dropped out of the pot when the pots were tipped at a 90° angle. These results suggest that rice hulls can offer a high level of protection against winter invading weeds like liverwort and bittercress in perennial production.

Crowdipper control: follow-up study Investigators: Andrew Senesac, Irene Tsontakis-Bradley and Andrew Hoil Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

Crowdipper (Pinellia ternata) truly is an odd little plant. It is a geophyte, arising in the spring from an underground bulblike corm. The petioles and attached leaves are just about all there is to this plant. The larger corms also give rise to a sticklike inflorescence that looks vaguely like its relative, the jack-in-the-pulpit. While the jack-in-the-pulpit is a valued wildflower and welcome guest, the Crowdipper is its obnoxious cousin who won’t go away. This weed has been found in a few locations in landscaped beds on Long Island and upstate New York recently. The reason that this plant is so worrisome is that once the corms are found in an area, it is nearly

60 impossible to eradicate. Even removing leaves has not proven a deterrent rapid regrowth. At this point, there are no herbicides specifically labeled to control this weed.

In the fall of 2014, we established a small container trial to investigate whether fall-applied herbicides registered for landscape or field nursery use would have any residual ability to control crowdipper emergence in the spring. Our study examined the corm and foliar fresh weights nine months after the fall treatment. The results indicate that most of the herbicides tested were ineffective. However, two pre-emergence herbicides were excellent. Preen applied alone and Broadstar when combined with glyphosate were the only pre-emergence herbicides that caused significant reduction in fresh weight of both shoots and corms. Glyphosate applied alone also reduced fresh weight. This is interesting since previous preliminary and anecdotal information suggested that glyphosate is ineffective. Timing of application may be critical in moving the herbicide to the underground plant parts before dormancy sets in later in the fall.

Weed management with a single application of Esplanade EZ Investigators: Andrew Senesac, Tamson Yeh, Irene Tsontakis-Bradley and Andrew Hoil Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

Vegetation managers working for Suffolk County need information about weed management techniques that will accomplish the task as efficiently as possible with the limited man-hours available. Our purpose was to evaluate a new residual herbicide (indaziflam) that is available as a component in a combination product with glyphosate and diquat called Esplanade EZ. Specifically we were interested in whether a single application of Esplanade EZ applied in late May can substitute for multiple applications of glyphosate alone.

In late May, a replicated trial was established in an area of very weedy turf. The primary weed species in the areas were red clover, miscellaneous woody seedlings, assorted perennial grasses including patches of fine fescue, and a few perennial weeds like mugwort and yarrow. Treatments included Esplanade EZ at the label use rate applied once in late May, and Roundup Powermax (glyphosate) applied at 1 and 1.5 lbs in late May and at 1 lb at two or three timings. The results of this trial are interesting and not what we expected. The Esplanade EZ did appear to be suppressing annual grasses like crabgrass for a few weeks after treatment. However, the residual benefit from indaziflam, which is only supposed to control annual weeds, had disappeared three months after the treatment was applied. The best treatment was the glyphosate applied three times. In summary, it did not appear that the Esplanade EZ is providing a noticeable benefit over glyphosate applied alone.

Nutrient management for field nurseries Investigator: Mina Vescera Location: Baiting Hollow, NY and Mattituck, NY

The Commercial Nursery & Landscape Program is conducting ongoing research into precision nutrient management of field-grown trees in collaboration with the Suffolk County Agricultural Stewardship Program. The objective of our research is to find optimal rates of fertilizer for field-grown trees that maintain adequate growth rates, while minimizing production cost to nursery growers and risk of nutrient leaching.

61 Data from the 2013-2015 fertilizer rate trials were analyzed. Because of differences in weather/year, soil attributes, and production method per nursery, each year of data were analyzed separately by species and nursery. Treatments consisted of the grower’s full rate and half rate, and the full and half rates of a controlled release fertilizer. Grower’s fertilizers ranged from starter fertilizers to short-term (2-3 months) controlled release N fertilizer. Controlled- release fertilizers used were Harrell’s 27-4-10 Nursery Field Mix (5-6 month release), and Everris’ CitriBLEN 18-6-11 and Nursery Mix 23-4-8 (6 and 8-9 month release, respectively). Rates were based off of the grower’s nitrogen rate which varied depending on year and nursery. Rates ranged from 24 to 110 lbs./A. Monthly caliper measurements and mid-season tissue samples from Quercus palustris, Pyrus calleryana 'Glen's Form' (Chanticleer®), and Salix alba ‘Tristis’ were analyzed for differences among treatments and the control which consisted of no fertilizer application. Data from Zelkova serrata ‘Green Vase’ could not be analyzed because of lack of data due to poor establishment after transplant. First-year results did not have any significant differences among the treatments and control plots in both caliper and tissue analyses. Second- and third-year results had some significant differences with caliper measurements in the Quercus palustris plots, but no differences with the other species. Year two and three data did not reveal any differences in tissue analyses either. Results from year one suggest that caliper and leaf nutrient levels for first-year transplants of deciduous shade trees are not affected by fertilizer rate or type when fertilizer is applied shortly after transplant in late spring/early summer. Second- and third-year results revealed some statistically significant caliper differences within the Quercus palustris plots with the biggest difference between the control and full-rate plots (0.20 inches). For detailed results, please contact me at [email protected].

Evaluating the use of biochar and biochar/compost blends in Douglas fir Christmas tree production Investigator: Mina Vescera Location: Mattituck, NY

During the 2015 growing season I had an opportunity to test sugar cane bagasse biochar and a 50:50 biochar-compost blend at a local Christmas tree farm. Biochar products—in particular biochar blended with compost—are beginning to gain popularity as a soil amendment for ornamental plantings. Recent research testing biochars in ornamental and food production suggests biochar increased nutrient availability of both micro and macronutrients, and enhanced overall plant health.

On a calm day in late May 2015, we applied the biochar and biochar-compost blend to nearly 80 Douglas fir seedlings (transplanted just a few weeks earlier). A calm day was needed because the very light and powdery biochar would otherwise be challenging to apply under breezy conditions. 48 trees were used to test the coarse biochar, and 28 trees were used to test the biochar-compost blend (less product was available). An additional 48 trees were used as the control trees as comparison. Since no other studies testing biochar had been done on Douglas fir, I opted for a conservative application rate to hopefully diminish any potential negative effects. For the biochar treatment a half-pound of biochar (rate of 2 tons/A) was incorporated in the top 4-6 inches of soil in a one-foot radius around each tree. The biochar-compost blend was also incorporated in the top 4-6 inches of soil within the same radius, but at a rate of three

62 pounds per tree (approximately a one inch layer of product). All trees were fertilized at the same rate by the grower, and were drip irrigated as needed. Caliper size taken 1 inch above the soil line, height, and number of terminal buds on the leader were recorded at the end of the growing season.

Only height differed significantly among treatments. Trees that had the biochar treatment were on average taller (17.5 inches) than trees that received the biochar-compost blend (15.7 inches), and the control trees (16.2 inches), which were statistically similar in height. Caliper measurements from either treatment did not vary from the control trees. On average, tree caliper was 0.5 inch at the end of October for all trees in the experiment. Similarly, number of terminal buds on the leader from either treatment did not differ from the control trees. The biochar, and biochar-compost blend treatment had on average 10.2 and 9.6 terminal buds, respectively. The control trees had an average of 8 terminal buds. Measurements will continue into the 2016 growing season with tissue testing being done as well to compare foliar nutrient values.

Efficacy of several products and rotations for managing western flower thrips Investigators: Faruque Zaman, Lucille Siracusano and Daniel Gilrein, Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

Several insecticides were compared in a greenhouse trial for control of western flower thrips [WFT, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)] on ‘Taishan Yellow ’ marigold (Tagetes erecta). Treatments included two rates each of IKI-3106 50SL (cyclaniliprole, ISK Bioscience Corporation), Rycar aka SP3009/NNI-0101 (pyrifluquinazon 1.80SC, SePRO), Venerate [(MBI-206), nonviable extract of Burkholderia sp. strain A396, 94.46%, Marrone Bio Innovations], AzaGuard (azadirachtin, BioSafe Systems), and one rate each of Mainspring aka A20520A (cyantraniliprole, 1.67 SC, Syngenta), Xxpire aka GF-2860 40WG (spinetoram 20% + sulfoxaflor 20%, Dow AgroSciences), Overture 35WP (pyridalyl, Valent). All insecticides were applied as foliar sprays. A water spray treatment was included and untreated plants were included as control in the trial. IKI-3106, Venerate, AzaGuard, and water were applied on weekly interval. Rycar, Mainspring, Xxpire, and Overture were applied on a 2-week interval.

Marigold plugs were planted on 3/14/2015 in 5.25-inch pots using a standard peat-based growing media (Pro-Mix) and maintained on sub-irrigation after establishment using soluble fertilizer (150 ppm N, Peter’s Cal-Mag 15-5-15). WFT from a natural population were introduced to the range while plants were still at vegetative stage and the thrips infestation was allowed to develop. Flower buds were removed from the plants until after most applications were completed to avoid uneven migration of adult thrips to flowering plants. Flowers were allowed to remain for the last treatment application to evaluate any phytotoxicity on flowers. Plants were randomly assigned to treatments and WFT per plant were counted prior to the first application by tapping entire plants sharply over a white surface. Sprays were applied to wet using 1.0 liter per treatment to eight single-plant replicates per treatment. Plants were arranged in a completely randomized design on a greenhouse bench after each application

Treatments were evaluated by tallying the number of live adult and immature thrips on each plant by gently tapping (10 times) whole plants over a white surface on May 13, 21, 28, and

63 June 4, 11. Thrips were returned to each plant after counting. ANOVA and multiple comparisons among treatments were performed. Immature and adult WFT populations on plants were similar among treatments just prior to first application. Bi-weekly applications of Overture, Xxpire, Mainspring, and weekly application of IKI-3106 provided most effective control of both immature and adult thrips over the period of the trial. Weekly application of AzaGuard provided moderate control of immature WFT but appeared to be less effective for adults possibly because adults were not controlled or deterred from the plants. Both rates of Rycar provided poor control of immature and adults. Venerate was not effective on any date and thrips numbers were not significantly different from those on water-treated and untreated control plants. No noticeable insecticide residue, injury or phytotoxicity was associated with any treatment on plants. Leaf damage by thrips was significantly higher on plants treated with Venerate and water as well as unsprayed plants due to poor thrips control.

Crabgrass management with Dithiopyr combination Investigators: Andrew Senesac, Irene Tsontakis-Bradley and Andrew Hoil Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of two pre-emergence herbicide products on a mixture of small crabgrass (Digitaria ischaemum) and large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis). The treatments consisted of 1X and ½ X rates of two granular products, Dithiopyr 0.27% + Bifenthrin 0.11% and Dithiopyr 0.27%, as well as the untreated control. Treatments were applied on October 20, 2015 to 2” x 12” x 12” flats filled with commercial greenhouse media. Following treatment, ½ teaspoon of clean seed was evenly distributed over the treated area. The flats were irrigated with ½ inch of water immediately post-treatment and placed on commercial heat mats (85°F) with a traveling misting bar irrigating once per hour.

The evaluations consisted of visual estimates of seedling suppression as well as seedling counts at 7, 14 and 24 days after treatment (DAT). At 24 DAT, the shoot growth within the central 0.25 square feet of each flat was harvested and weighed and then oven dried and reweighed. The raw data was analyzed by ANOVA and means were separated using Fisher’s Protected LSD.

The results suggest that at 24 DAT, all treatments exhibited a high level of crabgrass suppression. This ranged from 78% to 93 %. At 24 DAT, it appeared that the combination product was performing slightly better than the single product. This difference was significant for the 24 DAT visual estimates, but was not significant when fresh weight of shoots was measured. In general, the ½ X rates performed fairly well, but most likely the efficacy of the ½ rates would not have stayed at his high level much longer.

Vegetables

Asparagus variety trials Investigators: Mark Bridgen Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

The asparagus plant (Asparagus officinalis altilis L.) is a valuable, winter-hardy vegetable that provides Long Island and New York growers with an early-season fresh product. New cultivars and varieties of this plant are available from Walker Brothers in New Jersey. These varieties have not been trialed on Long Island. The objective of this project is to compare new varieties

64 of asparagus plants to some of the “tried-and-true” varieties that our vegetable growers have grown for several years. This is a 5-year study to evaluate their spear production as well as their resistance to common asparagus diseases and root rots.

On Long Island, stem rots and crown rots of asparagus can be caused by Fusarium moniliforme and F. oxysporum asparagi. Rust caused by Puccinia asparagi and Purple Spot can also be problems. With new cultivars of asparagus available, it would be valuable to determine the degree of disease resistance of these plants on Long Island.

During the summer of 2014, the crowns of several varieties of asparagus were planted at the LIHREC in Riverhead, NY. These cultivars were ‘Grande F1’, ‘Jersey Knight’, ‘Purple Passion’, ‘WB-210’, ‘Apollo F1’, ‘Jersey Supreme’, ‘Jersey Giant’, ‘Atlas F1’, and ‘UC157 F1’. There are 4 blocks each with 3 plants of each cultivar planted in a randomized complete block design for statistical analysis of the results. The plants were irrigated and fertilized as necessary to grow quality plants.

Beginning in the spring of 2015, and continuing through 2018, annual production data on the number of spears that are produced from each variety will be recorded. The pounds per acre of asparagus spears will be calculated annually for each variety. The incidence of diseases such as crown rots, rust, and stem rots will be recorded for each variety. Other issues such as speed of growth, insect problems, etc. will be noted.

Funding provided by Friends of Long Island Horticulture Grant Program.

Comparisons of controlled release fertilizers to traditional fertilizers on the growth of field asparagus Investigators: Mark Bridgen and Neil Mattson Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

The objective of this research is to compare the growth, and to evaluate the spear production, of three commercial cultivars of asparagus when fertilized with four different forms of fertilizer. The traditional granular fertilizer application of 100#/acre is being compared to three Controlled Release Fertilizers.

Asparagus, Asparagus officinalis altilis, is a perennial vegetable grown for its delicious young, edible shoots. Rich in B vitamins, vitamin C, calcium, and iron, asparagus is one of the first crops of spring harvest. This valuable, winter-hardy vegetable provides Long Island and New York growers with an early-season fresh product. In 2014, an asparagus field was planted at the Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center with the commercial cultivars ‘Jersey Knight’, ‘Jersey Supreme’ and ‘Jersey Giant’. This project is comparing the growth of these cultivars to four types of fertilizer applications over at least 3 years. Three Controlled Release Fertilizers (CRF), with the formulation 15-9-12 and 8-9 month release, were used. Osmocote Plus Lo-Start® delivers an extra boost of nutrition later in the growth cycle, Osmocote Plus Hi-Start® delivers an extra boost of nutrition early in the growth cycle, and Osmocote Plus Standard® delivers a steady source of nutrition throughout the growth cycle. These 3 CRFs are being compared to traditional granular fertilizers. The

65 control plants receive the traditional granular fertilizer application of 100#/acre applied at 40#/acre early in the season in late April/May, 30#/acre applied in June, and 30#/acre applied in late summer. All four fertilizers will be applied at the recommended rate of 100# N per acre/season. All CRF treatments are applied in late April/May, during harvest season, at the rate of 100#/acre. The commercial brands of Osmocote (produced by the Everris Co., bwww.everris.us.com) are the source of the CRFs for this research.

The asparagus are planted in a randomized complete block design with 12 blocks. Each of the 4 treatments is replicated 3 times. Each replication contains the 3 cultivars ‘Jersey Knight’, ‘Jersey Supreme’ and ‘Jersey Giant’; there are 5 plants of each cultivar in each replication with a total of 180 plants to evaluate. The plants are irrigated and weeded as necessary throughout the summer to grow quality plants. Insect and disease problems are handled as they arise.

Beginning in the spring of 2016, annual production data on the number of spears that are produced from each cultivar will be recorded. The pounds per acre of asparagus spears will be calculated for each variety and fertilizer treatments will be compared. This fertilizer regime will be repeated the following year. Results will be presented to vegetable farmers on Long Island.

Victory garden demonstration Investigators: The Cornell Gardeners Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

A victory garden and container vegetable display garden is planted in the horticultural demonstration garden area of LIHREC. The objective of this garden is to educate people about growing fresh foods that help people lead healthier lives. Visitors learn about the propagation of vegetables from seeds, soil preparation, arrangement of vegetables, staking, succession planting, continuous harvesting and companion planting are emphasized at this site. A special part of the garden emphasizes “square-foot gardening.” Tours of the Victory Garden are offered on Tuesday mornings during the summer as well as part of the annual Open House held on July 9, 2016. Questions are answered and information is given for vegetable garden planning and maintenance. Children are given a demonstration and a vegetable plant to take home.

LIPPPS: Best management practices for imidacloprid in potatoes, fruiting vegetables, and cucurbits Investigators: Daniel Gilrein, Sandy Menasha, and Jason Pelton (NYS DEC) Location: LIHREC, Riverhead, NY and Mattituck, NY

Imidacloprid: Reducing Risks to Groundwater from Agricultural Uses, Practical Approaches for Users, includes three factsheets on best management practices for commercial imidacloprid use in potatoes, fruiting vegetables, and cucurbits prepared as part of the Long Island Pesticide Pollution Prevention Strategy (LIPPPS) towards protecting protect groundwater and surface water from pesticide-related contamination while continuing to meet the region’s pest management needs. Factsheets address issues with imidacloprid application timing, methods, and rates, especially for soil applications targeting key pests (Colorado potato beetle, aphids, potato leafhopper, cucumber beetles), that can reduce risks to groundwater as well as alternative products, non-chemical controls and IPM practices.

Thanks to NYS Department of Environmental Conservation for their support of this work.

66 Evaluation of Cornell late blight decision support system for timing fungicide applications for foliar diseases in tomato Investigators: Margaret T. McGrath and Karen LaMarsh Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

The goal of this experiment was to evaluate the Cornell Decision Support System (DSS) for naturally-occurring late blight on organically-grown tomato using an organic copper fungicide (Nordox 75 WG 2 lb/A) applied to a susceptible variety (Mountain Fresh Plus) and a moderately resistant variety with the Ph2 gene for resistance to late blight (Legend). The experiment was conducted in a field with Haven loam soil that has been dedicated to organic research since 2001. Tomato seedlings were transplanted on 25 June when 5-weeks-old. All 4 fungicide treatments were initiated 11 days later (July 6) when DSS was indicating conditions were favorable for LB onset. A copper fungicide approved for organic production, Nordox 75 WG, was applied at 2 lb/A for all applications.

Late blight did not develop anywhere on Long Island in 2015 and the pathogen causing this disease is too contagious and destructive to consider inoculating the plots; therefore it was not possible to evaluate the DSS for managing late blight. Symptoms of bacterial speck, Septoria leaf spot, and powdery mildew were observed. These diseases remained at a very low level, even in the non-treated control plots, therefore it was not possible to assess impact of using the DSS for these other diseases either.

Conditions remained favorable for late blight throughout the 2015 growing season. The DSS indicated times when conditions warranted making applications more or less frequently than the standard, calendar-based 7-day application schedule. The total number of applications from 6 July to 9 September was the same (10) for the 7-day application schedule and the DSS schedule for the susceptible variety. Applying fungicides more frequently than every 7 days when conditions are favorable for late blight as indicated by the DSS could result in better control than that achievable with a weekly schedule. With the moderately resistant variety it was possible to reduce the number of applications by 3. Application interval was 4 to 11 days for the susceptible variety and 8 to 13 days for the moderately resistant variety.

Acknowledgments: Project funded by the Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grants Program Grant 2011-68004-30154 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture.

