Notes

Introduction

1. Mark Wheeler, ‘The SOE Phenomenon’, Journal of Contemporary History, 16(1) (1981), p. 515. 2. Author’s interview with A.A. Fyffe, 05.11.2001. 3. All references are to documents held at The National Archives (TNA): Public Record Office (PRO), Kew, unless otherwise stated. HS8/840, D/CE.6 to D/CE, 28.10.42. 4. HS9/23/3, Report by Lt. Turnbull, STS 6, 23.04.43. 5. Imperial War Museum Sound Archive (hereafter IWMSA), Interview with Peter Murray Lee (7493/10), Reel 5. 6. In a desperate attempt to bolster the staff of the code department, Marks sent a memo to the Ministry of Labour. The memo, in which Marks referred to SOE, had been written on ISRB headed notepaper, and was quickly brought to the attention of Boyle and Senter, who confronted Marks: ‘Brandishing my memo as if it were scorching his fingers, he [Senter] informed me that no one in his right mind would make any reference to SOE on a sheet of notepaper headed INTER SERVICES RESEARCH BUREAU, thereby blowing Baker Street’s cover! I’d committed a major breach of security.’ (Leo Marks, Between Silk and Cyanide: A Codemaker’s War, p. 333.) 7. IWMSA Interview with Lee, Reel 5. 8. W.J.M. Mackenzie, The Secret History of SOE, p. 382. 9. KV4/171, Senter to O.A. Harker (JS/3304), 08.05.45.

1 The origins and development of SOE’s Security Section

1. HS8/334, CD to All Sections (CD/OR/513/ADZ), 27.06.41. 2. Denis Rigden, Kill the Fuhrer, p. 102. 3. HS8/336, AD/S to S.O. (F/7406/138/1), 27.02.43. 4. HS8/903, Selborne to Anderson, 08.03.43. 5. J.C. Masterman, The Double-Cross System, p. 101. 6. HS9/196/3, CD to CEO (CD/OR/430), 10.06.41. See also HS8/334, CD to All Sections (CD/OR/513/ADZ), 27.06.41. 7. Imperial War Museum Sound Archive (hereafter IWMSA), Interview with Aonghais Adamson Fyffe (23100/10), Reel 8. 8. M.R.D. Foot, SOE: An Outline History of the Special Operations Executive 1940– 1946,p.59.

218 Notes 219

9. Nigel West, Secret War, p. 129. 10. HS7/31, History: Security Section, p. 1. 11. HS9/1580/9, Papers in Whetmore’s Personnel File. 12. Marks, Between Silk and Cyanide, pp. 89–90. 13. HS9/1244/1, Papers in O’Reilly’s Personnel File. 14. See his Who Was Who entry (1941–1950); Obituary in The Times, Friday, 05.02.43, p. 7. 15. KV4/171, Petrie to Lakin, 23.09.42. 16. HS9/1580/9, AD/P to C.D. Copy to D/CE (ADP/KV/304), 27.11.41. 17. HS9/1580/9, , SIS, to Calthrop, 09.12.44. 18. IWMSA Interview with Lee, Reel 4. 19. IWMSA Interview with Fyffe, Reel 8. 20. See his Who Was Who entry (1961–1970). 21. HS9/1341/9, Papers in Senter’s Personnel File. 22. Obituary in The Times, 18 February 1987. 23. IWMSA Interview with Lee, Reel 6. 24. HS9/1653, Papers in Mott’s Personnel File. 25. Peter Lee, in The Role of the Intelligence Services in the Second World War, Centre for Contemporary British History seminar, 09.11.94. 26. HS7/31, FSP Interim Report, p. 1, citing Whetmore to Under Secretary of State, War Office (ECW/KV/51), 19.12.40. 27. HS7/31, FSP Interim Report, pp. 1–2. 28. HS7/31, FSP Interim Report, p. 3. 29. HS6/961, D/T to All Country Sections, 08.02.41. 30. HS9/23/3, Report by Lt Turnbull, STS 6, 23.04.43. 31. IWMSA Interview with Lee, Reel 3. 32. HS7/31, FSP Interim Report, p. 5. 33. HS9/236/3, Report by C.S.M. Thomas, STS 41, 16.10.43. 34. HS7/31, FSP Interim Report, pp. 3–6. 35. IWMSA Interview with Lee, Reel 3. 36. HS7/31, FSP Interim Report, p. 4. 37. IWMSA Interview with Lee, Reel 3. 38. HS7/31, FSP Interim Report, p. 5. 39. IWMSA Interview with Peter Lee, Reel 5. 40. HS9/69/4, MZ2 to OC STS 6, 04.11.41. 41. HS9/69/4, D/CE 3 to D/Air, 24.12.41. 42. HS9/69/4, D/CE 3 to D/CE, 26.01.42. 43. HS9/69/4, D/CE 1 to M, 24.01.42. 44. HS9/69/4, N to D/R (N/HO/56), 31.01.42. 45. M.R.D. Foot, SOE in the Low Countries, p. 121, citing Schreieder, Das war das Englandspiel (Munich: Walter Stutz, 1950), pp. 124–8. 46. KV4/171, Hambro to Petrie (CH/2823), 28.02.42. 47. KV4/171, Petrie to Hambro (SF.51/30/65/DG), 31.08.42. 48. HS9/1274/3, Papers in Roche’s Personnel File. 49. KV4/171, Hambro to Petrie (CH/2823), 28.08.42. 50. HS7/31, History: Security Section, p. 5. 51. HS7/286, SOE War Diary, August 1942, p. 9. 52. A.A. Fyffe, ‘Group 26 at Aviemore’ (Private paper). 220 Notes

53. HS9/394/5, Papers in Darby’s Personnel File. 54. IWMSA Interview with Fyffe, Reel 8. 55. HS7/31, History: Security Section, p. 15. 56. HS7/31, History: Security Section, pp. 15–16. 57. HS8/840, D/CE.6 to D/CE, 28.10.42. 58. HS7/31, History: Security Section, p. 4. 59. HS9/1034/7, Papers in Miller’s Personnel File; FO371/79558, Cyril T. Miller to Under-Secretary of State, Foreign Office, 29.09.49; Conversations between Messrs Senter and Miller and Dr Donker, 05.10.49. 60. HS8/852, D/CE.G to D/CE ONLY (DCEG/KV/30), 21.11.42. 61. KV6/10, ‘Report on Manfriday and Intersection (S.O.E. Blown Transmitters)’, C.P. Harvey, B.1.A., 28.11.42. 62. KV6/10, Robertson to ADB1, DB, 02.12.42. 63. HS8/857, Routine Order No. 320, 15.01.43. 64. HS7/31, History: Security Section, p. 12. 65. HS7/26, SOE War Diary, March 1943, pp. 105–6, citing DCE/OR/2775, 19.03.43. 66. HS7/31, History: Security Section, p. 9. During its existence, the Section conducted some 454 interrogations (until June 1945). FO371/79558, Cyril T. Miller to Under-Secretary of State, Foreign Office, 29.09.49. 67. HS7/31, History: Security Section, p. 10. 68. HS8/857, Routine Order 472 (ADE/154), 02.07.43. 69. HS6/430, D/CE/SS to D/CE, 07.08.43. 70. HS2/188, BSS to A/CD (BSS/KV/1189), 27.03.44. 71. HS8/336, Selborne to Cadogan (F/7449/138/1), 05.03.43; HS7/286, SOE War Diary, March 1943, p. 105, citing CD circular to All Directors, Regional and Section Heads, 06.03.43. 72. HS7/31, Security History, p. 14; HS8/336, ‘Re-organisation Intelligence, Security, Personal Services & Liaison Division’, 10.07.43; KV4/171, Boyle to Harker, 17.08.43. 73. HS9/1274/3, Papers in Roche’s Personnel File. 74. HS9/1145/1, Papers in Park’s Personnel File. 75. HS8/857, AD/P to BSS, Copies to D/CE and D/CE.5 (ADP/35/2/757), 11.12.43. 76. HS8/857, AD/P to AD/E (ADP/Q/934), 04.01.44. 77. HS8/857, Extract from Draft Routine Order. 78. HS8/857, AD/E to AD/P (ADE/830), 07.01.44; AD/P to CD through A/CD, Copy to D/CE (ADP/10/7/1047), 14.01.44; AD/P to AD/P.PA, 14.01.44. 79. HS8/336, SOE Routine Order 624, 30.12.43. 80. F.H. Hinsley, British Intelligence in the Second World War (Abridged Edition), p. 442, ft. 1. 81. HS8/874, D/CE to D/H.143 (DCE/5537), 29.06.44. 82. HS8/837, ‘Security of Overlord – Special Operations By Sea’, 10.04.44. 83. HS8/837, Boyle to King-Salter (ARB/132/5130), 11.04.44. 84. HS8/837, A/CD to AD/P (ACD/133/5135), 11.04.44. 85. KV4/76, Minute 56, 09.03.44. 86. HS8/837, A/CD to AD/P (ACD/133/5135), 11.04.44. 87. HS8/837, ‘Security Panel’, attached to A/CD to AD/P (ACD/133/5135), 11.04.44. 88. HS8/837, A/CD to AD/E (Copy to AD/P) (ACD/133/5173), 14.04.44. Notes 221

89. HS8/837, A/CD to AD/P (ACD/132/5165), 14.04.44. 90. HS7/31, History: Security Section, Appendix A: Operation Overlord – The Special Security Panel. 91. HS8/837, ‘Draft Minute of S.O.E. Council Meeting’ attached to AD/P to V/CD (Copies to A/CD, AD/E) (ADP/9/4/1291), 17.04.44. 92. HS8/837, Minutes of Meeting of Special Security Panel, 18 April 1944. 93. HS8/837, Boyle to Findlater Stewart (ARB/132A/5225), 24.04.44. 94. HS8/837, Minutes of Meeting of Special Security Panel, 25.04.44. 95. HS8/837, Boyle to Findlater Stewart (ARB/132A/5257) (Copy AD/P, D/CE), 27.04.44. 96. HS8/837, A/CD to All Members of the Council (ACD/133/5219), 19.04.44. 97. HS8/837, D/CE to Directors and All Section Heads (DCE/5198), 20.04.44. 98. HS8/837, Boyle to Findlater Stewart (ARB/132A/5257) (Copy to AD/P, D/CE), 27.04.44. 99. HS8/837, Boyle to Sir Findlater Stewart (Copy AD/P, D/CE) (ARB/132A/5257), 27.04.44. 100. HS8/837, A/CD to AD/E, Copy to AD/P (ACD/133/5173), 14.04.44. 101. HS8/837, Minutes of Meeting of Special Security Panel, 08.05.44. 102. HS8/837, A/CD to D/FIN, Copies to AG/O, AD/A (ACD/32/5364), 11.05.44. 103. HS7/31, History: Security Section, Appendix A: Operation Overlord – The Special Security Panel. 104. HS8/432, A/CD to D/His (ACD/86A/8411), 03.01.46.

2 Inverlair No. 6 Special Workshop School: ‘The Cooler’

1. Similar facilities for SOE’s overseas Missions, based in Kenya, Poona and Madras, are detailed in Chapter 3. 2. George Markstein, The Cooler: The secret that can only be told as fiction. 3. HS6/884, ‘Holding Camp for Unsatisfactory Trainees’, 19.06.41. For the wartime detention of Italians, see Lucio Sponza, ‘The British Govern- ment and the Internment of Aliens’, in David Ceserani and Tony Kushner (eds.), The Internment of Aliens in Twentieth Century Britain (London: Frank Cass, 1993). See also Kent Fedorowich, ‘ “Toughs and Thugs”: The Mazzini Society and Political Warfare amongst Italian POWs in India, 1941–43’, Intelligence and National Security, 20(1) (March 2005). 4. Ben Pimlott (ed.), Second World War Diary of Hugh Dalton, 02.12.40, p. 113. 5. HS6/884, D/FP(A) to D/F, Copies to D/FI and D/T, 22.08.40. 6. HS9/1218/2, To MI5 (DG White), 02.10.40; D/T to Section Va, 29.09.40. 7. HS9/1218/2, Report from L/Cpl Searle, 06.01.41. 8. HS9/1218/2, Report by L/Cpl Searle F.S.C., 28.01.41. 9. HS9/1218/2, Report from L/Cpl Keir & Warden, 03.02.41. 10. HS9/1218/2, Report (anon.), 03.02.41; Report from Searle, 03.02.41. 11. HS9/1218/2, MZ advised, 22.03.41. 12. HS6/884, JM to J, 30.01.41. 13. The other four men were Giovanni Verdeu, Rubino Arden, Giacomo Sarfatti and Ernesto Ottolenghi. 14. HS6/884, JM to J, 30.01.41. 222 Notes

