Promoting Peace in Southern Thailand

Combined Reports (FY18 Quarter 4 and Final Report) September 15, 2015 to September 14, 2018

Agreement Number: AID-486-A-15-00004 Activity Start Date and End Date: September 15, 2015 to September 14, 2018 Total Award Amount: $1,085,000 AOR Name: Ms. Potjamarn Bunkraisri

Submitted by: Thomas Parks, Country Representative The Asia Foundation Suite 6D, Q. House Convent Building, 38 Convent Road, Silom Bangkok, Thailand Tel: +66 (0) 2233 1644 Email: [email protected] 1

Contents

Executive Summary ...... 3 Project Background ...... 18 Activities and Accomplishments By Objectives ...... 19 Objective 1: Increase trust among community groups in support of the peace process...... 19 Objective 2: Increase understanding and engagement among local elites to address intra- communal conflict and develop a common platform of demands for a peace agreement ...... 31 Objective 3: Enhance the capacities of local elite and civil society groups to monitor the situation and exert pressure for a peace agreement ...... 47 Integration of Cross-cutting Issues and Advancement of USAID Forward ...... 52 Problems Encountered During Implementation...... 53 Final Monitoring and Evaluation Results ...... 54 Annex 1: Indicator 1.1 – Change in perception of others among direct project participants and change in level of knowledge of and support for the peace process ...... 57 Annex 2: Indicator 1.1.1 - Level of social cohesion in locality 3 months after the community event ...... 79 Annex 3: Indicator 1.1.2 Level of changes in capacity of women to conduct advocacy activities related to reducing violence and conflict mitigation within their communities and 1.1.3 Number of women who feel empowered to reduce inter-communal tension ...... 92 Annex 4: Indicator 1.2.3 – Sentiment analysis of comments and engagement rate for video clips posted on You Tube and Facebook ...... 99 Annex 5: Indicator 2.1.1 – Percentage of participants demonstrating increased knowledge of peacebuilding ...... 102 Annex 6: Indicator 3.1.1 – Number of civil society actors who feel empowered to engage in the peace process...... 140 Annex 7: Indicator 3.2.1 – Sentiment analysis of comments and engagement rate for quarterly bulletins posted online ...... 153

2 | P a g e

Executive Summary

This final report covers project activities undertaken during September 15, 2015 to September 14, 2018 of the Promoting Peace in Southern Thailand program partnership between The Asia Foundation (TAF) and the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) under Cooperative Agreement No. AID-486-A-15-00004.

The project’s overarching goal was to increase trust and common understanding among conflicting groups at the community and local elite levels and to improve the prospect of higher- level peace talks succeeding by helping to ameliorate day-to-day violence and building sustainable bottom-up support for peace.

The project aims were to:

Objective 1: Increase trust among community groups in support of the peace process.

Objective 2: Increase understanding and engagement among local elites to address intra- communal conflict and develop a common platform of demands for a peace agreement

Objective 3: Enhance the capacities of local elite and civil society groups to monitor the situation and exert pressure for a peace agreement

The project supported civil society actors, representing diverse groups including victims and/or widows, ex-detainees, Buddhists and Muslims, and respected secular community leaders. The project helped these leaders to apply people-to-people (P2P) approaches to transform social relationships to collectively exert pressure on state actors and insurgent groups to resume peace talks.

Overview of activities and participants:

# Date Organization Activity Location Muslim Buddhist Other1

F2 M O4 F M O F M O 3 Objective 1: Increase trust among community groups in support of the peace process 1 Jan 24- Wartani Capacity Pattani 8 25, organized with building 2016 TAF

1 Respondents, neither Muslim nor Buddhist put only “other” in the registration forms

2 Female

3 Male

4 Other

3 | P a g e

# Date Organization Activity Location Muslim Buddhist Other1

F2 M O4 F M O F M O 3 workshop for Wartani 2 Mar WePeace 1-day Yala 35 2 17 1 29, community 2016 dialogues 3 Mar WePeace 1-day Saiburi 31 20 29, community Pattani 2016 dialogues 4 Apr 6, WePeace 1-day Pattani 9 17 1 2016 community dialogues 5 Apr 7, WePeace 1-day Narathi- 42 2016 community wat dialogues 6 Apr WePeace One 1-day Pattani 28 5 1 11, policy 2016 formulation workshop for 40 women 7 Apr WePeace Campaign Pattani 216 13 43 6 1 28, activities on 2016 International Women’s Day 8 Jul 24, ISTF Memorable Ruesoh, 575 382 22 26 1 2016 organized with Ruesoh Narathi- TAF wat 9 Jul 30, ISTF K-School Narathi- 3 16 2016 organized with activity wat TAF 10 Sep PAOW Building public Pattani 15 1 3 24-25, organized with presentation 2016 TAF capacity for PAOW member 11 Jan 27, YMW A-one-day Pattani 30 1 2 1 2017 partnership building forum 12 Jan 28, YMW Door knock Pattani 3 2017 campaign visit #1 13 Feb 16, YMW Door knock Yala 1 3 2017 campaign visit #2 14 Feb 18, YMW A one-day Pattani 3 7 1 2017 dialogue forum with CCSO members 15 Mar 8, PAOW The Int'l Yala 180 9 27 1 2017 organized with Women’s Day TAF 2017

4 | P a g e

# Date Organization Activity Location Muslim Buddhist Other1

F2 M O4 F M O F M O 3 16 Mar YMW Door knock Songkhla 1 24, campaign visit 2017 #3 17 Mar YMW Door knock Pattani 1 26, campaign visit 2017 #4 18 Mar 30 TAF All partner Chiang 8 15 5 4 – Apr meeting #2 Mai 3, 2017 19 Apr 9, YMW Door knock Pattani 1 2017 campaign visit #5 20 Apr YMW Door knock Pattani 1 10, campaign visit 2017 #6 21 Apr YMW A one-day Pattani 4 3 2 22, advocacy forum 2017 with 25 politicians 22 May ISTF Wayang Kulit: Srisa- 2 28 1 14, organized with Memorable khorn, 2017 TAF Srisakhorn Narathi- wat 23 May YMW A one-day Pattani 8 3 17, dialogue forum 2017 with 40 CCSO members 24 May Saiburi Looker Slip on Way of Mueng, 20 65 6 8 2 20, & RISK RISK Pattani 2017 Skateboard 25 Jun 18, YMW Platform for 23 Pattani 9 7 2017 women organizations 26 Jul 22- PAOW PAOW Pattani 7 5 24, organized with Capacity- 2017 TAF Building Workshop on Project Development using People- to-People Approach (Year 3) 27 Jul 29, Saiburi Looker Melody of Saiburi, 79 81 26 26 1 1 2017 Saiburi Pattani 28 Sep 9- Saiburi Looker De Talubin 2: Saiburi, 1 44 2 10 1 10, Skateboard and Pattani 2017 Camping at Wasukree Beach 5 | P a g e

# Date Organization Activity Location Muslim Buddhist Other1

F2 M O4 F M O F M O 3 29 Sep 14, Saiburi Looker The Glue Pattani 2 7 2017 organized with Project TAF 30 Oct 15, Saiburi Looker The Glue Pattani 3 9 2017 organized with Project TAF 31 Nov PAOW A Two-day Pattani 32 4 18-19, organized with training on 2017 TAF social media and women’s campaign 32 Nov PAOW The Campaign Pattani 100 2 7 25, organized with for Public 2017 TAF Safety Zone through Social Media on International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women 33 Dec WePeace Training Pattani 24 12 20 3 13-05, workshop - To 2017 develop community proposal on public safety zone 34 Dec PAOW Women's Pattani 16 5 23-24, Forum for 2017 Peace in the Deep South 35 Jan 12- PAOW Two-day Pattani 16 11 1 13, training 2018 workshops for 40 participants 36 Jan 30, WePeace Seed grant Narathi- 202 86 21 3 2018 workshop wat 37 Feb 3, WePeace Seed grant Pattani 18 8 70 20 2018 workshop 38 Feb 5, WePeace Seed grant Yala 50 17 20 3 2018 workshop 39 Feb PAOW Forum on Pattani 16 5 1 10-11, Women and 2018 Peace Process: Experiences from other countries 40 Feb 17, Saiburi Looker The Face of Mueng, 62 42 8 5 3 2018 Hope Pattani 6 | P a g e

# Date Organization Activity Location Muslim Buddhist Other1

F2 M O4 F M O F M O 3 41 Mar 2, WePeace A focus-group Pattani 18 2 11 1 2018 meeting for validating communities’ proposal 42 Mar 6- TAF International Pattani 10 6 8, 2018 Women's Day 43 Mar PAOW Two-day forum Narathi- 15 5 17-18, lesson-learnt wat 2018 workshop 44 Apr TAF with Women’s Mueng, 100 39 10 6 1 29, NITA Dialogue on Art Yala 2018 and Peace 45 May 9, Saiburi Looker The Face of Mueng, 53 75 1 2018 organized with Hope Narathi- TAF Narathiwat wat Objective 2: Increase understanding and engagement among local elites to address intra- communal conflict and develop a common platform of demands for a peace agreement 46 Dec TAF All partner Pattani 12 28 4 1 13-14, meeting #1 2015 47 Dec TAF P2P curriculum Pattani 14 19-20, development 2015 48 Apr 2- MAC Capacity Mueng, 12 19 3 6, 2016 Building Narathi- Workshop: wat Attitude, Knowledge and Skill that required in Conflict Management and Peace Building 49 May 8- MAC Capacity Mueng, 4 6 9, 2016 Building Pattani Workshop: Communication 50 May B4P organized People-to- Pattani 13 10 19 37 18, with TAF People Forum 2016 on Peace Process in Southern Thailand 51 May MAC Preparation WS Pattani 6 26 21, for Support 2016 community projects 7 | P a g e

# Date Organization Activity Location Muslim Buddhist Other1

F2 M O4 F M O F M O 3 52 Jul 21, B4P Community Yaha 11 2 2016 needs Yala assessment 53 Jul 26, B4P Community Sungai- 4 2016 needs padee assessment Narathi- wat 54 Jul 31, B4P Community Yaha 1 2016 needs Yala assessment 55 Aug 6, B4P Community Ruesoh 3 1 2016 needs Narathi- assessment wat 56 Aug MAC TOT Workshop Mueng, 44 47 12, Yala 2016 57 Aug MAC TOT Workshop Mueng, 46 36 13, Songkhla 2016 58 Aug HAP Seed Grant: Mueng, 18 19 1 13, Capacity Yala 2016 Building workshop to HAP’s network on Peace Building in the Deep South 59 Aug B4P Community Mueng 12 5 12 5 14, needs Yala 2016 assessment 60 Aug Network of Seed Grant: The Srisa- 17 31 19, Religious role of civilian khorn, 2016 Leaders in conflict Narathi- Narathiwat management wat and peace building 61 Aug BUMI Seed Grant: Saiburi, 33 26, Community Pattani 2016 Forum in Kalapo Village 62 Sep 2- MAC Capacity Mueng 6 19 3, 2016 Building Narathi- Workshop: The wat role of civil society in Conflict Management and Peace Building

8 | P a g e

# Date Organization Activity Location Muslim Buddhist Other1

F2 M O4 F M O F M O 3 63 Sep 22, JALEM Seed Grant: Kapo, 9 25 2016 Community Pattani Empowerment for Peace Building 64 Oct 2, MAC Seed Grant Yaring, 26 34 2016 Pattani 65 Oct 4, Network of Seed Grant: Thepa, 26 23 2016 People of Seminar on Songkhla Songkhla and Community Pattani against involvement in Coal Plant Natural Resource and environmental Management for Peace 66 Oct 8, PUKIS Seed Grant: The Mueng, 28 12 2016 role of religious Yala 3 leaders in Peace Building 67 Nov MAC Seed Grant: Islamic 131 82 12, Community Committ 2016 Forum with ee detainee’s Narathi- relatives from wat Narathiwat Detention Center 68 Nov MAC Seed Grant: PSU 2 16 4 19, Peace Dialogue Pattani 2016 on Pathway to Peace 69 Nov Learning and Seed Grant: Yaring, 16 45 20, Community Training on Pattani 2016 Development Knowledge and Center, Skills on Thadan Conflict Management 70 Nov MAC Seed Grant: Yaring, 14 12 24-25, Human Rights Pattani 2016 Advocacy and Community Peace Building 71 Nov JOP Seed Grant: Ex- Mueng, 24 26, Detainees Yala 2016 Network Building and Seminar on Peace Building

9 | P a g e

# Date Organization Activity Location Muslim Buddhist Other1

F2 M O4 F M O F M O 3 72 Nov Nusantara Seed Grant: Mueng, 19 11 26, TOT Workshop Yala 2016 on Conflict Mediation 73 Nov Perwani Seed Grant: Mueng, 43 27, Key Women Yala 2016 Leaders and Conflict Management 74 Nov KEMAS Seed Grant: Thepa, 31 27, Capacity Songkhla 2016 Building workshop for Network of Ex- Detainee 75 Nov JALEM Seed Grant: Mueng, 36 29, Capacity Pattani 2016 Building workshop for the victims of the conflict 76 Dec 4- MAC Seed Grant: Mueng, 25 5, 2016 Workshop on Yala Conflict Management in community level 79 Jan 23- MAC Capacity Langu, 7 21 27, Building & Satul 2017 TOT Workshop: Community Conflict Mediation 80 Feb 4- B4P One, two-day Hatyai 12 3 6, 2017 capacity Songkhla building workshop 81 Apr B4P One, two-day Narathiw 8 11 30, capacity at 2017 building workshop 82 May MAC Capacity Mueng, 7 22 24-25, Building Pattani 2017 Workshop: Seed Grant 2017-2018 83 Jun 6, MAC Seed Grant: The Mueng, 40 43 2017 role of Narathi- University wat 10 | P a g e

# Date Organization Activity Location Muslim Buddhist Other1

F2 M O4 F M O F M O 3 student in conflict management 84 Jun 10- B4P organized Buddhist All Pattani 10 4 11, with TAF partner’s 2017 meeting 85 Jun 11- MAC Capacity Mueng, 15 19 12, Building Pattani 2017 Workshop: Project Management 86 Jul 9, MAC Capacity Pattani 2 4 2017 building workshop for small grant organizations, Pattani 87 Jul 10, MAC Capacity Narathiw 6 2017 building at workshop for small grant organizations, Pattani 88 Jul 11, MAC Capacity Songkhla 4 2017 building workshop for small grant organizations, Pattani 89 Jul 12, MAC Capacity Yala 4 5 2017 building workshop for small grant organizations, Pattani 90 Aug BUMI Seed Grant: Saiburi, 33 26, Community Pattani 2017 Forum 91 Aug HAP Seed Grant: Mueng, 15 12 28, Young Human Yala 2017 Rights Activist 92 Sep 16, B4P Seed grant for Panare, 5 5 7 5 2017 Strengthen trust Pattani and relationship among Muslim and Buddhist Youths in Khuan Sub- district through

11 | P a g e

# Date Organization Activity Location Muslim Buddhist Other1

F2 M O4 F M O F M O 3 Community Development 93 Sep 24, PADAM Seed Grant: Rangae, 19 31 2017 Community Narathi- Mediation wat 94 Sep 24, KEMAS Seed Grant: Thepa, 77 23 2017 Community Songkhla Mediation in Coal Plant affected area 95 Sep 25, B4P Seed grant for Panare, 5 5 7 5 2017 Strengthen trust Pattani and relationship among Muslim and Buddhist Youths in Khuan Sub- district through Community Development 96 Oct 8, B4P organized Inception Pattani 2 7 1 2017 with TAF Meeting: Preliminary Investigation on Migration of Buddhists 97 Oct 14- SB Seed Grant: Sukhirin, 40 15, Conflict Narathi- 2017 Mediation for wat local entrepreneur 98 Oct 29, Nusantara Seed Grant: Mueng, 20 12 2017 Community Pattani Mediation 99 Nov 4, PUKIS Seed Grant: Mueng, 27 34 20174 Yupo Yala Community Forum 100 Nov JOP Seed Grant: the Mueng, 22 11, role of Private Yala 2017 Islamic School in conflict management 101 Nov MAC Seed Grant: Nong- 57 17 11, Capacity chik, 2019 Building for Pattani key leaders of Bangkao community in

12 | P a g e

# Date Organization Activity Location Muslim Buddhist Other1

F2 M O4 F M O F M O 3 local conflict management 102 Nov Learning and Seed Grant: Yaring, 31 37 19, Development Community Pattani 2017 Center, Mediation in Thadan Thadan Community 103 Nov MAC Seed Grant: Thepa, 33 31 21, Workshop on Songkhla 2017 Civil Participation in Peace Building in Thamuang Community 104 Nov MAC Seed Grant: The Mueng, 40 24-25, role of women Narathiw 2017 in conflict at management 105 Nov B4P One-day forum Pattani 18 12 24, for 30 2017 community leaders 106 Nov B4P Enumerator Pattani 2 8 25-26, training 2017 workshop 107 Dec 5, JALEM Seed Grant: Saiburi, 2 55 2017 Lahan Pattani Community Dialogue 108 Dec 6- MAC Seed Grant: The Mueng, 30 7, 2017 role of religious Narathiw leaders in at conflict management 109 Dec Perwani Seed Grant: The Mueng, 34 10, role of Women Yala 2017 in Conflict Management 110 Jan 6, B4P Peace station Pattani 1 1 1 2018 radio 111 Jan 13, B4P Peace station Pattani 1 1 2018 radio 112 Jan 20, B4P Peace station Pattani 1 1 2018 radio 113 Jan 27, B4P Peace station Pattani 2 2018 radio 114 Feb 3, B4P Peace station Pattani 1 1 2018 radio 115 Feb 9, B4P Community Pattani 37 11 2018 forum 13 | P a g e

# Date Organization Activity Location Muslim Buddhist Other1

F2 M O4 F M O F M O 3 116 Feb 10, B4P Peace station Pattani 2 2018 radio 117 Feb 12, B4P Trained Pattani 3 2018 enumerators conducted field interviews 118 Feb 13, MAC Seed Grant: Mueng, 4 16 2018 Forum on the Yala role of religious leaders and CSOs in Peace Building 119 Feb 17, B4P Community Pattani 14 6 2018 forum 120 Feb 17, B4P Peace station Pattani 1 2018 radio 121 Feb 24, B4P Peace station Pattani 1 1 2018 radio 122 Mar 1, MAC Seed Grant: Mueng, 25 19 2018 Forum on Pattani Conflict Management with the victim of the conflict in Pattani 123 Mar 1, MAC Seed Grant: Mueng, 52 22 2018 Forum on Yala Conflict Management with the victim of the conflict in Bannangsata District, Yala