Evaluation of late blight resistant tomato varieties conducted with organic practices Investigators: Margaret T. McGrath and Karen LaMarsh Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

The goals of this experiment, which is part of a multi-year project, were to evaluate new tomato varieties and experimental hybrids with resistance to late blight in terms of 1) susceptibility to naturally-occurring foliar diseases including late blight and 2) yield and fruit quality. The focus of the evaluation in 2015 was varieties with claims of resistance to late blight that were not bred to contain the known resistance genes. They were Wapsipinicon Peach, Pruden’s Purple, Rebelski, Quadro, Cerise Rote, Clou OP, Resi, Rote Murmel, Rote Zora, and Golden Currant. The first two exhibited good resistance in a similar experiment conducted in 2015 at LIHREC; they were re-evaluated to confirm these results. The last six exhibited good resistance in several evaluations conducted in Oregon where different strains of the late blight pathogen occur than in New York. These were compared to a susceptible variety, Mountain Fresh Plus, and to Mountain Merit, a variety with the late blight resistance genes Ph-2 and Ph-3. Two additional varieties claimed to be resistant, Old Brooks and Pineapple, were included in another

67 experiment (see following report) due to space constraints in the field where this experiment was conducted.

The experiment was conducted in a field with Haven loam soil that has been dedicated to organic research since 2001. Fertilizer was selected based on soil test results, broadcast and incorporated: Solubar (boron) 10 lb/A, manganese sulfate 6 lb/A, sulfate of potash 100 lb/A, Pro-Booster (10-0-0) 1250 lb/A, and compost 10 ton/A. Black plastic mulch and drip tape were laid over beds. Tomato seedlings were transplanted on 23 June when 5-weeks-old by hand into holes opened in the plastic mulch by a Waterwheel transplanter that also placed in the holes a starter fertilizer (Organic Gem fish fertilizer at 60 ml/gal). Varieties were arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. Plots were single rows with 10 plants at 24-in spacing. A plant of the late blight-susceptible variety SunGold was planted between plots in rows to separate plots and serve as a source of the pathogen once late blight was present. There was 8.5 feet between plants in adjacent rows. Plants were staked and trellised using a modified Florida weave as is standard practice in the region for fresh-market tomatoes.

Late blight did not develop anywhere on Long Island in 2015 and the pathogen causing this disease is too contagious and destructive to consider inoculating the plots; therefore it was not possible to assess resistance to late blight. Other diseases developed to a limited extent. Pruden’s Purple had the highest severity of bacterial speck. Rote Murmel had the fewest symptoms. Resi, Quadro, Wapsipinicon Peach, and Mountain Fresh Plus were also significantly less severely affected than Pruden’s Purple based on AUDPC values. Resi had the highest severity of powdery mildew. Rebelski, Quadro, and Rote Murmel were significantly less severely affected. Very few symptoms of Septoria leaf spot were seen. There were no significant differences among varieties.

Acknowledgments: Project funded by the Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grants Program Grant 2011-68004-30154 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture.

Evaluation of late blight resistant tomato experimental varieties Investigators: Margaret T. McGrath and Karen LaMarsh Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

The main goals of this experiment were to evaluate late blight-resistant tomato experimental hybrids developed by Jay Scott, tomato breeder at the University of Florida, in terms of 1) susceptibility to naturally-occurring foliar diseases including late blight and 2) yield and fruit quality. Seven of the 14 entries were bred to be resistant to late blight. Four of the entries were the original variety or experimental line that was bred to be resistant, including Solar and Tasti- Lee. Old Brooks and Pineapple were also included (see previous report).

The experiment was conducted in a field with Haven loam soil. Controlled release fertilizer (15-5-15) was applied at 675 lb/A product (100 lb/A N) with a 2-row fertilizer spreader over rows that subsequently were covered with plastic while drip tape was laid. Before transplanting, herbicide was applied between the plastic strips with a shielded sprayer. A tank mix of Devrinol DF (4 lb/A), Metribuzin (1.33 lb/A) and Roundup PowerMax (22 oz/A) was used.

Tomato seedlings were transplanted on 29 June when 6-weeks-old into holes opened in the plastic mulch by a Waterwheel transplanter that also placed in the holes a starter fertilizer (Black Label Zn (6-20-0) at 1 fl oz per gallon). Seedlings not growing well or that had died were replaced within two weeks of transplanting. Plots were single rows with 5 plants at 24-in spacing. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with four replications, each

68 occupying one row. There was a 6-foot non-planted space between plots in a row and 8.5 feet between plants in adjacent rows. Plants were staked and trellised using a modified Florida weave as is standard practice in the region for fresh-market tomatoes.

The only fungicide used was Actigard. It was applied for managing bacterial speck on 20 July and 15 August. Cabbage loopers and other worms eating leaves were managed by applying Lannate (3 pt/A) on 21 August, Warrior (3.2 fl oz/A) on 28 August, and Avaunt (3.5 oz /A) on 11 September. Plants were assessed five times for occurrence and severity of foliar diseases. Fruit was harvested when ripe five times from 14 September to 5 October. Yield and fruit quality were assessed. On 30 September Brix (% soluble sugars) was measured for 3 fruit per plot and percent of 10 fruit with white tissue in their flesh was determined based on appearance of fruit cut in half.

Late blight did not develop anywhere on Long Island in 2015 and the pathogen causing this disease is too contagious and destructive to consider inoculating the plots; therefore it was not possible to assess resistance to late blight. Other diseases developed to a limited extent. Old Brooks had the highest severity of bacterial speck and the most defoliation when assessed on 22 September. Eight of the University of Florida experimental varieties were significantly less severely affected. There were no significant differences among the tomato entries in incidence of affected leaves or severity for powdery mildew or Septoria leaf spot.

The blight-resistant experimental varieties did not differ significantly in total number fruit produced or average fruit weight from their comparable varieties or lines without resistance. Average fruit weight was 0.5 lb for the seven resistant experimental varieties. One of the late blight-resistant experimental varieties had the highest fruit Brix value. While the difference was not significant, the blight-resistant experimental varieties had numerically higher Brix values than their comparable varieties or lines without resistance. These four pairs did not differ significantly in percent fruit with white tissue in fruit flesh, thus breeding for resistance did not result in selection for this negative trait.

Old Brooks produced significantly more fruit (117/plant) that were significantly smaller (0.2 lb/fruit) than all nut one entry. Pineapple produced the fewest fruit (21) that were the heaviest (0.75 lb).

Acknowledgments: Project funded by the Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grants Program Grant 2011-68004-30154 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture.

Evaluation of tomato experimental varieties resistant to late blight, early blight, and Septoria leaf spot Investigators: Margaret T. McGrath and Karen LaMarsh Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

The goals of this project were to evaluate disease-resistant tomato experimental hybrids developed by Martha Mutshler, tomato breeder at Cornell University, in terms of 1) susceptibility to naturally-occurring foliar diseases including late blight and 2) yield and fruit quality. There were two separate replicated experiments with crosses related to Mt Merit and to Iron Lady, the first multiple disease resistant variety from the Cornell program that has been commercialized. These commercial varieties were included for comparison. There was also an observational planting with three crosses of Brandywine with a resistant line to obtain improved versions of the Heirloom Brandywine that have resistance to the three foliar diseases plus improved fruit characteristics including reduced tendency for splitting.

69 Controlled release fertilizer (15-5-15) was applied at 675 lb/A product (100 lb/A N) with a 2- row fertilizer spreader over rows that subsequently were covered with plastic while drip tape was laid. Before transplanting, herbicide was applied between the plastic strips with a shielded sprayer. A tank mix of Devrinol DF (4 lb/A), Metribuzin (1.33 lb/A) and Roundup PowerMax (22 oz/A) was used.

Tomato seedlings were transplanted on 11 and 12 June when 5-weeks-old into holes opened in the plastic mulch by a Waterwheel transplanter that also placed in the holes a starter fertilizer (Black Label Zn (6-20-0) at 1 fl oz per gallon). Seedlings not growing well or that had died were replaced within two weeks of transplanting. Plots were single rows with 6 plants at 24-in spacing. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with four replications, each occupying one row. There was a 6-foot non-planted space between plots in a row and 8.5 feet between plants in adjacent rows. Plants were staked and trellised using a modified Florida weave as is standard practice in the region for fresh-market tomatoes.

The only fungicide used was Actigard. It was applied for managing bacterial speck on 20 July and 15 August. Cabbage loopers and other worms eating leaves were managed by applying Lannate (3 pt/A) on 21 August, Warrior (3.2 fl oz/A) on 28 August, and Avaunt (3.5 oz /A) on 11 September. Plants were assessed five times for occurrence and severity of foliar diseases. Fruit was harvested when ripe five times from 9 September to 7 October. Yield and fruit quality were assessed.

Acknowledgments: Project funded by the New York State Department of Agriculture Specialty Crop Block Grant Program.

Evaluation of biopesticides for bacterial speck in tomatoes Investigators: Margaret T. McGrath and Karen LaMarsh Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

An experiment was conducted in a field with Haven loam soil. Controlled release fertilizer (15- 5-15) was applied at 675 lb/A product (100 lb/A N) with a 2-row fertilizer spreader over rows that subsequently were covered with plastic while drip tape was laid. Before transplanting, herbicide was applied between the plastic strips with a shielded sprayer. A tank mix of Devrinol DF (4 lb/A), Metribuzin (1.33 lb/A) and Roundup PowerMax (22 oz/A) was used. Cabbage loopers and other worms eating leaves were managed by applying Lannate (3 pt/A) on 21 August, Warrior (3.2 fl oz/A) on 28 August, and Avaunt (3.5 oz /A) on 11 September.

Seeds of variety 'Iron Lady' were sown on 20 May in the greenhouse. This variety was selected because it is resistant to late blight, early blight and Septoria leaf spot, thereby minimizing need for fungicides to manage these other diseases. Seedlings were transferred to trays with new growing media on 10 June when it was discovered they had been inadvertently planted in contaminated growing media. Seedlings were transplanted on 26 June by hand into holes opened in the plastic mulch by a Waterwheel transplanter that also placed in the holes a starter fertilizer (Black Label Zn (6-20-0) at 1 fl oz per gallon). Seedlings not growing well or that had died were replaced within two weeks of transplanting. Plots were single rows with 9 plants at 24-in spacing. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with four replications, each occupying one row. There was a 6-foot non-planted space between plots in a row and 8.5

70 feet between plants in adjacent rows. Plants were staked and trellised using a modified Florida weave as is standard practice in the region for fresh-market tomatoes.

Source of inoculum for the experiment was an inoculated spreader row in the center of the field. Variety 'Plum Regal' was used because it is resistant to late blight. An isolate of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato from a Long Island farm was used. To ensure the isolate was virulent, a tomato seedling was inoculated and the isolate was cultured from symptomatic tissue. Seedlings for the spreader row were inoculated in the greenhouse on 23 and 29 June. They were kept in a different greenhouse from the experiment plants. They were given water with fertilizer to promote tender growth. Bacteria were removed from plates of PDA after growing there for 3 or 4 days by pouring deionized water on the plate and gently loosening the bacteria with a plastic scrapper. A spray bottle was used to spray the inoculum on the upper surface of leaves late in the day, and then the plants were enclosed in plastic bags over night so that the leaves remained wet to promote infection. Some leaves were gently rubbed in an effort to make small wounds. They were still wet the next morning when the bags were removed. Symptoms were seen six days after the first inoculation. The inoculated plants were put outside to harden where they were overhead watered to promote additional disease development. Spreader row was transplanted to the field on 13 July, which was five days after the first treatment application. A line of overhead irrigation pipe with fine sprinkler nozzles was set up next to the spreader row to promote speck development in the experiment by running irrigation late in the day at least once a week in between treatment applications. Flowers were removed from spreader plants to promote leaf production. Because few symptoms developed, on 11 August spreader row plants were re-inoculated late afternoon on a rainy day after rain had fallen. Cheesecloth was used to gently rub inoculated leaves in an effort to make small wounds.

Treatments were applied weekly using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer with a boom that has a single twin-jet nozzle (TJ60-11004VS), calibrated to deliver 50 gal/A when operated at 54 psi and 2.4 mph. Each side of the planted row was treated with the boom held sideways to obtain thorough coverage of foliage and to mimic the coverage obtained with a drop nozzle on a tractor sprayer. Application dates were 8, 16, 23, and 30 July; 6, 13, 20, and 27 August; and 3 and 9 September. The nine treatments were K-Phite, Serenade Opti + MilStop, Double Nickel + Cueva, BlightBan, AgriPhage, K-Phite + AgriPhage, Actigard + AgriPhage with Tanos applied every 14 days, K-Phite + AgriPhage with Tanos (14-day), and K-Phite + Cueva with Tanos (14-day). The application rate for Actigard and the gallonage used to make the application were increased over time. The rate was 0.33 oz/A on 8 and 16 July. It was 0.5 oz/A applied in 75 gal/A on 23 and 30 July. It was 0.75 oz/A in 100 gal/A on 6 and 13 August. The isolate used to inoculate the spreader row was sent to OmniLytics for production of AgriPhage.

Leaves were examined routinely for symptoms of bacterial speck and other diseases. Percentage of leaves with symptoms (incidence) in each plot was estimated. Percentage of tissue with symptoms on affected leaves (severity) was also estimated. Canopy severity is a product of incidence times severity for affected leaves. Ripe fruit were examined for symptoms.

Bacterial speck developed to a very limited extent at least partly because conditions were dry and thus unfavorable for disease development. Rain fell on nine days in July (total of only 1.24 inches), four days in August (2.14 inches), and four days in September (2.84 inches). The overhead irrigation was not run until late August. None of the treatments had significantly lower severity of speck than the untreated control. Symptoms were not observed on fruit.

Acknowledgments: Project funded by IR-4 Biopesticides and Organic Support Program.

71 Investigating occurrence and assisting growers manage late blight in organically-produced tomato and potato Investigators: Margaret T. McGrath and Mollie Cohen Location: North Fork, Long Island

Late blight is a very destructive disease of tomatoes and potatoes that has been routinely occurring on Long Island since 2009. Control of this disease is particularly challenging for organic growers because fungicides approved for organic production are not as effective as the synthetic fungicides that growers producing conventionally can use. Their efficacy is due to their ability to move into leaves and their targeted activity for the type of pathogen that causes late blight. Also, organic growers typically use an IPM approach (starting pesticide applications after disease/pest detection); however they increasingly understand that sometimes preventive treatment is needed for effective control. Late blight can be very difficult to suppress without preventive applications of a protectant fungicide, which organic growers increasingly understand.

The goal of this project was twofold. First was to help organic growers manage late blight by regularly monitoring their fields and alerting them when late blight was found. Additionally the regular monitoring throughout the season offers valuable insight into the effectiveness of different management strategies. This project is a continuation of the late blight monitoring project started in 2012.

Late blight was not observed in 2015 at these farms or at other farms being scouted through the CCE IPM program, and no reports of suspected cases were received from other farmers or gardeners on LI in 2015.

Acknowledgments: Project funded by the Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grants Program Grant 2011-68004-30154 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture.

Assessment of resistance to powdery mildew race 1 and race 2 in cantaloupe Investigators: Margaret T. McGrath and Karen LaMarsh Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

The objective was to determine whether resistance to powdery mildew race 1 and race 2, which has been bred into most commercial resistant cantaloupe varieties, was continuing to provide suppression of the pathogen. Excellent control has been obtained in previous experiments conducted at this location. However, in 2014 when an evaluation of resistant varieties was not conducted, powdery mildew was observed to be severe by the start of harvest in a cultural practice experiment. The resistant varieties in that experiment, Athena and Sugar Cube, were compared in 2015 to Superstar, the standard susceptible variety used in previous evaluations. Controlled release fertilizer (N-P-K, 19-10-9) at 525 lb/A (101 lb/A of N) was broadcast over the bed area and incorporated on 5 June. Beds were formed with drip tape and covered with black plastic mulch on 10 June. A waterwheel transplanter was used to make planting holes and apply starter fertilizer plus insecticide on 12 June. Seeds were sown on 17 May in the greenhouse. Seedlings were in poor condition due to contaminated growing media. Those that appeared to have growing points were transplanted by hand into the planting holes on 14 June. Seeds were placed in empty holes to replace seedlings that died within a few days of transplanting. Thus plots had plants of varying age. During the season, water was provided as needed via drip irrigation lines. Weeds were managed by applying herbicides after laying plastic (Strategy at 3 pt/A, Sandea at 0.5 oz/A, Scythe at 1%, and Roundup WeatherMAX at 22 oz/A) and hand weeding. The insecticide Asana (9.6 fl oz/A) was applied to foliage on 19 July, 28 July, and 5 August for cucumber beetles or squash bugs. The following fungicides were

72 applied preventively for Phytophthora blight (Phytophthora capsici): K-Phite (1 qt/A) on 23 and 28 July; and 5, 12, 19, and 26 August; Presidio (4 fl oz/A) on 28 July and 26 August; Ranman (2.75 fl oz/A) on 5 August and 19 August; and Forum (6 fl oz/A) on 23 July and 12 August.

A randomized complete block design with four replications was used. Plots were three adjacent rows each with four plants spaced 24 in. apart. Rows were spaced 68 in. apart. To separate plots and provide a source of inoculum, two plants of a powdery mildew-susceptible zucchini squash variety (Spineless Beauty) were planted between each plot in each row. Upper and lower leaf surfaces were assessed for powdery mildew on 15 July; 4, 10, and 17 August; and 4 Sep. Powdery mildew colonies were counted; severity was estimated when colonies had coalesced or were too numerous to count. Colony counts were converted to severity values using the conversion factor of 10 colonies/leaf = 1% severity. Average severity for the entire canopy was calculated from the individual leaf assessments. Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) values were calculated from 4 August through 17 August and also through 4 Sep. AUDPC is a summation measure of severity over time. To determine which pathogen races were present, powdery mildew differentials were grown in the same field adjacent to the plots with the melon varieties. The same procedures were used to grow these plants and assess powdery mildew.

One powdery mildew lesion was observed on 15 July in one plot of susceptible variety Superstar. Symptoms were first observed the previous week on the zucchini separator plants which had begun to produce marketable-sized fruit. The same Superstar plot was the only one with symptoms on 4 August. Severity remained low through 17 August for all varieties; however, Superstar had numerically more severe powdery mildew and was the only variety with symptoms in all plots. There were also no significant differences among the resistant and susceptible varieties on 4 Sep when powdery mildew was moderately severe in all varieties, and first fruit were ripe. Athena and Sugar Cube exhibited excellent suppression of powdery mildew when compared to Superstar in similar experiments conducted in 2011, 2012, and 2013. In the planting of the powdery mildew differentials, the susceptible differential variety (Hales Best Jumbo) was affected first with a single lesion found on 8 July. Severity remained low until 17 August. Symptoms were found on 10 August on the differential with resistance to race 1 (PMR-45), 17 August on the differential with resistance to races 1 and 2 (PMR-5), and 4 Sep on the differential with resistance to races 1, 2, and 3 (MR-1). These results confirm presence of Podosphaera xanthii strain(s) able to overcome resistance to races 1 and 2, which accounts for powdery mildew becoming severe on the resistant varieties.

In conclusion, it appears that the cucurbit powdery mildew pathogen has evolved to be able to overcome resistance in melons to races 1 and 2. These varieties are expected to provide some suppression of powdery mildew in the future; however, they likely will need to be treated with fungicides to obtain adequate control of powdery mildew, as is the case with resistant pumpkin and squash varieties.

Acknowledgments: Project funded by the Friends of Long Island Horticulture Grant Program.