15. HS6/884, Report from OC STS 2. Sent by MZ, 22.03.41. 16. HS6/884, MZ to JA (MZ/IT/1387), 20.03.41. 17. HS6/884, JA to D/Fin.2 (JA/IT/323), 14.03.41. 18. HS6/885, ‘Report on a Visit to the Isle of Man’, 16.01.41. 19. HS6/884, MZ to JA (MZ/IT/1479), 24.03.41. 20. HS6/884, MZ to JA, D/T.1 (MZ/1708), 02.04.41. 21. HS9/1218/2, Report from L/Cpl Beamont, 03.04.41. 22. HS6/961, MZ to A/DB, D/T.1 (MZ/SP/420), 27.01.41. 23. HS6/961, HC to MZ (HC/OR/249), 28.01.41. 24. HS6/961, D/T.1 to H, Copies to D/T, M (DT1/SP/621), 19.03.41. 25. HS6/961, Wilson to OC STS ( JSW/OR/1466), 01.04.41. 26. HS6/884, MZ to JA (MZ/1799), 05.04.41. 27. HS6/884, JA to MZ ( JA/IT/417), 07.04.41. 28. HS6/884, JA to DH.32, 14.04.41; JA to D/JG, 17.06.41. 29. HS6/884, MZ to JA (MZ/1967), 13.04.41. 30. HS6/884, Whetmore to Robertson (ECW/IT/758), 11.04.41. 31. HS9/1218/2, Roy to Whetmore, 10.05.41. 32. HS6/884, JA to DH.32, 14.04.41. 33. HS6/884, Meoble Lodge, 15.04.41. (Dobrski to Curtiss). 34. HS9/1208/8, Report from L/Cpl Beamont, 03.04.41. 35. HS9/1280/8, Report from L/Cpl Beamont, 26.04.41. 36. HS6/884, DH.32 to ADZ (DH.32/IT/450), 23.04.41. 37. HS6/884, DH.32 to ADA (DH.32/IT/460), 25.04.41; MZ to DH.32 (MZ/2054), 25.04.41. At this point, Arden was also removed from the party and placed in the charge of the Security Section. 38. HS9/1280/8, L/Cpl Beaumont, 26.04.41. 39. HS6/884, ‘32A’; record of a telephone message received from Lt Col Munn, Commandant Beaulieu Area, at 22.30 hours on 29.04.41. 40. HS6/884, D.H.32 to D.T.1, 11.05.41. 41. HS9/1280/8, Extract from DT1/KV/1253 to AD/A, 02.07.41. 42. HS9/1280/8, Report from L/Cpl Alexander, 22.05.41; Report from Sgt. Rees, Section HQ, 26.06.41. 43. HS6/961, Anon. to Grayson (Commandant, STS 42, Thame), 27.05.41. 44. HS7/217, ‘Training’, 18.06.41. 45. HS6/884, D/JG to MZ (DJG/IT/617a), 17.06.41. 46. HS6/884, JA to D/JG, 17.06.41. 47. Ibid. 48. HS6/884, JA to DT/1, 19.06.41. 49. HS6/884, D/T.1 to AD/A, D/JG (DT1/KV/1215), 24.06.41. 50. Foot, SOE in the Low Countries,p.85. 51. HS6/884, D/T.1 to AD.A (Copies to AD.Z, D/C.E) (DT1/KV/1253), undated. Attached to D/JG to AD (DJG/IT/750), 04.07.41. (Also in Purisiol’s PF, HS9/1218/2). 52. HS6/884, D/JG to AD (DJG/IT/750), 04.07.41. 53. A.A. Fyffe, ‘The Protected Area of Western Scotland and its Military Occu- pation from 1940’, in David M. Harrison (ed.), Special Operations Executive: Para-Military Training in Scotland 1940–1944, p. 30. I am grateful to David Harrison for providing me with a copy of his booklet. Notes 223

54. IWMSA Interview with Fyffe, Reel 5. Further support for Fyffe’s employment came from Maj. T.H.H. Grayson of Thame Park. At the end of the month, in a wide-ranging letter to Lt. C.H. Scott, he wrote ‘I strongly recommend Fyffe for the employment you mentioned He would, in my opinion, do the job well’ (HS6/961, Grayson to Scott (STS/CR/24), 29.07.41). On 1 August Scott replied, noting that ‘I passed on your message about Fyffe to Major Whetmore’ (HS6/961, Scott to Grayson, 01.08.41). 55. IWMSA Interview with Fyffe, Reel 5. 56. Fyffe, ‘Group 26 at Aviemore’. I am grateful to Major Fyffe for allowing me to see this paper. 57. IWMSA Interview with Fyffe, Reel 6. 58. Fyffe, ‘The Protected Area of Western Scotland and its Military Occupation from 1940’, p. 30. 59. IWMSA Interview with Fyffe, Reel 6. 60. Fyffe, ‘The Protected Area of Western Scotland and its Military Occupation from 1940’, pp. 31–2. 61. IWMSA Interview with Fyffe, Reel 6. 62. Ibid., Reels 6–7; HS9/1521/6, Papers in Vass’ Personnel File. 63. IWMSA Interview with Fyffe, Reel 6. 64. HS9/1280/8, Report from L/Cpl Stokes, 10.07.41, The Cooler. 65. HS9/1280/8, L/Cpl Stokes, The Cooler (undated). 66. Ibid. 67. HS9/1218/2, Note (undated). 68. IWMSA Interview with Fyffe, Reel 6. 69. Ibid., Reel 7. 70. HS9/1280/8, Papers in Rosa’s Personnel File. 71. HS6/884, cited in D/CE3 to J.A. (DCE3/680), 20.11.41. 72. HS9/1218/2, Extract from D/CE3 to D/CE, 19.3.42. 73. HS9/1218/2, Report from Cpl Saunders, 18.09.41. 74. HS9/1218/2, Report from L/Cpl Beaumont, 25.09.41. 75. HS9/1218/2, Report from Inverlair, 04.10.41. 76. HS9/1218/2, L/Cpl Mendes 30.10.41, The Cooler. 77. HS9/1218/2, L/Cpl Blacka, 13.11.41. 78. Fyffe, ‘The Protected Area of Western Scotland and its Military Occupation from 1940’, pp. 32–3. 79. IWMSA Interview with Fyffe, Reel 6. 80. Fyffe, ‘The Protected Area of Western Scotland and its Military Occupation from 1940’, p. 32. 81. HS9/1218/2, ‘No. 5’, From Fyffe, 05.05.42. 82. Fyffe, ‘The Protected Area of Western Scotland and its Military Occupation from 1940’, pp. 32–3. 83. IWMSA Interview with Fyffe, Reel 7. 84. HS6/736, A/CD to CD (marked ‘Draft’), 03.07.44. 85. HS7/31, History: Security Section, p. 3. 86. Author’s interview with Fyffe, 05.11.01. 87. HS6/736, A/CD to CD (marked ‘Draft’), 03.07.44. 88. HS8/841 and HS8/857, ‘Internment Facilities for Special Cases’, 26.07.44. 89. HS6/961, H to D/T.1 (H/OR/1824) Copies to M.Z. and D/Fin2, 30.06.41. 90. HS6/961, D/T.1 to H (Copy to MZ), 01.07.41. 224 Notes

91. HS6/961, Blake to Commandant STS 42 [sic], 10.12.41. 92. HS6/961, D/CE3 to MT (through D/CE) (DCE3/780), 12.12.41. 93. HS9/737/1, STS 51b, 23.07.42; Cpl Murray, 16.08.43. 94. HS9/737/1, STS 22, 27.06.42. 95. HS9/737/1, ‘Badger’, D/CE.SS.1, 03.08.43. 96. HS9/737/1, T to D/CE for D/CE.SS (T/BE/1237), 27.07.43. 97. HS9/737/1, T to D/CE.SS (T/BE/8967), 31.07.43. 98. HS9/737/1, D/CE.BR to D/CE through D/CE.SS (DCEBR/KV/567), 07.08.43. 99. HS9/737/1, D/CE.SS to T.H. (DCESS/KV/583), 11.08.43; AD/P to T Copy to D/R (ADP/14), 11.08.43. 100. HS9/737/1, TH to AD/P through D/R (TH/BE/9035), 14.08.43. 101. HS9/737/1, TH to D/CE (TH/BE/9116), 07.09.43. 102. HS9/737/1, AD/P to D/CE, 11.09.43. 103. HS9/737/1, D/CE to T, 17.09.43. 104. Ibid. 105. HS9/737/1, ‘Application for Dispensing with a Student’s Services’, 20.09.43. 106. HS9/737/1, Cooler, 05.10.43. 107. HS9/737/1, Cooler, 02.11.43. 108. HS9/737/1, Cooler, 30.11.43. 109. HS9/737/1, D/CEM.1 to T, 16.12.43; T to D/CEM.1, 16.12.43; D/CE to Sections Concerned, 04.01.44. 110. HS9/737/1, D/CEM.3 to T, Copies to MT, D/Fin.2 (DCEM3/4268), 13.01.44. 111. HS9/1218/2, Whetmore to Fyffe (ECW/KV/1884), 05.11.41. 112. HS9/1218/2, D/CE.1 to J (DCE.1/KV/1918), 08.11.41. 113. HS9/1218/2, JA to D/CE.1 (copy to D/HV) ( JA/IT/1563), 14.11.41. 114. HS9/1218/2, D/CE3 to D/CE (DCE3/652), 20.11.41; D/CE.2 to JA (Copy to D/HV & D/H111) (DCE2/KV/376), 22.11.41. 115. HS9/1218/2, From Fyffe, 30.01.42. 116. HS9/1218/2, D/CE.3 to D/CE.2 (DCE3/2772), 19.12.42. 117. HS9/1218/2, D/CE.3 to D/Sec/Reg, through D/FIN.2 (DCE3/2938), 20.01.43. 118. HS9/1218/2, D/FIN.2 to D/CE.3, Copy to D/Sec/Reg (FIN2/FD/8507), 27.01.43. 119. HS9/51/6, RVPS Report on Armanet. 120. HS9/51/16, J.G. Baker, 03.05.43. 121. HS9/51/6, 2/Lt. Turnbull, 25.06.43. 122. HS9/51/6, 2/Lt. Turnbull, 03.07.43. 123. HS9/51/6, D/CEM.1 to RF/A, 05.07.43. 124. HS9/51/6, D/CEM.1 to MT, 09.07.43. 125. HS9/51/6, RF to D/CEM.1, 09.07.43 126. HS9/51/6, ‘Application for Dispensing with Student’s Service’, 14.07.43. 127. HS9/51/6, Cooler, 16.08.43. 128. HS9/51/6, 28.08.43. 129. HS9/51/6, 05.10.43. 130. HS9/51/6, 30.11.43. 131. HS9/51/6, 11.12.43. 132. HS9/1218/2, D/CE.L to D/CE.M.1 (DCEL/3681), 26.01.45. Notes 225

133. HS9/1218/2, O’Reilly to Cartwright (JDOR/3678), 25.01.45; O’Reilly to Cartwright (JDOR/3705), 27.02.45. 134. HS9/1218/2, Cartwright to O’Reilly (L.5127/1945). 135. HS9/394/5, D/CE to A/CD (D/CE 1531), 25.04.45. 136. HS7/31, History: Security Section, p. 16.

3 Security abroad

1. HS8/432, A/CD to D/His (ACD/86A/8411), 03.01.46. 2. HS7/31, History: Security Section, p. 12. 3. Lady Ranfurly, To War With Whittaker: The Wartime Diaries of the Countess of Ranfurly 1939–45, pp. 79, 82, 92. 4. Although he refrained from referring to Countess Ranfurly by name, when discussing the ‘anti-SO2 dossier’, Bickham Sweet-Escott noted that it included ‘copies of reports and telegrams which were supposed to show that our organization was ineffective it was obvious at once that they could have been obtained only from our files. It is symptomatic of the atmosphere of Cairo in those days that we later established beyond any reasonable doubt that they had been extracted by two people who had been taken on by us at the express request of someone in G.H.Q. In other words, it looked very much as if a spy had been deliberately planted on us by the soldiers’ (Bickham Sweet-Escott, Baker Street Irregular, p. 75). 5. Sweet-Escott, Baker Street Irregular,p.74. 6. Lady Ranfurly, To War With Whittaker,p.104 7. As Mackenzie notes, the period is difficult to explore closely ‘as the majority of the Cairo files were destroyed in the “great panic” on June 1942’ (Mack- enzie, The Secret History of SOE, p. 182). 8. Mackenzie, The Secret History of SOE, p. 508. 9. HS8/838, Security Progress Report (XC/SA/15), 05.06.43. 10. Sweet-Escott, Baker Street Irregular, p. 170. 11. HS8/838, D/H.147 to A.D.3, D/CE, copies to C.O.S., D/HV (XC/SA/15), 13.06.43. 12. HS8/874, D/HV to D/FIN Copy to D/CE.1, W Section (DHX/KV/528), 21.12.42. 13. HS8/874, D/CE.1 to D/HV (DCE1/KV/4616), 22.12.42. 14. HS8/838, ‘Security – General & Preliminary Report’ (XC/SA/15), 14.04.43. 15. HS8/838, D/H 147 to D/HV and D/CE, 09.05.43. 16. HS8/838, D/HV to D/H147, 09.05.43. 17. HS8/838, D/HV to D/H147, 10.05.43; D/HV to D/H147, 12.05.43. 18. HS8/838, D/H.147 to D/HV and D/CE, 13.05.43. 19. HS8/838, Security Progress Report (XC/SA/15), 05.06.43. 20. HS8/838, Gillson to Roberts (XC/SA/15), 01.06.43. 21. HS8/838, Gillson to O’Sullivan (XC/SA/15), 01.06.43. 22. HS8/838, Security Progress Report (XC/SA/15), 05.06.43. 23. HS8/874 and HS8/838, Security Progress Report, August 1943. 24. HS8/874, ‘Security Middle East’, D/H.147 (undated). 25. HS8/838, D/H.147 to A.D.3, D/CE, copies to C.O.S., D/HV (XC/SA/15), 13.06.43. 226 Notes