124 Mar 3, B4P Community Pattani 38 12 2018 forum 125 Mar 3, B4P Peace station Pattani 1 2018 radio 126 Mar MAC Seed Grant: The Mueng, 29 25 10, role of religious Pattani 2018 teachers and leaders in Peace Building 127 Mar B4P Community Pattani 40 12 10, forum 2018 128 Mar B4P Peace station Pattani 2 1 1 10, radio 2018

14 | P a g e

# Date Organization Activity Location Muslim Buddhist Other1

F2 M O4 F M O F M O 3 129 Mar MAC Seed Grant: The PSU, 10 3 18, role of scholars Pattani 2018 in Peace Building 130 Mar MAC Seed Grant: Kapo, 50 22, Kolo Kali Pattani 2018 community forum for Peace Building 131 Mar MAC Seed Grant: The Mueng, 17 23 23, role of student Pattani 2018 in Peace Building 132 Mar MAC Seed Grant: Saiburi, 32 24-25, Capacity Pattani 2018 Building for religious leaders on Conflict Management and Conflict Mediation 133 Mar B4P Community Pattani 30 26 24, forum 2018 134 Mar B4P Peace station Pattani 1 24, radio 2018 135 Mar MAC Public Forum: Mueng 66 135 29, The concept of Pattani 2018 P2P in conflict management in community level 136 Mar B4P Peace station Pattani 1 1 31, radio 2018 137 April TAF P2P final all- Bangkok 8 4 10 2 1 4-6, partners 2018 meeting 138 Apr 7, B4P Peace station Pattani 1 2018 radio 139 Apr B4P Peace station Pattani 1 1 14, radio 2018 140 May 5, B4P Focus group Pattani 4 1 2018 workshop 141 May 6, B4P Focus group Pattani 6 2018 workshop

15 | P a g e

# Date Organization Activity Location Muslim Buddhist Other1

F2 M O4 F M O F M O 3 142 May 8, B4P Validation Pattani 6 6 2018 workshop 143 May TAF Program Wrap- Mueng, 58 57 33 12 12, up Public Pattani 2018 Forum in Pattani: “People + People = Peace” 144 May TAF Program Wrap- Bangkok 6 22 16 15 26, up Public 2018 Forum in Bangkok: “People + People = Peace” Objective 3: Enhance the capacities of local elite and civil society groups to monitor the situation and exert pressure for a peace agreement 145 Mar Patani Forum Inception Pattani 3 26 12, workshop for 2016 introduce program 146 June Patani Forum Think Tank Mueng, 3 26 1 2 20, Forum 1 Year 1 Pattani 2016 147 August Patani Forum Think Tank Mueng, 5 25 2 1 1 14, Forum 2 Year 1 Pattani 2016 148 Septem Patani Forum Think Tank Mueng, 3 26 2 ber 25, Forum 3 Year 1 Pattani 2016 149 Decem Patani Forum Think Tank Mueng, 4 26 1 ber 11- Forum 4 Year 1 Pattani 12, 2016 150 Mar Patani Forum Mini Forum, Mueng, 3 4 1 1 20, Think Tank Pattani 2017 Forum Year 2 151 April Patani Forum Think Tank Mueng, 3 23 2 22, Forum 1 Year 2 Pattani 2017 152 May Patani Forum Think Tank Mueng, 4 29 1 25, Forum 2 Year 2 Pattani 2017 153 July Patani Forum Think Tank Mueng, 8 23 1 1 16, Forum 3 Year 2 Pattani 2017 154 Septem Patani Forum Think Tank Mueng, 5 26 5 1 1 ber 15- Forum 4 Year 2 Songkhla

16 | P a g e

# Date Organization Activity Location Muslim Buddhist Other1

F2 M O4 F M O F M O 3 17, 2017 155 Nov TAF Preparation and Pattani 2 6 2 1 26, participant 2017 orientation for the exposure trip to Indonesia 156 Dec Patani Forum Mini Think Pattani 4 1 1 12, Tank Forum 2017 Year 3 157 Dec TAF Preparation and Pattani 4 12 4 2 1 20-21, participant 2017 orientation for the exposure trip to Indonesia 158 Jan 14- TAF An Exposure Indonesia 4 12 4 2 20, Trip to 2018 Indonesia 159 Feb 2, Patani Forum Think Tank Mueng, 10 24 12 4 1 2018 Forum 1 Year 3 Pattani 160 Mar 4, Patani Forum Think Tank Mueng, 3 19 3 3 2018 Forum 2 Year 3 Pattani 161 Mar Patani Forum Think Tank Mueng, 13 18 4 4 30, Forum 3 Year 3 Pattani 2018 162 Ap 21- Patani Forum Think Tank Hatyai, 6 28 8 4 22, Forum 4 Year 3 Songkhla 2018 163 Januar Muhammad A study on the Pattani 13 18 4 4 y – Ilyas state May Yahprang, in multicultural- 2018 consultation ism and with TAF multicultural- ism of the Melayu Muslims

17 | P a g e

Project Background

Theory of Change: Protracted subnational conflict in southern Thailand is rooted in the vertical cleavages that divide the Malay-Muslim population and the failure of the central government to address the grievances of that community. Ongoing conflict has accentuated horizontal cleavages that, as symptoms of the conflict, reflect the complex dynamics of elite relations and the impact of violence on secular relations between Malay-Muslims and Thai-Buddhists. While high-level negotiations such as those briefly transacted in 2013 are critical, other interventions are required to mitigate contests among local elite actors and rising inter-communal tensions that could undermine high-level initiatives. They are necessary to limit day-to-day violence, enhance community and local elite support for future peace efforts, and to bolster resuming high-level talks. To this end, civil society organizations (CSOs), in particular women’s organizations, and trusted community-based religious and secular leaders are well-placed to act as conveners of secular people-to-people (P2P) engagement to facilitate dialogue and build trust amongst conflicting groups at the community and local elite levels—a critical step in addressing horizontal societal cleavages. Improvements in these horizontal relationships will contribute to an enabling environment for the State and insurgent groups to resume peace talks.

To this end, the project’s theory of change argued that if trust and common understanding among conflicting groups at the community and local elite levels are increased, it will help ameliorate day-to-day violence and will result in bottom-up pressure in support of peace that will improve the likelihood of higher-level peace talks succeeding in future. This also included top-down elements in that trusted leaders whose capacity and confidence are developed will be positioned to serve as conduits of information and understanding of high-level conflict-related events and other developments associated with senior government leaders and other stakeholders back to their communities. The trust and common understanding building that guides the theory of change and project plan was for the secular purpose of ending conflict and promoting peaceful relations among all community groups in the South.

Goal and Objectives: The project’s overarching goal was to increase trust and common understanding among conflicting groups at the community and local elite levels and to improve the prospect of higher-level peace talks succeeding by helping to ameliorate day-to-day violence and building sustainable bottom-up support for peace.

The project had three mutually reinforcing objectives:

Objective 1: Increase trust among community groups in support of the peace process. Objective 2: Increase understanding and engagement among local elites to address intra- communal conflict and develop a common platform of demands for a peace agreement Objective 3: Enhance the capacities of local elite and civil society groups to monitor the situation and exert pressure for a peace agreement 18 | P a g e

Activities and Accomplishments By Objectives

TAF made significant progress towards the three respective objectives, through the following activities:

Objective 1: Increase trust among community groups in support of the peace process.

Activity 1.1: Engage Malay-Muslim and Thai-Buddhist groups to explore shared cultural histories

# Date Organizati Activity Location Muslim Buddhist Other on F5 M6 O7 F M O F M O

1 Mar 29, WePeace 1-day Yala 35 2 17 1 2016 community dialogues 2 Mar 29, WePeace 1-day Saiburi 31 20 2016 community Pattani dialogues 3 Apr 6, WePeace 1-day Pattani 9 17 1 2016 community dialogues 4 Apr 7, WePeace 1-day Narathiwat 42 2016 community dialogues 5 Apr 11, WePeace One 1-day Pattani 28 5 1 2016 policy formulation workshop for 40 women 6 Apr 28, WePeace Campaign Pattani 216 13 43 6 1 2016 activities on International Women’s Day 7 Dec 13- WePeace Training Pattani 24 12 20 3 05, 2017 workshop - To develop community proposal on public safety zone 8 Jan 30, WePeace Seed grant Narathiwat 202 86 21 3 2018 workshop 9 Feb 3, WePeace Seed grant Pattani 18 8 70 20 2018 workshop

5 Female 6 Male 7 Others 19 | P a g e

# Date Organizati Activity Location Muslim Buddhist Other on F5 M6 O7 F M O F M O

10 Feb 5, WePeace Seed grant Yala 50 17 20 3 2018 workshop 11 Mar 2, WePeace A focus-group Pattani 18 2 11 1 2018 meeting for validating communities’ proposal 12 Jan 27, YMW A-one-day Pattani 30 1 2 1 2017 partnership building forum 13 Jan 28, YMW Door knock Pattani 3 2017 campaign visit #1 14 Feb 16, YMW Door knock Yala 1 3 2017 campaign visit #2 15 Feb 18, YMW A one-day Pattani 3 7 1 2017 dialogue forum with CCSO members 16 Mar 24, YMW Door knock Songkhla 1 2017 campaign visit #3 17 Mar 26, YMW Door knock Pattani 1 2017 campaign visit #4 18 Apr 9, YMW Door knock Pattani 1 2017 campaign visit #5 19 Apr 10, YMW Door knock Pattani 1 2017 campaign visit #6 20 Apr 22, YMW A one-day Pattani 4 3 2 2017 advocacy forum with 25 politicians 21 May 17, YMW A one-day Pattani 8 3 2017 dialogue forum with 40 CCSO members 22 Jun 18, YMW Platform for Pattani 9 7 2017 23 women organizations 23 May 20, Saiburi Slip on Way Mueng, 20 65 6 8 2 2017 Looker & of RISK Pattani RISK Skateboard 20 | P a g e

# Date Organizati Activity Location Muslim Buddhist Other on F5 M6 O7 F M O F M O

24 Jul 29, Saiburi Melody of Saiburi, 79 81 26 26 1 1 2017 Looker Saiburi Pattani 25 Sep 9-10, Saiburi De Talubin 2: Saiburi, 1 44 2 10 1 2017 Looker Skateboard Pattani and Camping at Wasukree Beach 26 Feb 17, Saiburi The Face of Mueng, 62 42 8 5 3 2018 Looker Hope Pattani 27 May 9, TAF and The Face of Mueng, 53 75 1 2018 Saiburi Hope Narathiwat Looker Narathiwat 28 Dec 23- PAOW Women's Pattani 16 5 24, 2017 Forum for Peace in the Deep South 29 Jan 12- PAOW Two-day Pattani 16 11 1 13, 2018 training workshops for 40 participants 30 Feb 10- PAOW Forum on Pattani 16 5 1 11, 2018 Women and Peace Process: Experiences from other countries 31 Mar 17- PAOW Two-day Narathiwat 15 5 18, 2018 forum lesson- learnt workshop

The Foundation successfully convened eight events in six different localities across the Deep South. Each event has different thematic backgrounds and aimed to improve relationships between local people. The first two activities in Ruesoh and Srisakorn were designed to illustrate common shared history. For activities three through eight, the Foundation engaged with local youth groups in applying sport, music and art as a mechanism for mobilizing youth. The Foundation’s approach was based on the recognition that a critical part of the problem in the region was disenfranchised youth and ethnic segregation within the school system. This section of the population has little opportunity to interact and interface in positive ways with each other. Project activities provided an opportunity for Muslim, Buddhist and other youth to interact on common ground. These efforts also played a crucial role in stabilizing the region and ensuring that youth in the region have a safe space to explore different activities and nurture their interests.

21 | P a g e

Year 1: The Foundation and Islam Sri Taksin Foundation organized the first cultural event in Rue- Soh District, Narathiwat Province on July 24, 2016. The event was an opportunity for alumni of the Sri Thaksin school to reflect on their shared history as the first multi-ethnic private school in the district 50 years ago, assess the changes in their community today, and discuss the future direction of the Deep South. Over 1,000 people attended the activities. Many reflected on the central role the school has played in bringing communities in Rue-Soh together. Several participants were struck by the change in the student population as the school initially had a mixed student population but now is exclusively Muslim. The segregation of education means that children no longer interact regularly with children of other faiths and ethnicities. To encourage more interaction, the community acknowledged that they will need to organize more multi-ethnic activities.

Year 2: The Foundation began activities in the second year in collaboration with Islamic Southern of Thailand Foundation (ISTF) by applying local traditional theatre plays as a platform to create interactive space. The event included a Wayang Kulit show that aimed to use stories to reduce inter-communal tension and increase trust among community groups has been conducted. The story behind the show was based on promoting social cohesion and coexistance. Prior to the show, a panel discussion was held to discuss the shared history between Buddhist and Muslim art and culture of the region.

The Foundation and its partners applied sport, music and contemporary art as a meaningful platform for creating interactive space among local youth. The Foundation and Saiburi Looker, in collaboration with RISK Skateboard Team in Pattani and several professional skaters from Bangkok, hosted a skateboard competition entitled "Slip on Way of RISK" on May 20, 2017 targeting skaters from multiple background in the Deep South area. The event attracted more than a hundred-people including local Buddhists and Muslims from inside and outside the region.

The Melody of Saiburi event was hosted on July 29, 2017 in downtown Saiburi. It was only the second time in recent history that the local Chinese youth worked together with local Muslim hipster activists to organize a welcoming and hip (i.e., youth-oriented) event in Saiburi. An exhibition of local wood crafts works, and local architecture was on display while classical music was performing throughout the event. A local Malay Muslim violinist and Buddhist guitarist performed Canon in D and similar classical music to celebrate the long history of peaceful coexistence in Saiburi. Finally, a panel discussion was held with speakers including a young local Chinese merchant, a historian, and local elder. They were talking about factors that tied them together in the past, phenomena that have torn them apart in recent years, and a shared hope that in the future they might be able to live together like family again. Additionally, hundreds of participants from the local area and surrounding areas also joined the event.

The skateboard competition and camping event, De Talubin Season two, kicked off between September 9.10, 2017 at Wasukree Beach Saiburi, Pattani. There were local and Bangkok-based 22 | P a g e

skaters, along with some Japanese participating in the activity. Additionally, in the morning of September 10, 2017, Trash Hero Pattani conducted garbage collecting activity at the event scene.

Year 3: In collaboration with local artists, musicians, film makers and local activists, the Foundation and Saiburi Looker hosted an event entitled “The Face of Hope” at Samilae Café, Muang Pattani, on February 17, 2018. The main purpose of the event was to engage the audience and stimulate discussions that hope for future peaceful coexistence remains, and hope will be a means to enable an environment of peace and harmony. The primary activity of the event was to showcase a short movie and music video produced by Saiburi Looker and its partner to stimulate dialogue and hope among youth in the Deep South. Members of the audience were diverse and came from various backgrounds including Buddhist, Muslim, Chinese and outsiders who study or work in the region. In addition to the video the event consisted of a variety of activities including a series of mini concerts that showcased local artists including Malay Muslims, Buddhists and a member of the LBGT community. Several groups had their own kiosks at the event to promote their activities and sell their products including, Trash Hero Group, Mallika Costume, Wanita Group and the Melayu Review.

On April 29, 2018 the Foundation and NITA group with the objective of generating a peaceful dialogue and enabling environment for women and men to discuss the prospect peace in the Deep South the event with titled Women’s Dialogue on Art and Peace. The event included music performances and two panel discussions on the role of women in art and how to create a positive and peaceful atmosphere in the protracted conflict region. Additionally, the location was adorned with paintings from young, local female artist. Young women from both Malay Muslim and Buddhist community dominated the event. They sat in the front row while the young men in attendance hid themselves and observed the activities from inside the café.

Finally, in collaboration with local artists, musicians, film makers and local activists TAF and Saiburi Looker hosted The Face of Hope 2 to replicate the successful event from Pattani to Muang Narathiwat, on May 9, 2018. An event of this kind was considered very rare in Mueng Narathiwat (Narathiwat town) with the last concert being more than ten years ago when Labanoon performed on their tour concert. The main theme for the event was hope and all activities aimed to engage the audience and stimulate discussions that hope remains and hope will enable an environment of peace and harmony. The primary activity of the event was to showcase a short movie and music video produced by Saiburi Looker and its partner aiming to promote hope among youth in the Deep South. The 200 members of the audience were diverse and came from various backgrounds including Buddhist, Muslim, Chinese locals and outsiders who study or work in the region. In addition to the video, the event had a variety of activities including a series of mini concerts that showcased local artists including Malay Muslims and Buddhists community.

Achievements

23 | P a g e

During the project period the violence in the Deep South steadily declined. Violence has been a perpetual concern for people in the Deep South for more than a decade, but with the decline in violent incidents, the Muslim and Buddhist communities saw an opportunity to re-strengthen ties, and work together to regain their confidence and resume to normal life. The situation allowed the Foundation and its partners to create space and strengthen relationship between Buddhist and Muslim Community. With new initiatives and creative activities, Foundation-supported events were attractive and became an interactive space where people would join in to restoring trust and confidence as well as securing environment to live together.

Attendees in many events reflected that to encourage more interaction, the community will need to organize more multi-ethnic activities. Recently, people in Ruesoh with the support of the Ministry of Culture conducted an event to celebrate their common shared history and strengthen relationships between Muslims and Buddhists in the community.

Recognizing the negative impact of a de facto segregated school system that has led Muslim and Buddhist youth to grow up in separate world, the Foundation managed to create a space to nurture youth from both communities to find common interest. The youth section of the population has little opportunity to interact and interface in positive ways with each other. While there have been a lot of efforts to conduct activities across the region, but most activities were not attractive among local youth. Through close consultation with local partners and local youth, the Foundation found compelling, and youth-oriented activities using sports, music and arts based activities to bridge the gap and mobilize local youth. There is clear evidence of shared history in local art and music between the Buddhist and the Muslim communities. These mediums have the power to reach and inspire people well beyond what traditional education can do. Many messages intended to foster trust and harmony were hiding in the form of contemporary art and music. Sport was also a significant tool for mobilizing young people. Sport become a space and a common goal for youth to spend time to play and interact together. Finally, project-supported activities helped to increase and nurture trust and confidence between local youth and laid an important basis for restoring social cohesion, understanding and appreciation among the local population in the future.

The project results indicated that trust and confidence among the youth and people from different backgrounds increased. Understanding and relationships between participating members of the different communities of the Deep South improved over the course of the project. The key themese that showed progress were the appreciation of a pluralistic society, and a sense of shared history within participating communities are also increased. The Foundation also found that the Deep South region is rich with social capital, however, people in urban areas tend to empathize people who have different background from them than in remote area.