Efficacy of fungicides for managing powdery mildew in pumpkin Investigators: Margaret T. McGrath and Karen LaMarsh Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of several fungicides with mobility that enables them to move to the lower surface of leaves where powdery mildew develops best. They have single-site mode of action which puts them at risk for resistance development. Both new and currently registered products were tested in an area where in previous years strains of the pathogen were detected with resistance to FRAC code 1, 7, and 11

73 fungicides and moderate resistance to FRAC code 3 fungicides. They were applied on a 7-day schedule starting after symptoms were first found. Some treatments were single products applied alone every week. This is not a recommended or labeled use pattern for growers; it is done for research purposes to determine when resistance is affecting control. Products tested in 2015 were Pristine 18.5 oz/A, Quintec 6 fl oz/A, Vivando 15.4 oz/A, and Luna Experience 6 fl oz/A. There were 7 additional treatments consisting of alternations among products. All of the fungicides evaluated are registered for use in New York except Fontelis, Luna Experience and Aprovia Top.

The field was plowed on 13 April. Ammonium nitrate fertilizer (34-0-0) was applied on 14 Apr at 235 lb/A (80 lb/A N). Mustard biofumigant cover crop (Caliente 199) was seeded at 10 lb/A by drilling on 16 Apr. On 17 June the mustard was flail chopped, immediately incorporated by disking, followed by a cultipacker to seal the soil surface. On 30 June the field was lightly disked, then pumpkin seeds were planted at approximately 24-in. plant spacing within rows with a vacuum seeder. The seeder applied fertilizer in two bands about 2 in. away from the seed. Controlled release fertilizer (N-P-K, 15-5-15) was used at 675 lb/A (101 lb/A N). The herbicides Strategy (3 pt/A), Curbit EC (1 pt/A), and Sandea (0.5 oz/A) were applied over the entire plot area on 2 July, which was followed by irrigation to activate. During the season, weeds were controlled by cultivating and hand weeding as needed. Insects were managed by applying Admire Pro (10.5 fl oz/A) in a narrow band over the planted rows on 30 June for cucumber beetles; Asana (9.6 fl oz/A) to foliage on 19 July, 28 July, and 5 August for cucumber beetles or squash bugs; and Avaunt (6 oz/A) on 3 Sep for cabbage loopers. The following fungicides were applied for Phytophthora blight (Phytophthora capsici): K-Phite (1 qt/A) on 9, 23, and 28 July; 5, 12, 19, and 26 August; and 2, 9, and 16 September; Presidio (4 fl oz/A) on 28 July, 26 August, and 16 Sep; Ranman (2.75 fl oz/A) on 5 August, 19 August, and 9 September; and Forum (6 fl oz/A) on 23 July, 12 August and 2 September. Plots were three 15- ft rows spaced 68 in. apart. The 20-ft area between plots was also planted to pumpkin.

A randomized complete block design with four replications was used. Treatments were applied six times on a 7-day IPM schedule (starting after disease detection) beginning on 29 July using a tractor-mounted boom sprayer equipped with twinjet (TJ60-11004VS) nozzles spaced 17 in. apart that delivered 68 gal/A at 65 psi and 2.3 mph. Plots were inspected for powdery mildew symptoms on upper and lower leaf surfaces on 28 July; 4, 10, 17, and 25 August; and 1, 14 and 23 September. At each assessment, nine young, nine mid-aged, and nine old leaves (selected based on leaf physiological appearance and position in the canopy) were rated in each plot, except at the last two assessments when five leaves were rated. Powdery mildew colonies were counted; severity was assessed by visual estimation of percent leaf area affected when colonies could not be counted accurately because they had coalesced and/or were too numerous. Colony counts were converted to severity values using the conversion factor of 30 colonies/leaf = 1% severity. Average severity for the entire canopy was calculated from the individual leaf assessments. Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) values were calculated from 10 August through 23 September. AUDPC is a summation measure of severity over time. Defoliation was assessed on 14 and 23 September. Fruit quality was evaluated in terms of handle (peduncle) condition for mature fruit without rot on 6, 13, and 16 October. Handles were considered good if they were green, solid, and not rotting.

Powdery mildew was first observed in this experiment on 28 July in 10 of the 52 plots; 1.3% of the leaves examined had symptoms. Treatments were started the next day. All treatments effectively managed powdery mildew. They were providing 94.7 to 99.5% control on upper leaf surfaces and 70 to 95% control on lower surfaces on 1 September, which was one day before the last treatment applications. Controlling powdery mildew resulted in longer leaf retention and improved fruit quality, measured in terms of handle quality, through mid-October, which is especially important for Pick-Your-Own Halloween pumpkins. Death of leaves and vines leads to handles shriveling and rotting. Five treatments consisted of individual products

74 evaluated alone. Pristine (FRAC Code 7 and 11) applied at its highest label rate was effective in 2015; it has exhibited poor control in some previous experiments at this location. Grower standard was alternation of Vivando (FRAC U8), Quintec (13), and Torino (U6); however, recommended tank mix with a protectant fungicide was not done to be able to assess the target fungicides alone. This treatment was not significantly better than a similar treatment that differed by starting with Procure and having no application week 2 when powdery mildew severity was low. Applying Vivando with Silwet, a nonionic organosilicone surfactant, did not improve control significantly; however, severity on lower leaf surface on 14 September and defoliation on 23 September were numerically lower, and percent fruit with good handles was always higher than Vivando applied without a surfactant. The two Vivando treatments were the only ones with significantly less severe powdery mildew than the nontreated control on upper leaf surfaces on 23 September, which was 21 days after the last fungicide application. Disease severity for these treatments on lower surfaces was numerically the lowest on 23 September.

In conclusion, the new fungicide Vivando is very effective for powdery mildew. It is recommended applied with a surfactant, and used in alternation with Quintec, which also performed well in this evaluation, and with Torino, which exhibited good efficacy when tested in 2013. An alternation of these three was as effective as Vivando alone. Procure and Pristine (limit use) are recommended in addition.

Fungicide sensitivity of cucurbit powdery mildew pathogen isolates on LI in 2014 Investigators: Margaret T. McGrath and Karen LaMarsh Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

Fungicide resistance can be a major constraint to effectively managing powdery mildew in cucurbit crops. Fungicides that are most effective for managing powdery mildew (because they are mobile and thus can redistribute from where deposited on upper leaf surfaces to the lower surface where powdery mildew develops best) are also more prone to the pathogen developing resistance (because they typically have single site mode of action). The pathogen, Podosphaera xanthii, has a long history of developing resistance, being the first pathogen to have been documented to have done so in the USA. Resistance to benomyl (FRAC Code 1), the first at-risk fungicide registered for this use, was detected in 1967. The next chemical class registered for cucurbit powdery mildew was the DMI (demethylation inhibitor) fungicides (FRAC Code 3). Bayleton, the first fungicide in this group labeled for cucurbit powdery mildew, was registered for this use in the USA in April 1984. Just two years later there were the first reported control failures documented through university fungicide efficacy experiments. QoI (quinone outside inhibitor) fungicides (FRAC Code 11) were the next chemical class developed for this disease. Quadris was registered in the USA in spring 1999. Control failures were reported from several states throughout the USA in 2002, and resistance was detected. Pristine, the first SDHI (FRAC Code 7) fungicide, was registered in August 2003. Resistance was detected on LI in 2008. Quintec, the first FRAC Code 13 fungicide, was registered in 2007.

The objective of this study was to determine fungicide sensitivity of pathogen isolates (i.e. individuals) by testing them in the laboratory on treated leaf disks. Isolates of Podosphaera xanthii, the fungus that causes powdery mildew in cucurbits, were obtained 28 September – 3 October 2014 from five research fields and six commercial plantings. Most isolates came from pumpkin. This was near the end of the growing season when fungicide programs for powdery mildew were generally complete. Isolates were maintained on leaf tissue on agar media in Petri dishes (culture plates) until tested. Fifty-nine isolates were tested.

For the leaf disk bioassay, pumpkin seedlings at the cotyledon leaf stage (about seven-days- old) were sprayed with various fungicide doses in a laboratory fume hood, the treated plants were left there to dry overnight, then disks were cut from the cotyledons and placed on water agar in sectioned Petri plates. Each plate has four sections thus there were three treatments

75 per plate plus a nontreated control. Each plate was used to test one isolate. Six disks with the same treatment were placed in each section. Disks were inoculated by transferring spores from culture plates to each disk center. Then plates were incubated at room temperature under constant light. Amount of pathogen growth on the disks was assessed after 10 days of incubation when the control treatment usually had good growth of the pathogen, with white sporulating pathogen growth covering an average of about 50% of leaf disk area. The percent leaf disk area with symptoms of powdery mildew was recorded for each disk and averaged for each treatment. An isolate was considered to be insensitive (resistant) to a particular fungicide concentration if it was able to grow and produce spores on at least half of the disks. Due to limitations in the number of isolates and fungicide doses that can be done in each bioassay, the procedure was conducted multiple times over many weeks to obtain information on sensitivity to several fungicides.

The bioassay revealed that all isolates tested were resistant to FRAC code 1 and 11 fungicides (not all of the isolates were tested with these chemistries). This supports the decision to continue not recommending these fungicides.

Boscalid (FRAC 7) resistance was detected in 41% of the isolates (all isolates were tested for this trait). This is an active ingredient in Pristine. Almost all of the resistant isolates were from research fields. All isolates were resistant from research plots that were treated with Pristine in the fungicide efficacy experiment. This indicates selection for this resistance occurred during the experiment. Only two of the 36 isolates from commercial pumpkin fields were resistant; they were from the same field. These results support use of Pristine on a limited basis in a fungicide program for powdery mildew. Boscalid-resistance was at higher levels in commercial fields in previous years. Infrequent occurrence in 2014 may reflect increased use of other chemistry by growers.

Some isolates were able to grow on leaf disks treated with 80 ppm myclobutanil (active ingredient in Rally)(FRAC 3) and/or 80 ppm quinoxyfen (active ingredient in Quintec)(FRAC 13). These isolates are not fully resistant to these fungicides.

In conclusion, documented occurrence in the cucurbit powdery mildew pathogen of resistance to some targeted fungicides (FRAC 1, 7, and 11) and variation in sensitivity to others (FRAC 3 and 13) reveals the necessity of using a resistance management program with this pathogen and is important for selecting fungicides to use. FRAC 3 and 13 fungicides (Procure and Quintec) are recommended used in alternation with Torino. Use of FRAC 7 fungicides (Pristine) should be limited. FRAC 1 and 11 fungicides should not be used.

Identification of pathotypes of the cucurbit downy mildew pathogen occurring on LI Investigators: Margaret T. McGrath and Karen LaMarsh Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

Cucumber, acorn and butternut squashes, cantaloupe, watermelon and giant pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) were grown in a sentinel plot at LIHREC to determine when the different pathotypes of the cucurbit downy mildew pathogen were successfully dispersed to Long Island. The pathotypes differ in ability to infect the different cucurbit crop types. This pathogen is not capable of surviving in the absence of living host plant tissue; however, it produces spores capable of long-distance movement by wind. Successful dispersal to Long Island occurs when there is a source of spores (affected cucurbit crops in another region) and conditions are favorable for dispersal (wind currents moving from affected crops to LI at night or during overcast days when spores will be protected from solar radiation), and also for deposition of spores and then for infection (rain is ideal as it moves spores out of the wind currents down to plants and infection occurs when leaves are wet or humidity is high). This can occur any time during the growing season. With knowledge of when downy mildew is occurring on Long

76 Island and which cucurbit crop types are at risk, growers can target their applications of fungicides with specific activity for downy mildew (oomycete) pathogens. Sentinel plots at LIHREC are being done every growing season as part of the national forecasting program for cucurbit downy mildew. There are similar sentinel plots at universities throughout the eastern USA each year.

To ensure leaf tissue for infection was present throughout the growing season, seedlings were transplanted into plots at two times, on 29 June and 17 July. The first planting was delayed because the first batch of seedlings died as a result of contaminated potting mix. Each cucurbit crop type or variety (there were two cucumbers) in each planting was grown in a plot with 3 rows of 5 plants at 24-inch spacing. Seedlings were transplanted into beds with controlled release fertilizer and drip tape covered with black plastic mulch. Insecticides and fungicides with targeted activity for powdery mildew were applied. Leaves were examined routinely for symptoms.

Symptoms of downy mildew were first observed on 10 August in cucumber. The plot with the susceptible variety Straight Eight was more severely affected than the plot with Marketmore 97, documenting that resistance to pathogen strains dominate until 2004 is continuing to provide some suppression of new strains. Symptoms appeared new. Another planting of cucumber at LIHREC was also affected. The pathogen most likely was dispersed to the area 6 days earlier on 4 August when there was a brief morning rain and there was a low risk forecasted or 11 days earlier on 30 July when rain occurred late afternoon through evening and the forecasted risk was high. Previous first occurrences at LIHREC were 27 August 2008, 27 July 2009, 7 September 2010, 1 August 2011, 17 July 2012, 22 July 2013, and 2 September 2014.

Very new symptoms were found at low incidence on butternut squash on 18 August. Rain on 11 August may have provided favorable conditions for pathogen dispersal. There were reports on 22 and 29 July of this crop type being affected in NJ and PA; however, there was no forecasted risk for cucurbit downy mildew on LI between 4 and 18 August.

On 24 August a few symptoms were found on cantaloupe and watermelon. Infection likely occurred 6 days earlier when there was forecasted risk for successful pathogen dispersal and infection. On 30 August there were symptoms in acorn squash and giant pumpkin.

In conclusion, several pathotypes were dispersed to LI in 2015 resulting in downy mildew developing on all cucurbit crop types. The situation was similar in 2013. However, in 2014 only cucumber was affected.

Validation of the CDM ipmPIPE Forecasting System: Relating aerial transport of pathogen spores to outbreaks of cucurbit downy mildew Investigators: Katie N. Neufeld (North Carolina State University), Anthony Keinath (Clemson University) and Peter S. Ojiambo (North Carolina State University), with assistance from Margaret T. McGrath (LIHREC) Location: Multiple Locations including Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

Pseudoperonospora cubensis, the causal agent of cucurbit downy mildew (CDM), is an obligate parasite that cannot survive in absence of a living host. In the US, the pathogen is thought to overwinter in southern Florida where mild winters enable cucurbit host plants to survive in the field. Thus, the pathogen is presumed to be introduced annually in northern states by southerly wind currents from sub-tropical regions in southern Florida. Current disease outbreaks and forecasts of the pathogen’s movement are predicted by the CDM ipmPIPE forecasting system (cdm.ipmpipe.org). The CDM ipmPIPE was established in 2008 to provide growers with a decision support system, such as disease forecasts that are based upon the current epidemic

77 status and forecasted weather conditions, to aid them in timing the first fungicide spray to manage CDM. Forecasts are available as interactive maps that depict the risk of initial infection in specific locations.

To ensure that disease outbreaks and real-time dispersal of spores are being correctly predicted, validation of the forecasting system is being addressed through various approaches using data from rainwater samples obtained from multiple locations from 2013 to 2015 in eastern United States. Samples have been collected from eight different states: New York at Long Island Horticulture Research and Extension Center (LIHREC), Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania and South Carolina after each rain and sent to North Carolina State University for processing. Rainwater collection buckets were usually deployed near actively scouted cucurbit fields. The presence of pathogen spores in collected rainwater samples will be correlated to the first onset of symptoms within the field.

Over 200 filter samples were collected over 2013 to 2015, from eight states (NY, AL, GA, LA, NC, OH, PA, SC) with the exception of Louisiana in 2013 (collected 2014-2015) and Ohio in 2015 (collected 2013-2014). NY LIHREC collected 14, 12, and 10 samples in 2013, 2014 and 2015 respectively. LIHREC’s rainwater collection bucket was located near the sentinel plots and samples were obtained from June 6th to first onset of symptoms on July 22nd in 2013, June 10th to September 2nd in 2014 and June 20th to August 12th in 2015. Molecular primers that were previously developed are being used to detect presence of P. cubensis spores in rainwater samples. Data from samples collected over 2013 to 2015 are currently being analyzed. Presence of CDM in rainwater will eventually be related to the timing of disease onset in the sentinel plots as a final step in the validation of the CDM ipmPIPE forecasting system.

Cucurbit downy mildew: An update on population biology of the causal agent, Pseudoperonospora cubensis Investigators: Anna Thomas, Ignazio Carbone and Peter S. Ojiambo (North Carolina State University), with assistance from Margaret T. McGrath (LIHREC) Location: Multiple Locations including Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

Cucurbit downy mildew (CDM) caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis, the most economically important disease of cucurbits resurged in the US almost a decade ago. This resurgence of CDM necessitated a need to determine the possible causes of the resurgence to limit its re-emergence in future and provide information that may be useful to control the disease. Introduction of a new pathotype, a new lineage or even new species of the pathogen, were proposed as potential reasons for the resurgence of the disease in the US. Host range studies conducted using twelve host differentials (Cucumis sativus, C. melo reticulatus, C. melo conomon, Citrullus lanatus, Cucurbita moschata, C. pepo, C. maxima, Luffa cylindrica, Lagenaria siceraria, Trichosanthes cucumerina, Benincasa hispida and Momardicha charantia) suggests the presence of previously undescribed pathotypes to exist in the US. Three P. cubensis isolates from NY: one collected on cantaloupe from Ontario County, NY and two collected on pumpkin and acorn squash from Long Island Horticultural, Research and Extension Center were tested for their compatibility with the above differential hosts alongside a series of isolates collected across the eastern US. Isolates collected from pumpkin and cantaloupe were found to be compatible only with C. sativus (cucumber), C. melo reticulatus (cantaloupe) and C. maxima (Big Max pumpkin). Virulence pattern exhibited by these isolates is similar to that of pathotype 1 and hence they have been characterized as variants of pathotype I. Pathotype I was previously known to be present only in Asia. Isolate collected from acorn squash was found to be compatible with C. sativus and was highly compatible with squashes and C. maxima but not with any other differential hosts.

78 Reports on the occurrence of opposite mating types of P. cubensis were made in the US recently. Crosses between isolates belonging to opposite mating types have resulted in the formation of viable oospores under in vitro conditions. Mating types of isolates collected on cantaloupe and pumpkin from Ontario County and Long Island were determined and both were found to belong to A1 mating type. Mating types of more isolates collected on diverse host types from different locations in the state need to be determined to better understand the distribution of different mating types in NY.

An additional aspect of this study is to understand the source of inoculum for the seasonal outbreaks of CDM in the US. It has been widely proposed that the source of inoculum for CDM infections in northern states is the overwintering sources in southern Florida and that the pathogen is introduced into northern states every year during periods of strong southerly winds. However, there is no direct biological evidence to support the hypothesis of pathogen overwintering in southern Florida. Thus, one of our objective is to test the hypothesis by examining genetic differentiation and diversity among isolates collected in eastern US and be able to track the source of inoculum for seasonal CDM outbreaks in the US. Isolates from different cucurbit host types including cucumber, cantaloupe, watermelon, butternut squash, acorn squash and pumpkin were collected from throughout the eastern US including Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, NY. A total of 14 isolates were sent from Long Island in 2008, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015. DNA extracted from 8 out of these 14 isolates collected from diverse host types (cucumber, cantaloupe, pumpkin, ornamental gourd, acorn squash and butternut squash) will be used in the genetic study aimed to understand the diversity of P. cubensis population in the US.

Evaluation of biopesticides for managing Phytophthora blight in pepper Investigators: Margaret T. McGrath and Karen LaMarsh Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of EPA-classified biopesticides (which contain microbes or naturally-occurring substances as the active ingredient). Several biopesticides labeled for this disease were tested together in an integrated program. The treatment was applied to a larger area than used in previous fungicide evaluations (3 adjacent rows rather than one row) so that there was more treated area around plants and less non-treated area in the experiment. The experiment was conducted in a field with Haven loam soil where Phytophthora blight has developed most years since 1994.