26. HS8/874, ‘Security Middle East’, D/H.147 (undated). 27. HS8/874, D/H 147 to AD3, D/CE, copies to COS, D/HV (XC/SA/15), 13.06.43. 28. HS8/838, COS to X (COS/173/985), 22.09.43. 29. HS7/31, History: Security Section, p. 16. 30. HS8/874, D/H 147 to AD3, D/CE, Copies to COS, D/HV (XC/SA/15), 13.06.43. 31. HS8/838, ‘Security – General & Preliminary Report’ (XC/SA/15), 14.04.43. 32. HS8/874, D/H 147 to AD3, D/CE, Copies to COS, D/HV (XC/SA/15), 13.06.43. 33. HS8/874, Note appended to D/H 147 to AD3, D/CE, Copies to COS, D/HV (XC/SA/15), 13.06.43. 34. HS3/64, D/CD(O) to CD (Copies to: D/CD(A), AD/P, A.D.4 and AD/L to take up with Mr Mack) (DCDO/1431), 17.10.42. 35. IWMSA Interview with Lee, Reel 7. 36. Ibid. 37. Mackenzie, The Secret History of SOE, p. 547. 38. HS8/885, AM.80 to D/CE through AM.10, Copy for AM.81, ‘Security Report No. 2 From Maryland’, 08.11.43. 39. HS9/74/1, Papers in Baird’s Personnel File. 40. HS8/885, AM.80 to AM.10 Copy to D/CE, AM.81 ‘Security Report No. 3 for MARYLAND’, 30.11.43. 41. HS8/885, AM.84 to AM.80, ‘With S.O.E. in Italy’, 19.01.44. 42. HS8/885, AM.80 to AM.10 Copy to D/CE, AM.81 ‘Security Report No. 3 for MARYLAND’, 30.11.43. 43. HS8/885, AM.80 to AM.10, Copies for D/CE, AM, D/H.156, AM.81 (for information), ‘Security Report No. 4 for MARYLAND’, 27.12.43. 44. HS8/885, AM.84 to AM.80, ‘With S.O.E. in Italy’, 19.01.44. 45. HS8/885, AM.80 to AM.10, Copies for D/CE, AM, D/H.156, AM.51 (for information), ‘Security Report No. 5 for MARYLAND’, 19.01.44. 46. HS8/846, ‘Report to the Director of Special Operations, Mediterranean Area, from Deputy to Head of the Division of Intelligence, Security, Liaison and Personal Services, S.O.E., H.Q., London’, 28.03.44. 47. Roderick Bailey, ‘Communist in SOE: Explaining James Klugmann’s Recruit- ment and Retention’, Intelligence and National Security, 20(1) (March 2005), p. 90. 48. HS7/31, History: Security Section, p. 13. 49. HS6/875, Stawell to Cmd. Force 266, Cmd. No. 1 Special Force (M/ADM/8/45), 18.04.44. 50. HS6/875, Lee to Senter (5402/SA/4), 16.05.44, quoted in Senter to Hoyer Millar (JS/10/11/1814), 10.08.44. 51. HS6/875, ‘Security Intelligence Panel’ (I/312/14/17), 26.07.44. 52. HS8/885, AM.80 to D/H, ‘Security Intelligence Report No. 3 – May 1944’, 24.05.44. 53. HS6/875, H.Q. S.O.(M) Adm. Echelon to G.I. I(b), H.Q. S.O.(M), 14.07.44. 54. HS6/875, Hoyer Millar (G.I. I(b), HQ SO(M)), to Col i/c Adm, Adm Ech HQ SO(M), 27.07.44. 55. HS6/875, D/H.928 to D/CE (I/312/9/16), 28.07.44. Notes 227

56. HS6/875, Beevor to SOM Adm Ech, ‘A’ Branch, Copies to G/I/ I(b) SOM, No. 1 Special Force, 30.07.44. 57. HS6/875, D/H.928 to D/CE (I/312/9/16), 28.07.44. 58. HS6/875, Hoyer Millar to Senter (I/312/14/22), 03.08.44. 59. HS6/875, Senter to Hoyer Millar (JS/10/11/1814), 10.08.44. 60. HS6/875, Senter to Hoyer Millar (JS/10/11/1852), 16.08.44. 61. HS6/875, AD/P to D/H.928, through D/CE (ADP/10/11/2001), 05.09.44. 62. HS8/873, Hoyer Millar to Lee, Baird (I/312/95), 25.10.44. 63. HS8/885, AM.200, ‘Security Intelligence Panel Monthly Report No. 10 – December, 1944’, 29.12.44. 64. HS8/873, Lt Col (AA & QMG) to G.I.(b), 11.12.44. 65. HS8/873, Hoyer Millar to Lee (PERS/1011/IB), 21.12.44. 66. HS8/873, Hoyer Millar to Senter (PERS/1151/IB), 16.01.45. 67. HS8/873, Hoyer Millar to Roche (PERS/1153/IB), 16.01.45. 68. HS8/873, Hoyer Millar to Senter (PERS/1151/IB), 16.01.45. 69. Senter reluctantly gave his support (‘I am satisfied on what you say that in everyone’s interests, the change ought to be made, but I am also very consciousoftheuniquecontributionthathehasmade,andIdonotthinkthere are many people who could have produced such results in the time’), while Roche was ‘sorry but not surprised’ at the news, telling Hoyer Millar that ‘When I got back to London last November I told ADP that I feared it was only a question of time before Peter’s “intransigence” rendered a change inevitable’. (HS8/873, John to Hoyer (JS/96/2748), 06.02.45; Tom to Hoyer, 06.02.45.) 70. HS7/116, History of the Security Section – Indian Mission. 71. HS8/872, Notes left by Lt Col Gillson at Meerut, February 1944: Proposed Duties of Indian Mission Security Section. 72. HS7/116, History of the Security Section – Indian Mission. 73. HS8/872, ‘Security Report No. 1, Force 136’, B/B.637 to B/B.100, 14.06.44. 74. HS7/116, History of the Security Section – Indian Mission. 75. Charles Cruickshank, SOE in the Far East,p.89. 76. HS7/116, History of the Security Section – Indian Mission. 77. HS8/846, ‘Report to the Director of Special Operations, Mediterranean Area, from Deputy to Head of the Division of Intelligence, Security, Liaison and Personal Services, S.O.E., H.Q., London’, 28.03.44. 78. HS7/116, History of the Security Section – Indian Mission. 79. The History continued to note that ‘It can safely be said that had the war continued, Lt. Col. Bourne’s organisation would have paid the Mission a handsome dividend’ (HS7/116, History of the Security Section – Indian Mission). 80. Richard J. Aldrich, Intelligence and the War Against Japan, p. 151. 81. HS7/116, History of the Security Section – Indian Mission. 82. HS7/31, History: Security Section, p. 13. 83. HS7/116, History of the Security Section – Indian Mission.

4 Liaison with MI5 (i): Cooperation

1. HS7/31, Note by John Senter, p. 3. 2. HS8/432, A/CD to D/His (ACD/86A/8411), 03.01.46. 228 Notes

3. KV4/171, Vivian to Cumming, 06.11.40. 4. KV4/171, White to Whetmore (B.2/Gen/DGW), 10.02.41. 5. KV4/171, Whetmore to Blunt (ECW/KV/135), 08.01.41. 6. KV4/171, White to Whetmore (B.2/Gen/DGW), 10.02.41. 7. Oliver Hoare (Intro.), Camp 020: MI5 and the Nazi Spies, p. 15. The agents had been poorly trained and in some cases were working under duress; all bar one had been captured. 8. KV4/171, White to Whetmore (B.2/Gen/DGW), 10.02.41. 9. KV4/171, Senter to White (JS/KV/2144), 05.12.41. 10. KV4/171, White to Senter (A.D.B.1./Gen/DGW), 14.12.41. 11. HS7/31, Note by John Senter, p. 3. 12. HS8/320, cited in Nelson to Petrie, 16.07.41. 13. HS8/320, ‘Notes on a meeting held between M.I.5 and S.O.2 on Friday, 18 July 1941 at 58 St James Street. Present: (For M.I.5): Sir David Petrie (in the Chair), Brigadier Harker, Capt. Liddell (For SOE): Sir Frank Nelson, Col Taylor, Air-Commodore Boyle.’ 14. KV4/171, ‘Meeting Between Brigadier Harker, Deputy Director General, Security Service, and General Lakin, Director of Security, S.O.2 on the 6th August 1941.’ 15. KV4/171, Rothschild to Harker, 10.09.41. 16. KV4/171, Secretariat, 23.09.41. 17. KV4/171, Harker to Lakin (SF.51/30/65), 10.41. 18. KV4/171, Lakin to Harker (HL/KV/197), 09.10.41. 19. KV4/171, Harker to Lakin (SF.51/30/65), 13.10.41. 20. KV4/171, Lakin to Harker (HL/KV/334), 08.01.42; Director-General’s Circular No D.G/5/42: Relations Between the Security Service & Special Operations Executive (Inter-Services Research Bureau), 20.02.42. 21. KV4/188, Liddell Diary, 06.08.41. 22. KV4/172, Minute 1, 22.12.41; KV4/171, Minute 83, T.A. Robertson, 22.12.41. 23. KV4/171, Minute 81, T.A. Robertson, 18.12.41. 24. KV4/172, Masterman to Robertson, 26.12.41. 25. KV4/171, Minute 83, T.A. Robertson, 22.12.41. 26. KV4/171, Robertson to Senter, 21.01.42. 27. KV4/171, John to Tar (JS/KV/2843), 24.01.42. 28. KV4/171, Minute 108, T.A. Robertson, 21.02.42. 29. KV4/171, ‘Note on S.O.E. Course of Lectures’, 21.02.42. 30. KV4/171, Petrie to Harker, 28.02.42. 31. KV4/171, Liddell to Petrie, 23.02.42. 32. KV4/171, Minute 112, O.A. Harker, 05.06.42. 33. KV4/171, Lakin to Harker (HL/KV/722), 06.06.42. 34. KV4/171, ‘Colonel Woolrych’s visit, 15th–20th June 1942’. 35. KV4/171, Woolrych to Robertson, 23.06.42. 36. KV4/171, Robertson to Woolrych, 25.06.42 37. KV4/171, Robertson to Senter, 21.06.42. 38. KV4/171, Lakin to Harker (HL/KV/751), 19.06.42. 39. KV4/171, White to Harker, 25.06.42. 40. KV4/171, Minute 125, White to Petrie, 27.06.42. 41. KV4/171, Harker to Lakin (SF.51/30/65/DDG), 29.06.42. Notes 229

42. KV4/171, Lakin to Harker (HL/KV/796), 03.07.42. 43. KV4/171, ‘Note of Meeting’, 06.07.42. 44. KV4/171, Minute 129, Petrie to Harker, 08.07.42. 45. See surviving Minute Sheets in KV4/172. 46. HS7/31, History: Security Section, p. 5. 47. KV4/171, Senter to White (JS/KV/3877), 18.07.42. 48. KV4/171, Senter to White (JS/KV/3958), 01.08.42. It is not possible to discover MI5’s attitude to these limitations, as the relevant papers have been removed from KV4/171 to other files, which have either been retained or destroyed (SF51/30/65(II) and SF51/30/65(B)). 49. J.C. Curry, The Security Service 1908–1945: The Official History, pp. 174, 130. 50. HS9/597/1, Captain Gerald Glover to Park (112,875/Y/RC), 22.12.42. 51. HS9/597/1, D/CE.2 to F (DCE2/KV/3646), 28.12.42. 52. HS9/597/1, Park to Glover (HP/KV/3887), 01.01.43. 53. HS9/597/1, Baxter to MacIver, 10.01.43. 54. HS9/304/1, STS 31, 20.06.42. 55. HS9/304/1, D/CE.2 to F, 21.08.43. 56. HS9/304/1, F to D/CE.2, 24.08.43. 57. HS9/304/1, D/CE.G to MI5, 27.08.43. 58. HS9/304/1, FG to D/CE.1, 02.09.43. 59. HS9/304/1, Major Glover to D/CE.G, 06.09.43. 60. HS9/304/1, D/CE.1 to FG, 11.09.43. 61. HS9/304/1, D/CE.G to MI5, 16.10.43. 62. HS9/304/1, MI5, 03.12.43; D/CE.1 to FG, 14.12.43. 63. Mackenzie, The Secret History of SOE, p. 220. 64. KV6/39, Senter to White (JS/KV/1062), 01.09.42. 65. KV6/39, Blunt to Young, 19.12.42. Assisting Blunt with the investigation, Courtenay Young observed that ‘It is obvious from their itinerary of the day in question that they must have had a considerable amount to drink’ (KV6/39, Minute 27, Courtenay Young, 05.11.42). 66. KV6/39, Minute 26, A.F. Blunt, 04.11.42. 67. KV6/39, Blunt to Young, 19.12.42. 68. KV6/39, Blunt to DDG, 31.12.42. 69. KV6/39, Reports of 22 January, 29 January and 5 February 1943. 70. KV6/39, Roche to Blunt (TGR/KV/4754), 29.01.43; Young to Blunt, Minute 37, 29.01.43. 71. KV6/39, B.1.B. note on the case, 06.04.43. 72. KV6/40, Wethered to Hughes (L.397/Denmark/2), 31.05.43. 73. KV6/39, Note, A.F. Blunt, 14.03.43. 74. KV6/40, Minute 100, G.P. Wethered, 26.05.43. 75. KV6/40, Wethered to Hughes (L.397/Denmark/2), 31.05.43. 76. KV6/40, Minute 117, G.P. Wethered, 08.06.43. 77. KV6/40, Minute 118, Wethered to Liddell, 10.06.43. 78. KV6/40, Wethered to Senter (L.397/Denmark/2(B.1.B)GPW), 14.06.43. 79. KV6/40, Wethered to Burt (L.397/Denmark/2), 10.06.43. 80. KV6/40, ‘STARUP/TABLE’, G.P. Wethered, 19.06.43. 81. KV6/40, ‘Carl Immanuel STARUP’, G.P. Wethered, 31.08.43. 82. KV6/40, Wethered to Blunt, 03.09.43. 83. KV6/15, Note delivered by Roche, 20.10.43. 230 Notes

