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Volatile Profiles of Sparkling Wines Produced by the Traditional Method

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Volatile Profiles of Sparkling Wines Produced by the Traditional Method beverages Article Volatile Profiles of Sparkling Wines Produced by the Traditional Method from a Semi-Arid Region Antonio Mendes de Souza Nascimento 1 , Joyce Fagundes de Souza 1, Marcos dos Santos Lima 2 and Giuliano Elias Pereira 1,3,* 1 Department of Technology and Social Sciences (DTCS III), Campus Juazeiro, Bahia State University, Edgard Chastinet Avenue, Juazeiro, BA 48905-680, Brazil; [email protected] (A.M.d.S.N.); [email protected] (J.F.d.S.) 2 Department of Food Technology, Campus Petrolina, Federal Institute of Sertão Pernambucano, Rodovia BR 407, Km 08, S/N, Jardim São Paulo, Petrolina, PE 56314-520, Brazil; [email protected] 3 Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Grape & Wine/Tropical Semi-arid, Rodovia BR 428, Km 152, PO Box 23, Petrolina, PE 56302-970, Brazil * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +55-054-3455-8000 Received: 17 November 2018; Accepted: 3 December 2018; Published: 7 December 2018 Abstract: São Francisco Valley (SFV) is located in Northeastern Brazil, in a tropical semi-arid region where one vine can produce two harvests per year, due to high temperatures, solar radiation rates, and irrigation throughout the year. This is the main characteristic differing this from other winegrowing region in the world. The objective of this study was to characterize volatile profiles of sparkling wines produced by the traditional method, using Chenin Blanc and Syrah grapes, the two main varieties used for white and red wines, respectively, grown in the region. The sparkling wines remained on lees for six months maturing. The sparkling wines were characterized by the parameters density, pH, total titratable and volatile acidities, residual sugars, dry extract, alcohol content, total phenolic compounds, in vitro antioxidant activity and volatile fraction. The volatile fraction extraction was performed by the HS-SPME technique and tentative identification of the volatile compounds was carried out with GC-MS using the scan mode. A total of 33 volatile compounds were identified, among them 11 alcohols, 13 esters, five carboxylic acids, and four different chemical classes. The volatile profile of Chenin Blanc sparkling wine was associated mainly to 2,3-butanediol, 3-ethoxypropan-1-ol, diethyl succinate, and ethyl decanoate, while Syrah sparkling wine was characterized by benzaldehyde, butyric acid, and some acetates. This study reported for the first time volatile profiles of traditional sparkling wines from SFV, as new products, contributing to better understand the quality potential of these beverages for a tropical semi-arid region. Keywords: São Francisco Valley; Syrah and Chenin Blanc grape varieties; GC-MS; sparkling wine; volatile compounds 1. Introduction Wine sector is an important socioeconomic activity for the Southern and Northeastern regions of Brazil. The São Francisco Valley (SFV) is located in the Northeast, between the 8–9◦ parallels in the South Hemisphere, in a tropical semiarid climate. Climate conditions allow the grape production to be scheduled throughout the year, due to high temperatures, high solar radiation and water availability for irrigation, and one vine is capable of producing two crops annually [1–3]. Products from this region are classified as tropical wines [4]. Sparkling wines comprise the greatest part of the current commercial production in the SFV and it is produced only by Asti and Charmat methods. These wines represent approximately 70% of the Beverages 2018, 4, 103; doi:10.3390/beverages4040103 www.mdpi.com/journal/beverages Beverages 2018, 4, 103 2 of 12 total production of fine wines (from Vitis vinifera L.) in this region, while red wines represent 29%, and white wines 1% of the total [3]. The main varieties being used for white sparklings are Chenin Blanc, Verdejo, Sauvignon Blanc and Viognier, while rosé sparklings are produced using Syrah, Tempranillo and Grenache, in both cases using the Charmat method [3,5]. In general, the typicality and the chemical and sensory characteristics of wines are depending on factors such as climate, soil type, grape variety, and winemaking process. These elements comprise the set of effects described as the terroir [6]. In the SFV, wineries use several grape varieties, of which Syrah and Chenin Blanc are the most adapted to the local conditions [3,5]. Even wines in the region have been produced for more than three decades, commercial sparkling wines are not produced by traditional method (“Champenoise”). By this method, sparkling wines are produced with two consecutive fermentations, resulting more complex products with higher added value [6,7]. The aroma is one of the most important compound linked to wine quality, influencing its typicality and acceptability. The aromatic profile of sparkling wines from traditional method is associated to volatile compounds belonging to esters, alcohols, acids, and some terpenes, in a very complex matrix [8–10]. The study of the volatile composition of sparkling wines can lead to a better understanding of their quality and typicality, highlighting the possibilities for adjustments in the production process and final composition for commercial products. It can reveal the distinct and unique characteristics of regional wines, associating them to their geographic origin [9]. In Brazil, studies have been carried out to characterize volatile composition of wines produced in the Southern region [8,11–14], however, no study reported about volatiles in traditional sparkling wines from the SFV. In this context, the objective of the study was to characterize the volatile profiles of sparkling wines produced by the traditional method, using the Chenin Blanc and Syrah grapes grown in the SFV, a tropical semi-arid climate in Brazil. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Standards and Chemical Reagents Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl), (ABTS) 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), gallic acid, linear alkanes (from C11 to C24), the internal standards isocineol, 2-octanone, methyl nonanoate, phenyl acetate, 2-methyl valeric acid, and α-methylbenzyl alcohol were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Potassium persulfate, sodium carbonate, Folin-Ciocalteu, and ethanol were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). 2.2. Grape Samples and Obtention of the Musts and Base Wines Chenin Blanc and Syrah grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) were harvested in September 2015 from a partner winery in the SFV, Brazil (latitude 9◦160 S; longitude 40◦520 W; and altitude 413.5 m) and were used to obtain the musts. The musts were obtained after the crushing and pressing of 31 kg of grapes for each treatment. They were later sulphited by adding 50 mg L−1 of sulphite (Ever, Garibaldi, RS, Brazil) and clarified with 400 mg L−1 of BentoFlash (Ever, Garibaldi, RS, Brazil). Musts were obtained from the Chenin Blanc (blanc de blanc) and Syrah (blanc de noir) varietals, along with two blends: 50% Chenin Blanc + 50% Syrah-white (CB+SY-W) and 50% Chenin Blanc + 50% Syrah-rosé (CB+SY-R). In the latter case, a light pre-fermentative maceration was carried out for two hours to extract a pinkish color. Activated carbon, in the form of 500 mg L−1 Ewerdec W98 (Ever, Garibaldi, RS, Brazil), was added to the musts obtained from the Syrah varietal, as well as the blend 50% Chenin Blanc+50% Syrah-white (CB+SY-W), for the decolorization of the white blend. For the base wines production, the musts were fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. bayanus yeast (200 mg L−1 Mycoferm CRIO.SP, supplied by Ever, Garibaldi, RS, Brazil) in glass bottles of 20 L containing 19 L of must. Each treatment had three bottles and the base wines did not undergo Beverages 2018, 4, 103 3 of 12 malolactic fermentation. The classical analyses performed on the base wines can be visualized in the supplementary table. 2.3. Sparkling Wine Elaboration To elaborate sparkling wines through the traditional method, 26 g L−1 of inverted sugar was added to the base wines in order to obtain a pressure of 6 atm. In addition, the following enological products were added: S. cerevisiae var. bayanus yeast (300 mg L−1, Mycoferm CRIO.SP), fermentation activator (350 mg L−1, Zimovit), polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (50 mg L−1, Clarivin) to precipitate the phenolic oxidized compounds, and bentonite (50 mg L−1, BentoFlash) to facilitate the precipitation of yeast cells, forming the tirage liqueur, all supplied by Ever, Garibaldi, RS, Brazil. The wines were stored at 16 ± 2 ◦C until the second fermentation was achieved. After six months of storage in contact with the lees, at 16 ± 2 ◦C, the sparkling wines were then disgorged and capped. The sparkling wines were maintained under controlled temperature (18 ± 2 ◦C) in the absence of light until analysis, performed after 45 days. 2.4. Classical Enological Parameters and Antioxidant Activity in Vitro Density, pH, titratable acidity (g L−1 of tartaric acid), residual sugar (g L−1), dry extract (g L−1), volatile acidity (g L−1 of acetic acid) and alcoholic graduation (% v/v) of the sparkling wines were determined according to the International Organization of Vine and Wine [15]. The concentration of total phenolic compounds was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method [16] and the results were expressed in milligrams equivalent to gallic acid per liter of sparkling wine (mg GAE L−1). The color was determined by absorbance measurement at 420 nm [17] using a Biospectro spectrophotometer UV-Vis model SP-220 (Curitiba-PR, Brazil). The antioxidant activity in vitro was determined using the free radical scavenging methods ABTS [18] and DPPH [19]. In both methods, trolox was the analytical standard used to construct the calibration curves and the results were expressed in millimols of trolox equivalent per liter of sparkling wine (mmol TEAC L−1). 2.5. 1D-GC/qMS Instrumentation A CombiPAL automatic sampler (CTC Analytics, Zwingen, Switzerland) was used to extract the volatile compounds in the headspace of the vials containing the sparkling wine samples.
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