24 | P a g e

Recommendations for Future Programs

One of the major concerns during project implementation was the gap between Buddhist and Muslim local youth groups. With an education system in the Deep South that leads to segregation of young people, Malay youth sometimes are assumed to be insurgents, sympathizers or drug users by the authorities. This segregation of education means that children no longer regularly interact with children of other faiths and ethnicities. The gap created by the education system is also further widening gaps within the Malay Muslim community. The gap among the youth group is critical and it needs more space to allow youth from different background to interact. Additionally, only a small percentage of youth pursue their education in university level. The number and information of the rest of youth are untracked and unstudied comprehensively. In the future, it will be important to study and design activities to accommodate the rest of youth in the region. Finally, to encourage more interaction, the local community will need to organize more multi-ethnic activities.

Activity 1.2: Facilitate dialogue among Malay-Muslim and Thai-Buddhist women’s organizations on common community concerns Starting in 2015, TAF supported the establishment of a women network called Women’s Agenda for Peace Network (PAOW). PAOW is an umbrella network of 23 women organizations8, both Buddhist and Muslim, with over 500 members across southern Thailand. PAW’s mission is to increase collective women’s voices and participation in the on-going peace process. Under this project, PAOW’s continuing advocacy work focused on promoting the safety and security of civilians in the South, especially women and children. Today, PAOW is one of the largest and most active women networks contributing to peacebuilding in southern Thailand.

Since its inception, TAF has continued to support PAOW to undertake projects that strengthen the relationships between Buddhist and Muslim women in southern Thailand through the joint effort to increase the role of women in peacebuilding.

In the first year, TAF’s support helped PAOW to develop a strong peace-building proposal that is informed by local women’s voices; work to achieve greater visibility, legitimacy, and enhanced

8 23 member organizations include: Zaokuna Group; Douyjai Hearty Group ; Women in Green Blouse Group; Women’s Trusted Saving Group; Civic Women Network for Peace; Women’s Network to End Violence & Strive for Peace; Southern Women for Peace Network; Southern Natural Resource Protection Network; Community’s Faith Network; Community Radio Network Pattani; Alternative Justice Volunteer Network; Buddhist (Women) for Peace; Women Promoting Good Governance Network; Muslim Women Government Officers’ Club/Narathiwat; Muslim Women’s Leadership Club/Narathiwat; Foundation for Education and Curable Orphans (FECO); Association of Women for Peace (We Peace); Association of Muslim Women on Welfare/ Yala; Council of Southern Civil Society Organizations; Center for Conflict Studies and Cultural Diversity (CSCD); Fasai Youth Center of Yala; Coordinating Center for Orphan Assistance; DeepSouth Watch Center (DSW) (individuals only) 25 | P a g e

capacity to powerfully advocate for a women’s PAOW’S PEACE PROPOSALS agenda in the peace process; and enhance security and expand safe space for women from different A. All armed parties must stop using any violent acts in public spaces, particularly markets, roads, schools, and groups to mobilize and participate actively and religious compounds, and should not carry weapons in confidently in the peace process. Year one these areas. Although the Thai government has not involved the following activities: recognized the conflict in this area as an armed conflict, safety measures included in International Humanitarian Capacity-building for PAOW members - This Law should be applied—for example, military bases included a training-of-trainers workshop to should be located far away from schools and hospitals. enhance PAOW’s knowledge on peace process, B. Both conflicting parties should seek to resolve the conflict management, and gender analysis; and conflict through non-violent political negotiations. Peace skills in conducting community forums and talks should resume soon. Both negotiation teams should undertake consultations with community consider including PAOW’s proposal in the dialogue. members to articulate women’s concerns, C. Grant common space for women and CSO to be demands, and proposal for peace. able to work safely and independently in promoting peace

Following PAOW’s increased visibility, its Measures to increase safety in public spaces: leaders were often invited to serve as resource persons in numerous events on women’s roles in Markets: Manage to have clear traffic order, in and exit. Security checkpoints should be set-up a suitable distance peace process and on peace dialogues. TAF from the market, install CCTV inside the market, and provided training for PAOW leaders on public around and in the parking area. Holding regular meetings presentation and train them on how to produce a to improve safety with involved units. captivating women’s story using innovative tools. Schools: Reduce the number of security escorts for This is to ensure that women from the Deep South teachers, military officers should stay at their base after could secure a meaningful voice in the current escort duties, and try not to engage in school’s activities, peace dialogue process. Following the training, community leaders should take more responsibilities in PAOW developed the presentation illustrating safeguarding schools, and a public campaign promoting Safe Schools should be a mandate of all involved information relating to PAW’s background, its agencies. mandate, critical and compelling evidence about the loss of lives, widows, orphans and incidents Roads: Install more CCTV cameras and lights at high risk of violence impacting women and children. The locations, reduce street patrols (instead security personnel should stay on their bases), security checkpoints should be presentation had been used by the network for the a suitable distance from residential areas and not on the following three years of their advocacy. street, and security units should partly delegate road safety tasks to village defenders. Community forums to articulate women’s concerns and proposals – PAOW convened 5 Musjid, temple and other religious compounds: Reduce the number of security personnel stationed in these spaces community forums in Year 1 with hundreds of (including military vehicles and equipment), community community members (90% female, 10% male). safety and gate checking tasks should be handled by These forums were organized in different types of villager defense militia. communities: Malay-Muslim majority locality;

26 | P a g e

Thai-Buddhist majority locality; and mixed Malay-Muslim and Thai-Buddhist locality. In each forum, community members were updated on the progress of the peace talks and the on-going violence situation in the Deep South. PAW’s previous campaigns to end conflict-related violence. Women were also invited to list their daily activities and indicate the place where the activities take place. This was the process PAOW employed to prioritize places that women feel most important to their daily life. The findings from this process constituted a basis for PAOW to develop women’s peace proposal. PAOW’s peace proposal highlighted safe public spaces, based on three key principles including; 1) the violence in the Deep South provinces must be resolved through peaceful means and PAOW believe peace dialogue is the best alternative; 2) the peace process must have women’s full participation; and 3) women’s peace movement and their members must be free from intimidation, threats to their security and human rights violations. See PAOW’s proposals to all sides of the conflict in the side box.

Public campaigns to promote civilian safety in public space – Women’s peace proposals were developed that were informed by local women’s voices. TAF supported PAOW to lead a series of public campaigns to promote civilian safety in public spaces. Examples of PAOW’s campaign included:

Safe Market: Save Life organized on April 28, 2016 at the Theswiwat Market, Pattani Town, Pattani province. This fresh market has historical significance located in the center of the town, a trusted place that all groups of people across ethnicities and religions feel comfortable to visit either as vendors or shoppers, and nicely portrays the concept of people-to- people, gender- sensitive, and solidarity of women;

Commemoration of International Women’s Day on March 8 - Inspired by the origin of International Women’s Day and recognizing the roles of women as a social changer, PAOW conducted a half-day event entitled “10 Years Before and After of Women’ s Agenda in the Deep South” to promote the campaign on civilian safety and empowering women to create a democratic, peaceful, and fair Society.

In the second year, PAOW sought to ensure that their gender-focused proposal on safety of public spaces was understood, well-received and supported by CSOs, elites, peace activists, and community members. The network undertook selective engagement with influential stakeholders as well as engagement with the higher-level actors in the peace process. In addition, PAOW also worked towards achieving greater visibility, legitimacy, and confidence to advocate on security and safe public spaces for the benefit of civilians of all faiths and backgrounds. Several activities were conducted in Year 2 to achieve these objectives including for examples:

A series of door-knock campaign: PAOW conducted door-knock visits to influential male leaders and institutions including Sheikul Islam and Islamic religious leaders in Songkla, Pattani, Yala, and Narathiwat, Buddhist Ecclesiastical, Provincial Governor, and CSOs leaders. The objective of

27 | P a g e

these visits was to make sure that influential leaders were aware of PAOW’s agenda and were willing to support PAOW to play greater roles in peacebuilding.

Partnership-building forum: PAOW convened a series of partnership-building forum and peace dialogue with key stakeholders. These forums were aimed at strengthening relationships, in the people-to-people manner, both among the network’s member organizations and other stakeholders. They became the platforms for PAOW to update on the progress of the movement, reviewing its strategy, and collecting views and recommendations to strengthen their advocacy and movement.

Communicating with the public through community radio program: PAOW hosted 14 episodes of a radio program called “Suara Wanita Hari Minggu” (Voice of Women Today), which were broadcasted through one of the most popular community radio channels Media Selatan. PAOW’s radio program aimed to communicate with the publics in southern Thailand on gender and peace, and to create a platform to enhance PAOW’s agenda on safe public spaces as well as discuss other issues related to peace and conflict transformation such as “voices of victims” or “alternative justice for peace.”

During the third year, TAF supported PAOW to conduct a series of forums to discuss emerging issues in conflict in order to increase a pool of knowledge among PAOW members. Examples of these forums included: in order to increase a pool of knowledge among PAOW members. Examples of these forums included:

Multiculturalism: State, People, and Women, discussing the theoretical framework for related to the concept of multiculturalism. Participants found the workshop very interesting and gained a solid understanding of the concept of multiculturalism. The participatory nature of the workshop also led to much personal introspection as participants thought about their own feelings, attitudes and behavior towards people who are different genders, ethnicities or religions.

Women and Peace Process: Experiences from Other Countries, facilitated by the Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University the forum provided in-depth information on the peace process in the Deep South. The forum also provided an opportunity for PAOW representatives to share their lesson-learnt on their exposure trip to Aceh, Ambon, Pontianak, and Jakarta.

Women’s International Day Forum 2018 at the Association for the Promotion of the status of Women (APSW). In this event, PAOW engaged in a discussion on “Women’s New Move toward New Constitution and Sustainable Development Goals.” They shared experiences with other women’s movements on the P2P process of working with 23 network organizations and their peace recommendations.

28 | P a g e

Achievements

Throughout three years of program implementation, PAOW’s peace efforts have achieved tangible outcomes of increased role and participation in the higher-level peace process; and of strengthening relationship between Buddhist and Muslim women at both individual and organizational levels.

Since 2016, the Thai Government has engaged in the formal peace dialogues with MARA Patani, an umbrella network of six insurgent factions in southern Thailand. Prior to the resumption of talks, PAOW led a public campaign by organizing a public march by hundreds of women and girls on the main street in Pattani town. The parade was highlighted by banners displaying messages from PAOW’s peace proposals. PAOW’s public campaign and continuous advocacy drew extraordinary attention from both peace dialogue parties, and overnight PAOW’s peace proposal was placed in the hands of both parties and on the dialogue table. After the conclusion of the talks, both parties released public statements acknowledging receipt of PAOW’s proposal and declared that they would seriously consider PAOW’s proposals. Afterwards, the delegation team from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs also held a meeting with key members of PAOW to learn about their peace building activities and their proposals.

PAOW’s activities greatly helped to strengthen the relationships of Buddhist and Muslim women organizations in southern Thailand and help women to speak with one voice representing women from different provinces and diverse groups. This was achieved through a careful process of supporting women of both religions to identify common issues impacting women in conflict and together undertook joint advocacy to promote safety of civilian in public spaces. At one point in the effort, the network faced a challenge of underrepresentation of the Buddhist women in the network, which would undermine the legitimacy of the movement. It was Muslim women leaders who took the lead in reaching out to other Buddhist women organizations and communities and actively recruiting more Buddhist members. Their efforts resulted in dozens of Buddhist women finally joining the movement.

Finally, creating space for women to more actively engage in peacebuilding has become a powerful victim empowerment effort. In southern Thailand, there have been thousands of women and children who have been directly or indirectly affected by this conflict. PAOW’s campaign for safe public spaces has served as the meaningful platform for these women to contribute to peace. The strength of the campaign is when all women groups came together to advocate for peace. The activities were not only strategic for influencing the peace talks, but also was a source of motization for many victims to become more involved. The project did not only focus on peace promotion but also on organizational and network management. Reflecting one of the key members of PAOW:

29 | P a g e

Before PAW created this large network of women CSOs each worked independently and without common strategy. Individually women’s organizations did not have strong voice. Now together they become powerful. Working in a large network improves each group’s effectiveness. Exchanges between groups, particularly with those working in rural areas, has allowed the network members to be more informed about local contexts and needs of people in different areas. Before each group found it hard to trust others. They don’t know how information they provided or their opinions will be used. With PAOW’s campaign, we broke that barrier and become more powerful.

Recommendations for Future Programs

Based on the self-assessment by PAOW member, there are a number of strengths and weaknesses which can be relevant for PAOW to continue its movement in the future. Despite successfully recruiting hundreds of Muslim and Buddhist women members, PAOW would need to continue to expand its network if it is to maintain the momentum of women’s participation in the peace process and ensure there’s a critical mass to continue to influence the higher-level stakeholders.

The success of PAOW came from their clear strategic direction and neutrality. PAOW needs to continue to focus on other common issues which can be socially legitimized and acceptable, for example cultural-based activities, to improve communication skills, and to build the leadership skills for more leaders beyond the handful of current PAOW leaders in order to enhance a sense of ownership of women’s agenda.

The conflict dynamics have changed constantly, like with new political landscape and emerging new actors after the anticipated general election in 2019. PAOW will need continuous support to update and analyze the situation, to keep up with new issues that may emerge, and to be able to revise the movement’s strategy to be more relevant.

Finally, the role of women in southern Thailand have become increasingly recognized. Women have been more engaged in peacebuilding, moving beyond their conventional role in income generation, victim rehabilitation, or socio-economic developments. Assuming more active political role can however draw some criticisms. In this situation, in which the role of men in peacebuilding can be limited, PAOW can leverage from its distinct position and demonstrate to skeptics that women can fill this gap and meaningfully contribute to the peace effort.

30 | P a g e

Objective 2: Increase understanding and engagement among local elites to address intra- communal conflict and develop a common platform of demands for a peace agreement

# Date Organiz Activity Location Topic Muslim Buddhist Other ation F M O F M O F M O

MAC Capacity Building Workshop in Year 1

1 Apr 2-6, MAC Capacity Mueng, Theory and 12 19 3 2016 Building Narathiwat Practice of Workshop: Conflict Attitude, Management Knowledge and Skill that required in Conflict Management and Peace Building 2 May 8-9, MAC Capacity Mueng, Theory and 4 6 2016 Building Pattani Practice of Workshop: Communicati Communicatio on n 3 May 21, MAC Preparation Pattani Preparation 6 26 2016 WS for WS for Support Support community community projects projects 4 Aug 12, MAC TOT Mueng, Theory and 44 47 2016 Workshop Yala Practice of Conflict Management 5 Aug 13, MAC TOT Mueng, Theory and 46 36 2016 Workshop Songkhla Practice of Conflict Management

6 Sep 2-3, MAC Capacity Mueng Theory and 6 19 2016 Building Narathiwat Practice of Workshop: Conflict The role of Management civil society in Conflict Management and Peace Building Seed Grants Year 1

7 Aug 13, HAP Seed Grant: Mueng, TBC with 18 19 1 2016 Capacity Yala MAC 31 | P a g e

# Date Organiz Activity Location Topic Muslim Buddhist Other ation F M O F M O F M O

Building workshop to HAP’s network on Peace Building in the Deep South 8 Aug 19, Network Seed Grant: Srisakhorn, Conflict 17 31 2016 of The role of Narathiwat Management, Religiou civilian in Conflict s conflict Mediation Leaders management Narathi- and peace wat building 9 Aug 26, BUMI Seed Grant: Saiburi, Various 33 2016 Community Pattani Forum in Kalapo Village 10 Sep 22, JALEM Seed Grant: Kapo, -Conflict 9 25 2016 Community Pattani Management Empowerment for Peace Building 11 Oct 2, MAC Seed Grant Yaring, Theory and 26 34 2016 Pattani Practice of Conflict Management 12 Oct 4, Network Seed Grant: Thepa, Natural 26 23 2016 of Seminar on Songkhla Resource People Community Conflict, of Song- involvement in Conflict khla and Natural Management, Pattani Resource and Actors in against environmental Conflict Coal Management Plant for Peace 13 Oct 8, PUKIS Seed Grant: Mueng, Understandin 28 123 2016 The role of Yala g conflict in religious the Deep leaders in South Peace Building 14 Nov 12, MAC Seed Grant: Islamic Conflict in 131 82 2016 Community Committee the Deep Forum with Narathiwat South detainee’s relatives from Narathiwat Detention Center

32 | P a g e

# Date Organiz Activity Location Topic Muslim Buddhist Other ation F M O F M O F M O

15 Nov 19, MAC Seed Grant: PSU Conflict in 2 16 4 2016 Peace Pattani the Deep Dialogue on South; Pathway to Special laws Peace under enforcement in the Deep South; Pathways to build peace 16 Nov 20, Learnin Seed Grant: Yaring, Conflict 16 45 2016 g and Training on Pattani Management Commu Knowledge and Pathways nity and Skills on to Peace Develop Conflict ment Management Center, Thadan 17 Nov 24- MAC Seed Grant: Yaring, Definition of 14 12 25, 2016 Human Rights Pattani Conflict; Advocacy and Community Community Peace Peace Building Building 18 Nov 26, JOP Seed Grant: Mueng, Conflict 24 2016 Ex-Detainees Yala Management; Network Level and Building and Type of Seminar on Conflict Peace Building 19 Nov 26, Nusanta Seed Grant: Mueng, Conflict 19 11 2016 ra TOT Yala Management Workshop on and Conflict Conflict Mediation Mediation 20 Nov 27, Perwani Seed Grant: Mueng, Conflict 43 2016 Key Women Yala Management, Leaders and Conflict Conflict Mediation Management and the root causes of the conflict 21 Nov 27, KEMAS Seed Grant: Thepa, Conflict 31 2016 Capacity Songkhla Management; Building And workshop for Pathways to Network of Peace Ex-Detainee 22 Nov 29, JALEM Seed Grant: Mueng, Conflict 36 2016 Capacity Pattani Management; Building How to

33 | P a g e

# Date Organiz Activity Location Topic Muslim Buddhist Other ation F M O F M O F M O

workshop for Confront with the victims of Conflict; the conflict Special Law that enforcing in the Deep South; and Pathways to Peace 23 Dec 4-5, MAC Seed Grant: Mueng, Definitions of 25 2016 Workshop on Yala Conflict; Conflict Level of Management Conflict; in community Positive and level Negative Peace Building 24 Dec 10- MAC Seed Grant: Mueng, Understandin 24 11, 2016 Workshop Narathiwat g conflict in with Business the Deep Community South; Organization al Management 25 Dec 29, MAC Seed Grant: Mueng, Special Laws 20 19 2016 Justice and Yala in the Deep Peace South MAC Capacity Building Workshop Year 2-3

26 Jan 23- MAC Capacity Langu, Theory and 7 21 27, 2017 Building & Satul Practice: TOT Conflict Workshop: Mediation in Community Community Conflict Level Mediation 27 May 24- MAC Capacity Mueng, -Concept of 7 22 25, 2017 Building Pattani P2P Workshop: -Designing Seed Grant and Planning 2017-2018 seed grant in 2017 -Project Development 28 Jun 11- MAC Capacity Mueng, -Proposal 15 19 12, 2017 Building Pattani Writing Workshop: -Report Project Writing Management -M&E 29 Jul 9, MAC Capacity Pattani -Proposal 2 4 2017 building Writing workshop for 34 | P a g e