84. KV6/15, Wethered to White, 22.10.43. 85. KV6/15, Note, Wethered, 01.11.43. 86. See Sweet-Escott, Baker Street Irregular, pp. 180–1. 87. KV6/15, Note, Wethered, 01.11.43. 88. KV6/15, Roche to Wethered (TGR/4304), 19.11.43. 89. KV6/15, Wethered to Miller (L.397/France/1.Supp/B.1.B), 03.12.43. 90. KV6/15, Wethered to Beaumont, 08.12.43. 91. KV6/15, Miller to Wethered (CTM/KV/848), 22.11.43. 92. KV6/15, Wethered to Knight (L.397/France/1.Supp/B.1.B), 22.12.43. 93. KV6/15, O’Reilly to Wethered (JDOR/2949), 13.12.43; O’Reilly to Wethered (JDOR/2952), 14.12.43. 94. KV6/15, Wethered to Knight (GEN/B.1.B/GPW), 15.12.43. 95. KV6/15, Statement of Mademoiselle Micheline Odette Raymonde LEMAIRE, 04.01.44; ‘Mlle. Lemaire du Hamel’, Maxwell Knight, 05.01.44. 96. KV6/15, Wethered to Senter (L.397/France/1.Supp/B.1.B), 10.01.44. 97. KV6/16, Wethered to Miller (L.397/France/1(Supp)B.1.B./GPW), 21.01.44. 98. HS6/294, to Park (Y.Box.2660/2125/A/B.1.L), 25.03.43. 99. HS6/294, D/CE.2 to T (DCE2/KV/4351), 27.03.43; T to D/CE (for D/CE 2) (TH/BE/2367), 01.04.43; Park to , MI5 (HP/KV/4401), 02.04.43. 100. HS6/294, ‘Recruiting of Belgian Seamen’, 08.04.43. 101. HS6/294, T to D/CE (for D/CE 4) (TH/BE/2522), 27.04.43. 102. HS6/294, O’Reilly to Scurr (JDOR/1997), 29.04.43. 103. HS6/294, Chief Inspector Cust to Chief Inspector, Aliens Registration Office. 104. HS6/294, D/CE.4 to T (D/CE.4/2023), 06.05.43. 105. HS6/294, Ferry to Kidd, 09.05.43. 106. HS6/294, Park to , MI5 (HP/KV/5303), 29.07.43. 107. HS6/294, , MI5 to Park (Y.Box 3780/B.1.L.), 02.08.43. 108. HS6/294, , MI5 to Park (Y.Box 3780/B.1.L.), 10.08.43. 109. HS6/294, D/CE2 to T.H. (DCE2/KV/5406), 12.08.43. 110. HS6/294, Park to , MI5 (HP/KV/6470), 02.11.43. 111. HS6/294, Robertson to Park (Y.Box 3780/B.1.L.), 06.11.43. 112. HS6/294, D/CE.1 to OC Group ‘C’ STS (DCE1/KV/6593), 12.11.43. 113. HS6/294, Robertson to Park (Y.Box 3780/B.1.L), 17.11.43. 114. HS6/294, Park to Robertson (HP/KV/6683), 20.11.43.

5 Liaison with MI5 (ii): Conflict

1. KV4/171, Lakin to Petrie, 30.08.42. 2. KV4/171, Petrie to Lakin, 23.09.42. 3. KV3/75, ‘Escape Cases’, C.H. Harmer, 15.02.43. 4. HS7/31, German Penetration of S.O.E. Organisations, Appendix D: Norway. 5. KV3/75, ‘Escape Cases’, C.H. Harmer, 15.02.43. 6. KV3/75, ‘Counter-Espionage and the Protection of S.I.S. and S.O.E. Organ- isations Operating in Enemy Occupied Territory’ (covering note dated 08.03.43); KV3/75, ‘German Penetration of S.O.E., S.I.S. and Allied Organ- isations’, 02.04.43. Notes 231

7. KV3/75, ‘Escape Cases: Appendix’, C.H. Harmer, 15.02.43. 8. HS2/159, SN to D/CE Copy to D/S, M/S, 08.01.43. 9. This aspect of the case was quickly dismissed. Following discussion with Robertson, Miller notified Wilson that ‘having regard to your desire that the traffic in the Trondjhem area should not be increased or complicated in view of the important operations there pending, he does not desire to have the set formally handed over to him for his use’ (HS2/159, D/CE.G to SN (DCEG/KV/115), 11.01.43). 10. HS2/159, C.T. Miller to , MI5 (CTM/KV/183), 08.02.43. 11. HS2/159, Wilson to Tronstad (JSW/353), 12.02.43. 12. KV3/75, ‘Escape Cases’, C.H. Harmer, 15.02.43. 13. HS2/159, D/CE.G to SN, Copy to D/CE (DCEG/KV/188), 13.02.43. 14. HS2/160, D/CE.G to D/CE (DCEG/KV/234), 01.03.43. 15. HS2/160, ‘Nygaard’, Harvey (D/CE.GA), 08.04.43. 16. HS8/320, Senter to White (JS/KV/2757), 13.03.43. 17. HS8/320 and KV4/201, Senter to White (JS/KV/2757), 13.03.43. 18. KV4/201, Robertson to DB, 27.01.43. 19. HS8/320, White to Senter (ADB1/Gen), 15.03.43. 20. KV4/201, Senter to Haylor (JS/KV/2770), 17.03.43. 21. HS8/320 and KV4/201, Senter to White (JS/KV/2766), 16.03.43. 22. KV4/208, Minute 1, D.G. White, 18.03.43. 23. KV4/201, Minute 7, Guy Liddell, 21.03.43. 24. KV4/201, Minute 8, D. Petrie, 22.03.43. 25. KV4/201 and KV4/208, White to Senter, 24.03.43. 26. KV4/201, Senter to White (JS/KV/2831), 25.03.43. 27. I am indebted to Cynthia Reavell of The Tilling Society for providing this information. 28. HS9/166/7, Recommendation for Mention in Despatches (posthumous), 23.09.45. 29. M.R.D. Foot, SOE in France, p. 219. 30. KV6/18, Robertson to Senter (L.397/France/1/B.1.A/CHH), 18.05.43. 31. KV6/18, Wethered to Robertson, 28.05.43. 32. The first indication of Wethered’s involvement in the case is a minute dated 24.05.43. 33. KV6/18, ‘S.O.E. Organisation in Toulouse’, G.P. Wethered, 24.05.43. 34. KV6/18, Interrogation Report: Denise Madeline Bloch, G.J. Baker, 27.05.43. 35. KV6/18, Interrogation Report: Denise Madeline Bloch, G.J. Baker, 27.05.43. 36. KV6/18, ‘Note on case of Mlle. Denis Madeleine Bloch’, G.P. Wethered, 27.05.43. 37. KV3/75, ‘General Report on S.O.E. Cases up to the End of June 1943’, 09.07.43. 38. HS2/160, D/CE.G to SN (DCEG/KV/212), 24.02.43. 39. HS2/160, SN to D/CE/SS, 25.03.43. 40. HS2/160, , MI5 to Warden, 06.05.43. 41. HS2/160, ‘Herluf Nygaard’, 15.05.43. 42. HS2/160, , MI5 to Warden, 17.05.43. 43. HS9/1114/3, SN to D/CE (SN/1021), 25.05.43. 44. HS9/1114/3, Senter to White, 04.06.43. 45. HS2/243, SN to AD/E (SN/1244), 05.07.43. 232 Notes

46. HS2/243, D/CE to AD/E (DCE/KV/3586), 14.07.43. 47. The procedure saw a member of Bayswater conduct a ‘preliminary invest- igation’ and prepare a brief, upon which Wethered then based his own interrogation. 48. KV4/208, G.P. Wethered to D.D.B., 25.05.43. 49. KV6/18, ‘Research re S.O.E. Organisation in Toulouse’, Hazel Thurston, 25.05.43. 50. KV6/18, D/CE/SJ to D/CE/SS, 26.05.43. 51. KV6/18, ‘Note’, G.P. Wethered, 27.05.43. 52. KV6/18, ‘Note on case of Mlle. Denis Madeleine Bloch’, G.P. Wethered, 27.05.43. 53. HS6/422, D/CE to D/CE.SS (D/CE/KV/3285), 07.06.43. 54. KV4/201, Senter to White (JS/KV/3241), 03.06.43. 55. KV4/201, White to Senter (SF.51/32/Misc(11)/DDB), 10.06.43. 56. KV4/201, Minute 27, White to Wethered, 02.06.43. 57. HS6/746, Senter to MI5 (JS/364), 07.10.43. 58. HS6/746, Senter to White (JS/363), 07.10.43. 59. HS6/746, Wethered to Senter, 09.10.43. 60. HS6/746, AD/P to D/CE.1 (ADP/350), 11.10.43. 61. HS6/746, Senter to Wethered, 12.10.43. 62. HS6/746 and KV4/201, Senter to White (JS/36/406), 15.10.43. 63. KV6/23, Report by Wethered, 08.10.43. 64. KV6/23, Minute 212, Wethered to Liddell through White, 08.10.43. 65. KV6/23, Minute 213, White to Liddell, 12.10.43. 66. KV6/23, Minute 215, Liddell to White and Wethered, 03.11.43. Emphasis added. 67. HS8/857, AD/P to D/CE.M through D/CE, Copy to D/CE.SS (ADP/32), 14.08.43. 68. KV6/23, ‘A report on certain aspects of the investigation into Lt. Barry Knight, late of S.O.E., with particular reference to problems of S.O.E. internal security’, 20.10.43. 69. HS9/423, D/CE.G to F (through D/CE.SS) (DCEG/KV/802), 30.10.43. 70. HS9/421, ‘Louba/Gilbert’, C.T. Miller, November 1943. 71. HS9/423, D/CE.G to AD/P, D/CE through D/CE.SS (DCEG/KV/803), 30.10.43. 72. KV2/1131, ‘Gilbert’, G.P. Wethered, 19.11.43. 73. HS9/421, Warden to , Broadway (RHW/5/550), 16.11.43. 74. HS9/421, Senter to , Broadway (JS/5/957), 06.01.44. 75. HS9/423, F to D/CE.G thro’ D/CE.SS Copy to AD/P, D/CE (F/FR/2455), 03.11.43. 76. HS9/421, ‘The Case Against Gilbert’, BSS/G to AD/P, 27.01.44. 77. HS9/421, AD/P to C.D. through A.CD, Copy to F for D/R and AD/E (ADP/2/5/1109), 28.01.44. 78. HS9/421, AD/P to AD/E, Copy to A/CD (ADP/4/13/1199), 14.02.44. 79. HS9/421, AD/P to AD/E (ADP/4/13/1191), 12.02.44. 80. HS9/421, AD/P to F (ADP/4/13/1190), 12.02.44. 81. HS9/421, AD/P to AD/E, Copy to A/CD (ADP/4/13/1199), 14.02.44. 82. HS9/421, ‘P.S.’ to AD/P to AD/E Copy to A/CD (ADP/4/13/1199), 14.02.44. 83. HS6/735 and HS6/738, White to Senter (L.397/Holland/1(B.1.B)), 13.02.44. Notes 233

84. KV4/193, Liddell Diary, 17.02.44. 85. HS9/421, F to AD/E, 15.02.44, marked ‘not sent’. 86. HS9/424, F to AD/P Copy to DR/P (F/2632), 24.02.44. Emphasis added. 87. His interest in the case was not as neutral as he claimed; Boyle later noted that Sporborg admitted having been ‘brought into the matter’ by Mockler- Ferryman and Buckmaster, ‘in the hopes that he would intervene’ (HS9/421, A/CD to AD/P (ACD/70a/4762), 18.02.44). 88. HS9/421, V/CD to A/CD, Copies to AD/E, F, BSS (VCD/907), 16.02.44; HS9/421, ‘Draft letter to Captain Guy Liddell’, 16.02.44. 89. HS9/421, ‘Draft letter to Captain Guy Liddell’, 16.02.44. 90. HS9/421, AD/P to A/CD (ADP/4/13/1221), 17.02.44, covering ‘Gilbert’ paper. 91. KV4/193, Liddell Diary, 24.02.44. 92. HS9/421, A/CD to AD/P (ACD/70a/4762), 18.02.44. 93. HS9/421, V.B.5.f, 19.02.44. 94. HS9/421, AD/P to A/CD Copies to L/SV, D/CE (ADP/4/13/1248), 22.02.44. 95. HS9/424, FM to F, 19.03.44. 96. HS9/1114/3, D/S to BSS (DS/NSN/2099), 02.06.44. 97. HS9/1114/3, D/S to BSS (DS/SN/2289), 28.06.44; D/S to BSS (DS/SN/2355), 06.07.44. 98. HS9/1114/3, Wethered to Warden (PF.65667/B.1.B./GPW), 17.07.44. 99. HS9/1114/3, BSS to D/S (BSS/8/1586), 22.07.44.