The biopesticide program started with a soil drench to seedlings in trays of Bio-Tam 0.075 oz/gal water + an experimental product from Marrone Bio Innovations. Peppers (variety Red Knight) were seeded 22 May and transplanted on 30 June into bare-ground. A directed soil drench spray of Bio-Tam 5 lb/A + Double Nickel 1.5 lb/A + the experimental product was made in an 8-inch band at the base of plants using a CO2-pressurized back-pack sprayer immediately after transplanting and before drip irrigation. Biopesticides were applied to plots weekly starting 2 weeks after transplanting. A tractor-sprayer with a boom covering 21 feet (15 nozzles) was used rather than a single-row hand-held boom with 1 or 3 nozzles as in previous experiments. Bio-Tam 5 lb/A + Double Nickel 1.5 lb/A was applied twice (14 and 28 July) in alternation with Actinovate 12 oz/A + Serenade Soil 6 qt/A + Soilgard 5 lb/A (21 July). The target for these applications was soil, therefore the applications were immediately watered in by spraying the plots several times with water. These were followed by applications made to foliage on 5, 13, 18, and 25 August and 1, 8, and 15 September. Double Nickel 1.5 lb/A + Cueva 2 qt/A + Regalia 3 qt/A was applied in alternation with Actinovate 12 oz/A + Regalia 3 qt/A + Nu-Film P at 0.25% v/v.

79 This program was evaluated by including in the replicated experiment a non-treated control and a conventional fungicide standard 7-day program with oomycete-targeted fungicides applied to foliage, which was Revus 8 fl oz/A + K-Phite 1 qt/A + the adjuvant Induce 0.25 % v/v applied in alternation with Presidio 4 fl oz/A + K-Phite 1 qt/A. Applications were made at the same time as the biopesticide program, starting 5 weeks after transplanting for a total of 7 applications. A completely randomized block design with four replications was used.

All products tested except the one experimental one are labeled for Phytophthora blight in pepper and all the biopesticides are approved for organic production. There was an adjacent, parallel experiment on pumpkin with the same treatments (see next report).

Conditions were not favorable for Phytophthora blight during the 2015 growing season due to limited rainfall, with only 1.24 inches in July (9 days with rainfall), 2.14 inches in August (4 days), and 2.84 inches in September (4 days). More important, there was a lack of intensive rainfall events to create water-saturated soils that are most favorable for the pathogen, especially when soil is moist at the time of occurrence. Rainfall exceeded 0.75 inches on 4 August (0.8), 11 August (0.93), and 30 September (1.72). Soil was dry at the time in all cases. Overhead irrigation was set up to use to promote disease development, but it was not run until late August. Symptoms were not observed on any plants including none of the non-treated control.

Acknowledgments: Project funded by New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets.

Evaluation of biopesticides for managing Phytophthora blight in pumpkin Investigators: Margaret T. McGrath and Karen LaMarsh Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

The objectives of this experiment and the treatments were identical to those of an adjacent experiment with pepper. See the previous report for more information. The treatments were applied to pepper and pumpkin in the two experiments at the same time. Pumpkin variety Prankster was used.

Foliar symptoms of Phytophthora blight were not observed. Fruit that had rotted and healthy fruit were counted on 21 October. Some rotting fruit had definitive symptoms of Phytophthora fruit rot with spores of the pathogen visible; some others had typical symptoms. There was a higher percentage of rotting fruit in nontreated plots (16%) than in plots treated with conventional fungicides (9%) or biopesticides (7%). One plot for each of these treatments had a higher percentage than the others (22% and 18%, respectively). Average percentage of rotting fruit for the other plots excluding these was 4.3% and 3.7%,

Plots were assessed for powdery mildew, downy mildew, and defoliation to determine whether the biopesticide program was improving control of these diseases. Powdery mildew symptoms were first observed on 31 July. The entire experiment was treated on a weekly schedule with targeted fungicides for powdery mildew (Torino, Vivando, and Quintec in alternation) beginning on 8 August and ending on 15 September. Phytophthora blight and downy mildew are caused by similar pathogens and managed by similar targeted fungicides, therefore fungicides were not also applied to the experiment for downy mildew. Powdery mildew was more severe on the lower surface of leaves in the nontreated plots (8% vs 1.5% for all treated plots) on 3 September. There were very few symptoms on upper leaf surfaces. All of the treated plots were visibly better (less symptoms of downy and powdery mildews plus less defoliation) than the nontreated plots on 14 September. At the time of the next assessment on 18 September, differences in disease severity were less pronounced primarily because of the amount of defoliation in the nontreated plots, which averaged 82% versus 9% for plots treated with conventional fungicides for oomycete pathogens (Phytophthora blight and downy mildew)

80 and 30% for plots receiving the biopesticide program; all three treatments were significantly different. Therefore the biopesticide program did contribute to control of foliar diseases.

Acknowledgments: Project funded by New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets.

Occurrence and impact of downy mildew on sweet basil in 2015 Investigators: Margaret T. McGrath Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

A webpage was set up in Google Docs for those who observe downy mildew in their basil in 2015 to log reports. A webpage has been set up every year since 2009. When first set up it was anticipated that extension pathologists would be the primary users, so they were contacted about the monitoring program. However, gardeners have logged most reports. Growers have also reported. These reporters while searching the internet for what happened to their basil found an article about basil downy mildew that included requests for occurrence information with links to each year’s report page. The main webpage with links is http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/NewsArticles/BasilDowny.html

Attempt was made to confirm all reports by requesting photographs from the reporter; symptom descriptions were also used. After 7 years of reporting, not only is knowledge about basil downy mildew occurrence in the USA substantially better than it could have been without public help, reporters in the spreadsheet comments section provided valuable additional information including environmental conditions when basil downy mildew appeared, impact, and management practices tried. This new disease, first observed in Florida in fall 2007, was reported in eight states in 2008. Since then through the monitoring program it has been reported in 42 states plus District of Columbia. A total of 49 reports of basil downy mildew were logged in 2009, 63 reports in 2010, 63 reports in 2011, 75 reports in 2012, 64 reports in 2013, 284 reports in 2014, and 281 in 2015. These came from 20, 26, 22, 26, 20, 36, and 34 states, respectively, plus the District of Columbus. Some reports were from outside the USA: Argentina, Australia, Mexico, Baja California, Grand Cayman, Costa Rico, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Quebec, Ontario, British Columbia, South Africa, and South Korea. Most reports of basil downy mildew were on outdoor plants; a few were of greenhouse plants. Unknowingly distributing contaminated seed is a plausible way that the pathogen was first introduced into the USA and how it has been spread long distances between geographically-separated areas. However, most occurrences reported in the USA are likely the result of infection by wind- dispersed spores. States where this disease has not yet been reported and/or confirmed are Alaska, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming.

Some growers reported challenges managing downy mildew in 2015. There were crop losses. Gardeners also reported loosing basil to downy mildew. Several reports received in 2015 were from gardeners who had not seen downy mildew in previous years.

Acknowledgments: Project funded by USDA Specialty Crops Research Initiative Program.

Downy mildew susceptibility of sweet basil varieties and experimental resistant lines Investigators: Margaret T. McGrath and Karen LaMarsh Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

Downy mildew is a new disease of basil that has occurred every year on LI since first seen in this area in 2008. This disease can have tremendous impact because affected leaves are unmarketable. The objective of this experiment was to assess the degree of resistance in experimental resistant lines grown under field conditions and exposed to naturally-occurring Peronospora belbahrii inoculum. The lines were obtained from Enza Zaden USA, Inc. and

81 PanAmerican Seed. They were compared to a standard susceptible variety, DiGenova, and the first commercialized resistant variety, Eleonora.

Fertilizer (N-P-K, 10-10-10) at 1000 lb/A (100 lb/A of nitrogen) was broadcast over the bed area and incorporated on 5 July. Beds were formed, drip irrigation tape was laid, and beds were covered with black plastic mulch on 6 July. Weeds between mulch strips were managed with Devrinol DF-XT (2 lb/A) applied after laying plastic on 6 July and then by cultivation and hand-weeding. A waterwheel transplanter was used to make planting holes in the beds and apply starter fertilizer. To provide a source of natural inoculum within the experimental area, basil (variety DiGenova) was transplanted by hand into a spreader row on 7 July. These plants were not inoculated. Basil for the experiment was seeded on 22 June in trays in a greenhouse, placed outdoors to harden for a few days, and then transplanted by hand on 15 July. A late planting date was used to increase the likelihood of downy mildew developing during the experiment. The primary source of initial inoculum in this area is considered to be long- distance wind-dispersed spores from affected plants.

A randomized complete block design with four replications was used. Each plot contained 13 plants in 10-ft rows with 9-in. in-row plant spacing. The plots were 3 ft apart in the row. Downy mildew was assessed in each plot on 12, 25, and 28 August, and 4, 14, and 24 September. Incidence of plants with symptoms (sporulation of the pathogen visible on the underside of leaves) and percentage of leaves per plant with symptoms was estimated for 10 plants in each plot. Incidence of downy mildew in the plots was calculated by multiplying these values. Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) values were calculated from 25 August through 24 September. AUDPC is a summation measure of severity over time. Percent of leaves that had dropped off of plants because of downy mildew were estimated on 14 and 24 September. At the last disease assessment on 24 September, plants were removed from plots and held upside down while in the field to be able to thoroughly examine the underside of leaves. Percentage of leaves with symptoms (incidence) was estimated.

Downy mildew developed naturally and became severe as is typical for the area. Symptoms of downy mildew were first observed on 10 August in the spreader row. No symptoms were found in plots on 12 August. Symptoms were found in 15 of the 44 plots on 18 August, 39 plots on 25 August, and all plots on 28 August. BA108 exhibited excellent resistance for one month, the duration period the disease was present and being assessed. It was significantly better than Eleonora, the first downy mildew resistant sweet basil variety available in the US, based on incidence of leaves with symptoms on 24 September (4% versus 37%; 70% for DiGenova), AUDPC (103, 672, and 1603, respectively), and defoliation (2%, 40% and 70% on 24 September). M3655Z, M4828Z, BA111, and BA113 also exhibited resistance (11% - 29% leaves affected on 24 September). The other four experimental lines evaluated did not exhibit resistance.

In conclusion, resistant experimental varieties (lines) developed recently exhibit better resistance to downy mildew than the first resistant variety released, Eleonora. Disease pressure was high in this experiment in the absence of other control practices (e.g. fungicides) and with several entries becoming severely affected.

Acknowledgments: Project funded by USDA Specialty Crops Research Initiative Program.

Assessment of downy mildew resistance in experimental sweet basil lines Investigators: Margaret T. McGrath and Karen LaMarsh Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

The goal of this experiment was to evaluate basil bred to be resistant to downy mildew by

82 breeders at Rutgers University. Plants were exposed to naturally-occurring inoculum of the downy mildew pathogen under field conditions. Five segregating lines were examined in 2015. There were 60 plants of each line transplanted in a single row with a plant of the susceptible variety Italian Large Leaf planted in spots 5, 10, 15, etc. for comparison with the resistant plants and to provide a source of the pathogen throughout the planting.

Fertilizer (N-P-K, 10-10-10) at 1000 lb/A (100 lb/A of nitrogen) was broadcast over the bed area and incorporated on 5 July. Beds were formed, drip irrigation tape was laid, and beds were covered with black plastic mulch on 6 July. Weeds between mulch strips were managed with Devrinol DF-XT (2 lb/A) applied after laying plastic on 6 July and then by cultivation and hand-weeding. A waterwheel transplanter was used to make planting holes in the beds and apply starter fertilizer. Basil plants for the experiment were rooted cuttings. Transplanting was done on 18 August. A late planting date was used to increase the likelihood of downy mildew developing during the experiment. The primary source of initial inoculum in this area is considered to be long-distance wind-dispersed spores from affected plants. This planting was adjacent to the experiment in the previous report. Between them was a spreader row with basil variety DiGenova that was transplanted on 7 June.

Downy mildew was observed in the spreader row the day the experimental resistant lines were transplanted; thus the pathogen was present throughout the time these plants were growing. Occurrence of symptoms was assessed on each plant. On 28 August downy mildew was present on most (44 of 60) of the Italian Large Leaf plants. Affected plants had on average 8% of leaves affected. On 4 September downy mildew was observed on 6% (2 lines) or 37.5% (3 lines) of the 16 plants of the 5 lines that were examined. On 24 September all plants were examined. All Italian Large Leaf plants had symptoms with an average of 34% of leaves affected (range 1 – 90%), whereas only 19% (2 lines), 29%, 54%, and 60% of plants of the 5 experimental resistant lines had symptoms. The average proportion of leaves with symptoms on affected plants was 9%, 6% (2 lines), 15%, and 12% for these lines, respectively.

In conclusion, the experimental resistant lines developed by herb breeders at Rutgers exhibit excellent resistance with many plants developing no symptoms despite downy mildew being present throughout the duration of this experiment. The plants evaluated at LIHREC are of segregating lines, thus a range of susceptibility was expected. The plants that did develop symptoms had fewer percent affected leaves than the susceptible variety. Results obtained in 2015 confirm results from previous experiments conducted at LIHREC and further document that highly effective resistance has been identified through breeding work conducted at Rutgers University.

Acknowledgments: Project funded by USDA Specialty Crops Research Initiative Program.

Evaluation of fungicides for managing downy mildew in sweet basil Investigators: Margaret T. McGrath and Karen LaMarsh Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

New and currently registered fungicides were evaluated on field-grown basil in this experiment. One of the products, Cueva, a copper fungicide, is approved for organic production. The other fungicides tested are for conventional production.

Fertilizer (N-P-K, 10-10-10) at 1000 lb/A (100 lb/A of nitrogen) was broadcast over the bed area and incorporated on 6 July. Beds were formed, drip irrigation tape was laid, and beds were covered with black plastic mulch on 7 July. Weeds between mulch strips were managed early in the season with Devrinol DF-XT (2 lb/A) applied before transplanting and then by cultivation and hand-weeding. A waterwheel transplanter was used to make planting holes in the beds and

83 apply starter fertilizer. Basil variety Genovese for the experiment was seeded on 22 June in trays in a greenhouse, placed outdoors to harden for a few days, then transplanted by hand on 15 July. A late planting date was used to increase the likelihood of downy mildew developing during the experiment. The primary source of initial inoculum in this area is considered to be long-distance wind-dispersed spores from affected plants. Additionally, to provide a source of natural inoculum within the experimental area, a row of non-fungicide-treated basil plants (variety DiGenova) that extended the length of this experiment was transplanted on 7 July. These plants were not inoculated.

A randomized complete block design with four replications was used. Each plot had 10 plants in 8-ft rows with 9-inch in-row plant spacing. The plots were 4 ft apart in the row. Foliar treatment applications were made with a backpack sprayer using Twin-jet nozzle(s) delivering 50 gal/A operated at 54 psi and 2.4 mph. A boom with a single (TJ60-4004EVS) nozzle was used on 28 July, 7 August, and 12 August when basil plants were small. A boom with a nozzle delivering spray over the top of the plant plus a drop nozzle directed to each side (all TJ60- 8006vs) was used on 18 August, 25 August, 1 September, and 8 September. Downy mildew was assessed in each plot on 24 August, 31 August, 17 September, and 28 September. Incidence of plants with symptoms (sporulation of the pathogen visible on the underside of leaves) and percentage of leaves per plant with symptoms was estimated for 10 plants in each plot. Incidence of downy mildew in the plots was calculated by multiplying these values. Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) values were calculated from 25 August through 24 September. Percent of leaves that had dropped off of plants because of downy mildew were estimated on 31 August, 17 September, and 28 September. At the last disease assessment on 28 September, plants were removed from plots and held upside down while in the field to be able to thoroughly examine the underside of leaves. Percentage of leaves with symptoms (incidence) was estimated.

Downy mildew developed naturally and became severe as is typical for the area. Symptoms of downy mildew were first observed on 10 August in the spreader row. Rain fell on 11 and 21 August. Symptoms were found on almost all plants in plots on 27 August. Applications were intended to be made weekly. The actual intervals between applications were 10, 5, 13, 7, and 7 days, respectively. The fourth application should have been made on 19 August, 2 days before it rained, instead it was made 4 days after rain. This lapse in the spray schedule is likely the main reason most treatments were ineffective. This documents the importance of maintaining a regular application schedule to manage this disease. The most effective treatment on 24 August was the program in which A20941A (an experimental fungicide being developed by Syngenta) was applied on 12 August, i.e., in the application immediately preceding rain. These plants averaged 12.5% affected leaves versus 79% for nontreated plants on 24 August, and 7.5% versus 62.5% defoliation on 31 August. The two other treatments that also had A20941A, Revus and Quadris (different application timing) also had significantly less defoliation than nontreated plants on 31 August. Cueva, Revus alternated with Quadris and the grower standard (Revus plus K-Phite alternated with Ranman plus K-Phite) were all ineffective at least partly reflecting the impact of the lapse in the spray schedule. A variation of the grower standard (beginning with an application of Ridomil and Quadris) was highly effective in another experiment (see next report). Downy mildew was assessed as percentage of leaves with symptoms, which is a rigorous assessment, but realistic, reflecting zero tolerance for disease on fresh-market herbs.

Acknowledgments: Project partially funded by IR-4 Program.

84 Evaluation of organic and conventional fungicide programs for downy mildew in sweet basil Investigators: Margaret T. McGrath and Karen LaMarsh Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

The goal of this experiment was to evaluate fungicide programs with several organic or conventional fungicides applied to a susceptible variety (Italian Large Leaf) or to a variety with moderate resistance (Eleonora). A randomized complete block design with four replications was used. Each plot had 10 plants in 8-ft rows with 9-in. in-row plant spacing. The plots were 4 ft apart in the row. See previous report for information about cultural practices used. The fungicide programs applied to both varieties on a preventive schedule were:

1. Organic fungicide program (sprayed twice/week) Regalia 3 qt/A soil drench 1 day after transplant and 7 days later. Foliar applications: MilStop 1 lb/A + Double Nickel 3 qt/A applied in alternation with Regalia 2 qt/A + Double Nickel 3 qt/A + Cueva 4 qt/A and with Trilogy 1% (12 sprays total) 2. Current conventional fungicide program with registered fungicides (7-day spray schedule) Ridomil Gold SL 1 qt/A soil drench 8 days after transplanting Foliar applications: Quadris 15.5 fl oz/A once, then Ranman 3 fl oz/A plus K-Phite 1 qt/A alternated with Revus 8 fl oz/A plus K-Phite. (6 sprays total) 3. Future conventional fungicide program includes product not yet registered that has exhibited excellent efficacy in previous experiments. (7-day spray schedule)

Quadris once, then Orondis 2.4 fl oz/A alternated with Ranman and Revus. (6 sprays total) Soil drenches were applied around the base of the plants using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer with a boom equipped with a single Twin-jet nozzle (TJ60-11003) delivering 57 gal/A at 54 psi. Drip irrigation was run after each soil application to incorporate. Foliar treatment applications were made with a backpack sprayer using Twin-jet nozzle(s) delivering 50 gal/A operated at 54 psi and 2.4 mph. A boom with a single (TJ60-4004EVS) nozzle was used on 28 July, 7 August, and 12 August when basil plants were small. A boom with a nozzle delivering spray over the top of the plant plus a drop nozzle directed to each side (all TJ60-8006vs) was used on 18 August, 25 August, 1 September, and 8 September. Downy mildew was assessed in each plot on 24 August, 31 August, 17 September, and 28 September. Incidence of plants with symptoms (sporulation of the pathogen visible on the underside of leaves) and percentage of leaves per plant with symptoms was estimated for 10 plants in each plot. Incidence of downy mildew in the plots was calculated by multiplying these values. Percent of leaves that had dropped off of plants because of downy mildew were estimated on 31 August, 17 September, and 28 September. At the last disease assessment on 28 September, plants were removed from plots and held upside down while in the field to be able to thoroughly examine the underside of leaves. Percentage of leaves with symptoms (incidence) was estimated.