# Date Organiz Activity Location Topic Muslim Buddhist Other ation F M O F M O F M O

small grant -Report organizations, Writing Pattani -M&E 30 Jul 10, MAC Capacity Narathiwat -Proposal 6 2017 building Writing workshop for -Report small grant Writing organizations, -M&E Pattani 31 Jul 11, MAC Capacity Songkhla -Proposal 4 2017 building Writing workshop for -Report small grant Writing organizations, -M&E Pattani 32 Jul 12, MAC Capacity Yala -Proposal 4 5 2017 building Writing workshop for -Report small grant Writing organizations, -M&E Pattani MAC Seed Grant Year 2-3

33 Jun 6, MAC Seed Grant: Mueng, -Conflict 40 43 2017 The role of Narathiwat Management University -Conflict student in Mediation conflict management 34 Aug 26, BUMI Seed Grant: Saiburi, Understand- 33 2017 Community Pattani ing the Forum ongoing conflict -Community Mediation 35 Aug 28, HAP Seed Grant: Mueng, -Basic 15 12 2017 Young Human Yala Understandin Rights Activist g of Law and Human Rights -Conflict Management 36 Sep 24, PADA Seed Grant: Rangae, -Special Law 19 31 2017 M Community Narathiwat enforcing in Mediation the Deep South -Conflict Management 37 Sep 24, KEMAS Seed Grant: Thepa, - 77 23 2017 Community Songkhla Understandin Mediation in g conflict in 35 | P a g e

# Date Organiz Activity Location Topic Muslim Buddhist Other ation F M O F M O F M O

Coal Plant local affected area community -Special Law enforcing in the Deep South -Conflict Management

38 Oct 14- SB Seed Grant: Sukhirin, Understand- 40 15, 2017 Conflict Narathiwat ing conflict in Mediation for local business local community entrepreneur -Conflict Management

39 Oct 29, Nusanta Seed Grant: Mueng, -Orphanage 20 12 2017 ra Community Pattani in the Deep Mediation South -Conflict Management -Community Mediation 40 Nov 4, PUKIS Seed Grant: Mueng, -Conflict 27 34 20174 Yupo Yala Management Community -Conflict Forum Mediation in Community Level 41 Nov 11, JOP Seed Grant: Mueng, -Conflict 22 2017 the role of Yala Analysis Private Islamic -The role of School in Private conflict Islamic management School in conflict mediation 42 Nov 11, MAC Seed Grant: Nongchik, Conflict 58 17 2019 Capacity Pattani Management Building for key leaders of Bangkao community in local conflict management 43 Nov 19, Learnin Seed Grant: Yaring, Community 31 37 2017 g and Community Pattani Mediation on Develop Mediation in a burglary ment Thadan case Community

36 | P a g e

# Date Organiz Activity Location Topic Muslim Buddhist Other ation F M O F M O F M O

Center, Thadan 44 Nov 21, MAC Seed Grant: Thepa, -Special law 33 31 2017 Workshop on Songkhla enforcing in Civil the Deep Participation South in Peace -Conflict Building in Management Thamuang Community 45 Nov 24- MAC Seed Grant: Mueng, -Conflict 40 25, 2017 The role of Narathiwat Management women in -Conflict conflict Analysis management -Network Building 46 Dec 5, JALEM Seed Grant: Saiburi, -Conflict 2 55 2017 Lahan Pattani Management Community -Community Dialogue Mediation 47 Dec 6-7, MAC Seed Grant: Mueng, -Conflict 30 2017 The role of Narathiwat analysis religious -Conflict leaders in Mediation conflict management 48 Dec 10, Perwani Seed Grant: Mueng, -The role of 34 2017 The role of Yala women in Women in building Conflict peace Management -Conflict Management 49 Feb 13, MAC Seed Grant: Mueng, -Working in 4 16 2018 Forum on the Yala conflict area role of -Network religious Building leaders and CSOs in Peace Building 50 Mar 1, MAC Seed Grant: Mueng, -Special Law 25 19 2018 Forum on Pattani enforcing in Conflict the Deep Management South with the victim -Conflict of the conflict management in Pattani 51 Mar 1, MAC Seed Grant: Mueng, -Trial 52 22 2018 Forum on Yala Procedure Conflict -Conflict Management Management

37 | P a g e

# Date Organiz Activity Location Topic Muslim Buddhist Other ation F M O F M O F M O

with the victim of the conflict in Bannangsata District, Yala

52 Mar 10, MAC Seed Grant: Mueng, -Human 29 25 2018 The role of Pattani rights religious -Special Law teachers and enforcing in leaders in the Deep Peace Building South -Conflict management

53 Mar 18, MAC Seed Grant: PSU, -Human 10 3 2018 The role of Pattani Rights and scholars in Peace Peace Building Building -Conflict Management 54 Mar 22, MAC Seed Grant: Kapo, -Conflict 50 2018 Kolo Kali Pattani Mediation community -The role of forum for youth in Peace Building Peace Building 55 Mar 23, MAC Seed Grant: Mueng, -Conflict 17 23 2018 The role of Pattani Management student in -Conflict Peace Building Mediation 56 Mar 24- MAC Seed Grant: Saiburi, -Conflict 32 25, 2018 Capacity Pattani Management Building for -Conflict religious Mediation leaders on Conflict Management and Conflict Mediation MAC Public Forum Year 3

57 Mar 29, MAC Public Forum: Mueng -Presentation 66 13 2018 The concept of Pattani on MAC 5 P2P in conflict work under management P2P programs in community level

38 | P a g e

MAC/SPAN

Within 3 years, 57 activities were implemented involving 2,721 participants (1,114 female, 1,607 male and 2,710 Muslim, 11 Buddhists) as shown in the overall activity table.

Throughout three years of P2P programs, the Foundation and its core partners, the Muslim Attorney Center Foundation (MAC), successfully established a wide network of elites at the community level through a series of project activities. The project led to improved attitudes, knowledge, and building confidence among local elites in dealing with local disputes and reducing communication gap between the community and the authorities. Many Malay Muslims in local communities are frequently assumed to be part of the insurgency. Thus, it was necessary to strengthen the capacity of local communities in communicating with the authorities, which led to better cooperation and better solution.

The daily violence was just the surface of many problems hiding in the local community while the conflict dynamics were also evolving constantly. However, the project laid an important foundational knowledge of P2P concepts and plausible actions through peaceful means among the community leaders. The improved knowledge and attitudes among community leaders participating in the activities empowered the local community in dealing with local disputes, and may eventually help to ameliorate day-to-day violence, as a result of bottom-up pressure in support of peace that will improve the likelihood of higher-level peace talks succeeding in future.

However, the problems in community are very complex, and the Foundation can only raise confidence and provide knowledge for the Malay Muslim community. The cross-group activity between the Muslim and Buddhist in community level has only begun under this project.

Year 1: MAC worked closely with the Foundation in implementing a series of projects under the P2P concept. MAC began its activity by inviting Mr. Johari and Budhi, two experts in communal conflict from Indonesia who also brought along experience of conflict management from Indonesia, to conduct Capacity Building Workshops on Conflict Management in Narathiwat. After the workshop MAC then conduct three training of trainer (TOT) workshop to expand their knowledge among their potential sub-grantee in three provinces.

After the TOT workshop, MAC provided seed grants to several organizations to expand the knowledge of conflict management in the community level. 12 seed grants were awarded while 6 seed grants were directly administered by MAC. The seed grants mechanism has established a wide network of leaders in community level to apply the knowledge of conflict management in various ways. The community that engage with the programs has various background including the community that has natural resources resilient with the authorities, the community that experienced harsh suppression from local security forces as well as empowering local women network in dealing with dispute with authorities and in community level.

39 | P a g e

Year 2-3: MAC continued its work by conducting three workshops on Conflict Mediation at the community level. After that, eleven seed grants were distributed to its partners while fourteen seed grants were directly administered by MAC.

MAC finally hosted a public wrap up session by inviting its grantee and partners as well as women’s network to share their finding and reflection of their work.

Recommendations for Future Programs

MAC has successfully established a wide network of elites at the community level through this series of activities and has shared a greater attitude and knowledge in building confidence among local elites to address local disputes. Thus, the project has helped several communities develop a new world view in dealing with local disputes and potentially becoming peace advocates in the future. Knowledge and confidence in community mediation was immensely useful at the community level and helped to enlighten the community to understand the context of current conflict and preventing the escalation of violence. Finally, the activities have inevitably put pressure on local violence preparators to reduce violence on the ground.

However, problems in community level are complex, while the gap between Muslim and Buddhist at the community level are also wide especially in areas where the security forces are present. The security situation resulted in deteriorating relationships between Buddhist and Muslim population in the community. Thus, the project with MAC could only focus on the Malay Muslim community and would take time to conduct cross-community activities especially in remote area.

Buddhist for Peace Network (B4P)

TAF has supported Buddhist for Peace Network (B4P) to increase the engagement of Buddhist leaders and community members in peacebuilding and in reducing community-level tensions through P2P-focused projects. B4P is a relatively new network of Buddhist leaders in southern Thailand established in 2013. Its members include retired government officials, teachers, local merchants, monks, and village headmen/women. B4P has implemented civic education and peace promotion programs and has demonstrated distinguish convening power and ability to establish trust relations with the Thai-Buddhist and Malay-Muslim communities.

In 2016, TAF supported a series of meetings among core Buddhist leaders in the B4P network to promote a platform of active Buddhist leaders. The project engaged with select 25 leaders. These leaders were recruited from a pool of B4P network, who have shown commitment to actively engage in peacebuilding efforts; and from select community in the three southern provinces. The idea behind mixed background of participants is to create a platform of Buddhist leaders who have both upward connections to the higher-level peace efforts and downward influence in the communities.

40 | P a g e

TAF later supported B4P to convene its members in a strategic development workshop to assess the network’s strengths and weaknesses and to develop strategic direction. Most members viewed that the network’s key strength lies in its legitimacy, as stakeholders in the conflict, to exert a greater role in peacebuilding. However, they still lacked knowledge in conflict mitigation and needed to have evidence-based peace proposals to convey the stances of the Buddhist population to other stakeholders. The identified institutional strategy therefore prioritized activities to increase B4P leaders’ knowledge and better understanding of the peace efforts and conflict mitigation; skills to collect evidence and gauge recommendations from Buddhist communities; and promote channel to communicate Buddhists’ priorities to influential actors and the public at large.

TAF provided 25 Buddhist leaders with intensive capacity-building training aimed to introduce Buddhist leaders to basic concepts and tools of conflict management and to strengthen their roles as community conveners. The curriculum was designed to achieve this through three interconnected objectives: 1) enhance better understanding of conflict situation and community issues. Participants had the opportunity to discuss general conflict situation and developments; and analyze power relations in their communities. In addition, they were introduced to basic tools to identify issues facing their communities and discuss priority issues; 2) Increase understanding on human rights principles and other legal and constitutional mechanisms that safeguard their rights; and 3) equip participants with simple tools for conflict mitigation, such as actor mapping as well as case studies of non-violent conflict mitigation from other conflict experiences.

B4P leaders were also introduced to the P2P approach and multiculturalism and were trained on project and financial management prior to receiving small grants to undertake projects at the community level. Following a series of capacity-building activities for B4P leaders, TAF provided financial support through small grant mechanism for B4P to undertake five P2P-focused projects and conduct three community forums in Yupo subdistrict of Yala, Yala municipality, and Thaisuk community of Narathiwas. The forum in Yala brought together Buddhists, Malay-Muslims, and Thai-Chinese citizens to discuss recent developments on peace process in southern Thailand. The forum also served as platform for cross-ethnics participants to voice opinions and concerns towards the peace process. While most participants showed support for the ongoing peace process, they criticized state for the lack of communication related to the contents discussed during peace negotiations as well as the lack of channel through which inputs from stakeholders like themselves can be conveyed to the peace talks.

In addition, B4P implemented five P2P projects at the community level as follows:

Investigation of Buddhist migration situation – Through technical assistance from the Prince of Songkhla University, B4P conducted perception surveys and focus group discussions in nine localities across three provinces of southern Thailand. The survey covered topics ranging from pressing Buddhist concerns, reasons for migration, and required government measures and assistance, among others. 41 | P a g e

The results of the investigation showed that the majority of respondents (all Buddhist) expressed no desire to migrate or relocate outside southern Thailand, contrary to what conventional wisdom suggests. The Buddhist out migration did occur during the first few years after the conflict erupted but since then the Buddhist population remained relatively stable. Those who decided to stay however have faced a few pressing issues, for which government measures and assistance are needed. These issues range from security and justice issues to livelihood issues such as crops and rubber prices, drugs, and employment, among others.

Peace Station: community radio program on multiculturalism –B4P broadcast 24 episodes of the community radio program on multiculturalism called Peace Station. In each episode, B4P invited Buddhist and Muslim guests to discuss a wide range of topics from safe public spaces; Buddhist migration; justice issues; Buddhist and Muslim cultural activities; the concept of multiculturalism; the role of youth and academics in peace processes; among others. The program was broadcasted through both community radio and social media platforms. The program is the first of its kind program that brought together Buddhist and Muslim guests to speak about multiculturalism and peaceful coexistence.

Promoting Buddhist leaders’ platform in Panare District – B4P conducted five community forums, attended by 232 Buddhist members from Panare District of Pattani Province. The district is one of the most violent districts, Buddhist members of Panare rarely had a space or platform such as this to dialogue among themselves on how the Buddhist members can play a greater role in promoting the peaceful coexistence in their communities. These forums served as the opportunities for Buddhist community members to voice their concerns and challenges from living in the communities with a high level of violence. Concerns raised included issues of transportation in and out of the community, trade with people of different religions, limited access to government assistance due to lack of communication channels with local governments, and lack of interaction between youth of different backgrounds, among others.

Strengthening the relationships of Buddhist and Muslim youths in Khuan community - In southern Thailand, there increasingly lacks a common space for youths to naturally nurture childhood trust, for example through interactions in schools. As a result, youths of different religions have distant relationship and are vulnerable to misunderstandings when tensions arise in community. B4P conducted two excursions trips, bringing together youths and their parents to learn about the livelihoods of Khuan sub-district and nearby communities. TAF also supported an exposure trip to Lake Songkhla and Kiriwong Community in Nakhonsrithammarat Province where they had the opportunity to learned about the model of youths and community development. The obteimed knowledge was a basis for Muslim and Buddhist youths to develop ideas for working together on a pilot development project in their own community.

42 | P a g e

Development of Buddhist proposal on peaceful coexistence – For the past 13 years, there have been several controversial incidents/situations that undermine trust and relationships between Buddhists and Muslims in the region. Several Buddhist groups and networks have occasionally put together ideas and statements to promote peace and harmony in the south. These ideas however need to be consolidated and be more inclusive of different views. TAF supported the process to consolidate ideas for peaceful coexistence into comprehensive Buddhist Proposal for Peaceful Coexistence, the first-of-its-kind, for use in future activity to promote social cohesion in the south.

Recommendations for Future Programs

The security situation resulted in deteriorating relationships between Buddhist and Muslim population in the district. In the past there was rarely a platform in which Buddhist members of the community could come together and discuss constructive solutions to their concerns on safety and communal relationship with Muslim community members. However, due to a high level of distrust as a result of years of violence, rebuilding trust and relationship would take time. Nevertheless, a platform such as this proved to be a promising start towards that path. Some of the Buddhists’ concerns, such as safety, difficulty in daily commuting, or low price in agricultural products; are common with those of Muslims. The Buddhist population could take some of those common concerns as entry point to re-establish interactions with their Muslim neighbors in the future.

In recent years, the segregation of Buddhist and Muslim youths is also growing as, unlike generations before them, they now attend separate schools and rarely socialized. In southern Thailand and other parts of the country alike, confrontations between people of different regions have become increasingly common, a worrying sign of religious intolerance facing Thailand today.

Three years of P2P effort to restore communal relationships in southern Thailand resulted in incremental changes on the ground. Youths have proven to be significant in building linkages between Muslim and Buddhist communities. While social activities supported under this project helped sustain contact between youths, it also bridged the gap between their parents. They started to greet and interact with each other. For people living in one of the most violence-prone communities, a simple gesture could have a great impact in breaking the wall of mistrust among local population. A radio platform where Buddhists and Muslims discuss controversial cultural issues helped to create a culture of dialogues as an alternative to confrontation. It built hope among the local population that despite differences, they can still talk to each other.

The opportunity for B4P leaders to interact with other Buddhist groups in southern Thailand made them better understand the perspectives and standpoints of others. Although viewed as being hardline Buddhist groups, their discontent and frustration were mainly stemmed from the perception of neglect and discrimination by the state, partly due to the latter’s failure to effectively communicate with the public on its conflict resolution policies and measures. Despite differences

43 | P a g e

in agendas, B4P found that these groups also had a lot in common. For example, education is a common concern issue that can serve as a good entry point for an effort to bridge the divide among them for a more consolidated effort.

In summary, B4P has implemented 34 activities for 453 participants (301 female, 152 male or 262 Muslim, 190 Buddhists and 1 Other Religion) during 2016 to 2018. summary, B4P has implemented 34 activities for 453 participants (301 female, 152 male or 262 Muslim, 190 Buddhists and 1 Other Religion) during 2016 to 2018.