6 Approaching Section V

1. KV4/120, D.G. White, ‘Report on Section V in Relation to the Problem of an M.I.5/M.I.6 Joint Section for C.E. Work’. 2. F.H. Hinsley and C.A.G. Simkins, British Intelligence in the Second World War, Volume 4,p.10. 3. KV4/120, D.G. White, ‘Report on Section V in Relation to the Problem of an M.I.5/M.I.6 Joint Section for C.E. Work’. 4. Hinsley and Simkins, British Intelligence in the Second World War, Volume 4, p. 180. 5. HS7/31, Note by John Senter, p. 4. 6. KV4/173, Boyle to Liddell (ARB/RET/2627), 20.01.43. 7. Curry, The Security Service 1908–1945, pp. 205–6. 8. KV4/173, Vivian to Liddell, 10.02.43. 9. KV4/173, Boyle to Liddell (ARB/JF/2925), 17.03.43. 10. KV4/173, Liddell to Boyle (51/30/65/DB), 22.03.43. 11. KV4/173, Liddell to Vivian (51/30/65/DB), 22.03.43. 12. KV4/173, Vivian to Liddell, 28.03.43. 13. KV4/173, Liddell to Vivian (51/30/65/DB), 30.03.43. 14. KV4/171, Note by Liddell, 16.04.43. 15. HS2/243, , MI5 to Warden, 22.04.43. 16. HS2/243, , MI5 to Warden, 22.04.43. 17. HS2/243, Warden to , MI5 (RHW/KV/342), 23.04.43. Emphasis added. 18. KV4/208, Minute 8, Curry to D.G., 04.05.43. 19. KV4/191, Liddell Diary, 03.04.43. 234 Notes

20. KV4/208, ‘Secret Operations and Intelligence: Introductory Notes on the Question of Combining the Existing Services’, J.C. Curry, 06.05.43. 21. KV4/192, Liddell Diary, 10.07.43. 22. KV4/208, Draft letter to Vivian for signature by D.B., 31.03.43. 23. KV4/208, Note by White, 01.04.43. 24. KV3/75, Curry to White, 05.05.43. 25. KV3/75, White to Liddell, 06.05.43. 26. KV3/75, White to Wethered, 06.05.43. 27. KV4/208, White to Senter (SF.52/SOE/DDB), 13.05.43. 28. KV4/208, Wethered to White, 19.06.43. 29. KV4/208, Wethered to White, 19.06.43. Emphasis added. 30. KV4/208, White to Wethered, 02.07.43. 31. Nigel West, MI6: British Intelligence Service Operations 1909–45, p. 219; HS7/31, History, p. 9. 32. HS7/31, Note by John Senter, p. 4. 33. Ibid. 34. KV4/208, Paragraphs 3 and 4 of Glenalmond Treaty. Emphasis added. 35. KV4/208, Cowgill to White, 02.08.43. 36. Ibid. 37. KV4/208, White to Cowgill, 18.08.43. 38. HS6/746 and KV4/201, Senter to White (JS/363), 07.10.43. 39. KV4/201, Wethered to White, 11.10.43. 40. KV4/201 (also in HS6/746, with further redactions under Section 3(4) (i.e. Wethered’s name is removed throughout)), White to Senter (51/32/Misc. (11)/DDB), 12.10.43. 41. KV4/201, Senter to White ( JS/36/406), 15.10.43. 42. KV4/208, Senter to Vivian ( JS/2/603), 23.11.43. 43. KV4/208, Vivian to Senter, 01.12.43. 44. KV4/208, White to Senter, 06.12.43. 45. Curry, The Security Service 1908–1945, p. 383.

7 Security aspects of the Nordpol affair

1. HS6/746, ‘Crossed Lines in Holland’, 06.08.43. 2. HS6/746, N to D/R (N/HO/368), 25.06.43. 3. HS6/746, ‘BILL and the O.D.’, date given as 8/9 July 1943 in handwriting. 4. Marks, Between Silk and Cyanide, Chapter 43. 5. HS6/746, D/CE.GA to D/CE, 09.07.43. 6. Foot, SOE in the Low Countries, p. 175, citing Hinsley et al., British Intelligence in the Second World War, Volume 3 Part 1, p. 462. 7. HS6/737, Senter to Cowgill (JS/KV/3595), 16.07.43; HS6/746 and HS6/737, D/CE to AD/E (DCE/KV/3642), 23.07.43. 8. HS6/737, NO to D/CE, copy to D/CE.SS.1 (NO/HO/10), 24.07.43. 9. HS6/737, Senter to , Broadway (JS/KV/3699), 28.07.43. 10. HS6/746, ‘Crossed Lines in Holland’, 06.08.43. 11. HS6/737, AD/P to A/CD (ADP/42), 15.08.43. 12. HS6/737, A/CD to VCSS Copies to AD/P, N (ACD/81/3830), 18.08.43. 13. HS6/737, A/CD to D/R, V, Copy to N (ACD/81/3862), 23.08.43. Notes 235

14. Foot, SOE in the Low Countries, p. 174, citing V/CD to AD/E, Copies to CD and A/CD, TSC in Holland 21. 15. HS6/748, Senter to , Broadway (JS/17/1a/720), 08.12.43; HS6/737, AD/P to D/R (Copy to ACD), 09.12.43, covering ‘Insecurity of Dutch Secret Organ- isations: S.I.S./S.O.E Enquiries, 1943’; HS6/735, D/CE.G to AD/P, ‘Dutch Investigation Report Appendix IV: Exchange of Information between S.O.E. & S.I.S.’, December 1943. 16. HS6/737, Boyle to (other papers indicate that Cordeaux was the recip- ient) (ARB/81/3951), 06.09.43. 17. HS6/737, Cordeaux to Boyle, 10.09.43. 18. HS6/746, AD/P to N, Copy to D/CE.G.A (ADP/352), 11.10.43. 19. HS6/746, Cordeaux to Boyle, 05.10.43. 20. HS6/746, D/CE.GA to AD/P (DCEGA/KV/762), 14.10.43. 21. HS6/737, AD/P to D/CE.SS (ADP/6/426), 18.10.43. 22. HS6/737, AD/P to D/R (Copy to ACD), 09.12.43, covering ‘Insecurity of Dutch Secret Organisations: S.I.S./S.O.E Enquiries, 1943’; HS6/735, D/CE.G to AD/P, ‘Dutch Investigation Report Appendix IV: Exchange of Information between S.O.E. & S.I.S.’, December 1943. 23. HS6/748, AD/P to A/CD, Copy to V/CD, AD/E. (ADP/6/631), 26.11.43.; Philip H.J. Davies, MI6 and the Machinery of Spying, pp. 102, 156. 24. KV4/120, R.D. Gibbs, 07.08.42. 25. HS6/735 and HS6/737, AD/P to D/CE.G, Copies to: V/CD, A/CD, AD/E (ADP/24/0/643), 29.11.43. 26. HS6/748, D/CE.G to AD/P (DCEG/KV/872), 15.12.43. 27. HS6/748, AD/P to BSS/G through BSS (ADP/17/1a/811), 16.12.43. 28. HS6/737 and HS6/748, AD/P to D/R (ADP/17/1a/819), 18.12.43. 29. HS6/737, A/CD to A.C.S.S. Copy to DD/SP, 18.12.43; HS6/748, A/CD to V.C.S.S. Copy to DD/SP, 20.12.43. 30. HS6/749, V.C.S.S. to A/CD, 25.12.43. 31. Boyle included detailed references to the paper-chase that led him to this conclusion: ‘I understood that you were in agreement with these arrange- ments. I had correspondence with Cowgill (my letter to him of the 14th July last) and (my letter to him of the 24th July last) and a letter from Cowgill of 5th August last suggesting an amendment to cover a point raised by you about your seeing names submitted. In that letter, Cowgill says “the agreement of all in S.I.S. has now been obtained”: that was subject to the outstanding point you had raised, which he covered and which we accepted’. (HS6/749, A/CD to V.C.S.S. (ACD/81/4460), 28.12.43.) 32. HS6/749, V.C.S.S. to A/CD, 31.12.43. 33. HS6/748, AD/P to BSS.G through BSS (ADP/17/1a/900), 30.12.43. 34. HS6/735, BSS/G to AD/P (BSSG/KV/963), 11.01.44. 35. HS6/735, AD/P to D/R Copies to A/CD and BSS/G (ADP/4/3/1048), 14.01.44. 36. KV4/191, Liddell Diary, 22.02.43. 37. KV6/34, Wethered (B.1.B) to Baxter (B.1.D), 16.07.43. 38. KV4/192, Liddell Diary, 13.12.43. 39. HS6/735, N to D/RP, 25.01.44. Also see N to D/RP, 25.01.44; A/DP to D/R, 28.01.44; A/DP to DR, 29.01.44. 40. HS6/745, BSS/GC to D/R/LC (BSSGC/KV/1182), 23.03.44. 41. HS6/745, AD/E to D/R.LC (Copy to BSS/GC), 31.03.44. 236 Notes

42. HS6/737, Telegram From Berne, Personal to A.D.E. from J.O., 22.11.43. 43. HS6/748, AD/P to A/CD, Copy to V/CD, AD/E (ADP/6/631), 26.11.43. Also see HS6/738, ‘The Question Bingham’; N to AD/P, 10.02.44; N to AD/E, 18.02.44; AD/P to A/CD (ADP/4/3/1237), 21.02.44. 44. HS6/738, AD/P to A/CD (ADP/4/3/1237), 21.02.44. 45. HS6/738, AD/P to A/CD (ADP/4/3/1249), 22.02.44. 46. HS6/738, A/CD to AD/E Copy to AD/P (ACD/81a/4799), 23.02.44. 47. Foot, SOE in the Low Countries, p. 206. 48. HS6/735, ‘Notes on the Interrogation Reports of “Chive” and “Sprout” ’, D/CE.1 (undated). 49. KV6/34, ‘Chive/Sprout’, 05.02.44. 50. HS6/735 and HS6/738, White to Senter (L.397/Holland/1(B.1.B)), 13.02.44. 51. HS6/735 and HS6/738, AD/P to V/CD through A/CD Copy to D/CE (ADP/3/3/1225), 18.02.44. 52. HS6/735 and HS6/738, Senter to White (JS/4/3/1226), 18.02.44. 53. HS6/735, Senter to White (JS/4/3/1254), 22.02.44. 54. HS6/738 and HS6/735, BSS/A to DR/LC, Copy to L/SV (BSSA/KV/1089), 28.02.44. 55. HS6/738, BSS/A to D/CE Copy to L/SV (BSSA/KV/1087), 28.02.44. 56. HS6/738, BSS/A to L/SV (BSSA/KV/1176), 23.03.44. 57. KV6/35, Wethered, 30.03.44. 58. KV6/35, Wethered to Hale, 30.03.44. 59. HS6/738, HS6/736 and KV6/35, ‘Memorandum’, 03.04.44. 60. HS6/738, ‘Extracts from Fourth Interrogation of Chive’, 06.04.44. 61. HS6/738, , SIS to Warden, 09.04.44. 62. HS6/736 and HS6/738, AD/P to V/CD through A/CD (Copy to D/CE, DR/LC) (ADP/4/3/1281), 13.04.44. 63. KV6/35, Minute 92, Hale to Wethered, 15.04.44. 64. KV6/35, Minute 97, Wethered to Milmo, 19.04.44. 65. KV6/35, Minute 101, Milmo to Wethered, 29.04.44. 66. HS6/736 and KV6/35, Roche to White, 10.05.44. 67. HS6/736, White to Roche (L.397/HOLLAND/1/B.1.B), 16.05.44. 68. HS6/736, D/CE to ADP (DCE/5350), 19.05.44. 69. KV6/35, Roy to Hale, 25.05.44. 70. HS6/736 and KV6/35, Wethered to Wells (L.397/HOLLAND/1(B.1.B)), 02.06.44. 71. KV6/35, Wethered to de Bruyne (L.397/Holland/L(B.1.B)GPW), 06.06.44. 72. KV6/35, Wethered to Senter (L.397/Holland/1(B.1.B.)GPW), 07.06.44. 73. KV6/35, Senter to Wethered (JS/4/3/1588), 07.06.44. 74. KV6/35, Wethered to Corin, 10.06.44. 75. KV6/35, Wethered to de Bruyne (L.397/Holland/1(B.1.B.)GPW), 15.06.44. 76. KV6/35, Bland to Liddell, 14.06.44. 77. KV6/35, Liddell to Bland (L.397/Holland/1/DB), 17.06.44. 78. KV6/35, Wethered to Hill (L.397/Holland/1/B.1.B/GPW), 16.06.44. 79. For this continued debate, see KV4/91, HS8/841, HS8/842 and HS8/857. Notes 237