Downy mildew developed naturally and became severe as is typical for the area. Symptoms were first observed on 24 August in 27 of the 32 plots. On 31 August, symptoms were observed on all non-treated plants of Italian Large Leaf with an average of 44% of leaves affected. The non-fungicide-treated resistance variety, Eleonora, was similarly affected by downy mildew as the non-treated susceptible variety, Italian Large Leaf, at all assessments. There also were no differences between the two varieties for any of the fungicide programs. Foliar fungicide applications were started 13 days after transplanting and 4 weeks before symptoms were seen. The organic fungicide program was not effective for managing downy mildew on either variety, despite starting well before disease onset and the frequency of applications (twice weekly). Both conventional fungicide programs were very effective for managing downy mildew on both

85 varieties based on incidence of symptomatic leaves. The only significant difference among these 4 treatments was incidence of affected plants on 31 August. Based on incidence of affected leaves on 17 September, these programs provided 98-100% control.

Acknowledgments: Project funded by USDA Specialty Crops Research Initiative Program.

Evaluation of biopesticides for managing downy mildew in sweet basil Investigators: Margaret T. McGrath and Karen LaMarsh Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

Most biopesticides are approved for use on organically-produced crops. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used. Each plot had 10 plants in 8-ft rows with 9-in. in-row plant spacing. The plots were 4 ft apart in the row. See first report on this disease for information about cultural practices used. Foliar treatment applications were made with a backpack sprayer using Twin-jet nozzle(s) delivering 50 gal/A operated at 54 psi and 2.4 mph. A boom with a single (TJ60-4004EVS) nozzle was used on 4, 7, and 12 August when basil plants were small. A boom with a nozzle delivering spray over the top of the plant plus a drop nozzle directed to each side (all TJ60-8006vs) was used on 18, 25 and 28 August; and 1, 4, 8, and 11 September. The fungicides tested were Double Nickel, Regalia plus Double Nickel, Sil-Matrix, Procidic, Oso (not approved for organic production), and MBI-110 (an experimental product). All were tested in combination with the copper fungicide Cueva applied every third applications. Downy mildew was assessed in each plot on 27 August and 18 September. Incidence of plants with symptoms (sporulation of the pathogen visible on the underside of leaves) and percentage of leaves per plant with symptoms was estimated for 10 plants in each plot. Incidence of downy mildew in the plots was calculated by multiplying these values. Percent of leaves that had dropped off of plants due to downy mildew was estimated on 18 September. Percentage of leaves with symptoms (incidence) was estimated.

A seedling assay was conducted to assess whether inadequate spray coverage was a potential explanation for poor control with biopesticides and organic fungicides. Most of these products lack the ability that many conventional fungicides have to move through leaf tissue to the underside where downy mildew develops. Seedlings in pots were dipped in fungicide solutions of the same concentration as was used to spray on plants in the field experiment. The seedlings were allowed to dry in the greenhouse overnight, then put in the field next to the experiment plants for three days beginning on 23 September before returning to the greenhouse.

Downy mildew developed naturally and became severe as is typical for the area. Symptoms of downy mildew were first observed on 10 August in the spreader row, which was 6 days after the treatment applications were started. Rain fell on 11 and 21 August. Symptoms were found on almost all plants in every plot on 27 August. Applications of the biopesticides were intended to be made twice weekly. The intervals were 8, 6, 7, 3, 4, 2, 5, and 3 days. Not being able to apply the treatments more frequently than once weekly until downy mildew was widespread may partly account for lack of control with any of the fungicide combinations tested. Inadequate spray coverage may also be an explanation based on the results with the seedling assay. When the assay seedlings were examined 8 days after they were put in the field, no symptoms were found on any plants treated with Sil-Matrix, Trilogy, Cueva, or the conventional standard fungicide, Revus. There were symptoms on only 1-3 out of 10 plants treated with MBI-110, Regalia, Procidic, and MilStop, 4 plants treated with Oso, while there were 6-8 affected plants for the nontreated control, Actinovate, and Double Nickel treatments.

Acknowledgments: Project funded by IR-4 Biopesticides and Organic Support Program.

86 Investigation of nitrogen fertility management practices in organic reduced tillage winter squash Investigators: Margaret T. McGrath and Karen LaMarsh Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

Providing adequate fertility, in particular nitrogen, is one challenge of successfully producing organic crops with reduced tillage.

Similar experiments were conducted at Cornell’s facility in central NY (Freeville) and University of Maine facility in Monmouth. Additional research on organic reduced tillage production systems and management practices was conducted at these locations and at the University of Michigan as part of this 5-yr project.

Research trials were established at three locations (Freeville, Long Island, and Monmouth, ME) to test how different sources, placement, and timing of nitrogen (N) fertility affected acorn squash production. We replicated a core set of treatments designed to evaluate different N fertility levels achieved through a combination of pre-plant applications of compost (at 80 lb N/A) and bloodmeal (40 lb N/A) applied either banded (concentrated) over the strip-tilled area, or broadcasted over the entire area. These applications were incorporated by using a Perfecta cultivator and an Unferverth deep zone builder over the rows, which also prepared them for transplanting. Additionally, there was a sub-treatment receiving additional N just prior to flowering through a “side-dress” application of bloodmeal (40 lb N/A). The goal of these treatments was to determine which of these N sources and placement could satisfy needs of a main-season crop. Each location included a control with no nitrogen applied. Amount of N applied ranged from 0 to 120 lb N/A. ‘Honeybear’ bush acorn squash was transplanted in early summer and harvested at crop maturity, with dates varying by location. We sampled plant petioles prior to the sidedress for treatments receiving this as an indicator of plant available N, plant leaf and stem biomass at harvest, and total squash yield and quality. At LIHREC compost and fertilizer were applied 4-9 June, squash was transplanted on 19 June, petiole samples were collected on 16 July, sidedressing was done on 16 July when first fruit were enlarging, and fruit were harvested twice on 20-22 September and 16 October.

Petiole nitrate values varied greatly among plots. There were no significant differences among the treatments sampled (which were those to receive sidedress) at least partly due to the variation; however, petiole nitrate values were highest for treatments that received banded bloodmeal fertilizer (13,431 ppm and 14,756 ppm for plots that also received compost). Next were treatments that received the fertilizer as a broadcast application (6165 ppm and 7026 for plots that also received compost broadcast applied). Value was lowest for treatments that did not receive any bloodmeal fertilizer just before planting (1106 ppm for no compost plots, 793 for broadcast compost plots, and 1049 for banded compost treatments).

Surprisingly there were no significant differences among treatments in yield (number or weight of marketable fruit or average fruit weight) or in fruit quality (Brix value which is a measurement of sugar content).

Limited nitrogen may have been provided by the compost because there was limited rainfall during the 2015 growing season. Drip irrigation was used to provide water to plants. Rainfall (in.) was 5.02 in June, 1.24 in July, 2.14 in August, and 2.84 in September.

Acknowledgments: Project funded by USDA Organic Research and Extension Initiative.

87 Potato variety trial evaluation and development Investigators: Sandra Menasha, Anastasia Yakaboski, Heidi Lee, Shannon Moran and Nicholas Karavolias Cooperators: Walter De Jong, Gregory Porter, Kathleen Haynes, and David Douches Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

The experiments conducted in 2015 are part of an ongoing program evaluating promising potato clones grown under Long Island conditions from the Cornell Breeding Program, Maine Breeding Program, USDA Breeding Program, Michigan Breeding Program, and from the NE1231 Northeast Regional Potato Participatory Group. Resistance to both races of the golden nematode, the Ro1 and Ro2 strain, is a high priority. Forty-nine potato clones and named varieties were evaluated in replicated experiments conducted at the Long Island Horticulture Research and Extension Center (LIHREC), Riverhead, NY. Seventy-six clones were included in a non-replicated observational trial.

Advanced Cornell white-skinned clones: Marcy had the highest marketable yields in the trial at 461 cwt/A followed by NY151 at 433 cwt/A and B2869-29 at 426 cwt/A. NY141, Reba and Marcy produced the largest tubers while NY150, AF5212-5 and L30-5 had the smallest tubers in the trial. Overall appearance was rated highest in NY140, NY151 and L7-2 with all other varieties rating fair to good. Hollow heart and brown center was greatest in AF5212-5 and NY151. L7-2, L30-3 and B2869-29 had no internal defects. Specific gravity was highest in B2869-29 at -1.083 and lowest in Norwis and MI Purple Sport at -1.065.

Intermediate white-skinned clones: Reba, the standard variety in the trial, had marketable yields of 428 cwt/A. AF5225-1, MSQ086-3 and MSV093-1 had the highest yields at 13%, 8% and 7% above the standard Reba, respectively. Norwis, MSS487-2 and MSQ131-A were the lowest yielding clones in the trial. MSQ131-A produced the largest tubers in the trial with over 20% greater than 4”. Most all varieties averaged fair to good for overall appearance except MSS487- 2 which had a rating of 2 out of 9 mostly due to scab. External and internal defects were lowest in B2834-8 and MSR137-2.

NE1231 white-skinned clones: Marketable yields of the standard variety Atlantic were 416 cwt/A. Tubers of this variety were the largest in the trial with 86% distributed within the 2.5-4” range. NY148, AF0038-17 and AF4138-8 produced marketable yields 11%, 6% and 4% greater than the standard, respectively. Kennebec produced the lowest marketable yields in the trial at 258 cwt/A and some of the smallest tubers with 51% distributed within the 2.5-4” range. Overall appearance was greatest in AF0038-17 and AF4138-8 with a rating of 8 out of 9. Yukon Gold had a fair amount of PVYntn and Kennebec a lot of misshapes. Atlantic had the highest percentage of hollow heart and brown center; apparent in 43% of the tubers cut. Heat necrosis affected 60% of the tubers of NY148. External and internal defects were lowest in AF4138-8 and AF4648-2.

Red and purple-skinned clones: Chieftain, the standard variety in the trial, had the highest marketable yields at 548 cwt/A with 80% of the tubers distributed within the 2.5”-4” range. Red Maria, MST386-1P and Dark Red Norland yielded slightly below the standard at 463 cwt/A, 436 cwt/A and 427 cwt/A. B1816-5, Raspberry and CO00291-5R were the lowest yielding varieties in the trial while both Raspberry and BNC244-10 had the smallest tuber size profile.

88 Tuber appearance was fair for all varieties, rating 6 or 7 out of 9, except MST386-1P and AF4985-1 which both rated 5 out of 9. Internal and external defects were greatest in AF4985-1 with over 50% of the tubers cut with hollow heart and/or brown center and 10% of the tubers with growth cracks, misshapes, sunburn and rhizoctonia.

Evaluation of DOMINUS biofumigant on potato yield and quality Investigators: Sandra Menasha, Anastasia Yakaboski, Heidi Lee, Shannon Moran and Nicholas Karavolias Cooperators: Margaret McGrath Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

The goal of the study was to determine the effectiveness of DOMINUS as an alternative fumigant to Vapam in potato production. DOMINUS, a biofumigant (biopesticide) developed by Isagro-USA, is considered less toxic to the applicator, community and the environment. The active ingredient in DOMINUS is Allyl-isothiocyanate (A-ITC) a compound created as a natural defense by plants; more commonly known as oil of mustard. Just like Vapam, DOMIUS is a broad-spectrum pre-plant soil fumigant that controls certain soil-borne fungi, nematodes, weeds and insects.

The trial was establish at the Long Island Horticulture Research and Extension Center in Riverhead, NY to evaluate DOMINUS on potato crop quality and yield compared to the standard fumigant Vapam. The treatments included DOMINUS at 10 gpa (gallons per acre), DOMINUS at 20 gpa, Vapam at 45 gpa and an untreated control. The soil was a sandy loam or Haven series. The experiment was arranged as a randomized complete block design with four replications. Treatment plots were four rows wide by 75 feet long and rows were spaced on 34” centers. Fumigant applications were made in the fall prior to the growing year on September 17, 2014 using a tractor mounted, ground driven shank injector with a John Blue metering pump. The injector consisted of 12 shanks spaced 8” apart for a total width of 96”. A cereal rye cover crop was planted about 4 weeks after fumigating on October 21 at a rate of 120 lbs/acre (A) and allowed to overwinter. The rye was killed with Paraquat dichloride at 1.3 pt/A in the spring prior to planting on April 21, 2015. On April 27, Superior potato seed was planted 9.3” apart within the row with a 2-row assisted feed carousel planter. The trial was vine-killed on August 14. Tubers were harvested from 40 ft sections from the center 2 rows of each treatment plot on August 26. Data on crop yield, tuber size distribution, external and internal defects and specific gravity were recorded and analyzed.

Results from the trial show a significant increase in total and marketable yields in the Vapam at 45 gpa treatment compared to the untreated control and the DOMINUS treatments at 10 gpa and 20 gpa. However, the two DOMINUS treatments did not significantly differ from each other but did yield significantly greater than the untreated control. Tuber size distribution was statistically similar among all the treatments evaluated, as was specific gravity. Tuber external and internal defects were also evaluated among the different treatments and no significant differences were observed in the percentage of scab, rhizoctonia, or other tuber defects. Though, numerically, the untreated control did have slightly more scab and rhizoctonia than all the fumigation treatments evaluated.

89 On-farm evaluation of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer in commercial potato production 2015 Investigators: Sandra Menasha, Kevin Sanwald and Ken Johnson Location: Eastern Suffolk County Farms

On-farm trials were established to evaluate the performance of a controlled released nitrogen fertilizer (CRNF) program on eight commercial potato farms in eastern Suffolk County. The CRNF program was compared to each farmer’s own standard conventional fertilizer program referred to as the grower standard (GS). Fertilizer plots were arranged in the field as side-by- side comparisons so that on each farm, planting date and potato variety were the same within each trial. The varieties included were all mid-season, round white potatoes. Individual farm pest management and irrigation practices were the same for both the CRNF and the GS fertilizer programs. CRNF and GS programs were evaluated by comparing marketable yield, tuber quality, and plant tissue nitrogen content.

The total nitrogen (N) per acre (A) in the CRNF programs on the various farms ranged from 154 to 185 lbs and was applied in a band and all at planting. The CRNF program consisted of an 11- 11-15 blend where 70% of the total N was in the form of CRNF (ESN® (44-0-0), a polymer coated urea made by Agrium Advanced Technologies) and the remaining 30% consisted of conventional soluble N sources such as monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and ammonium sulfate (AS). The total N/A in the GS programs was split applied on 1 of the 5 farms while all others applied at planting. N rates per acre for the GS programs on the various farms ranged from 180 to 230 lbs. Each GS fertilizer program utilized a commercially available, complete fertilizer blend that varied in analysis but contained 100% of the total N in the form of conventional N sources such as (MAP). Six subsections from within each fertilizer program were harvested and data on yield and tuber quality were analyzed.

Marketable yields from the CRNF programs ranged from 271 to 414 hundred-weight per acre (cwt/A) on the various farms. Marketable yields from the GS fertilizer programs ranged from 230 to 476 cwt/A. Grower 1 saw a decrease in marketable yield of 62 cwt/A in his CRNF program compared to the GS program that had an N rate of 45 lbs more per acre. Growers 2, 3A, 3B, 4 and 5 saw an increase in marketable yields ranging from 2-49 more cwt/A in the CRNF programs compared to the GS programs with N rates between 3-71 lbs less N/A. The results, along with results from on-farm trials over the past 5 years, suggest that using CRNF instead of conventional soluble fertilizer can help reduce N rates per acre while still maintaining or increasing tuber yield and quality making it a viable option for commercial potato production on Long Island.

Evaluation of super sweet (SH2) sweet corn varieties for yield and quality Investigators: Sandra Menasha, Anastasia Yakaboski, Heidi Lee, Shannon Moran and Nicholas Karavolias Location: Long Island Horticulture Research and Extension Center

A trial was conducted to evaluate the performance and quality of fifteen SH2 sweet corn varieties to aid growers in choosing a locally adapted variety with high yields and good consumer characteristics to ensure profits and productivity.

90 The trial was planted at the Long Island Horticulture Research and Extension Center in Riverhead, NY in a Haven loam soil. The trial was arranged as a randomized complete block design with four replications. Plots were four rows wide by 10 ft long. Rows were spaced on 34” centers and seeds were planted 9.1” apart within the row. Fertilizer was broadcast applied on May 26 at a rate of 450 lbs/ acre (A) using a 24-10-12 fertilizer blend in which 75% of the nitrogen (N) was in controlled release form as ESN (44-0-0). Sweet corn was planted on May 27. Of the 15 varieties planted, 2 were all white varieties (3473 and Glacial) and the remaining 13 were bicolor. Ears were harvested from the center two rows of each plot on August 5, 10 and 13. Data on yield and ear quality were recorded. Ear quality ratings were based on a scale of 1 to 9; 1=poor, 5=marginal, 7=acceptable, 9=excellent.

There were several varieties that performed well in the trial for different quality characteristics. However, the variety that rated the highest in the most categories was Glacial, a white SH2 sweet corn variety with very large, wide and heavy ears, excellent tip fill, great flavor and high % brix (sucrose). Marketable ears (doz/A) and tip cover were both good but other varieties outperformed Glacial in terms of yield. Aces was the best tasting variety in the trial followed by Snack Pack and Glacial. 2472 XR was at the top of the list for % brix, so perfect if you are looking for an extremely sweet variety. For overall flavor though, all varieties evaluated rated good to excellent except Superb XR and Rainer, which rated acceptable, 6.5 and 6.8 out of 9 respectively. Tip cover and tip fill were good to excellent in all the varieties evaluated. Marketable yields were greatest in 2472 XR, XTH 2475, 3473 and Rainer. Snack Pack had the lowest marketable ears in the trial but that was due to the variety being harvested prematurely and many of the ears were sorted out as unmarketable as a result. Based on the results from this trial, recommended varieties include Aces, Snack Pack and Glacial (white variety).

Funding provided by the Friends of Long Island Horticulture Grant Program.

Tomato spotted wilt resistant tomato variety trial Investigators: Sandra Menasha, Anastasia Yakaboski, Heidi Lee, Shannon Moran and Nicholas Karavolias Location: Long Island Horticulture Research and Extension Center

On Long Island, large outbreaks of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) occurred in tomato during the 2013 and 2014 growing seasons. Host plant resistance, where available, has traditionally given growers one of the most powerful and economical tools for managing viral diseases in vegetable crops. A trial was established to evaluate the level of resistance and production performance of nine TSWV resistant varieties compared to a susceptible check.

The trial was established at the Long Island Horticulture Research and Extension Center in Riverhead, NY in a Haven loam soil. Nine, commercially available, round red varieties with known TSWV resistance were compared to a grower susceptible check (BHN 589). The experiment was arranged as a randomized complete block design with four replications. Treatments plots were one row wide by 16 ft long. Rows were spaced on 68” centers and plants were set 2’ apart within the row for a total of 8 plants/plot. The rows were fitted with 4’ wide black plastic mulch and drip irrigation. Transplants were started in the greenhouse on April 29 and seeded into 50-cell trays. The field was prepared by broadcasting an 11-11-15 fertilizer

91 blend in which 75% of the nitrogen was in controlled release form as ESN (44-0-0) at a rate of 1000 lbs/acre (A) and incorporated. Transplants were field set on June 12. Plants were staked and trellised using the Florida stake and weave method. A row of the TSWV susceptible variety BHN 589 was planted as a spreader row to promote natural infestation by the pest and subsequent infection of the virus. Tomatoes were harvested five times on August 24, 28, September 4, 14 and 25. Fruit were separated into different size classes, counted and weighed. Data on % brix and taste were also recorded. Plants were inspected weekly for TSWV; none was observed so unfortunately no information on the level of resistance among the varieties could be assessed or reported.