# Date Organiz Activity Location Muslim Buddhist Other ation F M O F M O F M O

1 Jul 21, B4P Community Yaha 11 2 2016 needs Yala assessment 2 Jul 26, B4P Community Sungaipadee 4 2016 needs Narathiwat assessment 3 Jul 31, B4P Community Yaha 1 2016 needs Yala assessment 4 Aug 6, B4P Community Ruesoh 3 1 2016 needs Narathiwat assessment 5 Aug 14, B4P Community Mueng 12 5 12 5 2016 needs Yala assessment 6 Feb 4-6, B4P One, two-day Hatyai 12 3 2017 capacity Songkhla building workshop 7 Apr 30, B4P One, two-day Narathiwat 8 11 2017 capacity building workshop 8 Sep 16, B4P Seed grant for Panare, 5 5 7 5 2017 Strengthen trust Pattani and relationship among Muslim and Buddhist Youths in Khuan Sub- district through Community Development 9 Sep 25, B4P Seed grant for Panare, 5 5 7 5 2017 Strengthen trust Pattani and relationship among Muslim and Buddhist Youths in 44 | P a g e

# Date Organiz Activity Location Muslim Buddhist Other ation F M O F M O F M O

Khuan Sub- district through Community Development 10 Nov 24, B4P One-day forum Pattani 18 12 2017 for 30 community leaders 11 Nov 25- B4P Enumerator Pattani 2 8 26, training 2017 workshop 12 Jan 6, B4P Peace station Pattani 1 1 1 2018 radio 13 Jan 13, B4P Peace station Pattani 1 1 2018 radio 14 Jan 20, B4P Peace station Pattani 1 1 2018 radio 15 Jan 27, B4P Peace station Pattani 2 2018 radio 16 Feb 3, B4P Peace station Pattani 1 1 2018 radio 17 Feb 9, B4P Community Pattani 37 11 2018 forum 18 Feb 10, B4P Peace station Pattani 2 2018 radio 19 Feb 12, B4P Trained Pattani 3 2018 enumerators conducted field interviews 20 Feb 17, B4P Community Pattani 14 6 2018 forum 21 Feb 17, B4P Peace station Pattani 1 2018 radio 22 Feb 24, B4P Peace station Pattani 1 1 2018 radio 23 Mar 3, B4P Community Pattani 38 12 2018 forum 24 Mar 3, B4P Peace station Pattani 1 2018 radio 25 Mar 10, B4P Community Pattani 40 12 2018 forum 26 Mar 10, B4P Peace station Pattani 2 1 1 2018 radio 27 Mar 24, B4P Community Pattani 30 26 2018 forum 28 Mar 24, B4P Peace station Pattani 1 2018 radio 29 Mar 31, B4P Peace station Pattani 1 1 2018 radio

45 | P a g e

# Date Organiz Activity Location Muslim Buddhist Other ation F M O F M O F M O

30 Apr 7, B4P Peace station Pattani 1 2018 radio 31 Apr 14, B4P Peace station Pattani 1 1 2018 radio 32 May 5, B4P Focus group Pattani 4 1 2018 workshop 33 May 6, B4P Focus group Pattani 6 2018 workshop 34 May 8, B4P Validation Pattani 6 6 2018 workshop

Public Forums

Program Wrap-up Public Forum in Pattani: “People + People = Peace” on May 12, 2018

As the final year of the People-to-People program, TAF supported its key implementing partners namely Saiburi Looker (SL), Peace Agenda of Women (PAOW), Buddhists Network for Peace (B4P), Muslim Attorney Center (MAC) network, and Patani Forum (PF) to culminate activities in two one-day wrap-up forums entitled “People + People = Peace” in southern Thailand and in Bangkok. The two public forums aimed to (1) Build momentum of P2P approaches in order to contribute to sustainable ongoing efforts beyond the term of the project, and to (2) Demonstrate lessons learned from P2P program and to present the results of partners’ work to other civil society organizations and community members, and push for inclusion of their concerns and recommendations in future peace policies.

After a series of preparation meetings, the one-day forum in southern Thailand was conducted on May 12, 2018, at the Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani Campus. The event activities included video presentation on 3 years of CSOs and peacebuilding through P2P, exhibitions from SL, PAOW, B4P, cultural and music performances, launching of B4P studies on Buddhist migration, and Buddhist’s proposal for peaceful coexistence in southern Thailand, presentations of findings from research “Multiculturalism and Muslim Religious Leaders in southern Thailand”, and a seminar on highlights of three years of CSOs experiences in piloting P2P approach and results by 5 local partner networks. The forum provided a platform for organizers to communicate with 193 participants including other civil society organizations, academic institutions, government agencies, local Buddhist and Muslim leaders, and community members.

Program Wrap-up Public Forum in Bangkok: “People + People = Peace” on May 26, 2018 A smaller-scale event was organized at Faculty of Political Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, in Bangkok on May 26, 2018, with 2 members from each network travelling to Bangkok to present 46 | P a g e

their P2P work and to share their view on the Deep South. (63 participants attended including media and representatives from the Deep South.) The Bangkok event targeted academic institutions, youth and university students in Bangkok, from southern Thailand, and the media. The event was opened with welcoming remark by Dr. Tipharat Bupasiri, Deputy Dean of Faculty of Political Science, Ramkhamhaeng University and Ms. Yupa Phusahas, Senior Program Coordinator of the Asia Foundation following by presentations on CSO’ P2P experiences in southern Thailand presented by Mr. Anas Pongprasert (SL), Ms. Pateemah Pa-Itaeda-Oh (PAOW), Mr. Muhamadasming Pohmaeriso (MAC/SPAN), Mr. Rakchat Suwan (B4P), and Mr. Ekkarin Tuansiri (PF), and a seminar on Southern Thailand Conflict and its Implications for Thailand’s Future which speakers from southern Thailand were Ms. Soraya Jamjuree, Ms. Anchalee Kongsricharoen, Mr. Prachya Toh-Etae, Mr. Woheh Chemae, Mr. Abaha Benjamanaskul and speakers from Bangkok was Mr. Athit Thong-In from Rangsit University. After wrapping and closing remarks by Dr. Muhammad-Ilyas Yahprung and having Iftar dinner together, local partners also had informal dialogues.

Objective 3: Enhance the capacities of local elite and civil society groups to monitor the situation and exert pressure for a peace agreement

Activity 3.1: Support civil society groups to advocate for a political settlement.

# Date Organization Activity Location Muslim Buddhist Other

F9 M10 O11 F M O F M O

1 Mar 12, Patani Forum Inception Pattani 3 26 2016 workshop for introduce program 2 Jun 20, Patani Forum Think Tank Mueng, 3 26 1 2 2016 Forum 1 Year 1 Pattani 3 Aug 14, Patani Forum Think Tank Mueng, 5 25 2 1 2016 Forum 2 Year 1 Pattani

4 Sep 25, Patani Forum Think Tank Mueng, 3 26 2 2016 Forum 3 Year 1 Pattani

5 Dec 11- Patani Forum Think Tank Mueng, 4 26 1 12, 2016 Forum 4 Year 1 Pattani

9 Female

10 Male

11 Others

47 | P a g e

# Date Organization Activity Location Muslim Buddhist Other

F9 M10 O11 F M O F M O

6 Mar 20, Patani Forum Mini Forum, Mueng, 3 4 1 2017 Think Tank Pattani Forum Year 2 7 Apr 22, Patani Forum Think Tank Mueng, 3 23 2 2017 Forum 1 Year 2 Pattani

8 May 25, Patani Forum Think Tank Mueng, 4 29 1 2017 Forum 2 Year 2 Pattani

9 Jul 16, Patani Forum Think Tank Mueng, 8 23 1 2017 Forum 3 Year 2 Pattani

10 Sep 15-17, Patani Forum Think Tank Mueng, 5 26 5 1 2017 Forum 4 Year 2 Songkhla

11 Dec 12, Patani Forum Mini Think Pattani 4 1 2017 Tank Forum Year 3 12 Feb 2, Patani Forum Think Tank Mueng, 10 24 12 4 2018 Forum 1 Year 3 Pattani 13 Mar 4, Patani Forum Think Tank Mueng, 3 19 3 3 2018 Forum 2 Year 3 Pattani 14 Mar 30, Patani Forum Think Tank Mueng, 13 18 4 4 2018 Forum 3 Year 3 Pattani 15 Apr 21- Patani Forum Think Tank Hatyai, 6 28 8 4 22, 2018 Forum 4 Year 3 Songkhla

Patani Forum

Participants in the Patani Forum events have all indicated that the Think Tank forums are an important platform to discuss topics relevant to conflict resolution. While Year 1 mostly resulted in improving knowledge, Years 2 and 3 led to greater confidence and networking.

“[The activities are] are like a beacon that lead us to the path. It is like a bridge to our destiny. We can see direction. We feel empowered. I feel that the Malay participants in the forum are fair even though our ideas are extremely different. It is critical in peace building. I feel relaxed attending the event. We can express our opinion. The forum is a safe space.”

– Patani Forum Buddhist Interviewee

Throughout the project period, the Foundation partnered with Patani Forum to conduct 12 Think Tank Forums targeting key members of local CSOs that play crucial role in Peace Building in the Deep South. The topics were varied and based on participants' interest. Prior to the series of Think

48 | P a g e

Tank Forums in years two and three, Patani Forum conducted mini a Think Tank Forum by inviting key members to design the forum, select topics as well as listing potential speaker for each forum.

The Think Tank Forum became a safe space for many CSOs to sharpen their critical thoughts and discuss issues that are considered crucial for peace building. Additional to this, the Think Tank Forum series established an informal network of CSOs from various background including cross- gender and cross-ethnicity. Many members of Think Tank Forum events were invited to participate and share their thoughts during the formal and informal sessions. Panelists invited to the forum were mostly young and progressive. These events helped to allow CSOs to engage with each other and feel comfortable to exchange their thoughts and ideas.

Year 1: Patani Forum began their series of Think Tank Forums by conducting an inception workshop to share the idea of a shared space to generate discussion among the local CSOs. The current peace dialogue was unattractive to local CSOs thus the topic of the second and third forum was to understand the root of separatism and lessons learned from other peace processes. “Understanding Islamic Movements Across the Globe” was the topic of the second forum that aimed to understand the geopolitical and national dynamics leading to separatist movement in the region. The third forum focused on the role of CSOs in peace building in South East Asia aiming to reflect the role of CSOs in the Deep South as well as to understand the lesson learned from other Peace Processes in South East Asia. All forums received very positive feedback from participants.

Year 2: A mini forum was conducted on select topics prior to the series of Year Two Think Tank Forums by including key members to discuss potential topics. Patani Forum also expanded its network by inviting more Buddhists and women to the forum. And since the gap of knowledge and exposure between Buddhists and Muslims are significant, the topic in each forum was adapted to satisfy the need of each group. Some participants reflected that the forum became less critical, but it led to better cooperation and confidence between groups. One of the most challenging topics was LGBT rights. It was one of the first times when both Muslim and Buddhist activists as well as rights activist could sit together and openly discuss about LGBT issues in the region. The topic on LGBT had important symbolic value towards inclusiveness and less confrontation since LGBT issues became one of the controversial topics in early 2017 when proponents and opponents engaged in bitter debates on social media.

Year 3: Debates on multiculturalism and Islamophobia became very intense among local CSOs after the government announced a new approach on multiculturalism to promote social cohesion in the society while acknowledging Islamophobia as an international concern. Participants reflected that the government approach of promoting multiculturalism was good in principle but very superficial when government officials applied the approach in practice. Participants were concerned that the government’s approach might exploit social capital that has been existing for generations. The final forum provided members of the Think Tank Forum to get updated on the

49 | P a g e

latest developments in Thai politics as well as exchange ideas and advocate to future candidates on policies regarding the conflict in the region.

Achievements and Recommendations for Future Programs

Fourteen years of conflict in the Deep South has led many Malay CSO members to dedicate their lives to restoring peace in the region. Many of them were students and victims that transformed into active citizens that play a crucial part in peace building. However, the situation in the Deep South has turned protracted and complex, demanding comprehensive skills and tools for resolution. With three years of the P2P project, the Think Tank Forum has built and spread a constructive debating culture based on reason and respect of differing views among local CSOs. The Forums have shaped many young and active CSO leaders to be more equipped with knowledge and ability to articulate their complicated views to advocate for peace. Many participants reflected that the forums became a place where they felt secure to exchange ideas and gain new knowledge and learn communication skills particularly when communicating in the public, and advocacy skills to communicate with decision makers.

Participants of the forum are highly engaged and regularly share knowledge they have learned to their communities and workplace. Topics in the forums covered a range of contemporary issues which reflect their interests. Participants understood that the information and knowledge provided in forums can be applied to develop their projects on the ground and exert pressure to a higher level of peace talk. Additionally, many participants of Think Tank Forums were invited to share their thoughts in many occasions both inside and outside the region.

Furthermore, the Think Tank Forum series has established an informal network of CSOs from various backgrounds including cross-gender and ethnicity. The project results also indicate that participants gain greater confidence and networks from the forum. Think Tank Forums also became a space for Buddhist and Malay CSOs to share common problems, grievances and concerns which led to better cooperation and integration and resulted in more diverse attendance on activities conduct by member of the forum.

However, participants also mentioned about the imbalance of information among participants since the peace related knowledge gap between Malay CSOs and Buddhist CSOs is quite high. Even though the forum could secure a safe space between the Muslim and Buddhist CSOs to interact, the most concerning issue was the lack of young CSOs from the Buddhist community. Buddhist CSOs are mostly middle-aged leaders, while very few young Buddhists engage with social activism.

Also, the participants reflected that they expect more diversity and would like to see this kind of forum expand at the community level. The group also would like to see religious leaders and member of LGBT community attend forums to diversify the participants and broaden their views.

50 | P a g e

A study on the state multiculturalism and multiculturalism of the Melayu Muslims

Dr. Muhammad Ilyas Yahprang from Ramkamhaeng University conducted research on the government’s Multiculturalism Policy thru the eyes of religious leaders in the Deep South and he presented his findings on May 12, 2018 as part of TAF event entitled “People + People = Peace at PSU, Pattani Campus. During the session, Dr. Bandit Kraivijitr from the faculty of humanities and social science was invited to provide comments on the report finding. The research State Multiculturalism and Multiculturalism of the Melayu Muslims: A case study of the dialogue on the Idea of Multiculturalism in Southern Thailand has been submitted to TAF.

The report studies the government’s multiculturalism policy called the Policy on Administration and Development of Southern Border Provinces (2017-2019) to solve its southern problems. The study looks into the multiculturalism concept as understood by middle ranks government officers who are responsible for the implementation of the policy in the region. The report highlights how different actors have contradictory interpretations of multiculturalism. The study found that the Thai state has its own version of multiculturalism which is understood that peaceful coexistence can be achieved by the unity and conformity between two faiths and communities of the Malay Muslims and the Thai Buddhist. Policy implementation has been pursued through this framework without tackling the problems of state’s power structure. Leaders from civil society organizations (CSOs) argued that the core issue of multiculturalism is the distribution of power from the center or Bangkok. For multiculturalism to blossomed there must be fair and just distribution of power to the Malay Muslim of Patani, they argued. The Muslim religious leaders on the other hands, insist that the idea of multiculturalism is embedded in the teaching of Islam. They expounded that Islam embraced differences among people. However, the Ulama’ insist that multiculturalism is not about comply or conform to the demand of hegemonic culture, but to respect each other religious beliefs and practices.

Activity 3.2: Provide technical assistance on and exposure to other peace processes.

Exposure Trip to Indonesia – January 14-20, 2018

During this reporting period, TAF conducted an exposure trip to Indonesia with 22 participants from major CSOs partners and three TAF staff with warm cooperation from the Habibi Center, TAF Indonesia and USAID Indonesia.

Preparation for the trip included briefing on the general context of Indonesia, conflict history and current situation of Ambon and Pontianak, security and safety training, and general travel guidance. Mr. Johari Efendi, an expert on conflict mitigation at the Habibie Center in Indonesia and the trip consultant, and the Foundation program staff served as resource persons for the orientation. The trip participants departed from the Deep South thru Kotabaru airport in Kelantan state, Malaysia on January 14, 2018. On January 15, 2018, the group visit the Lembaga Bantuan Hukum (LBH), Indonesia’s top legal aid organization based in Jakarta, for one of the most 51 | P a g e

important sessions of the trip which was a dialogue with Dr. Farid Husein and Mr. Eliakim Sitorus. Both persons are great combination for sharing their experience. While Dr. Farid renowned as a great national influencer that play a key role in Aceh peace process, Mr. Eliakim told his stories on the peace effort from the grassroot level. After that the team went to the National Commission of Women (KOMNAS) to learn its mission. Surprisingly, one of the key speakers was a gentleman who was able to articulate women’s issue from gender and Islamic perspective.

On the early morning of January 16, the group was divided into two to collect first-hand experiences with local peace activist in two cities of Ambon and Pontianak in Indonesia’s Maluku and West Kalimantan Provinces. These cities have experienced deadly communal violence between people of different backgrounds for almost two decades. Even though the violence has eased the scars and memories are still vivid among the local community.

On January 19, the group reunited in Jakarta to attend the wrap up session before flying home. Members of both groups were anxious and excited to tell their stories of their field trips. Within two hours the session could not accommodate willingness to share their experience. However, some of the members are willing to share their experience thru writing that will be collected and printed as part of the special bulletin from Patani Forum that will feature their experience of the trip to Indonesia. The participants headed back to the Deep South region on January 20, 2018.

After the trip, peace station, a radio program hosted by the Buddhist for Peace, dedicated two episodes of their program and invited participants from the exposure trip to reflect their views and share experience with audience. Media Selatan also dedicated their three episodes of Media Café while Patani Forum has dedicated its bulletin to cover the stories from the trips written by the participants.

Integration of Cross-cutting Issues and Advancement of USAID Forward

People-to-People Approach: During this reporting period, all activities conducted by TAF and implementing partners have continued to be focused on the P2P approach. The cultural events were designed around core P2P principles to allow different groups and CSOs partners that work on different objective for example B4P group and PAOW network to join the activities. All B4P activities were not only undertaken utilizing the P2P approach but also raised awareness on the approach among their beneficiaries/networks/audiences. Think Tank Forums conducted by Patani Forum also became a space where CSOs partners that work on different objective could discuss and exchange their views. In addition, All Partners Meetings organized by TAF helped key implementing partners namely Saiburi Lookers, PAOW, MAC/SPAN, B4P, and Patani Forum draw crucial outcomes from their P2P projects. The two-program wrap-up public events in Pattani and Bangkok provided partners with a vital platform to (1) build on the momentum of the P2P approach that will contribute to sustain ongoing efforts beyond the term of the project, and to (2) demonstrate lessons learned from the P2P program, present the results of partners’ work to other 52 | P a g e

civil society organizations and community members, and push for inclusion of their concerns and recommendations in future peace policies.

Gender Integration: TAF continued encouraging their key implementing partners to keep gender perspective to be integrated into all activities under the project.

Problems Encountered During Implementation

Although the number of incident has dropped since the previous peace dialogue in 2013, during the program implementation period there were several crucial incidents in the Deep South including:

• A Hospital raid in Cho Airong in March 2016

• Two bombs hit BIG C Pattani and injured 37 civilians in May 2017

• On January 21, 2018 three people were killed and 23 injured when suspected insurgents detonated a homemade bomb hidden inside a motorcycle at a morning market in Yala

• The attack on four military outposts and a police station in Krong Pinang district, Yala province, on April 3, 2018

• The striking of 14 ATM booths, two electricity poles and other public spaces and security posts in Pattani, Yala, and Narathiwat on May 20, 2018 five days after the start of Ramadan in 2018

The incidents not only demonstrated the militants’ capability to maintain their operation but also tremor the atmosphere in the region. Normally, after the major incident people would avoid spending their time outside their household. The city would become quite and take several days to resume lively again.

In addition, the May 9, 2018 election in Malaysia which brought a new government led by Mahathir Mohamad to power, clearly affected the ongoing peace dialogue that facilitated by Kuala Lumpur. Dato Sri Ahmad Zamzamin informed General Aksara Kerdpol, the Thai chief negotiator, the peace dialogue would have to be postponed indefinitely.