8 Double cross and deception

1. Jos Wolters, Dossier Nordpol. Het Englandspiel onder do loep, p. 296. 2. Foot, SOE: An Outline History, pp. 156–7, 221, 235. 3. Harmer’s obituary in The Times, 9 March 1996, p. 23. 4. HS8/830, ‘Notes on a meeting held between M.I.5. and S.O.2. on Friday, 18th July, 1941 at 58 St James Street’. 5. KV4/171, Minute 78, B.1.A to DDGSS, 26.11.41. 6. KV4/171, Minute 80, T.A. Robertson, 28.11.41. 7. KV4/70, ‘W’ Board, Meeting held in Room 229, War Office, 28th March 1942. 8. KV6/10, ‘Periwig’, D.I. Wilson and J. Mair, 10.04.43. 9. KV4/201, Senter to White (JS/KV/3241), 03.06.43. 10. Masterman, The Double-Cross System,p.85. 11. KV6/12, Harmer to Robertson, ‘Sealing Wax’, 25.08.42. 12. KV4/65, 77th Meeting of the Twenty Committee, 25.06.42. 13. KV6/12, Harmer to Robertson, ‘Sealing Wax’, 25.08.42. 14. Ibid. 15. KV6/12, B.1.a note, 01.10.42. 16. KV4/65, 96th Meeting of the Twenty Committee, 05.11.42. 17. KV4/65, 97th Meeting of the Twenty Committee, 12.11.42. 18. KV6/12, Foley to Robertson, 12.11.42. 19. KV4/65, 98th Meeting of the Twenty Committee, 19.11.42. 20. KV6/12, Robertson to Senter (Copy to Foley) (B.1.A/GEN/TAR), 20.11.42. 21. KV4/65, 99th Meeting of the Twenty Committee, 26.11.42. 22. KV6/12, Senter to Robertson (JS/KV/1895), 29.11.42. 23. KV6/12, Harmer to Robertson, ‘S.O.E. Blown Sets’, 07.04.43. 24. KV6/12, Harmer to Robertson, ‘Sea Urchin’, 11.04.43. 25. KV6/12, Robertson to Foley (L.397/France/3/B.1.A/CHH), 29.04.43; Robertson to Foley (L.397/France/3/B.1.A/CHH), 01.05.43. 26. KV6/12, Miller to Harmer (CTM/KV/310), 12.04.43. 27. KV6/12, Miller to Harmer (CTM/KV/321), 16.04.43. 28. KV6/12, Harmer to Robertson, 29.04.43. 29. KV6/12, ‘Sea Urchin’, C.H. Harmer, 01.05.43. 30. KV6/12, ‘Sea Urchin’, C.H. Harmer, 03.05.43. 31. KV6/12, Note scribbled on top of ‘Sea Urchin’, C.H. Harmer, 03.05.43. 32. KV6/12, Foley to Robertson, 03.05.43. 33. KV6/12, ‘Sea Urchin’, C.H. Harmer, 08.05.43. 34. KV6/12, ‘Sea Urchin’, C.H. Harmer, 12.05.43. 35. KV6/12, Wethered to Golding, 30.07.43. 36. Foot, SOE in the Low Countries, p. 232. 37. KV6/10, ‘Report on Manfriday and Intersection (S.O.E. Blown Transmitters)’, C.P. Harvey, 28.11.42. 38. Foot, SOE in the Low Countries, p. 273. 39. KV6/10, ‘Report on Manfriday and Intersection (S.O.E. Blown Transmitters)’, C.P. Harvey, 28.11.42. 40. KV6/10, ‘S.O.E. Agents’, C.P. Harvey, 17.12.42. 238 Notes

41. KV6/10, ‘Report on Manfriday and Intersection (S.O.E. Blown Transmitters)’, C.P. Harvey, 28.11.42. 42. KV6/10, Robertson to Senter (B.1.A/GEN/TAR), 02.12.42. 43. KV6/10, Robertson to Senter (B.1.A/GEN/TAR), 04.12.42. 44. KV6/10, Draft: Robertson to Foley (B.1.A/GEN/CPH), 04.12.42. 45. KV6/10, Robertson to Foley (B.1.A/GEN/CPH), 04.12.42. 46. KV6/10, Senter to Robertson (JS/KV/1949), 07.12.42. 47. KV6/10, Robertson to Foley (B.1.A/GEN/TAR), 08.12.42. 48. KV6/10, Note by Robertson, 14.12.42. 49. KV6/10, ‘S.O.E. Agents’, C.P. Harvey, 17.12.42. 50. KV6/10, Robertson to Senter (B.1.A/GEN/TAR), 19.12.42. 51. Masterman, The Double-Cross System, p. 193. 52. HS2/152, Telegram from Stockholm, 04.08.42. 53. HS2/152, Telegram from Stockholm, 11.08.42. 54. HS2/152, Message from Crow, 11.08.42. 55. HS2/152, Telegram to Stockholm, 11.08.42. 56. HS2/152, Senter to Robertson (JS/KV/4206), 18.08.42. 57. HS2/152, ‘Crow’, SN, 15.08.42. 58. HS2/152, Telegram to Stockholm, 15.08.42. 59. HS2/152, Telegram from Stockholm, 17.08.42. 60. HS2/152, Senter to Robertson (JS/KV/4206), 18.08.42. 61. KV2/828, Harmer to Robertson, 23.08.42. 62. HS2/152, Robertson to Senter (B.1.A./GEN/TAR), 23.08.42. 63. KV2/828, ‘Report on the Crow wireless station’, 28.08.42, under Senter to Harmer (JS/KV/1044), 30.08.42. 64. HS2/152, SN to D/CE (SN/1295), 06.09.42; Senter to , M.I.5 (JS/KV/1177), 08.09.42. 65. HS2/152, SN to D/CE, Copy for M.I.5 (SN/1351), 14.09.42. 66. KV2/828, ‘Crow’, J.H. Marriott, 18.09.42. 67. KV4/65, 89th Meeting of the Twenty Committee, 17.09.42. 68. HS2/152, SN to D/CD(O) (SN/1382), 17.09.42. 69. HS2/152, Wilson to , MI5 (JSW/1784), 02.10.42. 70. HS2/152, SN to D/CE Copy to D/CD(O), MI5 through D/CE (SN/1854), 17.10.42. 71. HS2/152, D/CE to SN, Copy to D/CD(O) (DCD/KV/1618), citing Gubbins’ comment on SN/1854. 72. HS2/152, SN to D/CE (with copy for MI5), Copy to D/CD(O) (SN/1881), 28.10.42. 73. HS2/152, Wilson to , MI5 (JSW/1907), 30.10.42. 74. HS2/152, Wilson to , MI5, Copies to D/CD(O), D/CE (JSW/1924), 01.11.42. 75. HS2/152, Wilson to , MI5 (JSW/1990), 10.11.42; [ ] to Wilson, 12.11.42. 76. HS2/152, , MI5 to Wilson, 10.11.42. 77. Masterman noted that the bulk of deception work concerning Norway ‘fell on MUTT and JEFF, who originated a threat in April, in August, and again in October of 1943’ (Masterman, The Double-Cross System, p. 193). 78. HS2/152, Wilson to , MI5 (JSW/2030), 14.11.42. 79. HS2/153, MI5 to Wilson, 01.01.43. Notes 239

80. HS2/153, SN to D/CE (SN/19), 05.01.43. 81. HS2/153, Telegram from Stockholm, 07.01.43. 82. KV4/65, 105th Meeting of the Twenty Committee, 14.01.43. 83. HS2/167, D/CE to SN (DCE/KV/2561), 15.02.43. 84. HS2/167, ‘Omlette’ [sic], 04.03.43. 85. HS2/167, Draft, 01.03.43. 86. HS2/167, ‘Omlette’ [sic], 04.03.43. 87. HS2/167, SN/A to SN, 07.03.43. 88. HS2/167, SN/O to SN, 09.03.43. 89. HS2/167, SN to D/CE (SN/556), 09.03.43. 90. KV2/829, Minute 55: ‘B.1.a. note on S.O.E. Deceptions – Plan Prudential’, 18.04.43. 91. KV4/192, Liddell Diary, 28.08.43. 92. CAB 154/30, Bevan to Robertson (L.C.S.(43) I/C.12), 09.09.43. 93. CAB 154/30, Robertson to Bevan (SF.51/32/24(5)/B.1.A./TAR), 12.09.43. 94. CAB 154/30, Bevan to Robertson (LCS (43) I/C.12), 16.09.43. 95. CAB 154/30, Robertson to Bevan (SF.51/32/24(5)/B.1.A/TAR), 17.09.43. The minutes of the Twenty Committee meeting record that Robertson ‘gave a brief outline of the agreement between the Controller, S.O.E. and M.I.5 in connection with the future use of S.O.E. blown sets’ (KV4/66, 140th Meeting of the Twenty Committee, 16.09.43). 96. KV4/67, 153rd Meeting of the Twenty Committee, 16.12.43. 97. KV4/67, 154th Meeting of the Twenty Committee, 23.12.43. 98. KV6/11, Marriott to A.D.B., 28.11.44. 99. KV6/11, Marriott to Bevan, 28.11.44. 100. KV6/11, Marriott to A.D.B., 30.11.44.

9 Unfinished business

1. HS7/31, History: Security Section, p. 12; Foot, SOE in France, p. 390. 2. HS7/31, History: Security Section, p. 14. 3. Ibid., p. 14(2). 4. KV6/27, Warden to Wadeson (RHW/(II)6/477), 09.06.44. 5. KV6/27, Wethered to D.D.B., 12.06.44. 6. KV6/27, Wethered to Warden (L.397/France/16(B.1.B.)GPW), 15.06.44. 7. KV6/27 and KV4/208, White to Senter (L.397/FRANCE/16/DDB), 26.06.44. 8. KV6/27, ‘Report on Three French Blown Circuits’, G.P. Wethered, 25.06.44. 9. KV6/27 and KV4/208, Senter to White (JS/8/7/1693), 20.07.44. 10. KV6/27 and KV4/208, White to Senter (L.397/FRANCE/16/DDB), 22.07.44. 11. KV4/201, Robertson to Senter (S.F.51/32/Misc.11(ADB)), 08.08.44. 12. KV4/201, Senter to Robertson (JS/2/1/1812), 10.08.44. 13. KV4/201, Robertson to Senter (S.F.51/32/Misc.11(ADB)), 08.08.44. 14. HS9/1556/8, Papers in Warden’s Personnel File. 15. HS7/31, History: Security Section, p. 11. 16. See HS6/439. 17. HS7/31, History: Security Section, p. 11. 18. HS7/31, History: Security Section, p. 15. 19. HS8/873, Senter to Hoyer Millar, 06.02.45. 240 Notes

20. HS8/857, AD/P to BSS/D (through D/CE.P) (ADP/10/7/2186), 07.10.44. 21. HS8/857, AD/P to A/CD (ADP/10/7/2241), 18.10.44. 22. Pierre Victor Arthur Jans was interrogated at Bayswater on 11 November 1944, his return to the UK from France following a period in German custody. Johnstone informed Delaforce that while Jans was ‘not particu- larly discreet either prior to his arrest or in the answers which he gave during interrogation by the Germans’, it was felt likely that the informa- tion he had provided was already known. (KV6/31, Johnstone to Delaforce (RPS/10 674/B.1.B), 11.11.44.) The explanation Jans gave for his escape (‘the approach of the Allies and the necessity in which the Germans found them- selves of making arrangements hurriedly for evacuating the prison’) was also considered satisfactory. (KV6/31, Interrogation, p. 7). 23. HS9/1274/3, Confidential Report, 31.03.45. 24. HS8/875 and HS8/839, ‘Lt Colonel Roche’s report on disposal work in Cairo December, 1944 to March, 1945’, 24.03.45. 25. Ibid. 26. HS8/875, D/CE to D/H113 through D/HT (DCE/1732), 15.05.45. 27. HS8/875, D/H.113 to D/CE, 27.05.45; D/H.113 to London (Attention D/CE), 31.05.45. 28. HS8/873, Roche to Hoyer Millar (SD/250), 12.03.45. 29. HS9/1274/3, Benson to A/CD, 24.03.45. 30. HS6/742, Boyle to Vivian (ARB/4/7740), 13.06.45. 31. HS7/159, History of Dutch Section, March 1944. 32. HS6/740, BSS/A to AD/P, Copy to D/CE.P (BSSA/KV/2534), 27.01.45. 33. HS6/740, BSS/A to N (BSSA/KV/2591), 05.02.45. 34. HS6/740, Telegram to London, 30.03.45. 35. HS8/857, AD/P to A/CD, Copy to BSS/A (ADP/67/3280), 26.04.45. 36. KV4/171, Senter to Harker (JS/3304), 08.05.45. 37. HS7/31, History: Security Section, p. 16. 38. HS7/116, History of the Security Section – Indian Mission. 39. HS7/31, History: Security Section, p. 15. 40. HS8/873, AD/P to A/CD, Copies to G.I.1(b), SOM, GM through A/CD (ADP/96/3115), 23.03.45. 41. HS8/873, Hoyer Millar to Senter, 27.04.45. 42. HS8/873, Hoyer Millar to Roche, 28.05.45. 43. HS8/873, Hoyer Millar to Roche, June 1945. 44. HS8/873, Hoyer Millar to Roche (I/312/PERS), 16.06.45. 45. Roche wrote to Hoyer Millar on 23 June, noting that Gubbins had ruled that the records could not yet be handed over; there is no indication that this had changed by the time of Hoyer Millar’s return to the UK. (HS8/873, Roche to Hoyer Millar (TGR/3414), 23.06.45.) 46. KV2/961, L2 A.G. to War Room, 27.04.45. 47. KV2/961, War Room to 12th Army Group, 30.04.45. 48. KV2/961, Wilson to Doble, 01.05.45. 49. KV2/961, Wilson to Wells, 16.05.45. 50. KV2/961, Wells to Wilson (RAW/KV/3196), 17.05.45. 51. HS6/742 and KV2/961, Wells to Wilson (RAW/KV/3265), 05.06.45. 52. KV2/961, ‘Progress Report in the case of Hermann Giskes’, 05.06.45. 53. KV2/961 and HS6/750, Bingham to Delaforce, 18.06.45. Notes 241