Results from the trial show early season marketable yields (first 2 harvests on 8/24 and 8/28) to be greatest in Red Mountain. Total marketable yields were greatest in Red Morning at 3,788 boxes/A followed by Red Mountain and Primo Red at 3,469 and 3,462 boxes/A. When total marketable yields were sorted out by size, Red Morning had the greatest number of fruit in the >3.5” followed by Primo Red. The greatest number of 3.5” fruit was produced by Red Mountain followed by Red Morning and Primo Red. The greatest number of 3” fruit was again produced by Red Mountain at 1,106 boxes/A. Red Defender and Mountain Merit had the highest % Brix readings in the trial and overall taste was rated highest in Red Line and Primo Red. Based on overall yield and quality, varieties growers should consider are Primo Red, Red Morning, Red Mountain and Mountain Glory.

Funding Provided by the Friends of Long Island Horticulture Grant Program.

Pepper variety trial evaluating tomato spotted wilt resistance Investigators: Sandra Menasha, Anastasia Yakaboski, Heidi Lee, Shannon Moran and Nicholas Karavolias Location: Long Island Horticulture Research and Extension Center

A trial was established at the Long Island Horticulture Research and Extension Center in Riverhead, NY in a Haven loam soil. The objective was to evaluate ten TSWV resistant sweet bell and long peppers compared to a TSWV susceptible grower standard (Revolution) in terms of yield, crop quality, and level of TSWV resistance. The experiment was arranged as a randomized complete block design with four replications. Treatment plots were one row wide by 8 ft long. Rows were spaced on 68” centers and plants were set 12” apart within the row. Rows were fitted with 4 ft wide black plastic mulch and drip irrigation. Prior to laying the plastic, 11-11-15 fertilizer in which 75% of the total nitrogen was in controlled release form as ESN (44-0-0) was broadcast applied at a rate of 1000 lbs/acre (A) and incorporated.

Pepper transplants were started in the greenhouse on April 29 and were seeded into 50-cell trays. Transplants were field set on June 29. A row of the TSWV susceptible variety, Revolution, was planted as a spreader row to promote natural infestation by the pest and subsequent infection of the virus within the experimental plots. Weekly observations were made for TSWV but unfortunately no virus was detected so there is no data on the level of resistance among the varieties evaluated. Plots were harvested four times on August 25, September 3, 11 and 23. Data on marketable yield and crop quality were recorded and analyzed.

92 Marketable yields among the bell pepper varieties were greatest in Chesapeake at 61,741 fruit/A followed by Catronia at 51,171 fruit/A. Both of the sweet long peppers, Sweet Delilah and Canario, had very high yields with Canario having higher marketable yields than Sweet Delilah and actually the highest marketable yields in the trial. Phytophthora blight affected a few of the varieties reducing overall marketable yields for the varieties Bayonet, Cutlass, Delirio and Sweet Delilah. The variety Cutlass bore the heaviest fruit in the trial followed by Declaration. Declaration, Chesapeake, Milenia and Canario were noted for their attractive appearance and big, heavy, solid fruit. Based on the results of this trial, recommended varieties include Canario for a sweet, long, high yielding pepper with a green to yellow coloration and for bell pepper types, Declaration (G-R), Chesapeake (G-R), Catronia (G-Y), and Milena (G-O).

Funding Provided by the Friends of Long Island Horticulture Grant Program.

Evaluation of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer in cucumber production Investigators: Sandra Menasha, Anastasia Yakaboski, Heidi Lee, Shannon Moran and Nicholas Karavolias Location: Long Island Horticulture Research and Extension Center

The goal of this trial was to evaluate the performance of both a 90-day and 45-day release controlled release nitrogen fertilizer (CRNF) compared to conventional soluble nitrogen fertilizer at different nitrogen rates in cucumber (56 days to maturity) production.

The trial was established at the Long Island Horticulture Research and Extension Center in Riverhead, NY in a Haven loam soil. Four fertilizer programs including a no nitrogen control, a standard fertilizer program, a 45-day CRNF (D45, 44-0-0) and a 90-day CRNF (D90, 44-0-0) program were evaluated. The standard and CRNF programs were assessed at 3 different nitrogen (N) rates; 80, 100 and 120 lbs N/A for a total of 10 treatments when including the control. The standard fertilizer treatments received 60 lbs N/A at planting; 11 lbs N/A from monoammonium phosphate (11-52-0) and 49 lbs N/A from ammonium nitrate (34-0-0) and received a sidedress application of either 20, 40 or 60 lbs N/A as ammonium nitrate 3 weeks after planting on June 29. The D45 and D90 CRNF treatments received the total N/A all at planting and of the total N applied, 20% was in the form of conventional N as monoammonium phosphate (11-52-0) and ammonium nitrate (34-0-0). The remaining 80% of the total N was in the form of CRNF either as D45 or D90 depending on the treatment. The CRNF treatments at 80 lbs total N/A received 11 lbs N/A from monoammonium phosphate (MAP), 5 lbs N/A from ammonium nitrate (AN), and 64 lbs from D45 or D90. The CRNF treatments at 100 lbs total N/A received 11 lbs N/A from MAP, 10 lbs/A from AN and 80 lbs N/A from D45 or D90. The CRNF treatment at 120 lbs total N/A received 11 lbs N/A from MAP, 13 lbs N/A from AN and 96 lbs N/A from D45 or D90. The control treatment received 11 lbs N/A from MAP. All treatments including the control received 50 lbs/A phosphorus as MAP (11-52-0) and 100 lbs/A potassium from Sul-Po-Mag (0-0-22) applied all at planting.

93 slicing cucumber seeds were direct-seeded using a Monosem vacuum seeder also on June 5. Three weeks after seeding, on June 29, the standard fertilizer treatments plots were sidedressed with ammonium nitrate (34-0-0) at a rate of 20, 40, or 60 lbs N/A depending on treatment and incorporated with cultivation. Tissue samples were collected 3 times during the growing season; prior to sidedress, at bloom and then again at harvest. Tissue samples were dried and sent to Brookside Labs (Ohio) for % nitrogen content as a means of further evaluating N release from the different fertilizer programs. Cucumbers were harvested 7 times on July 20, 23, 27, 29, 31, August 3 and 6 from the center 10 ft in each plot. Data on marketable yield was collected and analyzed.

Results from the trial did not show any significant differences in marketable yields among the fertilizer programs evaluated. Early season yields, total of the first two harvests on July 20 and 23, were greatest in the standard treatment and the D45 treatment both at 120 lbs N/A and were significantly greater than the control, the standard at 100 lbs N/A, D45 at 100 lbs N/A, and D90 at 120 lbs N/A but did not significantly differ from the other fertilizer treatments evaluated. Tissue N analysis revealed that on all three sampling dates N levels were within or above the adequate range indicating that N was not a limiting factor in production among any of the fertilizer treatments evaluated.

Funding Provided by the Friends of Long Island Horticulture Grant Program.

Evaluation of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer in zucchini production Investigators: Sandra Menasha, Anastasia Yakaboski, Heidi Lee, Shannon Moran and Nicholas Karavolias Location: Long Island Horticulture Research and Extension Center

The goal of this trial was to evaluate D45 and D90 controlled release nitrogen fertilizer (CRNF) programs in zucchini production compared to standard soluble N fertilizer programs at three different nitrogen rates. The trial was established at the Long Island Horticulture Research and Extension Center in Riverhead, NY in a Haven loam soil. Four fertilizer programs including a no nitrogen control, a standard fertilizer program, a 45-day CRNF (D45, 44-0-0) and a 90-day CRNF (D90, 44-0-0) program were evaluated. The standard and CRNF programs were assessed at 3 different N rates; 80, 100 and 120 lbs N/A for a total of 10 treatments when including the control. The standard fertilizer treatments received 60 lbs N/A at planting; 11 lbs N/A from monoammonium phosphate (11-52-0) and 49 lbs N/A from ammonium nitrate (34-0-0) and received a sidedress application of either 20, 40 or 60 lbs N/A as ammonium nitrate 3 weeks after planting on June 29. The D45 and D90 CRNF treatments received the total N/A all at planting and of the total N applied, 20% was in the form of conventional soluble N as monoammonium phosphate (11-52-0) and ammonium nitrate (34-0-0). The remaining 80% of the total N was in the form of CRNF either as D45 or D90 depending on the treatment. The CRNF treatments at 80 lbs total N/A received 11 lbs N/A from monoammonium phosphate (MAP), 5 lbs N/A from ammonium nitrate (AN), and 64 lbs from D45 or D90. The CRNF treatments at 100 lbs total N/A received 11 lbs N/A from MAP, 10 lbs/A from AN and 80 lbs N/A from D45 or D90. The CRNF treatment at 120 lbs total N/A received 11 lbs N/A from MAP, 13 lbs N/A from AN and 96 lbs N/A from D45 or D90. The control treatment received 11

94 lbs N/A from MAP. All treatments including the control received 50 lbs/A phosphorus as MAP (11-52-0) and 100 lbs/A potassium from Sul-Po-Mag (0-0-22) applied all at planting.

The experiment was arranged as a randomized complete block design with four replications. Treatment plots were 1 bed wide by 20 ft long. Beds were spaced on 68” centers and seeds were planted 12” apart within the row. Prior to seeding on June 5, fertilizer was hand applied in a broadcast fashion over each bed and incorporated with a rototiller. ‘Payroll’ zucchini seeds were direct-seeded, also on June 5, using a Monosem vacuum seeder. Three weeks after seeding, on June 29, the standard fertilizer treatments plots were sidedressed with ammonium nitrate (34-0- 0) at a rate of 20, 40, or 60 lbs N/A depending on treatment and incorporated with cultivation. Tissue samples were collected 3 times during the growing season; prior to sidedress, at bloom and then again at harvest. Tissue samples were dried and sent to Brookside Labs (Ohio) for % nitrogen content as a means of further evaluating N release from the different programs. Zucchini were harvested 8 times on July 14, 16, 20, 23, 27, 29, 31 and August 4 from the center 6 plants in each plot. Data on marketable yield was collected and analyzed.

There were no significant differences in the number of early or marketable fruit/plot among the different fertilizer treatment evaluated. Tissue analysis revealed that although there were some significant differences in % N on the first two sampling dates of June 5 and 29, on all three sampling dates % N levels were within or above the adequate range indicating that N was not a limiting factor in production. The 2015 season was a very dry season resulting in little to no N leaching in field plots. Although results from this trial appear promising to support substituting CRNF for standard soluble N fertilizer, additional research on CRNF is needed to develop best management practices in short-season crops like zucchini in regard to recommended N rate and CRNF formulation (D45 vs D90).

Funding Provided by the Friends of Long Island Horticulture Grant Program.

On-farm evaluation of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer in commercial sweet corn production 2015 Investigators: Sandra Menasha, Kevin Sanwald and Ken Johnson Location: Eastern Suffolk County Farms

Two growers participated in on-farm demonstration trials evaluating the performance of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer (CRNF) programs compared to their growers’ standard (GS) fertilizer programs in commercial sweet corn production. At each farm, fertilizer programs were arranged in the field as a direct side-by-side comparison between the CRNF program and the GS fertilizer program. Pest management and irrigation practices between the fertilizer treatments on a particular farm were identical. Performance was evaluated by comparing marketable yield and total plant nitrogen content between the two programs.

The GS fertilizer programs utilized commercially available blends (i.e. 10-10-10) made from conventional nitrogen (N) sources such as monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and ammonium sulfate (AS). N applied per acre (A) was split between two applications; at planting and then as a sidedress when plants were 6-12” tall. The total N/A applied in the GS programs ranged between 165 and 180lbs (N/A) for the two farms. The CRNF programs utilized a 24-10-12

95 fertilizer blend where 75% of the total N was controlled release in the form of ESN® (44-0-0), a polymer coated urea from Agrium Advanced Technologies, and the remaining 25 % was a blend of conventional N fertilizer sources such as MAP and AS. All CRNF fertilizer was band applied at planting on each farm and rates ranged from a total of 93 to 127lbs N/A. Leaf samples were taken at the 30 inch stage and at tassel to determine plant tissue N content to evaluate N release and crop uptake.

Results show that in both plantings, the GS programs produced marketable yields that were greater than the CRNF programs. Marketable yields were increased by as much as 32 to 96 more dozen ears per acre in the GS programs over the CRNF programs. However, total N rates per acre were reduced by 53 to 72lbs in the CRNF programs compared to the GS programs. In all plantings and fertilizer programs, foliar N levels were in the “adequate” or “above adequate range” at the 30 inch and at tassel.

Evaluation of Atrazine alternatives for weed control in sweet corn on Long Island Investigators: Andrew Senesac, Sandra Menasha, Irene Tsontakis-Bradley and Andrew Hoil Cooperator: Jeff Rottkamp Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center and Fox Hollow Farm, Suffolk County, NY

In 2015, two field trials were established that evaluated several registered herbicides for performance with reduced rates of atrazine. The treatments consisted of both pre- and postemergence combinations with atrazine. A split timing applications of ProwlH20 was evaluated to determine if that strategy might safen the corn crop against late season lodging.

One trial was established at LIHREC on Riverhead Sandy Loam in late June 2015. The treatments consisted of a reduced rate of atrazine in combination with label use rates of Accent, Callisto, and Impact. In addition to being applied alone, they were applied as a tank mix with ProwlH20. The crop ‘Providence’ sweet corn was visually evaluated for post treatment injury and late season lodging. The results suggest that any of the treatments that had ProwlH20 in them caused measurable lodging later in the season. Those treatments that combined atrazine with either Accent, Callisto, or Impact only did not cause lodging. Although weed pressure was fairly light in this trial, any combinations with reduced rates of atrazine provided excellent broad spectrum control. None of the treatments had a significant negative impact on sweet corn yield.

A second, single replicate demonstration plot was established at a nearby sweet corn grower’s field (Fox Hollow Farm). At this site, all treatments were applied post-emergence, 15 days after planting ‘Aces’ sweet corn. Atrazine and atrazine plus ProwlH20 combined with Accent, Callisto, or Impact were applied. Evaluations suggest that, in fields that are more heavily infested with crabgrass than with either barnyard grass or fall panicum, Callisto either alone or with ProwlH20 provide superior control. Lodging was not measured in these plots.

To summarize, it appears that there are several herbicides that can be applied with relative safety to the corn as well as any common vegetable crop planted the following year. Most of the

96 herbicides would be best used as companions to reduced atrazine rates to provide better control of annual grasses. Varying the choice of products from year to year will provide better overall control and help prevent build up of tolerant weed species or resistant biotypes.

Soil residual activity of Atrazine alternatives for sweet corn Investigators: Andrew Senesac, Sandra Menasha, Irene Tsontakis-Bradley and Andrew Hoil Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

A field trial and greenhouse bioassay were established at the LIHREC in 2014-2015 to determine if 1x and 2x (labeled use rates) are biologically detectable after 9 months in the field. The herbicides evaluated were Prowl H2O (pendimethalin at 3 and 6 pts.), impact (topramezone at 0.75 and 1.5 fl oz), Callisto (mesotrione at 3 and 6 fl oz), Sandea (halosulfuron at 0.66 and 1.33 oz), Laudis (tembotrione at 3 and 6 fl oz) and Accent (nicosulfuron at 0.33 and 1.3 oz).

Plots in Riverhead Sandy Loam with 2% organic matter that had been recently tilled were treated on August 7, 2014. Irrigation was applied within 24 hours of treatment. The trial design was split plot (herbicide = main plot) and replicated three times. In early May 2015 (9.5 months later), three samples of each plot (4” core) were removed from the field and combined. In the greenhouse, the samples were planted with four common vegetable crop seeds, sweet corn, tomato, green bean and zucchini. Emergence data were collected on May 18, 2015. After analysis, the split plot effect (herbicide rate) was not significant for any factor, so the data were combined over both rates of each herbicide.

Crabgrass (mixed species) was the major component of the resident vegetation in the treated soil. Emergence numbers were recorded with the other planted bioassay plants. The results suggest that Callisto was the only herbicide that still had a significant effect on the crabgrass emergence. However, compared to the untreated control, none of the herbicides showed significant negative effect on the growth of the vegetable crops. These results suggest that application of these herbicides in one season will most likely not have any harmful effects on vegetable crops planted the following season.

Preemergence weed management with Revulin Q in sweet corn Investigators: Andrew Senesac, Irene Tsontakis-Bradley and Andrew Hoil Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

A field trial was established at the Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center. ‘Providence’ sweet corn was planted on June 23, 2015 and an array of preemergence treatments were applied on June 25. A second set of treatments was applied at the early-post stage on July 7. The grassy weeds in the trial, in order of abundance were large crabgrass, fall panicum and barnyard grass. The broadleaf weeds were redroot pigweed and common purslane. Visual evaluations of crop injury and percent weed control were conducted at 7, 14, and 30 days after the post treatments. Average crop height was measured at 30 days. Lodging estimates were made by visual estimation and with a stalk penetrometer at 18 inches above soil (to measure the force necessary to penetrate the stalk). On August 31, 2015, the central five ears in each plot were harvested and weighed.

97 The results indicate the sweet corn tolerated the treatments very well. There were no treatment- related injury ratings above 13%. The yield data indicate that the weeds in the weedy control plots had greater negative effect on crop yield than any of the treatments. Other than that, none of the treatment yields were different from each other. There was little or no visual evidence of stalk lodging in this trial. Both the subjective and objective ratings were non-significant.

Postemergence hedge bindweed management Investigators: Andrew Senesac, Irene Tsontakis-Bradley and Andrew Hoil Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

Two outdoor container studies were conducted in 2015 that evaluated approaches to post emergence control of hedge bindweed (Calystegia sepium). Hedge bindweed is a trailing and vining perennial weed of several crops on Long Island, primarily potatoes, field nursery stock, and bramble small fruit. It is an occasional weed of grapes locally, but can be a more serious problem in upstate New York vineyards. Hedge bindweed survives the winter as an underground rhizome and as the soil warms in mid spring, numerous shoots can emerge from each rhizome section. If there is a host plant nearby, the shoots will begin twining growth upon it. However, the plant can grow laterally along the soil surface until a host is encountered. Potato growers have two post emergent herbicides that may have potential to control this weed: rimsulfuron (Matrix) and metribuzin (Glory). The objective of these studies was to determine if low rates of Matrix either alone or in combination with metribuzin (or flumioxazin) can provide acceptable control of this weed.

In the first study, single node rhizome pieces were planted in quart containers and allowed to grow to 5-10 leaves before treatment June 4, 2015. After treatment the containers were maintained under full sun and irrigated daily. Visual evaluations and fresh weight of the shoots were measured at 35 days after treatment. The treatments consisted of Matrix applied at 1, 1.5, 2, and 4 oz/A with various additives. The results suggest that at the 1 oz/A rate, Matrix applied with methylated seed oil either alone or with metribuzin or flumioxazin reduced shoot and rhizomes fresh weights to zero or nearly so.

The second study evaluated these treatments on large plants (12”-18”) and for a longer period. The results of the second trial suggest that, while there is significant injury shortly after treatment, the vines were able to recover and regrow by the end of the study at 10 weeks after treatment. This suggests that in order to attain reliable control, Matrix needs to be applied more than once during the spring/summer.