However, the current concern of peace advocates is the escalation of the dispute over hijab ban at the Anuban Pattani School which has been occurring since late May 2018. Hate speech from both sides, Buddhist and Muslim, has been widely disseminated on Social Media and raised great concern by people in the Deep South that this incident is portrayed as a religious conflict in the

53 | P a g e

area with potential spillover effects to the rest of the country. The Foundation has observed the hostile situation and found CSOs supported by USAID PPST Program have started talking about how to apply People-To-People approach including their experiences gained from the exposure trip in Indonesia to nurture the horizontal peacebuilding in the Deep South.

Final Monitoring and Evaluation Results

- Annex 1: Indicator 1.1 – Quantitative survey baseline and annual review - Annex 2: Indicator 1.1.1 – Level of social cohesion in locality 3 months after the community event - Annex 3: Indicator 1.1.2 and 1.1.3 – PAOW annual review - Annex 4: Indicator 1.2.3 - Video clips/articles posted on social media - Annex 5: Indicator 2.1.1 – Increased knowledge of peacebuilding - Annex 6: Indicator 3.1.1 – Patani Forum annual review - Annex 7: Indicator 3.2.1 – Patani Forum bulletin posted on social media - Annex 8: Indicator reporting (excel file)

Indicator Reporting Indicator Current Annual Total Project target Life of Project Quarter (FY2018) (3 years) Actual (FY2018 4th quarter) 1.1 Change in perception Trust: 15.17, Trust: 15.17, 0.50 1.65 of "others" among direct Knowledge: Knowledge: improvement in improvement project participants and 12.10, Peace 12.10, Peace trust index in trust, 1.73 change in level of Process: 8.28 Process: 8.28 0.50 improvement knowledge of and support improvement in in knowledge, for the peace process. knowledge 1.54 index improvement 0.50 in peace improvement in process peace process index 1.1.1 Level of social - Women's - RISK and 1 point - Ruesoh: 3.5 cohesion in locality 3 dialogue Hope 1: 4.1 improvement improvement months after the endline: 9/20 improvement per one - Srisa Khorn: community event - Hope 2 - Saiburi and location (score 3.0 endline: 7/20 Skate Camp: out of 20) improvement 1.0 - RISK and improvement Hope 1: 4.1 - Women's improvement dialogue: 1.0 - Saiburi and improvement Skate Camp: - Hope 2: 2.0 1.0 improvement improvement 54 | P a g e

Indicator Current Annual Total Project target Life of Project Quarter (FY2018) (3 years) Actual (FY2018 4th quarter) - Women's dialogue: 1.0 improvement - Hope 2: 2.0 improvement 1.1.2 Number of women 18.0 1.6 point 4 point 9.1 point who demonstrate or report improvement improvement improvement active engagement in over year 2 per one advocacy campaigns location (score out of 20) 1.2.1 (F indicator 1.6.2-12) 0 74 79 166 Number of USG-funded events, trainings, or activities designed to build support for peace or reconciliation on a mass scale 1.2.2 (F indicator 1.6.2-14) 0 2,405 5,520 6,254 people Number of people • 1,139 participating in USG- female/ Religious supported events, training, Muslim disaggregation or activities designed to • 246female/ • 5,503 build mass support for Buddhist Muslim peace and reconciliation • 1 female/ • 736 other Buddhist religion • 15 Other • 921 male/ religion Muslim • 95 male/ Gender Buddhist disaggregation • 3 male/other • 3,441 religion Female • 2,813 Male 1.2.3 Sentiment analysis of 517 likes, 172 303,622 views, 30,000 views 444,058 views; comments and engagement shares 1,866 likes, 734 3,869 likes; rate for video clips posted shares 1,192 shares on You Tube & Facebook 1.2.4 Number of times 240 240 132 562 women are asked to participate as experts in peacebuilding activities 55 | P a g e

Indicator Current Annual Total Project target Life of Project Quarter (FY2018) (3 years) Actual (FY2018 4th quarter) 2.1.1 Percentage of 74% in 74% in 80% 77% in participants demonstrating knowledge and knowledge and knowledge and increased knowledge of 81% in 81% in 70% in peacebuilding. confidence confidence confidence 2.2.1 Number of 0 155 90 340 community leaders reporting conducting at least one follow-on activity in their community over the life of the project` 3.1.1 Number of civil 13.0/20 1.1/20 4 points 6 points society actors who feel improvement improvement improvement empowered to engage in over year 2 from the the peace process baseline 3.1.2 Number of civil 0 1 3 demands 5 demands society demands for peace voiced through official/public channels 3.2.1 Sentiment analysis of 169 views, 10 1,700 views, 89 3,000 18,356 views, comments and engagement likes likes 2,464 shares, rate for quarterly bulletins 242 likes posted online

56 | P a g e

Annex 1: Indicator 1.1 – Change in perception of others among direct project participants and change in level of knowledge of and support for the peace process

Indicator Definition(s):

The overarching objective of the project is to strengthen social cohesion as a mean to reduce violent conflict and build support for the peace process in the program area. As such the indicator will measure the change in project participant’s attitudes toward others as a proxy for social cohesion. Additionally, the indicator will measure level of knowledge of and support for the peace process. Other: Can be defined as viewing a person or group of people as intrinsically different from and alien to oneself. In the case of Southern Thailand this is generally views as those who are ethnically, religiously and/or linguistically different from oneself. Direct project participant: This includes anyone who had directly participated in organizing community level activities or attending capacity building/training events. This does not include people who only attend community level events. Peace process is broadly defined as non-violent conflict resolution. This may include, but is not limited to, the current peace dialogue process between the Royal Thai Government and the insurgent group currently represented by Mara Patani. TAF will adopt a social cohesion framework to measure perception of others.12 Social cohesion refers to two broader, intertwined features of society: 1. the absence of latent social conflict – whether in the form of inequalities in income or wealth, racial and ethnic tensions, disparities in political participation, or other forms of polarization. 2. the presence of strong social bonds – measured by levels of trust and norms of reciprocity (i.e. social capital); the abundance of associations that bridge social divisions (“civil society”; and the presence of institutions of conflict management (e.g. a responsive democracy, an independent judiciary, etc). Methodology

Throughout the 3-year project, 645 surveys were collected from November 2016 to June 2018.

In total 124 baseline surveys were collected from November 2015 to May 2016. The respondents were project participants from Pattani 64%, Yala 16%, Narathiwat 9% and other provinces 11%. There are farmers 40%, general employees 14%, merchants 10%, social activists 9%, media 6%, unemployed 5%, teacher 4%, housewives 11%, students 8%, teacher 8%, media 6%, employee of a project 5%, students 1%, government officer (civilian) 1%, etc. 40% were women and 46% were

12 This framework is drawn from the World Bank report The Nexus Between Violent Conflict, Social Capital And Social Cohesion: Case Studies From Cambodia And Rwanda page 4 available here.

57 | P a g e

men and 14% did not indicate their gender. 37% were Buddhists, 55% were Muslim and 8% were other religions. Activities included were implemented by the following groups: • PAOW • MAC • Patani Forum

In total 170 Year 1 surveys were collected from March to October 2016. The respondents were project participants from Pattani 13%, Yala 44%, Narathiwat 39% and other provinces 4%. There are farmers 21%, social activists 16%, general employees 11%, housewives 11%, students 8%, teacher 8%, media 4%, employee of a project 3%, government officer (civilian) 3%, merchants 2%, unemployed 2%, religious leaders 2%, politician 1%, government officer (security) 1%, etc. 68% were women and 32% were men. 11% were Buddhists, 86% were Muslim and 1% were other religions. Activities included were implemented by the following groups: • PAOW • ISTF • MAC • Patani Forum

In total 310 Year 2 surveys were collected from February to September 2017. The respondents were project participants from Pattani 46%, Yala 33%, Narathiwat 18% and other provinces 3%. These are general employees 16%, students 16%, farmers 13%, merchants 8%, housewives 7%, social activists 7%, unemployed 5%, state officer (civilian) 4%, teacher 4%, media 3% government officer (security) 1%, etc. 70% were women and 29% were men and 1% did not indicate their gender. 22% were Buddhists, 77% were Muslim and 1% were other religions. Activities included were implemented by the following groups: • PAOW • ISTF • Saiburi Looker • MAC • B4P • Patani Forum

In total 41 Year 3 surveys were collected in June 2018. The respondents were project participants from Pattani 41%, Yala 26%, Narathiwat 15% and other provinces 18%. These are farmers 15%, general employees 15%, student 13%, social activists 11%, housewives 9%, merchants 6%, teachers 6%, employee of a project 4%, unemployed 4%, media 3%, government officers (security) 2%, etc. 61% were women and 39% were men. 20% were Buddhists, 80% were Muslim. Activities included were implemented by the following groups: • PAOW • Patani Forum • MAC

58 | P a g e

• B4P • ISTF

General sample results are from Peace survey conducted by KPI in February 2016. This included 1,507 respondents from the Deep South and is considered to be a statistically representative sample of the general population of the Deep South.

Trust of People in Community

1. If you have or are going to have a school age child, what kind of school would you like your child to attend? a. School with own culture and religion b. School with mixed culture and religion c. School that emphasizes on quality of education

Education 80% 71% 69% 70%

60%

48% 50% 45% 46%

40% 31% 29% 30% 19% 19% 19% 17% 20% 16% 15% 8% 10% 5%

0% School with own culture and School with mixed culture and School that emphasizes quality of religion religion education

Deep South Baseline Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

Overall there was a very positive trend on type of school preference between the Year 2 and Year 3. There was a slight decrease of respondents in Year 3 saying they preferred to send their children to school within their own culture and religion than Year 2, approximately 2% decreased. There were significantly positively trends between Year 2 and Year 3 as more respondents said school that emphasizing quality of education matters. 59 | P a g e

In Year 3 Muslims (73%) and Buddhists (63%) both said the quality of education was most important, however none of Buddhists preferred to educate their children in the same religion versus 21% of Muslims who felt this. Women (76%) and men (63%) indicated a higher preference to send their children to school regardless of own culture and religion as quality of education was more important, while in year 2 only women (51%) and men (34%) felt the same.

2. If you have to move your house, what kind of community would you like to live in – if you can choose? a. Neighborhood with own culture and religion b. Neighborhood with mixed culture and religion c. Culture and religion is not an important issue for consideration

Community 60%

50% 50% 47%

41% 40% 37% 37% 36% 35%

30% 28% 25% 23% 20% 21% 18% 20% 16%

10% 5%

0% Neighborhood with own culture Neighborhood with mixed culture Culture and religion is not an and religion and religion important issue for consideration

Deep South Baseline Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

There was a considerable positive trend on this issue when compared to year 2 especially to the baseline. Over all the respondents representing the communities in Year 3 were much more supportive of thoughts that culture, and religion was not an important issue for consideration when moving. Buddhists were more supportive of this idea with 75% saying mixed or it didn’t matter, while Muslims (39%) supported this thought.

60 | P a g e

Community Preference, year 3

50%

39% 39%

25% 25%

18%

3% 0%

Doesn't matter Mixed religious Same religious No comment

Buddhist Muslim

61 | P a g e

Community Preference (baseline, year 1-3)

50% 51% 50% 47% 42% 39% 39%

33% 30% 28% 26% 26% 26% 25%25% 22% 23% 22% 18% 18% 13% 11% 9% 10%

Buddhist Muslim Buddhist Muslim Buddhist Muslim Buddhist Muslim Baseline Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

Doesn't matter Mixed religious Same religious

3. If you have to change your jobs, what kind of workplace would you like to have – if you can choose? a. Workplace with own culture and religion b. Workplace with mixed culture and religion c. Culture and religion is not an important issue for consideration

62 | P a g e

Workplace

59% 56%

49%

39%

30% 28% 26% 27% 24% 24% 24%

18% 17%

9% 6%

Workplace with own culture and Workplace with mixed culture and Culture and religion is not an religion religion important issue for consideration

Deep South Baseline Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

This question saw a positive trend with 80% of respondents saying culture and religion is not important factor for the workplace and supportive to work in mixed culture and religion. 17% of respondents preferred to work with own culture and religion which is an increase from the 9% who expressed this preference in Year 2.

4. Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted or that you need to be very careful in dealing with people? a. Most people can be trusted b. You can never be too careful when dealing with others

63 | P a g e

Trust

74%

64% 61% 58%

48%

36%

26% 22% 19% 15%

Most people can be trusted You can never be too careful when dealing with others

Deep South Baseline Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

In general, more than 50% of respondent believe that most people can be trusted even though the percentage is differed from the baseline. However, one of the major concern is that whether the trust level among people relate the violent situation in the region. There were several major incidents strike in the region. A hospital raid in Chi Airong in 2016 and Bombs at Big C Department store in Pattani in 2017 while the insurgent has detonated bomb in local morning market in early 2018.These incidents have shocked local people.

64 | P a g e

Community Preference - Trust

100%

66% 63% 64% 59% 61% 53% 54%

27% 26% 24% 21% 18% 20% 13%

0%

Buddhist Muslim Buddhist Muslim Most people can be trusted You can never be too careful when dealing with others

Baseline Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

65 | P a g e

Interaction with others

5. If public officials asked everyone to conserve water or share food because of some emergency, how likely is it that people in your community would cooperate? a. Very likely b. Likely c. Unlikely d. Very unlikely

Conserve Water

56%

46% 46%

36%

27% 24% 23%

15% 10% 7% 5% 5% 3% 1% 0% 1%

Very likely Likely Unlikely Very unlikely

Baseline Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

This question showed a very positive trend with the majority (80%) or respondents agreeing that people would very likely and likely cooperate and only 5% saying it was very unlikely. This finding was consistent across religions and genders.

6. For the past 12 months, how often do you come into contact with the following types of people? (different income, different religion, different mother tongue) a. Common b. Moderate c. Not much

66 | P a g e

Interaction

68% 64% 60% 62%

40%

29% 27% 27% 26% 23% 24%

13% 12% 9% 9%

Common Moderate Not much

Deep South Baseline Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

Overall there was a positive trend with increasing levels of interaction across all three questions. The interaction for women significantly increased from 59% in year 2 to 72% in Year 3. The male interaction rate was 50%, decreasing 13% from Year 2.

Gender Preference - Interaction

72% 69% 63% 59%

50%

41%

31% 29% 28% 29%

20% 20% 19% 16%17% 10% 10%10% 8% 7% 7% 7% 4% 4%

Female Male Female Male Female Male Common Moderate Not much

Baseline Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

67 | P a g e

7. Over the past year, have you participated in any of the following activities in your community? [yes/no] a. Community celebrations or parties b. Religious ceremonies of your own faith c. Religious ceremonies of other faiths d. Meetings or discussions about political issues e. Meetings about village or community issues f. Volunteer labor for a community project

Community Engagement

100%

78% 76% 71% 66% 64% 65% 61% 60% 58% 50% 51% 44% 41% 34% 34% 33% 31% 33% 29% 27% 23% 24% 20% 13% 3%5% 5%

Community Own religious Other religious Local political Community Volunteer labor Night watch celebration ceremony ceremonies meetings meetings

Baseline Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

Activities of community celebration, own religious ceremony, local political meetings and community meetings have been a dramatic increase in interaction and community engagement. Similar to the question above, women significantly increased their engagement rate from an average of 53% in Year 2 to 62% in Year 3. Men remained at 58% in Year 2 and 54% in Year 3.

68 | P a g e

Gender Preference - Community Engagement

100% 100%

81% 81% 76% 76% 74% 74% 69% 65% 65% 64% 64% 63% 63% 64% 59% 59% 56% 53%52% 46% 44%

14% 12% 6% 6% 4%

Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Community Own religious Other religious Local political Community Volunteer labor Night watch celebration ceremony ceremonies meetings meetings

Baseline Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

69 | P a g e

Knowledge and Viewpoint Towards Peace

8. How closely do you follow the news on the current peace talks? a. Closely follow b. Occasionally follow c. Hardly follow d. Not follow at all

Follow News of Peace Process

49% 49%

38%

28% 25%24% 24%24% 25% 23% 22% 19% 18% 16% 12% 10%10%

2% 2% 2%

Closely follow Occationally follow Hardly follow Not follow at all

Deep South Baseline Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

Most respondents are actively follow news regarding peace process. The level at which people follow the peace talks occasionally and closely has been increased from 30% in baseline to 73% in Year 3.

70 | P a g e

9. How much do you feel the peace talk’s affect to your daily life? a. Very much b. Much c. Moderate d. Less e. Not at al f. Not answer

Effects of Peace Talks

Year 3 32% 22% 34% 10% 2%

Year 2 18% 24% 30% 13% 13%

Year 1 15% 22% 27% 14% 20%

Baseline 20% 10% 21% 19% 29%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

Very much Much Moderate Less Not at all

Number of respondent who tend to believe that peace talk would affect their daily life has been increased constantly. Number of respondents that tend to believe that peace talk would affect their daily life has been increased from 30 % in baseline to 54% in year 3.

71 | P a g e

10. Do you support to use peace talk’s process as a system to solve the unrest? a. Support b. Not support c. Not sure

Support Talks

79% 75% 69%

59% 56%

26% 22% 20% 17% 17%

9% 7% 8% 4% 4%

Support Not support Not sure

Deep South Baseline Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

In general number of respondents who support for peace talk has been decreased from 79% in baseline to 59% in year three. This may refer to the confidence of respondent toward current peace talk has been decreased due to its slow development and no deliverable. However, women (88% in baseline 73% in year 179% in Year 2 and 76% in Year 3) are more supportive to peace talks than men (65% in baseline 59% in Year 1 67% in Year 2 and 31% in Year 3).

72 | P a g e

Gender Preference - Support Talks

88% 79% 76% 73% 65% 67% 59% 56%

31% 30% 23% 24% 21% 19% 22% 15% 12% 13% 8% 4% 4% 6% 5% 0%

Female Male Female Male Female Male Support Not support Not sure

Baseline Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

73 | P a g e

11. What does “peace” mean to you? a. Justice and fairness b. No violence c. People in society can live together, with harmony d. Freedom and liberty e. Identity accepted f. No fear

Definition of Peace

80% 75%

62% 63% 60% 59% 57% 55% 56% 54% 52% 50% 48% 46% 45% 44% 41% 35% 32%

23% 24% 22%20% 17% 19% 14% 12% 10% 5% 6%

Justice and fairness Freedom and liberty No violence Live together, No fear Identity accepted harmony

Deep South Baseline Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

While there has been a decrease in support for peace talk but after three years of the project people tend to define that peace refer to justice and fairness.

74 | P a g e

Participation of People

12. How important would participation of people in the area be part of a success of peace talk’s process? a. Very important b. Somewhat important c. Not important

Public Participation

81%

46% 45% 44%

30% 27% 23% 20% 17% 12% 10% 7%

Very important Somewhat important Not important

Baseline Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

Overall respondents in both Year 2 and Year 3 support the need for public participation with 73% in Year 2 and 61% in Year 3 saying it is important. Specifically, 80% wanted civil society to organize public forums, 59% wanted the dialogue parties (Party A and Party B) to have an official channel though which they could receive public input and 44% felt it was necessary to have official consultant as part of the process.