54. KV2/962, ‘Progress Report in the cases of Giskes and Huntemann’, 27.06.45. 55. KV2/962, ‘Report on the Investigation into the “Nordpol” Affair: Based on the interrogations of Giskes and Huntmann’, Camp 020, July 1945. 56. HS6/750, Wilson to Delaforce, 26.07.45. 57. KV2/963, Extract from Camp 020 Monthly Summary, 01.08.45. 58. KV2/963, D/WR to W.R.C.4.A (Mr Wilson), 10.08.45. 59. KV2/963, Camp 020 to Wilson, 17.08.45. 60. KV2/963, W.R.C.4.A to Bird, 26.07.45. 61. KV2/963, W.R.C.4.A. to D/WR, 26.07.45. 62. KV2/963, Camp 020 to Wilson, 17.08.45. 63. HS6/772, AD/P to Lt Col Dobson (ADP/3529), 13.08.45. 64. Foot, SOE in France, pp. 115–16. 65. KV2/1132, Beddard to Stephens, 14.07.45. 66. KV2/1132, Roche to Wilson, 08.08.45. 67. KV2/1132, ‘Summary of Interrogation of Bleicher’, S/Ldr Beddard, 15.08.45. 68. HS8/880, AD/P to A/CD (ADP/3403), 18.06.45. 69. HS8/880, CD to Directors, Regional & Section Heads (CD/8101), 19.06.45. 70. HS8/880, AD/P to BSS/D (ADP/3404), 19.06.45. 71. HS8/881, CD to Directors, Regional & Section Heads (CD/8255), 11.08.45. 72. See for example HS8/880, D/CE to D/S, Copy AD/E (DCE/2044), 29.06.45; HS8/881, D/CE to DR/JED Section (DCE/2055), 02.07.45; HS8/882, D/CE to RF (DCE/4224), 29.08.45; D/CE to H (DCE/4482), 01.11.45. 73. IWMSA Interview with Fyffe, Reel 9. 74. Ibid., Reel 10. 75. Fyffe, quoted in David Stafford, Secret Agent: The True Story of the Special Operations Executive, p. 231. 76. HS9/324/4, Fyffe to Atkins, Copy to Major Mott, 10.11.45. 77. IWMSA Interview with Fyffe, Reel 10. 78. HS9/324/4, Fyffe to Atkins, Copy to Major Mott, 10.11.45. 79. CAB 121/305, Gubbins to Hollis, 11.01.46. 80. See Richard J. Aldrich, ‘Unquiet in Death: The Post-War Survival of the “Special Operations Executive”, 1945–51’, in A. Gorst, L. Jonman and W.S. Lucas (eds.) Contemporary British History: Politics and the Limits of Policy 1931–61; and Philip H.J. Davies, ‘From Special Operations to Special Polit- ical Action: The “Rump SOE” and SIS Post-War Covert Action Capability 1945–1977’, Intelligence and National Security, 15(3) (Autumn 2000). 81. Park’s obituary, Daily Telegraph, 30.01.01; The Times, 22.02.01. Warden’s obituary, Daily Telegraph, 02.08.90. 82. Duncan Stuart, ‘ “Of Historical Interest Only”: The Origins and Vicissitudes of the SOE Archive’, Intelligence and National Security, 20(1) (March 2005), p. 19. 83. HS8/882, Mott to Atkins (NGM/1785), 08.03.46. 84. HS8/882, Mott to Atkins (NGM/2034), 30.04.46. 85. HS8/882, Mott to Atkins (NGM/2174), 04.06.46. The inadequacies of the accommodation provided were described more graphically by Leo Marks: ‘we were incarcerated in the noxious bowels of a sub-basement where it was as difficult to breath as to think’ (Between Silk and Cyanide, p. 595). 86. HS8/882, Mott to Atkins (NGM/2201), 13.06.46. 242 Notes

87. See CAB 103/571. 88. FO 371/79558, Cyril T. Miller to Under-Secretary of State, Foreign Office, 29.09.49. 89. FO 371/79558, John Senter to Under-Secretary of State, Foreign Office, 23.09.49. 90. FO 371/79558, Under-Secretary of State, Foreign Office, to John Senter, 22.09.49. 91. FO 371/79558, ‘Englandspiel: Record of Conversations between Messrs. Senter and Miller and Dr. Donker’, 05.10.49. 92. KV2/1132, B.2.b, 14.02.47. 93. KV3/75, Note by B4, 10.12.51.

Postscript on Sources: SOE at The National Archives

1. FCO 77/90, ‘Historical Review of SOE Records’, B.A. Lea, September 1967. 2. Stuart, ‘ “Of Historical Interest Only”: The Origins and Vicissitudes of the SOE Archive’. 3. David Stafford, Spies Beneath Berlin (London: John Murray, 2002), pp. 26–7. 4. Stuart, ‘ “Of Historical Interest Only”: The Origins and Vicissitudes of the SOE Archive’, p. 20, 21, citing Minute of 22.12.49 in HS8/443 (Retained by Department). 5. Stuart, ‘ “Of Historical Interest Only”: The Origins and Vicissitudes of the SOE Archive’, p. 22, citing Minutes from HS8/443 (Retained by Department). 6. FCO 77/90, ‘Historical Review of SOE Records’, B.A. Lea, September 1967. 7. FCO 12/75, ‘Memorandum on SOE Records’, 20.06.09. 8. FCO 77/90, ‘Historical Review of SOE Records’, B.A. Lea, September 1967. 9. Stuart, ‘ “Of Historical Interest Only”: The Origins and Vicissitudes of the SOE Archive’, p. 15, citing C.B. Townshend’s report of 17 December 1974, held by SIS. 10. Advisory Council on Public Records: Review of Security Service Selection Criteria, December 1998, p. 4 para. 11. 11. For a particularly persuasive example of ‘openness as spin’, see Gill Bennett, ‘Declassification and Release Policies of the UK’s Intelligence Agencies’, Intel- ligence and National Security, 17(1) (Spring 2002). 12. Richard Thurlow, ‘The Charm Offensive: The “Coming Out” of MI5’, Intel- ligence and National Security, 15(1) (Spring 2000), p. 184. 13. Stephen Lander, ‘British Intelligence in the Twentieth Century’, Intelligence and National Security, 17(1) (Spring 2002), pp. 8–9. 14. Correspondence with Security Service Departmental Records Officer, July– August 2004. 15. With its focus on the SOE archive, this note does not cover other sources of information available on SOE, the most significant of which is the Imperial War Museum Sound Archive, which has an extensive collection of oral history interviews with members of SOE. By 1998, when a catalogue of the interviews was published, the Sound Archive held some 500 hours of interviews with over 200 members of SOE. Bibliography

Unpublished sources

The National Archives (TNA): Public Record Office (PRO), Kew Gardens, Surrey.

Records of the Special Operations Executive (SOE) HS1 (Far East); HS2 (Scandinavia); HS3 (Africa and Middle East); HS4 (Eastern Europe); HS5 (Balkans); HS6 (Western Europe); HS7 (Histories and War Diaries); HS8 (Headquarters Records); HS9 (Personnel Files).

Records of the Security Service (MI5) KV2 (Personal [PF Series] Files); KV3 (Subject [SF Series] Files); KV4 (Policy [Pol F Series] Files); KV6 (List [L Series] Files).

Interviews

Sound Archive, Imperial War Museum, Lambeth Road, London. Peter Murray Lee (7493/10). Alfred Adamson Fyffe (23100/10).

Published sources

Aldrich, R.J., The Hidden Hand: Britain, America and Cold War Secret Intelligence (London: John Murray, 2001). ——, ‘ “Grow Your Own”: Cold War Intelligence and History Supermarkets’, Intelligence and National Security, 17(1) (Spring 2002), 135–52. ——, Intelligence and the War Against Japan (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000). ——, ‘Imperial Rivalry: British and American Intelligence in Asia, 1942–46’, Intel- ligence and National Security, 3(1) (January 1998), 5–55. ——, ‘Unquiet in Death: The Post-War Survival of the “Special Operations Exec- utive”, 1945–51’, in A. Gorst, L. Jonman and W.S. Lucas (eds.), Contemporary British History: Politics and the Limits of Policy 1931–61 (London: Pinter, 1991), 193–217. Aldrich, R.J. and C.M. Andrew (eds.), ‘Witness Seminar: The Intelligence Services in the Second World War’, Contemporary British History, 13(4) (Winter 1999), 130–69. Andrew, C.M., Secret Service: The Making of the British Intelligence Community (London: Heinemann, 1985). Atherton, L., SOE in the Far East: An Introductory Guide to the Newly Released Records of the Special Operations Executive in the Public Record Office (London: Public Record Office, 1993).

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Aarens, Maurice (‘Intersection’), 180–1 Bleicher, Hugo, 120, 206–7 Absine, Jean Denis, 92 Blizard, Charles, 9 Alexander, L/Cpl, 31 Bloch, Denise, 105–6, 111 Allen, Brigadier, 80 Bloom, Marcus (‘Bishop’), 105–6, ‘Alphonse’, see Brooks, Tony 110–12 (‘Alphonse’) Blunt, Anthony, 74–5, 88–9, 91 Amboise (‘Pot A’), 176–7 Bourland, Clement, see Armanet, Amies, Hardy, 8, 42, 43 Clement (a.k.a. Clement ‘Anchor’, see Gulbrandsen, Tor Bourland) (‘Anchor’, ‘Omelette’) Bourne, K.M., 71 Armanet, Clement (a.k.a. Clement Bouwman, see Baatsen, Arnoldus Bourland), 46–9 Albert (alias Bouwman) Boyle, Air Commodore Archibald Baatsen, Arnoldus Albert (alias Robert (‘Archie’), 1, 3–4, 14, 16, 17, Bouwman), 8–10 20–3, 24, 40, 49, 50, 74, 77, 79, 80, ‘Badger’, see Holvoet, Raymond 118–19, 122, 126, 129, 133–6, 137, Andre (‘Badger’) 140, 146, 151, 152, 155–7, 158, Baird, Captain Arthur Maldwyn, 4, 160, 170, 171, 201, 210 57, 58, 62, 78, 203 Breakwell, Captain E.R.W., 2 Bateson, Mrs, 85–7 Britain and the European Resistance, 216 Baxter, Major, 158 Brook, Robin, 43, 158, 178, 179, 183 Bayswater (Special Security Section), Brooks, Tony (‘Alphonse’), 105 xi, 15–17, 18, 60, 62, 63, 83, Brown, Captain Glanville, 33, 36, 39 112, 116–17, 195, 198, 208 Brown, Major Gavin, 34 Beaumont, L/Cpl, 31, 36–7 ‘Brutus’, see Walenty, Armand Beddard, S/Ldr, 207 (‘Brutus’) Beevor, J.G., 64–5, 66 Buckmaster, Maurice, 85, 86, 105, Bernhard, Prince, 168 121, 123, 124, 126–8, 130 Bertoli, Charles, 25, 27–8, 30, Bureau Central de Renseignements 32–3, 35–6, 49 et d’Action (BCRA), 91–2 Beukema toe Water, K.W.A. (‘Bill’), 149 Burt, Supt L., 90 Bevan, John, 170, 177, 179, 192, 193, 194 Calthrop, Lt Col Edward, 2, 3, 5–6, 74 ‘Bill’, see Beukema toe Water, K.W.A. Camp 020, 103, 166, 204–5, 206, 207 (‘Bill’) Canardelles, M. and Mme, 115–17 Bingham, Seymour, 149, 152, 159, Cartwright, A.C., 49 160, 165 ‘Catalpha’, see Rabinovitch, Adolph Birktoft, 88 (‘Catalpha’) ‘Bishop’, see Bloom, Marcus (‘Bishop’) Catherine, Oscar (‘Manfriday’), 180–1 Blacka, L/Cpl, 38 ‘Chive’, see Ubbink, John Bernard Blake, Captain, 41 (‘Chive’) Bland, Neville, 168 Cholmondeley, Charles, 175

248 Index 249

Clarke, Colonel Dudley, 178 Gillson, Godfrey A., 51–6, 61, 69 Collingwood, J.H.F., 180 Giskes, Hermann, 203–5 Cooler, see Inverlair ‘Glenalmond Treaty’, 133, 142, 146, The Cooler,25 152, 154, 156, 157 Cooper, Duff, 118–19 Glover, Gerald, 84, 85, 87 Cordeaux, Colonel, 152, 153 Goldsmith, John Gilbert, 84 Cowgill, Felix, 133, 138, 143, Goldsmith, Mrs, 84–5 147, 150 ‘Griffin’, see Gauthier, Walther Crockatt, Colonel N.B., 14 (a.k.a. Alphonse Jean Louis ‘Crow’, see Jacobsen, Ernest Kirkby Gerard; ‘Griffin’) (‘Crow’) Gubbins, Major-General Colin, 9, 18, Cruickshank, Charles, 70 34, 56, 122, 126, 185, 186, 208 Curry, J.C., 81, 99, 133, 136, 137–8, Guild, J.R.E., 69–70 140, 147 Gulbrandsen, Tor (‘Anchor’, ‘Omelette’), 97–8, 102, 186, Dalton, Hugh, 26 188–92 Dansey, Claude, 151–2, 154, 155–7 Darby, Samuel Leonard, 12 Hale, J.L.S., 163, 165, 167 de Bruyne, Colonel, 148, 167 Hale, Lionel, 170 de Koning, Willem, 33 Hambro, Sir Charles, 10, 17, 18, 56 Delaforce, Major, 206, 207 Hampton, Major Charles S., 11 Dericourt, Henri (‘Gilbert’), 97, Hanbury-Williams, John, 17 120–30, 206–7, 213 Harker, O.A. (‘Jasper’), xii, 74, 76, 77, Dobson, Ivor, 183, 200–1 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 89, 159, 171 Donaldson, Lt, 58, 59 Harmer, Christopher H., 97, 99, The Double-Cross System, 1, 172, 175 100–1, 105, 171, 173–4, 177, Dourlein, Pieter (‘Sprout’), 126, 148, 178–9, 180, 185, 192 154, 157–69, 213 Harvey, C.P., 14, 144–5, 149, 171, Dove, Mrs Howard, 117 181, 183 Dutch Parliamentary Commission, 14, 212–13 Hellier, Lt (‘Sea Urchin Minor’), 177 ‘Hilaire’, see Starr, George (‘Hilaire’) Hill, C.P., 169 Eden, Anthony, 50 Hinchley-Cooke, Lt Col, 77, 78 Eliot, Lady Alethea, 87 Englandspiel, see Nordpol Hinsley, F.H., 150 ‘Eugene’, see Pertschuck, Maurice Holdsworth, Gerald, 57, 62, 64–5 (‘Eugene’) Holland, Cpl, 36 Hollingworth, R.C., 89 Holvoet, Raymond Andre (‘Badger’), Foley, Major, 174–6, 177, 179–80, 193 42–4 Foot, M.R.D., 2, 170, 180, 206 Frager, Jaques Henri (‘Louba’), 120–1, Hoyer Millar, Lt Col, 61, 63–8, 198, 124, 206 202–3 Fyffe, Albert Adamson (Aonghais), x, Huntemann, Gerhardt, 203–5 2, 11–12, 33–7, 38–40, 44, 209–10 Hutchinson, James, 174, 178