Effect of Ethylene on potato sprout development Investigators: Joseph Sieczka and Sandra Menasha Location: Mattituck, NY

In 2014 a field of potatoes had areas of poor emergence. Sprouts in these areas were unusually shaped, distorted, corky, stubby and somewhat thickened. Eventually normal appearing sprouts formed from the odd shaped ones and produced normal appearing plants. However the late emergence resulted in low yields. The pattern in the field indicated that this was a field-related problem. One possible cause was a growth-regulating gas (ethylene) generated by the breakdown of an accumulation of organic matter. The previous crop was corn and the accumulation of stubble was a possible source even though there was no physical evidence that

98 an excess organic matter was present in the affected areas. Ethylene has been associated with “coiled sprouts” when soils are caked and temperatures are high. Neither of these conditions was present in the affected field.

A non-replicated trial was established on May 27, 2015 to observe the effect of ethylene on sprout development of Reba tubers. Ethylene is known to be produced by ripening apples and since there wasn’t a local source of pure ethylene, apples were used for this observation. Six whole Reba tubers weighing 1.5 pounds were placed in each of two similar cardboard boxes. The boxes had several small holes for ventilation. Two ‘Golden Delicious’ apples weighing 1.3 pounds were placed in one box box. Boxes were placed approximately four feet apart in a small room. Room temperature was relatively constant at 70o F, ranging from 66 to 73 for the duration of the observation. The boxes were opened on June 24, 2015. Treatment 1 (tubers without apples) had elongated white normal appearing sprouts weighing 5.7 grams.

Treatment 2 (tubers with apples) had few short and stubby, primarily apical, sprouts. Most lateral buds were inhibited. Sprouts did not have the corky appearance observed in the field in 2014.

Sprouts in treatment 2 did not look exactly like the ones in 2014. However the shortened and stubby appearance were two similar characteristics. Ethtylene could not be conclusively be determined to be the cause of the 2014 problem but could not be ruled out.

The effect of herbicide rate on potato emergence Investigators: Joseph Sieczka, Andrew Senesac and Sandra Menasha Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center and Mattituck, NY

Potato emergence was erratic in many fields in 2015. Potential reasons for the poor emergence included high fertilizer salts, herbicide injury, and seed-associated diseases. A non-replicated observational trial was initiated at the LIHREC to determine if the standard herbicide combination was responsible.

The observation trial was established in plastic trays rather than the field because field-planted potatoes had already emerged. Trays measuring 5.5”(W) X 2’(L) X 5”(D) were filled with 2/3 field soil and 1/3 sand. Six seed pieces of ‘Elkton’ potato tubers were planted 2.5” deep in each of four trays on May 20, 2015. On the same day treatments were applied. Each tray was a treatment unit. Treatments were: 1. No Chemical, 2. Standard Rate of 0.5 lb/A metribuzin (Glory75DG) and 1.425 lb/A pendimethalin (Prowl H2O), 3. 2X Standard Rate, 4. 4X Standard Rate. Trays were initially automatically watered daily for one week and then were watered as needed. Potato and weed emergence data were taken on May 27, June 3, 10 and 13. Weeds began to emerge on June 3 in treatment 1. There were no weeds in the chemical-treated trays for the duration of the trial. Potato emergence began on June 3 and varied slightly between treatments but there appeared to be no treatment effects. The trial was terminated on June 13. Plants were normal appearing with bright clear stems in all treatments. Based on this observation the standard herbicide program and rates up to four times the standard had no effect on emergence or plant appearance.

99 Foliar insecticides for control of flea beetles in cabbage Investigator(s): Faruque Zaman, Daniel Gilrein and Lucille Siracusano Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

Several rates of an experimental insecticide were compared for control of crucifer flea beetle (Phyllotreta cruciferae Goeze) in fresh-market cabbage. Materials tested included 4 rates of DPX-RDS63 (dicloromezotiaz, 1.67SC, DuPont), Coragen (chlorantraniliprole/rynaypyr 1.67SC, DuPont) and DPX-KN128 (indoxacarb). The adjuvant Induce (alkyl aryl polyoxylkane ethers, alkanolamides, dimethyl siloxane, and free fatty acids, 90%, Helena) at 0.125% was included with the treatments as a spreader/wetter. Unsprayed blocks were used as a control.

Treatments were compared in a large-plot field trial on transplanted “Cheers” cabbage. Four 34” rows 30 feet long (approximately 340 sq. ft.) per replication and four replications per treatment were used. On April 5 cabbage seeds were sowed in Speedling trays and maintained on a greenhouse bench with overhead irrigation including soluble fertilizer (150 ppm N, Peter’s 20- 10-20). Seedlings were transplanted to the field on June 4 spaced 11” in 34” rows. One day prior to transplanting the area was treated with Devrinol 50DF (2 lbs/A) and Goaltender (0.5 – 1.0 pt/A) combined for weed control. Treatments were applied to wet using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer fitted with three TJ60 8003VS nozzles operating at 40 psi on 6/24, 7/9, and 7/23/2015. Numbers of flea beetles, lepidoptera larvae (imported cabbageworm, cabbage looper, and diamondback moth), and flea beetle damage ratings (Ohio scale) were taken from 10 randomly selected plants per replication at six intervals. Marketable quality ratings were done twice at harvest on 10/3and 10/9. ANOVA and multiple comparisons among treatments were performed on data using Tukey’s HSD (JMP Pro 9.0, SAS Institute).

Both flea beetle and lepidoptera larvae populations were similar among treatments at the start of the trial and remained relatively low throughout most of the study, except for high flea beetle numbers on 8/6. All insecticide-treated plots had significantly fewer flea beetles than untreated plots on all post-treatment dates. Infestation and damage levels were similar across all DPX- RD63 rates and the Coragen treatment. Levels in the DPX-KN128 were only slightly though significantly higher, but significantly less than observed on control plants. Although numbers of immature (larvae and pupae) lepidoptera were low overall, levels were significantly lower in all insecticide-treated than untreated plots. Marketable quality was generally high in and similar among all insecticide treatments and significantly higher than in control plots where noticeably more damage to wrapper leaves was observed mainly due to flea beetles. There was no phytotoxicity observed in any treatment.

Control of fall armyworm in sweet corn at the whorl protection timing Investigator(s): Faruque Zaman, Daniel Gilrein and Lucille Siracusano Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

The experimental insecticide DPX-RDS63 (dicloromezotiaz, 1.67SC, DuPont) was compared with Coragen (chlorantraniliprole/rynaypyr 1.67SC, DuPont) and Radiant (spinetoram, 1.0SC, Dow AgroSciences) application in a field trial investigating control of fall armyworm [FAW, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)] damage to sweet corn plants at whorl stage. Materials tested included three rates of DPX-RDS63 and one rate each of Coragen and Radiant. The

100 adjuvant Induce (alkyl aryl polyoxylkane ethers, alkanolamides, dimethyl siloxane, and free fatty acids, 90%, Helena) at 0.125% PMV was included with an additional treatment of the experimental product (60.70 gm a.i./A rate only) as a spreader/wetter. Unsprayed plots were used as a control.

Treatments were compared in a large-plot field trial on “Providence” sweet corn. Four rows 30 feet long (approximately 340 sq. ft.) per replication and four replications per treatment were used. On 7/28/2015 sweet corn seeds were sowed spaced 9” in 34” rows. AAtrex 4L (1.0 lb ai/A) was applied as pre-emergence weed control. Treatments were applied to wet (52 gal water/A) using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer fitted with ConeJet18 nozzle directed into the whorl operating at 50 psi. Treatments were applied on 8/20 at early whorl development stage. Prior to treatment application a pre-treatment count on the numbers fall armyworm and European corn borer larvae in whorls was collected from 10 randomly selected plants per replication. Post-treatment data on the numbers of larvae and whorl damage were collected on 8/27 and 9/3/2015. Feeding damage was categorized based on the Iowa scale (1 = high damage, 9 = no damage). ANOVA and multiple comparisons among treatment totals were performed on data using Tukey’s HSD (JMP Pro 10.0, SAS Institute).

European corn borer, sometimes a whorl-stage pest in sweet corn, was not present at detectable levels in any treatment. Fall armyworm populations based on local (within 1.5 miles from the trial site) trap counts were high in the area during whorl development. FAW larvae in whorls in unsprayed plots were significantly higher in both post-treatment observations than in all insecticide treatments. All insecticide treatments provided very good control of FAW. Based on the Iowa scale (1 – 9, 1 = high damage, 9 = no damage) whorl damage was significantly higher in untreated plots than insecticide-treated plots, where very little defoliation was observed. Some phytotoxicity symptoms including leaf blotching, curling, and discoloration were observed in the DPX-RDS63 + Induce treatment observed on 9/3/2015.

Control of fall armyworm in sweet corn at the ear protection timing Investigator(s): Faruque Zaman, Daniel Gilrein and Lucille Siracusano Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

Three rates of an experimental insecticide DPX-RDS63 (dicloromezotiaz, 1.67SC, DuPont) were compared with a Lannate LV (methomyl, 2.4SL, DuPont) and Warrior II (lamda- cyhalothrin, 2.08CS, Syngenta) tank-mix and Radiant (spinetoram, 1.0SC, Dow AgroSciences) application in a field trial investigating control of fall armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)] damage to sweet corn ears. Materials tested included three rates of DPX-RDS63 and one rate each of Lannate + Warrior, and Radiant. The adjuvant Induce (alkyl aryl polyoxylkane ethers, alkanolamides, dimethyl siloxane, and free fatty acids, 90%, Helena) at 0.125% PMV was included with an additional treatment of the experimental product (60.70 gm a.i./A rate only) as a spreader/wetter. Unsprayed plots were used as a control.

101 Urea 4600 were applied at 60 lb/A rate. Treatments were applied to wet (52 gal water/A) using a CO2-powered two nozzle boom backpack sprayer fitted with TJ60 110EVS nozzles operating at 50 psi. Sprays were directed to cover the ear zone. Treatments were applied on a twice/week schedule starting from 8/18 at early green tassel stage and again on 8/22, 8/26, 8/29, 9/2, and 9/5. On 9/9 the numbers of ears damaged by fall armyworm, corn earworm, and European corn borer were counted from 50 randomly harvested mature ears per replication. ANOVA and multiple comparisons among treatment totals were performed on data using Tukey’s HSD (JMP Pro 10.0, SAS Institute).

Fall armyworm and corn earworm populations based on local (within 1.5 miles from the trial site) trap counts were high during ear development. European corn borer populations were low with little or no damage to ears. CEW damage to ears in unsprayed plots was high; all insecticide treatments provided moderate to very good control especially DPX-RDS63 at the high rate, Lannate + Warrior, and Radiant. Ear damage from FAW appeared to be low where insects were present and species could be identified. However, a large portion of ear damage was found in the middle and base of ears but with no larva present, which we attribute mostly to FAW (CEW injury is usually in the tip). Ears are often damaged by more than one species and we rated injury according to species and by location on the ear (tip, middle, base). No symptoms of phytotoxicity were observed in any treatment.

Diagnoses for 2015

Diagnosis of diseases affecting herbaceous perennials in 2015 Investigators: Margery Daughtrey, Paulina Rychlik and Lynn Hyatt Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

There were 48 samples of diseases affecting herbaceous perennials diagnosed at the LIHREC lab in 2015, primarily from southeastern NY, with hellebores (Helleborus spp.) and lavender (Lavandula sp.) being the most frequently submitted plants. One case of Helleborus net necrosis virus (HeNNV) was identified in a garden in New York City, but subsequent sampling in Long Island nurseries failed to locate any additional indications of this virus, which causes a disease colloquially known as “black death of hellebore”. Fungi associated with hellebore problems included Botrytis, Cylindrocarpon, Fusarium, Phyllosticta, and Alternaria species. Disease symptoms on lavender were associated with Botrytis, Fusarium, and Phoma spp. Other notable problems identified were Pythium, Fusarium and Cercospora infections of sedum; Fusarium stem rot and Hosta virus X on hosta; Botrytis elliptica leaf spotting on Oriental lily; Cylindrocarpon root rot on peony; and Myrothecium roridum and Fusarium sp. on Phlox divaricata. Flax lily (Phormium) showed an anthracnose disease, a Colletotrichum sp. A downy mildew caused by Basidiophora entospora was seen on goldenrod (Solidago). Veronica had a Phyllosticta leaf spot. Powdery mildew was problematic on rosemary, sage and Rudbeckia nitida.

Diagnosis of diseases affecting greenhouse crops and flowers in production or landscape in 2015 Investigators: Margery Daughtrey, Paulina Rychlik and Lynn Hyatt Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

The 184 samples of floriculture crops and miscellaneous greenhouse crops received for

102 diagnosis in 2015 were primarily from southeastern NY, but the LIHREC lab now has a permit that allows samples to be received from out-of-state. Osteospermum was affected by a soft rot Pectobacterium sp. and tested positive for Ralstonia solanacearum by Immunostrip®, but the strain was fortunately identified as being other than the Select Agent (Race 3, biovar 2); affected plants were all discarded. Osteospermum was also affected by Botrytis and by crown gall caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Bacterial leaf spot caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. begoniae was common on Rieger and Rex begonia; the vascular wilt disease caused by Fusarium foetens also damaged a Rieger begonia crop. Botrytis cinerea blighted geraniums, begonia, angelonia and calibrachoa. Geraniums injured by inappropriate Kontos application showed strikingly bleached foliage. Spotted zinnias were diagnosed with the bacterial leaf and flower spot caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. zinniae. The bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris was a problem on young flowering kale, and a Xanthomonas leaf spot also occurred on ornamental and edible peppers. Phytophthora crown rots were seen on fuchsia, pansy, pothos and poinsettia. Pythium root rots were found on caladium, euphorbia, calibrachoa, coleus, angelonia, and bacopa; Pythium myriotylum was present on calibrachoa and caladium, while P. irregulare was most common on other crops. Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) was seen on coleus, and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) was seen on diascia and chrysanthemum. Powdery mildew occurred on begonia. Downy mildew diseases were seen on impatiens (Plasmopara obducens), sunflower (Peronospora halstedii) and coleus (Peronospora sp.) and also plagued greenhouse basil (Peronospora belbahrii). Black root rot caused by Thielaviopsis basicola was a serious problem on calibrachoa, viola and pansy as well as hydroponic basil. Pothos were affected by Sclerotium rolfsii in propagation. Garden mums showed root rot caused by Pythium aphanidermatum and a few cases of Fusarium wilt during production. Anemones in ground beds were affected by Pythium and Rhizoctonia root rot.

Diagnosis of diseases on woody plants and vines in 2015 Investigators: Margery Daughtrey, Paulina Rychlik, Lynn Hyatt and Dan Gilrein Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

In 2015, 614 samples were received at the LIHREC for disease diagnosis, of which 382 were woody plants from nursery or landscape settings in southeastern NY. The most prevalent samples were of boxwood: 123 samples were examined. Most of these were found to have browned leaves and/or cankering associated with opportunistic infections of Volutella buxi, Dothiorella candollei (syn. Macrophoma candollei), Fusarium sp. or Phomopsis sp., but there were also 37 positive identifications of Calonectria pseudonaviculata, the agent of the destructive new boxwood blight disease, which were identified on Buxus spp. from garden centers or landscapes in spring or late summer. Leyland cypress (Cupressus × Leylandii) was the second most common woody plant submitted for diagnosis, with 15 samples having cankers apparently due to Diplodia cupressi, Seridium or Botryosphaeria spp. or else minor diseases caused by Pestalotia, Phomopsis, Phyllostica or Monochaetia spp. Diplodia tip blight was also seen on Doug fir and Scots pine. Blue Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica) was blighted by Diplodia, Kabatina and Phyllosticta spp. Juniperus chinensis ‘Robusta Green’ was found to be an alternate host for the new pear trellis rust (Gymnosporangium sabinae) affecting callery pear in the Riverhead area. This same juniper cultivar was also discovered to be a host of Japanese apple rust (Gymnosporangium yamadae), a disease that was also found on crabapple trees in

103 Riverhead, Southampton, Easthampton and Orient in 2015. The ‘Robusta Green’ junipers were badly injured by the pear trellis rust; the orange telial sporulation of the rust was associated with branch tip dieback of 6 inches or more. The Hollywood juniper, Juniperus chinensis ‘Kaizuka’, was also identified as a host of the Japanese apple rust. Quince rust and hawthorn rust plus Kabatina blight and Phomopsis canker were also seen on junipers. A rust disease was also apparent on container grown roses. Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) on Long Island showed extensive needle browning this growing season, and this needle tip dieback was associated with Mycosphaerella sp. in 5 cases; Stagonospora spp. was also seen on white pine and Lophodermium needlecast on pitch pine. A Himalayan white pine was affected by Diplodia tip blight. As in past years, Colorado blue spruce trees with needlecast were commonly affected by Rhizosphaera kalkoffii. Other leaf problems included anthracnoses on oak and maple, black spot of elm, Alternaria on privet, Cercospora leaf spot on rhododendron and Septoria leaf spot on bayberry. Downy mildew appeared on hops. Powdery mildews were seen on Norway maple and Japanese maple (Sawadea spp.) and also on Lonicera and Physocarpus. Pachysandra was affected by Volutella pachysandri and Rhizoctonia solani as well as Fusarium and Phytophthora spp., and Lamiastrum was infested by foliar nematodes, Aphelenchoides sp. Rhododendrons were primarily injured by the stress-triggered Botryosphaeria canker, but there was also one case of Phytophthora root rot. Botryosphaeria cankers also affected witchhazel and arborvitae. Massaria canker caused by Splanchnonema platani was seen on London plane in a city planting. Ilex glabra was also injured by Phytophthora cinnamomi, and forsythia by P. nicotianae. Vascular wilts were in evidence this year: there were several cases of Dutch elm disease in the landscape, Verticillium albo-atrum was seen in stems of a symptomatic privet hedge and Verticillium dahliae on a Japanese maple.

Entomology Diagnostic Lab Investigator: Dan Gilrein, Extension Entomologist Location: Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center

The Entomology Diagnostic Lab at LIHREC received 311 plant problems and insect requests for identification in 2015 from residential and commercial landscapes, nurseries, greenhouses, vegetable and fruit farms, parks, forest areas, etc. Approximately 1961 other inquiries by phone, email, website, and in person were made during the year. Following is a partial list including some noteworthy determinations.

Landscape and Nursery Southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis, continues to kill trees following its July, 2014 discovery in Oyster Bay traps. Pitch pine in forest areas are most affected but some landscape trees (pitch, eastern white, Japanese black pines, Norway spruce) have also been killed. Cryptomeria scale, Aspidiotus cryptomeriae, was found on Norway spruce and balsam fir, ‘Holly whitefly’, Aleuroclava similis, on Japanese holly (Ilex crenata), Maskell scale, Lepidosaphes pallida, was damaging on landscape Crytomeria (C. japonica). Winter-related injury was common following severe conditions in spring, 2015. A gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, ‘outbreak’ is under way with much defoliation around Long Island and the northeastern US. Digger bees, Colletes sp., were noted from several residential landscapes. Arborvitae leafminer, Argyresthia thuiella, continues to be a common pest of arborvitae in landscapes and

104 nurseries. Viburnum leaf beetle, Pyrrhalta viburni, is established in Nassau County with occasional sightings from Suffolk in 2015. A Stigmella sp. leafminer was found in Siberian elm from Sagaponack, awaiting species determination. Some damage from twolined chestnut borer (Agrilus bilineatus) was seen in nursery oaks. Some landscapes had unusually high populations and defoliation in roses from rose slug, Endelomyia aethiops. A relatively new leaf galling aphid in the area on Kwanzan cherry was confirmed as Tuberocephalus sakurae. Privet rust mite (Aculus ligustri) is becoming increasingly common in landscapes and nurseries, usually requiring treatment. Fourlined plant bug, Poecilocapsus lineatus, was reported causing leaf damage to a variety of landscape shrubs. Several other pest complaints included leaf spindle gall on maple, Vasates aceriscrumena, sallow caterpillar, Pyreferra sp., on witch hazel, and hickory leafstem gall phylloxera, Phylloxera caryaecaulis, on hickory.