75 | P a g e

13. How necessary is it to involve civil society organizations in the peace process? a. Very necessary b. Necessary c. Not necessary

Civil Society Organizations

61%

54%

31% 26%

19% 20% 17% 15% 13% 10% 6% 4%

Very necessary Necessary Not necessary

Baseline Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

Similar to the previous question most respondents agreed that it is necessary to involve civil society organizations in the peace process. In Year 3, 84% of women and 44% of men said CSOs should become official representatives at future peace talks.

76 | P a g e

14. How influential is your voice towards the following groups in relation to the peace process? Please rank on a scale of 1 to 5 with 1 being none and 5 being a lot. a. The government b. Local politicians c. The movement d. People living inside the area e. People living outside the area

Influence - Average Score

3.4 3.3 3.3 3.2 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.8

0.6

Government Local politician Movement People outside DS People inside DS

Baseline Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

In general respondents believe that the influential of their voice has dropped in every sector. However, the respondent tends to believe that the voice is influential among local people. the end of Year 3 showed a decrease from Year 2 particularly in relation to the government. Given the lack of progress in the peace process, the continued military government and the increasing of number of soldiers in the region, it is not surprising that there has been limited improvement on these key stakeholders.

77 | P a g e

Summary

The above data was used to conduct 3 indices of Trust, Knowledge, and Support for the Peace Process. The trust and knowledge indices both improved, however the peace process indicator declined slightly for the reasons mentioned above.

Trust, Knowledge and Trust Peace Process Indicies 16.00 14.00 12.00 10.00 Baseline 8.00 Year 1 6.00 4.00 Year 2 2.00 Year 3 0.00

Peace Process Knowledge

Baseline Year Year Year Change Change Change 1 2 3 Year 1 to Year 2 to Baseline to Year 2 Year 3 Year 3

Trust 13.52 13.85 14.20 15.17 0.35 0.97 1.65

Knowledge 11.51 10.96 11.57 12.10 0.61 0.53 0.59

Peace 8.32 7.53 9.07 8.28 1.54 (0.79) (0.04) Process

Annex 2: Indicator 1.1.1 - Level of social cohesion in locality 3 months after the community event

There were 8 cultural activities conducted in Pattani, Narathiwat and Yala, which representing 6 assessment sets on 1) Trust and Solidarity (individual level); 2) Collective Action and Cooperation (individual level); 3) Networking (institutional level); and 4) Violence. The period of interviews for baseline and end-line was during April 2016 to August 2018.

Six assessments were conducted from the following activities:

1. Memorable Ruesoh, 24 July 2016, Ruesoh of Narathiwat province, conducted by Islam Sri Thanksin Foundation;

2. Wayang Kulit: Memorable Srisakhorn, 14 May 2017, Srisakhorn of Narathiwat province, conducted by Islam Sri Thanksin Foundation;

3. Melody of Saiburi, 29 July 2017, Saiburi of Pattani province, conducted by Saiburi Looker;

4. Slip on Way of RISK, 20 May 2017, Mueang of Pattani province, conducted by Saiburi Looker and RISK Skateboard;

5. De Talubin 2: Skateboard and Camping at Wasukree Beach, 9-10 September 2017, Saiburi of Pattani province, conducted by Saiburi Looker;

6. The Face of Hope I, 17 February 2018, Mueang of Pattani province, conducted by Saiburi Looker;

7. Women’s Dialogue on Art and Peace, 29 April 2018, Mueang of Yala province, conducted by NITA group;

8. The Face of Hope II, 9 May 2018, Mueang of Narathiwat province, conducted by Saiburi Looker.

79 | P a g e

Overall Changes

Change by Activity

Memorab Memorab Melody Slip on Women The Face le le of Way of ’s of Hope Ruesoh, Srisakhor Saiburi, RISK Dialogu II, Narathiw n, and De and the e on Art Narathiw at Narathiw Talubin Face of and at Tota Assessme (Interview at 2, Hope I, Peace, (Interview l by nt Topics Period: (Interview Pattani Pattani Yala Period: Topi April to Period: (Intervie (Intervie (Intervie February c October February w w w to August 2016) to August Period: Period: Period: 2018) 2017) April to Februar January Decemb y 2017 to July er 2017) to May 2018) 2018)

1 Trust and 0.6/5 0.0/5 0.5/5 0.9/5 0.3/5 1.0/5 3.3 Solidarity (individual level – 5 scores)

2 Collective 1.1/5 1.0/5 -0.5/5 1.0/5 0.5/5 0.0/5 3.1 Action and Cooperatio n (individual level – 5 scores)

3 Networkin 0.0/5 1.0/5 -0.5/5 2.0/5 0.2/5 1.0/5 3.7 g (institution al level – 5 scores)

80 | P a g e

4 Violence 1.8/5 1.0/5 1.5/5 0.2/5 0.0/5 0.0/5 4.5 (5 scores)

Total Changes by 3.5 3.0 1.0 4.1 1.0 2.0 Activity

TOTAL: 14.6/20 Change

Cultural activities of the P2P project conducted in 2016 to 2018 have provided interactive space among local people from different background in the three southernmost provinces. Some participants whose origin outside the Deep South also attend the activities. The space allows participants to meet new people, restoring relationship with their old friends, broaden their attitude to different thoughts and opinions which benefit them to gradually gain confidence, trust and to feel comfortable to interact in daily life after the event as shown in the assessment tables.

Assessments

1. Memorable Ruesoh, 24 July 2016, Ruesoh of Narathiwat province

1) Mr. Osen, 54, local elite and businessman, Muslim – baseline & end-line 2) Mr. Najib, 49, local elite, Muslim – baseline & end-line 3) Ms. Pattiya, 64, school owner, Muslim – baseline & end-line 4) Mr. Adenan, 38, youth punk and member of a respectful local family, Muslim – baseline & end-line 5) Ms. Bangorn, 65, retired teacher, Buddhist – baseline & end-line 6) Mr. Ngampol, 42, teacher, Muslim – end-line

Score Characteristic Change Baseline End line

Trust & Solidarity (individual level) 2.5 / 5 3.1 / 5 0.6 Collective Action and Cooperation (individual level) 2.0 / 5 3.1 / 5 1.1 Networking (institutional level) 2.0 / 5 2.0 / 5 0.0 Violence 1.5 / 5 3.3 / 5 1.8 Total 8.0 / 20 11.5 / 20 3.5 / 20

81 | P a g e

Ruesoh of Narathiwat Province: Baseline and Endline Assessment

Baseline Endline

Trust & Solidarity (individual) 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 Collective Action and Violence 0.0 Cooperation (individual)

Networking (institutional)

Change after the event in Ruesoh

Since the Islamic Sri Taksin school, the school alumni and Ruesoh community conducted an activity that funded by USAID, it has created a good atmosphere, a better relationship and good understanding among people. They start greeting each other whenever they meet on street or in a market. There hasn’t been an activity initiated by local people from different background after Ruesoh was named as a dead zone and authorities always get involved which have made people uncomfortable.

There is also another activity initiated by local Malay Muslim - to set up a street market in front of a local mosque on Fridays to do fundraising for orphans. The street market has become a natural and interactive space for people with different ethnicity to buy food and greet each other.

Even though, a co-host activity between Muslim and Buddhist will not be likely to occur soon as there are discourses spreading in a society about discontinued relationship between Muslim and Buddhist, but the above-mentioned activities have reminded local people that once they used to live together and there were activities hosted by Muslim, Buddhist and other faiths.

2. Memorable Srisakhorn, 14 May 2017, Sri Sakorn of Narathiwat province

1) Mr. Najib, 49, local elite, Muslim – baseline & end-line

2) Mr. Ngampol, 42, career, Muslim – baseline & end-line

82 | P a g e

3) Mr. Burhanudin, 38, tadika teacher and tea shop owner, Muslim – baseline & end-line

4) Ms. Suhaibah, 33, tadika teacher, Muslim – baseline & end-line

5) Ms. Suneeranuch, 33, takida teacher, Muslim – baseline

6) Ms. Asma, 18, student, Muslim – end-line

Score Characteristic Change Baseline End-line

Trust & Solidarity (individual level) 2.0 / 5 2.0 / 5 0.0 Collective Action and Cooperation (individual level) 1.0 / 5 2.0 / 5 1.0 Networking (institutional level) 1.0 / 5 2.0 / 5 1.0 Violence 2.0 / 5 3.0 / 5 1.0 Total 6.0 / 20 9.0 / 20 3.0 / 20

Srisakhorn of Narathiwat Province: Baseline and Endline Assessment

Baseline Endline

Trust & Solidarity (individual) 3.0 2.0

1.0 Collective Action and Violence 0.0 Cooperation (individual)

Networking (institutional)

Change after the event in Srisakhorn

The event of Wayang Kulit or the puppet show in Srisakhorn has started from a discussion with local people to develop good relationship between Buddhist and Muslim audience and a host. One young participant who has never watched Wayang Kulit has reflected that she enjoyed the show 83 | P a g e

every much and admired that the talk and the show are good tools to develop relationship for local people. She had a chance to chat with other people at the show.

Public space for local people to share their thoughts is needed to make them feel relieved which could bridge people with different faiths. A local teashop owner said that sooner or later the local authority would replicate Wayang Kulit to bridge people, to reach more villagers.

Srisakhorn has been a violence free zone, comparing to Ruesoh. Local people can identify differences between local criminals, political disputes or conflict related incidents.

3. Melody of Saiburi, 29 July 2017, and Skate Camp, 9-10 September 2017, Saiburi of Pattani province

1) Mr. Naser, 61, business man, Muslim – baseline

2) Mr. Abdulqohar, 50, lawyer, Muslim – baseline & end-line

3) Mr. Anas, 33, head of Saiburi Looker, Muslim – baseline & end-line

4) Ms. Fatin, 30, local merchant, Muslim – baseline & end-line

5) Mr. Theerapong, 31, business man, Buddhist – baseline & end-line

6) Mr. Abha, 35, teacher, Muslim – end-line

Score Characteristic Change Baseline End-line

Trust & Solidarity (individual level) 2.5 / 5 3.0 / 5 0.5 Collective Action and Cooperation (individual level) 2.5 / 5 2.0 / 5 -0.5 Networking (institutional level) 2.5 / 5 2.0 / 5 -0.5 Violence 1.5 / 5 3.0 / 5 1.5 Total 9.0 / 20 10.0 / 20 1.0 / 20

84 | P a g e

Saiburi of Pattani Province: Baseline and Endline Assessment

Baseline Endline

Trust & Solidarity (individual) 3 2 1 Collective Action and Violence 0 Cooperation Individual)

Networking (institutional)

Change after the events in Saiburi of Pattani province

Chinese community has resided in downtown of Saiburi city for a long time. The Lao Ea Kong temple is an important evidence of a few-century relationship between Chinese Buddhist and Malaya Muslim in Saiburi. A bomb that hit downtown of Saiburi a few years ago (http://www.scmp.com/news/asia/article/1042357/five-dead-dozens-wounded-thai-south-car- bomb) has shocked local people and caused Chinese became vulnerable. They have created a state of distrust between Chinese and Malay Muslim. Saiburi Looker, a group of young people who grew up in downtown of Saiburi, has been working with the community to build an interactive space and to restore trust among community members. Abha Benjamanaskul, one of the key persons conducted an event, Melody of Saiburi, insisted that being able to conduct the event successfully is a good sign. “Chinese has increasingly shown their trust in us and has also become more open towards us. Trust and openness have revived again among people, the event has helped to bridge us again,” Abha is one among many Malay Muslim who has been raised by Chinese which was a great capital to bridge the gap that missing after the huge attack in Saiburi. While Fatin Lamae, a local shop owner, also believes that the melody of Saiburi has encouraged people with multi ethnicity to open their minds.

Theerapong, a key man from Lao Ea Kong temple has invited Saiburi Looker to co-host the Melody of Saiburi event in the Chinese community. He insisted that after the event a teashop is reopened in the Chinese community which is extraordinary since it’s been closed for long time. Another evidence to an improvement of relationship was a robbery incident that took place in a market and a Muslim shop owner asked a permission to see CCTV that belonging to the Chinese temple and found a thief. Theerapong claimed that change has occurred “the event helped to close 85 | P a g e

the gap and the temple has become a public space again, where the Muslim friends do not hesitate to knock on our door.”

The government by local district office has tried to replicate the same event of the Melody of Saiburi in Saiburi but it didn’t go well because that event didn’t involve local people, no participation from local.

Abdulqoha Arwaeputeh, a Chairman of Muslim Attorney Center Foundation Pattani, who was born and raised in Saiburi has confirmed that “it is necessary to boost trust among youths by enhancing an interactive space for them to hang out as they study in different schools, then they would become friends. Activities conducting by Saiburi Looker are going to be very crucial for youths especially in the future to connect them who come from different ethnicity.”

Regarding violence, the most recent violent incident of a shot dead case might not affect to relationship of people in Saiburi but it was a strong signal toward peace process in the region. Ustaz Aduldej Chenae was a deputy-chair of Pattani Islamic committee and possibly to be a chair of Safehouse sub-committee, a body that designed to oversee an effort to establish safety zone in Choh Irong district, Narathiwat as part of the joint effort between Thailand and Mara Patani on a case that an Islamic committee chair was shot dead in Saiburi. (http://www.nationmultimedia.com/detail/around_thailand/30347388). The recent transitional of power in Malaysian politics (Please see a blog written by Abu Hafiz Al Hakim from BIPP : https://deepsouthwatch.org/th/node/11829) and the death of Ustaz Aduldej have given a negative sign as the peace dialogue might turn to the wrong direction.

4. Slip on Way of RISK, 20 May 2017, and the Face of Hope I, 17 February 2018, Mueang of Pattani province;

1) Mr. Adbulkarim, 30, local skateboarder, Muslim – baseline & end-line

2) Mr. Somchai, 60, career, Chinese Buddhist – baseline

3) Mr. Chaturon, 45, local politician, Muslim – baseline & end-line

4) Ms. Nureemah, 30, local CSO, Muslim – baseline & end-line

5) Ms. Somusa, 40, journalist, Buddhist – baseline & end-line

6) Ms. Dolyarat, 40, baker, Muslim – end-line

Score Characteristic Change Baseline End-line

86 | P a g e

Trust & Solidarity (individual level) 2.5 / 5 3.4 / 5 0.9 Collective Action and Cooperation (individual level) 2.0 / 5 3.0 / 5 1.0 Networking (institutional level) 2.0 / 5 4.0 / 5 2.0 Violence 2.0 / 5 2.2 / 5 0.2 Total 8.5 / 20 12.6 / 20 4.1 / 20

Mueang of Pattani Province: Baseline and Endline Assessment

Baseline Endline

Trust & Solidarity (individual) 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 Collective Action and Violence 0.0 Cooperation (individual)

Networking (institutional)

Change after the events in Mueang of Pattani province

Both the skateboard and the face of hope events supported by USAID were rare to conduct and see in the Deep South. People that joined these two events were young and social activists from different background and living inside and outside the Deep South, aged between 18-35. The events allowed them to exchange their feelings, thoughts and to meet new people. Even though it is too soon to claim that these two activities were successful, but they have served an excellent entry point for people to reach a feeling of mental security and to gain confidence when interacted after the events. People have demanded to replicate these activities in other provinces.

According to violence, most recent incidents occurred in Mueang Pattani were not interconnected but the hijab case in May 2018 has triggered a religious tension in the city, especially when a group of Muslim parents demanded the temple patronage school to allow their kids wearing Hijab at school. A deputy Education Minister reacted suddenly to order the school to allow Muslim students wearing Hijab. For the Buddhist, it was an unacceptable act. Approximately 300 Buddhist led by an abbot from Yala province gathered at school and demanded for peace and order. They claimed 87 | P a g e

that to allow wearing hijab means to violate peaceful coexistence and the school principle that has existed for more than 50 years. The Anubal Pattani School13, is considered as the last territory where the Buddhist can protect their domain. The tension is not yet gone, and it has a high potential risk to affect relationship among local Buddhist and Malay Muslim community. Additionally, the most recent violent was a series of detonated bomb at several ATM Machines across the region including in downtown Pattani on May 20, 2018 (http://www.nationmultimedia.com/detail/breakingnews/30345895).

5. Women’s Dialogue on Art and Peace, 29 April 2018, Mueang of Yala province

1) Mr. Ruslan, 31, local journalist, Muslim – baseline & end-line

2) Mr. Rukchart, 53, social activist, Buddhist – baseline & end-line

3) Ms. Ruznee, 32, lecturer, Muslim – baseline & end-line

4) Ms. Pateemoh, 37, social activist, Muslim – baseline & end-line

5) Ms. Cherosanah, 26, freelance, Muslim – baseline & end-line

Score Characteristic Change Baseline End-line

Trust & Solidarity (individual level) 2.0 / 5 2.3 / 5 0.3 Collective Action and Cooperation (individual level) 2.0 / 5 2.5 / 5 0.5 Networking (institutional level) 2.0 / 5 2.2 / 5 0.2 Violence 2.0 / 5 2.0 / 5 0.0 Total 8.0 / 20 9.0 / 20 1.0 / 20

13 According to a regulation from the Ministry of Education that released after the protest, student can wear Hijab. The tension is a proxy conflict between Buddhist Dhamakaya branch and the Muslim Salafi branch that taking place in northern Thailand to build mosques and to wearing hijab at Wat Nong Chok school in Bangkok.

88 | P a g e

Mueang of Yala Province: Baseline and Endline Assessment

Baseline Endline

Trust & Solidarity (individual) 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 Collective Action and Violence 0.0 Cooperation (individual)

Networking (institutional)

Change after the event in Mueang of Yala province

The art and dialogue activity that co-hosted by NITA group has provide a public space for young people to learn women’s abilities and inspired a lot of young women to present their talents. “I think the event was a good platform to show other dimension of women in this region and we still need more space for women to perform their capabilities,” Cherosanah, a young active woman who has dreamt to open her own gym.

“Art is a universal language. It goes beyond faith and ethnicity,” Ruslan Musor, a chief editor of Wartani said to confirm that art is useful for activity that combining people from different background, which Pateemoh Pohitaedaoh, a prominent women activist, also agreed that that art could be a powerful tool to bridge Buddhist and Muslim. However, Pateemoh urged the organizers to think of a way to get people at the grass root level to involve as this group of people is a real change agent in the area. While Rukchart Suwan, a prominent Buddhist figure that play huge role to merge the gap between the Buddhist and Muslim in the Deep South expressed that more Buddhist should joined or conduct this same kind of event to help make more space of people to exchange thoughts and learn from others.