Gauthier, Walther (a.k.a. Alphonse Intelligence Bureau (IB), 71 Jean Louis Gerard; ‘Griffin’), 42–3 Interment, 164, 167 ‘Gilbert’, see Dericourt, Henri ‘Intersection’, see Aarens, Maurice (‘Gilbert’) (‘Intersection’) 250 Index

Inverlair, x, 9, 10, 25, 33–40, 44–5, Markstein, George, 25 49, 164 Marriott, J.H., 80, 185, 193–4 ‘ISOS’, 81, 132, 133, 134, 138, 142 Martin, Juan (Nicolas Del Rio), 29 Masterman, J.C., 1, 79, 80, 172, Jacobsen, Ernest Kirkby (‘Crow’), 98, 175, 184 184–8, 189 Mendes, Cpl, 38 Johns, P.L., 159, 161 Menzies, Sir Stewart (‘C’), 20, 133, Johnstone, Major Mark, 197 138, 151 Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC), MI5 (Security Service), xi, 14–15, 16, 20, 125, 127, 158 51, 58, 71, 86, 87, 88, 93, 96–7, 115, 132, 148, 155, 158, 164, 171, Keble, Brigadier C.M., 52 186, 195, 205, 207, 213 Kenya Scheme, 52–3, 54, 199 B Division, 74, 132, 133, 137, 138, Keswick, David, 178 140, 141, 142, 147; B1(a), 14, Kieffer, Stubaf., 206–7 83, 171, 172; B1(b), 103; B1(d), Klugman, James, 61 158; B1(l), 92, 94; B5, 90; B6, 89 Knight, Barry, 17, 115–19 Camp 020, 103, 166, 204–5, 206, 207 Knight, Claude, 93, 183 London Reception Centre (LRC), Knight, Maxwell, 92, 118, 119–20 16, 101, 112, 122; Information Index, 110, 195–6 Laiseca, Private, 40–1 Regional Security Liaison Officers Lakin, Major General John Henry (RSLO), 84 Foster, 3, 9, 10, 34, 76, 77, 78, SIME, 52, 54, 71 80, 82, 83, 84, 96, 171 Miller, Flying Officer Cyril Thomas Lander, Sir Stephen, 216 Gibson Risch, 14, 15, 16, 92, 100–1, Le Chene, Marie Therese, 85–8 103, 113, 121–2, 154–5, 157–8, Le Tac, Joel (‘Overcloud’), 173–6 176, 177–8, 183, 201, 212–13 Lee, Peter, xi, 3, 4, 5–9, 16, 41, 46, Milmo, H.P., 99, 103, 165 56, 57–9, 62–3, 64, 67–8, 202–3 Mockler-Ferryman, Brigadier, 19, 20, Lemaire, Mlle, 92 22, 110, 123, 125, 126, 129–30, Leslie, Pilot Officer the Hon John, 11 150, 159, 160 Liddell, Guy, 20, 77, 79, 80, 81, 90, Montagu, Ewen, 175 104, 118–19, 124, 126, 129, 133, Morel, Captain, 106 134–6, 137, 138, 139, 140, 158–9, Mott, Captain Norman, 4–5, 12–13, 168–9, 171, 192 210–11, 214 London Controlling Section (LCS), Moylan, Sir John, 167, 168 170, 192 Munn, J.W., 31, 79–80 London Reception Centre (LRC), 16, Muntane, Jose, 29 101, 112, 122 Munthe, Malcolm, 184, 185, 190 ‘Louba’, see Frager, Jacques Henri (‘Louba’) Nelson, Sir Frank, 1, 32, 33, 76, 171 ‘Noah’, 193–4 McGoohan, Patrick, 25 Nordpol, 14, 148, 200, 203–6, 212–13 Mackenzie, W.J.M., xi ‘Number 50’, see Armanet, Clement Madras Scheme, 72 (a.k.a. Clement Bourland) ‘Manfriday’, see Catherine, Oscar ‘Number 59’, see Holvoet, Raymond (‘Manfriday’) Andre (‘Badger’) Marissal, Col, 42–4 Nygaard, Fenrik Herluf, 99–101, 103, Marks, Leo, xi, 2–3, 149 106–9, 130–1 Index 251

Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 72, Roche, Lt Col the Hon Thomas 83, 206 Gabriel, 10, 18, 20, 42, 43, 49, ‘Omelette’, see Gulbrandsen, Tor 52–3, 64, 66–7, 68, 91, 165, 166, (‘Anchor’, ‘Omelette’) 167, 198–200, 201, 203, 205–7, Operation Animals, 170 208, 210 Operation Knacker, 123 ‘Romeo’, 31 Operation Torch, 170 Rosa, Leonida Guiseppe, 25, 27, 28, Oratory School, 26 30–1, 32–3, 35–7, 49 Orde Dienst (OD), 148, 149, 152–3 Rothschild, Lord, 74, 77–8 O’Reilly, John Dermot (‘Jack’), 2–3, 4, Roy, Ian, 167 49, 92, 93 ‘Rud W’, 177 Oughton, Major J.M., 60–1 ‘Overcloud’, see Le Tac, Joel Scammaroni (a.k.a. Captain Sarment, (‘Overcloud’) ‘Sea Urchin Major’), 176–7 Schools, Jan Baptiste, 92–5 Palace Internment Camp, 26, 28 Schools, Mrs (‘Peggy’), 93–5 Park, Hugh Eames, 18, 46, 78, 84, 85, Scurr, Chief Inspector John, 93 92–5, 114–15, 160, ‘Sea Urchin Major’, see Scammaroni 201, 208, 210 (a.k.a. Captain Sarment, ‘Sea Pertschuck, Maurice (‘Eugene’), 105 Urchin Major’) Petrie, Sir David, 3, 10, 76, 77, 80, 81, ‘Sea Urchin Minor’, see Hellier, Lt 83, 96, 103, 104, 137, 138, 171, 197 (‘Sea Urchin Minor’) Pickering, L/Cpl, 36 ‘Sealing Wax’, see Le Tac, Joel Picquet-Wicks, Eric, 174, 180 (‘Overcloud’) Pidcock, Captain, 163 Searle, L/Cpl, 26–7 Pilditch, Sir Denys, 71 Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), 20, 39, 77, 83, 96, 99, 113, 121, 122, Plan Iago, 175, 182 127–8, 129, 132, 136, 138, 148, Plan Prudential, 191–2 149, 150, 153, 154, 210, 211 Political Intelligence Department ISLD, 52, 72 (PID), 181 Section V, 16, 63, 121, 132–3, 134, ‘Pot A’, see Amboise (‘Pot A’) 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 144, The Prisoner,25 145, 146, 147, 150, 152–4, 155, Purisiol, Rinaldo, 25, 26–7, 28–9, 30, 197, 202–3, 205 32–3, 36–8, 44–6, 49 Security Intelligence Panel (SIP), Pyle, Squadron Leader, 77 62–8, 202 Selborne, Lord, 17, 118–19 Rabinovitch, Adolph (‘Catalpha’), Senter, John Watt, xii, 3, 4, 9, 10, 14, 105, 110 16, 18–19, 20, 21, 43, 59–62, 63, Ranfurly, Countess of, 50–1 65–6, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79–80, Ray, Lt, 90 82, 84, 88, 90, 101–3, 104, 105, Raymondi, 177 108–10, 111–15, 119, 122–4, Rees, Sgt, 31 125, 127, 129, 135, 136, 142, 143, Reirsen, Olaf, 101 144–7, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, Robertson, A.H., 94 154–5, 157–8, 159, 160, 161–2, Robertson, T.A. (‘Tar’), 74, 79–81, 82, 164–5, 167, 171, 172, 181–2, 183, 101, 102, 103, 105, 112–13, 139, 184, 185, 188, 191, 193, 196–7, 171, 175–7, 178, 179, 180, 182–4, 198, 201, 210, 212–13 185, 188, 192–3, 205 Seymour, Charles H., 149, 150–1 252 Index

Six, P.J., 148 (Thame Park), 34, 41, 90; STS 62 SOE in France, 105, 211 (Anderson Manor), 16 SOE in the Far East,70 Stockholm Mission, 184, 186 SOE in the Low Countries, 150 Training Section, 29, 79 Sorli, Oivind, 101 Special Operations Mediterranean Soskice, Frank, 201 (SO(M)), 60, 64, 202 Special Force Detachments, 195 Special Security Panel (SSP), 20–3 Special Operations Executive (SOE) Special Security Section, see Bayswater Bayswater (Special Security Section), (Special Security Section) xi, 15–17, 18, 60, 62, 63, 83, Sporborg, H.N., 128–30, 151, 112, 116–17, 195, 198, 208 161, 164 Belgian Section, 8, 42–4, 93–4, 181 ‘Sprout’, see Dourlein, Pieter Cairo Mission, 50–6, 61, 198–200, (‘Sprout’) 201; Advance Force 133, 57, 61; Stafford, David, 214, 216 SOELIQ, 198; Yugoslav Starr, George (‘Hilaire’), 106 Section, 61 Starup, Carl Immanuel, 89, 90 Danish Section, 89–90, 193–4 Stassen, Mary, 84–5 Dutch Section, 8–10, 33, 149, Stawell, Major General W.A.M., 150–1, 157, 200 59–60, 61, 62–3 Free French Section, 46, 91–2, 173, Stewart, Sir Findlater, 21–2, 23 178–9 Stringer, Mrs, 87 French Section, 17, 84–8, 110, 111, Stuart, Duncan, 214 115–20, 121, 123–4, 125–6, Sweet-Escott, Bickham, 51, 52 130, 178 India Mission (Force 136), 68, 201; Thomas, C.S.M., 6 Chinese Intelligence The Three Vikings, 88–9 Section (CIS), 71 Townshend, Bernard, 215 Italian Section, 44, 46 ‘Trumpet’, 157 Liquidation Section, 211 Turnbull, Lt, 6, 46–7 ‘Maryland’ (No.1 Special Force), Twenty Committee, xii, 170, 172, 185, 57–9, 61, 62, 67–8 188, 192, 193 ‘Massingham’, 56, 59, 60, 179 Norwegian Section, 10, 11, 100–1, Ubbink, John Bernard (‘Chive’), 126, 130, 136, 184 148, 154, 157–69, 213 Spanish Section, 26, 29, 34, 40–1 ‘Ultra’, 132, 133, 134, 138, 142 Special Operations Mediterranean (SO(M)), 60, 64, 202; Security Intelligence Panel (SIP), 62–8, 202 Van Bilsen, F.K.J., 163 Special Security Panel (SSP), 20–3 van Maurik, Ernest, 209 Special Training Schools (STS), 6, 22; Vass, Simon, 35 Beaulieu (General), 31, 41, 79, 80, Venner, John Franklyn, 23, 209 82, 83; STS 2 (Bellasis), 27, 28, 31; Vivian, Valentine, 74, 132, 134, 135, STS 21 (Arisaig House), 11, 29, 33; 137, 139, 140, 147, 153, 154, STS 23 (Meoble Lodge), 28–9, 30; 155, 159 STS 25 (Garramor House), 11, 30; STS 26 (Aviemore), 11, 38–9; STS Walenty, Armand (‘Brutus’), 98–9 31 (The Rings, Beaulieu), 27; STS Warden, Major Richard Henry 42 (Inchmery), 41; STS 45 Atkinson (‘Dick’), 16, 17, 18, 42, (Hatherop Castle), 90; STS 52 78, 103, 106, 108, 113, 121, 123, Index 253

131, 136, 153, 163, 176, 178, 179, White, Dick, 75–6, 80, 81, 82–3, 180, 195–6, 197–8, 202, 210 84, 88, 91, 101–4, 110, 112–13, Wavell, General, 50–1 115, 118, 133, 138, 140, 142, Wells, Captain R.A. (‘Tom’), 150–1, 143–4, 146, 147, 161, 162, 163, 162, 163, 200–1, 203–4, 209 164, 166, 172, 196 West, Nigel, 206 Wilson, D.I., 203, 204, 205 Wethered, Geoffrey Peter, 89–92, 97, Wilson, J.S., 100–1, 106–9, 104–6, 110–14, 115–19, 121, 122, 130–1, 184, 185, 186–8, 124–5, 127, 131, 139, 140–2, 143, 190, 191 144–6, 147, 158, 160–1, 165, 167, Woolrych, S.H.C., 31, 80, 168–9, 178, 180, 196–7, 217 81–2 Wheeler, Mark, x Wyke, John Edward, 214 Whetmore, Edwin Charles, 2, 3–4, 5, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34–5, 40, 41, 44, 75, 77, 78 Yeo-Thomas, Forest (‘Tommy’), 91, 121