Greenhouse Broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus, was common on spring annuals, usually on cutting- grown plants such as New Guinea impatiens. There were some cases of plant damage (phytotoxicity) from chemical application. Ficus whitefly, Singhiella simplex, was seen on one sample of Ficus alii from an interiorscape. Cabbage whitefly, Aleyrodes proletella, found on greenhouse pansies is a relatively new pest to Long Island, also seen on outdoor brassicas in western Suffolk County and from outdoor kale in the Hudson Valley area.

Vegetables and Fruit Relatively few diagnoses were submitted from vegetable crops. Cabbage whitefly, Aleyrodes proletella,, was again seen on cabbage in western Suffolk County. Cabbage maggot, Delia radicum, was found attacking cabbage transplants in flats and also causing losses to young plants in one field. A sample of rednecked cane borer, Agrilus ruficollis, was submitted from a red raspberry planting. White prunicola scale, Pseudaulacaspis prunicola, was at high levels from trees in a peach orchard. Leopard moth, Zeuzera pyrina, was identified from one apple orchard killing or heavily damaging several trees.

Other Submissions other than from landscape plants and agricultural areas included: booklice, Lipscelis sp.; winter firefly, Ellychnia corrusca, associated with firewood brought indoors; black soldier flies, Hermetia illucens; daring jumping spider, Phidippus audax; basilica orbweaver, Mecynogea lemnicata; pedunculate ground beetle, Scarites sp.; goldsmith beetle, Cotalpa lanigera; northern widow, Latrodectus variolus; mites, Sancassania berlesi, in a live beetle exhibit; robber fly, Asilidae; artillery fungus on mulch; bee moth, Aphomia sociella, from a structure; and a tiger moth, Haploa sp.

Thanks to Dr. Susan Halbert of the Florida Dept. of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville; Jason Dombroskie, Cornell University; Dr. Robert Rabaglia, USDA Forest Service; and Dr. Cindy McKenzie and Dr. Aaron Dickey, USDA-ARS, Fort Pierce, Florida for their assistance with determinations.

105 Temperature & Rainfall Record, 2015 - LIHREC, Riverhead, NY Temperature & Rainfall Record, 2015 - LIHREC, Riverhead, NY January February March GDD Day High Low Precip Date High Low Precip Day High Low Precip at 50˚F 1 37 21 0.00 1 33 11 0.00 1 31 12 0.02 0 2 41 32 0.00 2 33 20 1.33 2 34 26 0.36 0 3 39 28 0.13 3 25 10 0.00 3 34 22 0.00 0 4 54 33 0.52 4 40 11 0.00 4 44 25 0.83 0 5 54 30 0.00 5 39 23 0.00 5 41 20 0.76 0 6 30 18 0.00 6 24 9 0.00 6 27 13 0.08 0 7 24 17 0.00 7 33 13 0.00 7 35 9 0.00 0 8 21 7 0.00 8 35 31 0.00 8 48 29 0.00 0 9 34 14 0.18 9 34 23 0.00 9 49 26 0.00 0 10 29 18 0.00 10 35 24 0.00 10 51 29 0.00 0 11 35 13 0.00 11 32 27 0.00 11 57 38 0.45 0 12 37 31 0.75 12 37 17 0.00 12 56 36 0.00 0 13 36 23 0.00 13 34 7 0.00 13 42 28 0.00 0 14 29 20 0.00 14 33 6 0.02 14 50 32 0.73 0 15 31 24 0.00 15 29 8 0.08 15 47 36 0.13 0 16 39 23 0.00 16 18 2 0.00 16 47 33 0.00 0 17 33 16 0.00 17 24 14 0.12 17 46 28 0.00 0 18 53 21 0.09 18 29 6 0.00 18 36 25 0.00 0 19 52 37 0.55 19 27 17 0.00 19 36 26 0.15 0 20 38 31 0.00 20 18 3 0.00 20 40 28 0.28 0 21 34 24 0.00 21 33 4 0.00 21 43 30 0.00 0 22 36 29 0.00 22 36 30 0.82 22 36 21 0.00 0 23 38 22 0.00 23 33 19 0.00 23 39 24 0.00 0 24 35 30 0.91 24 21 6 0.00 24 47 23 0.00 0 25 39 33 0.00 25 35 16 0.00 25 56 37 0.21 0 26 35 22 0.10 26 33 21 0.00 26 55 37 0.37 0 27 27 18 0.75 27 26 18 0.00 27 42 29 0.28 0 28 28 15 0.00 28 27 14 0.00 28 40 26 0.18 0 29 35 16 0.00 31 15 2.37 29 50 30 0.00 0 30 33 28 0.00 30 50 30 0.00 0 31 33 12 0.00 31 48 34 0.05 0 36 23 3.98 44 27 4.88 0

April GDD May GDD June GDD Day High Low Precip at 50˚F Day High Low Precip at 50˚F Day High Low Precip at 50˚F 1 46 33 0.05 0 1 61 45 0.00 3 1 74 53 0.48 14.00 2 56 27 0.00 0 2 62 39 0.00 1 2 54 49 0.78 2.00 3 55 46 0.07 1 3 70 39 0.00 5 3 70 50 0.10 10.00 4 52 43 0.01 0 4 81 46 0.00 14 4 65 50 0.00 8.00 5 55 32 0.00 0 5 79 55 0.00 17 5 69 52 0.00 11.00 6 61 35 0.00 0 6 77 56 0.00 17 6 76 55 0.00 16.00 7 57 43 0.05 0 7 78 47 0.00 13 7 75 52 0.00 14.00 8 44 38 0.00 0 8 78 52 0.00 15 8 73 56 0.00 15.00 9 43 35 0.17 0 9 75 52 0.00 14 9 76 64 0.00 20.00 10 55 38 0.16 0 10 78 60 0.00 19 10 79 61 0.00 20.00 11 56 44 0.00 0 11 79 66 0.00 23 11 85 64 0.00 25.00 12 63 37 0.00 0 12 83 61 0.00 22 12 87 68 0.00 28.00 13 64 38 0.00 1 13 77 54 0.00 16 13 83 70 0.00 27.00 14 64 49 0.00 7 14 70 50 0.00 10 14 85 62 0.00 24.00 15 67 45 0.00 6 15 73 45 0.00 9 15 81 62 1.09 22.00 16 64 46 0.00 5 16 70 55 0.20 13 16 74 61 0.00 18.00 17 64 46 0.14 5 17 83 59 0.00 21 17 77 64 0.03 21.00 18 75 45 0.00 10 18 83 55 0.00 19 18 73 56 0.00 15.00 19 70 41 0.00 6 19 72 52 0.13 12 19 83 63 0.00 23.00 20 55 44 0.70 0 20 71 52 0.00 12 20 81 64 0.06 23.00 21 63 51 0.05 7 21 62 47 0.07 5 21 84 65 1.22 25.00 22 66 40 0.00 3 22 71 55 0.00 13 22 84 68 0.00 26.00 23 58 40 0.13 0 23 71 49 0.00 10 23 85 68 0.00 27.00 24 46 38 0.00 0 24 75 49 0.00 12 24 81 66 0.26 24.00 25 56 37 0.00 0 25 82 55 0.00 19 25 81 65 0.00 23.00 26 57 38 0.00 0 26 79 60 0.00 20 26 79 66 0.00 23.00 27 58 47 0.00 3 27 77 63 0.00 20 27 78 58 0.00 18.00 28 64 45 0.00 5 28 78 63 0.00 21 28 67 61 1.00 14.00 29 72 45 0.00 9 29 82 59 0.00 21 29 76 59 0.00 18.00 30 65 45 0.00 5 30 81 58 0.00 20 30 80 63 0.00 22.00 59 41 1.53 73 31 81 65 0.00 23 77 61 5.02 576 75 54 0.40 459

106 Temperature & Rainfall Record, 2015 - LIHREC, Riverhead, NY July GDD August GDD September GDD Day High Low Precip at 50˚F Day High Low Precip at 50˚F Day High Low Precip at 50˚F 1 80 69 0.27 25 1 87 69 0.00 28 1 88 70 0.00 29 2 79 62 0.00 21 2 86 63 0.00 25 2 86 65 0.00 26 3 77 63 0.05 20 3 88 68 0.00 28 3 90 67 0.00 29 4 76 64 0.00 20 4 87 65 0.80 26 4 86 71 0.00 29 5 81 60 0.00 21 5 86 64 0.00 25 5 81 64 0.00 23 6 83 65 0.00 24 6 84 60 0.00 22 6 83 54 0.00 19 7 80 70 0.00 25 7 83 64 0.00 24 7 86 62 0.00 24 8 88 73 0.00 31 8 82 66 0.00 24 8 93 70 0.00 32 9 82 67 0.11 25 9 81 65 0.00 23 9 86 72 0.00 29 10 80 66 0.15 23 10 80 59 0.00 20 10 81 72 0.38 27 11 84 68 0.00 26 11 76 68 0.93 22 11 76 64 0.26 20 12 85 64 0.00 25 12 81 69 0.00 25 12 80 64 0.00 22 13 84 68 0.00 26 13 81 68 0.00 25 13 79 65 0.48 22 14 81 69 0.27 25 14 84 60 0.00 22 14 74 54 0.00 14 15 80 73 0.00 27 15 88 67 0.00 28 15 80 63 0.00 22 16 76 64 0.00 20 16 88 69 0.00 29 16 82 60 0.00 21 17 78 58 0.00 18 17 89 69 0.00 29 17 84 59 0.00 22 18 79 68 0.07 24 18 89 72 0.00 31 18 84 61 0.00 23 19 89 72 0.00 31 19 86 70 0.00 28 19 81 60 0.00 21 20 91 76 0.00 33 20 85 71 0.00 28 20 77 68 0.00 23 21 90 73 0.00 32 21 85 72 0.21 29 21 76 58 0.00 17 22 85 69 0.00 27 22 83 69 0.20 26 22 72 60 0.00 16 23 82 63 0.00 23 23 81 69 0.00 25 23 77 58 0.00 18 24 82 65 0.00 24 24 84 70 0.00 27 24 81 51 0.00 16 25 85 65 0.00 25 25 85 69 0.00 27 25 79 61 0.00 20 26 85 67 0.05 26 26 82 69 0.00 26 26 70 59 0.00 15 27 84 71 0.03 28 27 80 66 0.00 23 27 72 54 0.00 13 28 90 69 0.00 30 28 78 65 0.00 22 28 81 59 0.00 20 29 92 70 0.00 31 29 82 59 0.00 21 29 83 65 0.00 24 30 89 74 0.00 32 30 86 67 0.00 27 30 74 67 1.72 21 31 87 71 0.24 29 31 90 72 0.00 31 81 63 2.84 657 83 68 1.24 797 84 67 2.14 796

October GDD November December Day High Low Precip at 50˚F Day High Low Precip Day High Low Precip 1 68 57 0.00 13 1 62 45 0.73 1 49 39 0.15 2 60 49 1.50 5 2 61 48 0.20 2 54 44 0.17 3 54 49 0.60 2 3 71 42 0.00 3 57 47 0.02 4 63 53 0.00 8 4 71 46 0.00 4 48 33 0.00 5 64 52 0.00 8 5 69 50 0.00 5 50 37 0.00 6 69 54 0.00 12 6 69 61 0.70 6 55 31 0.00 7 69 55 0.00 12 7 68 59 0.00 7 56 34 0.00 8 70 57 0.00 14 8 59 47 0.00 8 49 42 0.00 9 72 53 0.00 13 9 58 34 0.00 9 52 33 0.00 10 68 51 0.28 10 10 57 44 0.00 10 57 42 0.00 11 67 43 0.00 5 11 55 46 0.00 11 60 41 0.00 12 75 49 0.00 12 12 58 48 0.00 12 63 47 0.00 13 72 55 0.05 14 13 59 49 0.00 13 61 52 0.00 14 69 51 0.00 10 14 52 44 0.27 14 60 50 0.00 15 64 52 0.00 8 15 57 33 0.00 15 63 55 0.65 16 63 48 0.00 6 16 61 39 0.00 16 55 43 0.00 17 61 42 0.00 2 17 58 38 1.32 17 56 45 0.43 18 52 39 0.00 0 18 57 34 0.05 18 57 43 0.50 19 49 38 0.00 0 19 60 48 0.00 19 44 36 0.00 20 66 39 0.00 3 20 62 53 0.00 20 41 34 0.00 21 76 50 0.00 13 21 53 42 0.00 21 53 29 0.00 22 71 53 0.00 12 22 54 43 0.00 22 59 52 0.36 23 65 51 0.00 8 23 48 37 0.00 23 58 47 0.15 24 55 41 0.00 0 24 45 26 0.96 24 67 55 1.36 25 61 48 0.02 5 25 51 27 0.00 25 66 52 0.00 26 62 47 0.00 5 26 61 31 1.15 26 56 48 0.02 27 60 35 0.00 0 27 65 48 0.36 27 61 47 0.15 28 61 45 0.26 3 28 60 49 0.00 28 60 37 0.00 29 72 61 0.56 17 29 53 39 0.00 29 47 33 0.58 30 66 50 0.00 8 30 46 35 0.00 30 42 36 0.00 31 58 37 0.00 0 59 43 5.74 31 48 41 0.28 65 49 3.27 228 55 42 4.82

107 Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center, 1995-2015 High & Low Temperatures and Precipitation, 20 Year Average

Maximum and Minimum Temperatures

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 20-yr avg. Jan (max) 45 39 40 46 43 40 38 45 33 31 38 47 44 42 34 38 35 44 41 37 36 40 (min) 29 25 25 32 27 22 24 32 22 19 24 32 30 29 21 25 23 30 29 20 23 26 Feb (max) 39 40 47 46 45 44 42 48 35 40 42 41 34 43 44 38 42 47 39 38 31 41 (min) 21 25 31 32 30 28 27 31 23 27 26 27 22 28 28 28 25 32 27 24 15 27 Mar (max) 52 46 50 51 50 54 44 51 50 49 44 48 48 48 48 53 49 57 45 46 44 49 (min) 32 27 32 36 33 36 31 35 31 32 28 33 31 33 32 38 33 40 32 27 27 32 Apr (max) 60 59 60 61 62 59 62 62 57 60 63 62 56 62 61 65 59 62 60 59 59 61 (min) 37 40 40 41 41 40 41 45 39 42 42 43 40 43 43 45 44 44 41 40 45 42 May (max) 69 71 68 74 72 71 72 69 66 72 66 68 73 68 68 74 71 72 70 70 76 71 (min) 47 48 48 52 51 51 52 50 48 51 47 51 52 48 52 53 53 55 50 52 54 51 Jun (max) 80 80 81 77 83 81 80 78 76 77 81 77 79 80 73 81 79 78 78 79 77 79 (min) 57 60 58 60 62 61 63 60 59 59 61 62 61 63 58 64 61 61 61 60 61 61 Jul (max) 86 80 87 85 89 81 80 85 82 82 84 84 82 84 80 87 86 85 86 82 83 84 (min) 65 63 65 66 69 64 63 67 66 65 67 69 66 67 64 70 68 68 71 67 68 67 Aug (max) 86 82 82 86 83 81 84 84 83 82 85 82 82 79 83 83 82 83 80 81 84 83 (min) 62 63 64 66 66 65 68 67 69 66 69 67 65 63 68 67 66 67 65 64 67 66 Sep (max) 76 75 76 79 77 76 75 76 75 78 79 73 77 75 74 77 76 75 74 77 81 76 (min) 56 58 58 61 61 59 59 61 61 60 62 58 60 61 58 62 63 60 57 60 63 60 Oct (max) 70 65 66 65 66 66 66 63 63 64 63 64 70 63 62 65 65 66 67 66 65 65

(min) 49 45 48 51 48 48 50 50 47 49 51 48 56 47 47 50 51 52 51 52 49 50 108 Nov (max) 52 49 51 55 59 52 59 52 56 56 58 57 52 51 56 54 59 50 53 52 59 55 (min) 36 36 38 40 42 39 42 39 42 40 42 45 39 39 45 40 43 38 37 37 43 40 Dec (max) 40 47 45 50 47 40 50 42 45 46 41 51 42 47 43 38 50 47 45 46 55 46 (min) 26 35 31 34 32 25 37 29 31 31 29 37 30 31 30 28 35 36 30 35 42 32 Average Max 63 61 63 65 65 62 63 63 60 61 62 63 62 62 61 63 63 64 62 61 63 62 Average Min 43 44 45 48 47 45 46 47 45 45 46 48 46 46 46 48 47 49 46 45 46 46

Precipitation

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 20-yr avg. January 2.63 5.25 3.52 5.82 7.58 3.54 3.78 2.65 2.81 2.27 4.29 5.20 3.75 2.89 3.49 2.07 6.92 2.81 2.07 2.94 3.98 3.88 February 3.82 3.30 2.24 4.90 3.91 1.80 2.17 1.24 5.02 2.89 2.76 2.54 2.50 5.38 1.52 5.32 3.38 0.91 6.64 4.82 2.37 3.28 March 1.51 3.38 4.94 6.88 5.47 4.58 10.42 3.87 6.07 3.77 3.74 0.58 6.11 5.33 2.43 13.39 2.25 1.04 3.17 6.11 4.88 4.92 April 2.41 6.43 3.43 6.29 1.84 5.95 1.62 3.40 5.36 6.58 3.85 5.06 7.16 3.63 5.45 2.55 4.51 3.34 1.88 3.41 1.53 4.16 May 2.95 3.62 2.52 6.83 3.51 4.21 6.42 4.56 5.47 2.96 3.45 6.52 1.51 2.87 4.75 3.16 3.39 4.21 2.36 5.06 0.40 3.89 June 2.52 2.94 1.89 6.72 0.80 4.24 6.08 4.73 8.33 0.88 1.20 5.83 3.37 3.88 6.43 1.63 6.10 5.44 9.92 2.47 5.02 4.40 July 1.52 4.78 2.53 3.16 3.67 4.70 3.43 1.20 2.81 3.33 1.36 3.79 3.63 3.67 4.82 3.46 2.35 4.35 3.07 2.24 1.24 3.18 August 0.70 2.80 3.97 2.28 8.18 2.42 4.86 3.09 2.80 3.94 1.48 5.48 2.60 3.76 2.01 2.02 10.61 3.25 2.43 2.42 2.14 3.63 September 4.43 4.74 1.20 3.03 5.31 3.92 2.98 5.92 5.90 6.97 3.46 3.66 1.51 8.34 2.39 2.87 6.88 3.72 2.62 1.86 2.84 4.01 October 6.35 9.12 1.81 2.35 3.79 0.46 1.97 4.92 5.05 2.04 20.32 5.53 1.84 3.18 5.78 3.32 6.74 2.17 0.19 5.43 3.27 4.46 November 5.25 3.13 5.99 2.06 1.96 3.72 0.53 6.21 3.37 4.46 3.93 6.17 2.94 3.07 4.39 2.89 4.37 2.07 2.88 5.74 2.39 3.61 December 3.38 7.79 4.16 1.14 2.56 3.65 2.24 4.43 4.46 4.13 4.27 2.00 4.69 7.51 7.96 3.63 3.12 6.29 5.63 5.94 4.82 4.52 Average 3.12 4.77 3.18 4.29 4.05 3.60 3.88 3.85 4.79 3.69 4.51 4.36 3.47 4.46 4.29 3.86 5.05 3.30 3.57 4.04 2.91 4.00