6. The Face of Hope II, 9 May 2018, Mueang of Narathiwat province

1) Ms. Ameenoh, 28, media freelance, Muslim – baseline & end-line

2) Mr. Chumsak, 51, writer, Buddhist – baseline & end-line

89 | P a g e

3) Mr. Kamal, 33, local merchant, Muslim – baseline & end-line

4) Mr. Wahed, 35, social activist, Muslim – baseline

5) Ms. Sukiplee, 32, musician, Muslim – baseline & end-line

6) Mr. Mahamasabree, 40, film maker, Muslim – end-line

Score Characteristic Change Baseline End-line

Trust & Solidarity (individual level) 1.0 / 5 2.0 / 5 1.0 Collective Action and Cooperation (individual level) 2.0 / 5 2.0 / 5 0.0 Networking (institutional level) 1.0 / 5 2.0 / 5 1.0 Violence 1.0 / 5 1.0 / 5 0.0 Total 5.0 / 20 7.0 / 20 2.0 / 20

Muang of Narathiwat Province: Baseline and Endline Assessment

Baseline Endline

Trust & Solidarity (individual) 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 Collective Action and Violence 0.0 Cooperation (individual)

Networking (institutional)

Change after the event in Mueang of Narathiwat province

Given the fact that the event was a standalone and small, but surprisingly there were several new young participants attended the event. Local villagers also attended the event and many of them

90 | P a g e

stayed through the last session. They would like to have the same kind of activity being conducted more often in Narathiwat to create public space for people to communicate with each other.

“Many local people attended our event. They came to see our art exhibition and they were satisfied with the event. I think it was the first kind of art activity that conducting on the Manao beach of Narathiwat. It was something new and different,” Said Sukiplee, a young guitarist that performed his show at the event.

The hipster and arty event like this activity is very rare in Mueng Narathiwat, and people hope that this kind of event could play a significant role to bridge gap of relationship between Muslim and others in the city that has long gone since the violence erupted in 2004. “The event was small, but it has a great potential. It can attract every regardless believe and faiths,” said Ameenoh Arong, a big fanclub of Saiburi Looker.

Kamal Salaeh, a local merchant, also added that the event must be conducted repeatedly to attract more people to interact with each other. There hasn’t been any CSOs trying to conduct an arty event in Narathiwat before.

91 | P a g e

Annex 3: Indicator 1.1.2 Level of changes in capacity of women to conduct advocacy activities related to reducing violence and conflict mitigation within their communities and 1.1.3 Number of women who feel empowered to reduce inter-communal tension

Indicator Definition(s): The indicator 1.1.2 is intended to monitor changes in the capacity of the Women’s Agenda for Peace Network (PAOW)14, as an institution, to conduct advocacy activities related to reducing violence and conflict mitigation, to measure change in the institution’s capacity, while the indicator 1.1.3 is intended to monitor changes in the capacity of PAOW members to conduct activities, to measure change at the individual level.

Capacity will include: 1. Changes in knowledge on peace, gender and facilitation skills (individual) 2. Organizational ability to organize network meetings and events (institutional) 3. Legitimacy and cooperation or willingness to engage with others outside of the network (individual and institutional) 4. Influence (individual and institutional) As networks and groups are a key component of the social cohesion framework under indicator 1.1.1 this will also be monitored under this indicator.

Advocacy: In this case advocacy is defined as the ability of PAOW to challenge the status-quo by gaining a sense of their own power, including the capacity to define and prioritize their problems, and then acting to address and resolve them.15

Active engagement refers to the joint functioning of motivation, conceptual knowledge, cognitive strategies, and social interactions in program activities. In this case it will be defined as regularly participating in network meeting and other activities organized under the network.

Methodology:

Follow up interviews were conducted in September 2016 with 7 members (all female) of the PAOW network to review the baseline for both organizational and individual level indicators. Year 2 interviews were conducted in September 2017 with 6 members (all female) of the PAOW network and year 3 interviews were conducted in June 2018 with 6 members (all female) of the PAOW network. Interviewee were chosen based on the following characteristics to ensure there was diverse representation:

14 PAOW is a new network, initiated in August 2015, of 23 organizations in the Deep South that agreed to form a unified southern women’s network to increase collective women’s voices and participation in the on-going peace process. 15 This definition is adapted from USAID Advocacy Strategies for Civil Society: A Conceptual Framework and Practitioner's Guide, available here.

1. Nature of the organizations mission: legal aid and human rights; service provision to victims of the conflict including women and children; and women’s economic empowerment including income generation 2. Dominant ethnicity of the organization: Muslim, Buddhist, mixed 3. Level of engagement of the organization: policy or community engagement 4. Age of leaders

Profiles of interviewees are as follows; Name of Position in Organizations and characteristics Dominant interviewee PAOW ethnicity of organization 1. Pateemah Leading and President of Women Association for Muslim dominated, Pohitaedaoh founding Peace (WePeace). WePeace has the few Buddhists member mandate to promote gender equality, women rights, protection of women’s interests, and increased women’s capacity in all arenas; legal, political positions, and peace building 2. Siti Mariam Middle- President of Zaguna Group, supporting Muslim and Binteh level economic opportunity and mental care Buddhist who member to victims of violence converted to Muslim 3. Lamai Leading and Coordinator of Buddhist for Peace Buddhist Managarn founding Network, aiming at strengthening the member network Buddhists and equipping them with peace building, human rights and legal knowledge. 4. Nidoh Leading and Chairperson, Association for Women’s 70% Muslim Itehlae founding Welfare, the association adopts 30% Buddhist member insurance method in providing emergency and monetary assistance to the members when they are in needs such as being hospitalized. This organization has over 580 women members. 5. Aishah Middle- Chairperson, the Southern Women for 70% Muslim Teemung level Peace, an organization based in 30% Buddhist member Narathiwat that promoting peace, women’s well-being, and small-scale income generation. 6. Soraya Leading and President, The Network of Civic Muslim Jamjuree founding Women for Peace that bringing together Buddhist and member volunteers and CSOs working to members outside of increase resilience of affected women the Deep South and communities. 93 | P a g e

Name of Position in Organizations and characteristics Dominant interviewee PAOW ethnicity of organization 7. Thida New team Member of the Buddha Raksa Group, Buddhist Wannalak member focusing on developing peace community

Questions were devised to look at a number of characteristics of the network including the strength of the network measured by the density and diversity of membership, the extent of democratic functioning, and the extent of connections to other groups. As well as the network’s capacity to meet the needs of its members, legitimacy and cooperation or willingness to engage with others outside of the network and influence of the network.

Summary of responses to the questions are as follows:

Group and network strength:

1. Number of members and ethnic/religious representation PAOW originally had 23 partner organizations when found in 2015 and it currently has 28 partner organization, with around 500 members inclusive of 30 Buddhist members.

2. Do you think your organization receives benefit being a member of PAOW? If so what? All interviewees agreed that their organizations have benefited from being part of PAOW. They rated it high identified benefits as follows: receiving updates about the peace process; expanding work network, improving communication and project management and workshop moderating skills.

3. Do you think PAOW is the best mechanism to advance the specific women’s interests in the current peace process? Why or why not? All interviewees continued to feel that PAOW is an important mechanism to advance not only women’s interests but also push the peace process. The overall rating was unanimously high because PAOW is the only one organization comprising of women organizations that works on peace and is recognized by party A and B and the community leaders.

4. Describe your satisfaction with network’s leadership on how they make decisions whether they adopt democratic and participatory process in governing and management? The majority of interviewees said they were happy with the decision making which since the beginning has allowed members to intensively participate in the process.

5. Does your organization and you (as a member of the network) regularly and actively participate in activities or campaign events initiated by PAOW? If not what are the reasons.

94 | P a g e

While most organizations rated this high in the baseline, Year 1, Year 2 and Year 3 saw almost all organizations prioritize PAOW activities and actively participate in all PAOW activities. Only one interviewee responded that she was not sure on PAOW’s process to invite members, so she rarely participated in activities initiated by PAOW lately.

Organizational capacity (internal):

6. Do you feel the network is successful in establishing learning and collaborative relationship among members? All interviewees felt that the network is successful to establish a culture of learning together, as well as collaborative relationship among members. They have less institutional conflicts.

7. Describe how the network bring about its members to come up with common peace agenda and planning to achieve the goal? Interviewees agreed that PAOW has allowed members to participate in decision making since the beginning. Its large network has worked in the region for a long time. The safety zone proposal also clearly contains suggestions from villagers making the movement unique and powerful.

8. Describe one case where your organization benefited from being part of the network? For example: Do you find the network help you to increase self-confidence and creativity and instill you that have a power to make a difference in your community, what types of knowledge and skills that improve your capacity the most? Similar to the Year 2 results, all interviewees were able to provide examples of how their organization has benefited from being part of the network. Examples included applying PAOW’s formats in the managing the project to organize forums and workshops in local communities and to communicate in public which extremely helped to upgrade their confidence to present and suggest opinions. Learning from and working with PAOW makes them feel that women use the right approach in pushing for peace.

9. How confident do you personally feel to engage in peace building activities? At what level, within your own community, in other communities, with leaders, at the policy level? All interviewees were confident to engage in peace building activities however the level of engagement varied. Some were confident at the community level and policy level while one was less confident to engage with other communities.

10. Do you feel the life of the network will be sustainable if funding from donors is no longer available? All interviewees were confident PAOW would continue and sustainable as PAOW has raised funds from its partner organizations to conduct activities. However, there would be less activities PAOW

95 | P a g e

could host and organize and they will discuss to find a suitable work strategic plan with the network members to continue PAOW.

Legitimacy and cooperation (external):

11. Do you think the network is successful in seeking cooperation with a broader base of participants from other different groups including governmental, non-governmental, conflict parties, influential leaders, community organizations, and cross-cultural and religious groups, and if not what are the challenges? All respondents were confident as POAW has engaged and were recognized by diverse groups including parties A and B; politicians; CSOs; academics; international development agencies; and both religious communities.

12. Is the network willing to share best practices and transfer knowledge such as gender perspective to other local and national organizations?

Interviewees uniformly said yes. The group is happy to share best practices with others on how to use gender approach in peace advocacy, how to approach high level people, public presentation and other relevant skills. Leading members, such as Soraya, Patimoh and Lamai, have been providing training to other groups. However, one interviewee said that only 50% of PAOW’s members can share the knowledge.

13. In your opinion which are the important groups being currently excluded from the network but the network should develop a relationship with, and why do you see these groups as important? Similar to Year 1 and 2, all interviewees are aware that PAOW needs to develop broader relationships with other groups. All interviewees gave examples including, Imam wives, religious leaders, Tadika teachers, human rights and justice CSOs, local leaders and youth leaders, politicians and academic, and Buddhist’s groups. These groups do no formally need to be incorporated under the PAOW banner but it is important to work with these groups on joint activities.

14. Do you think the network has enough connection and able to maintain relationship with influential entities at all levels including party A and B, as well as international peace organizations or experts? All respondents felt that PAOW has good relationships with all parties. Examples given included that parties A and B tabled their proposal at the negotiation and a roadmap to implement the recommendation is under development. Interviewees also acknowledged that PAOW need to increase its engagement more with the international peace promoting organizations.

96 | P a g e

Influence (external)

1. Is your network or leading members of the network regularly invited to participate in public consultations, to serve as resource person or appointed to decision making positions? If so how often? PAOW leading members are regularly invited to other activities at least a few times per month. Some of them are invited to work with the government agencies and International development organizations for example; Soraya is invited to join the sub-committee of the National Security Agency and the UN Women Committee; Lamai is invited to work for the Sor Lor 2 and 3’s committees; and Patimoh are invited to work for the Sor Lor 3’s committee and to be a member of the national sub-committee of the Ministry of Social Development and Human Security – Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security.

2. Does party A and/or B recognize your network as a legitimate entity in the peace process and do you see any response to the network’s proposed agenda? E.g. reduction in targeting of women and children? Most respondents had a lot of confidence in PAOW’s legitimacy in the peace process with both parties, A and B, as both had discussed PAOW’s proposal on safety zone. The technical working group on safety zone – Joint Action Committee (JAC) – has women on the committee while party B including non-Mara Patani has started not to cause any violent actions to civilian.

3. To what extent, have local and mainstream media covered and disseminated the network’s peace advocacy activities? All interviewees viewed the media coverage of PAOW’s activities as substantial. Interviewees could name national (Channel 3, Channel 5, MCOT, Channel 11, Thai PBS, Prachatai, ISRA), local media (Deep South Watch, PSU Pattani’s radio, SBPAC’s radio, regional MCOT, regional Channel 11 and local cable) and social media which follow and publicize PAOW’s activities.

4. What do you think the network has achieved or expects to achieve in terms of the peace process? All interviewees felt that the network has already achieved a great deal and each were able to provide specific example however they also expected to collect diverse voices from local people, to become a supporter of locals and to be part of policy level.

Assessment

Characteristic Baseline Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 1. Strength of Network 3.00 3.00 4.40 5.00 2. Organizational Capacity 2.60 3.60 3.60 4.00 3. Legitimacy and Cooperation 2.00 3.00 4.30 4.00 4. Influence 1.25 3.00 4.10 5.00 TOTAL 8.90 12.60 16.40 18.00

Changes

97 | P a g e

Characteristic BL to Y1 Y1 to Y2 BL to Y2 Y2 to Y3 BL to Y3 1. Knowledge Increase 0.00 1.40 1.40 0.60 2.00 2. Level of Confidence 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.40 1.40 3. Level of Engagement 1.00 1.30 2.30 -0.30 2.00 4. Coalition Building and Networking 1.75 1.10 2.85 0.90 3.75 TOTAL Change 3.75 3.80 7.55 1.60 9.15

PAOW - Assessment

Baseline Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

Strength of Network 5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

Influence 0.00 Organizational Capacity

Legitimacy and Cooperation

98 | P a g e

Annex 4: Indicator 1.2.3 – Sentiment analysis of comments and engagement rate for video clips posted on You Tube and Facebook

Title Date Link

1. A statement to stop violence 25 Oct 16 http://www.deepsouthwatch.org/node/9660 towards civilians

2. A joint statement on “We Are Not 02 Mar 17 http://www.deepsouthwatch.org/node/10348 a Target”

3. Policy recommendation and peace 18 Mar 17 http://www.deepsouthwatch.org/ms/node/10490 strategy in the Deep South/Patani 2017 “Political Space: Creating Peace in an Open Minded Central Space”

4. “Peduli Anak Yatim” (Care for 14 Jul 17 https://web.facebook.com/radiomediaselatan/videos/1433 Orphans) 749603379855/?_rdc=1&_rdr

5. “Dunia Hari ini” (The World 18 Jul 17 https://web.facebook.com/radiomediaselatan/videos/1438 Today) 562746231874/?_rdc=1&_rdr

6. “Pahulaks Chaidaentai” 24 Jul 17 https://web.facebook.com/radiomediaselatan/videos/1445 212112233604/?_rdc=1&_rdr (Multiculturalism in the Deep South)

7. “Pahulaks Chaidaentai” 07 Aug 17 https://web.facebook.com/radiomediaselatan/videos/1459 294190825396/?_rdc=1&_rdr (Multiculturalism in the Deep South)

8. Creating a conducive 25 Aug 17 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PO3BX--FhS4 environment for peace process

9. De Talubin 2: Skateboarding and 10 Sep 17 https://www.facebook.com/wartanimap/videos/11796633 Camping event 98802063/?fref=mentions

10. De Talubin 2: Skateboarding and 11 Sep 17 http://www.krobkruakao.com/rerun/8/106760 (Min 7 Camping event onwards)

11. “Peace Station” 7 Oct 17 https://www.facebook.com/115704935161938/videos/149 0047437727674/ (Understand the difference in the Deep South)

12. “Peace Station” 21 Oct 17 https://www.facebook.com/115704935161938/videos/150 3436419722109/

99 | P a g e

(Multiculturalism of The Deep South)

13. “Peace Station” 4 Nov 17 https://www.facebook.com/115704935161938/videos/151 6624038403347/ The role of women and working together with youth network

14. “Peace Station” 11 Nov 17 https://www.facebook.com/115704935161938/videos/152 3665531032531/ Multiculturalism in the Deep South

15. “Peace Station” 18 Nov 17 https://www.facebook.com/115704935161938/videos/153 0455880353496/ Halal in Islam

16. Citizen Reporter 24 Nov 17 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m5mlzis9J4o

Power of women in the southern border province

17. #16Days #Orangetheworld 25 Nov 17 https://twitter.com/i/web/status/934673537788456960 event in Thailand's Deep Southern Provinces

18. “Peace Station” 25 Nov 17 https://www.facebook.com/115704935161938/videos/153 7970046268746/ Halal and Haram in Islam 2

19. “Peace Station” 16 Dec 17 https://www.facebook.com/115704935161938/videos/156 0753867323697/ Hipster changed the world

20. “Peace Station” 23 Dec 17 https://www.facebook.com/115704935161938/videos/156 7601416638942/ Buddhists in violent situations

“Peace Station” 30 Dec 17 https://www.facebook.com/115704935161938/videos/157 4869042578846/ Rice farming in Panarek, in Southern Thailand

21. Sharing experience on conflict 28 Jan 18 https://www.facebook.com/radiomediaselatan/videos/162 from Kalimantan, Ambon and 7449934009820/ Patani – During the trip, EP.1

22. Sharing experience on conflict 1 Feb 18 https://www.facebook.com/radiomediaselatan/videos/163 from Kalimantan, Ambon and 1444493610364/ Patani – Women and resource, EP.2

100 | P a g e

23. Sharing experience on conflict 2 Feb 18 https://www.facebook.com/radiomediaselatan/videos/163 from Kalimantan, Ambon and 2543286833818/ Patani – Society, politics and conflict, EP.3

24. Budu Little feat Jina 12 Feb 18 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wSXO5wIhgy8

Budu Little feat Jina 13 Feb 18 https://www.facebook.com/saiburilooker/videos/9592758 27571173/

25. The Face of Hope 17 Feb 18 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WlSmO9faj1U&sns= fb

26. Visual Poetry: In what Color 18 Feb 18 https://www.facebook.com/saiburilooker/videos/9627560 shall I record the words of Sadness 10556488/

27. Visual Poetry: In what Color 18 Feb 18 https://vimeo.com/256292149 shall I record the words of Sadness

28. Tanah Nurani – by Budu Little 4 Mar 18 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oXGj9kP4nv0 @ Hope Project

29. The Face of Hope Narathiwat 16 May 18 https://www.facebook.com/wartanimap/videos/13816399 41937740/UzpfSTEwMDAwNjA1NzgxNjA5NDoyMDY xMjA4MzQ0MDkxMDcz/

30. Live on Media Selatan Part 1 12 May 18 https://www.facebook.com/radiomediaselatan/videos/173 5244679897011/

31. Live on Media Selatan Part 2 12 May 18 https://www.facebook.com/radiomediaselatan/videos/173 5399773214835/

32. Event Report on Wartani 14 May 18 https://www.facebook.com/wartanimap/posts/138032580 5402487

33. Live on Halal Life Magazine 26 May 18 https://www.facebook.com/halal.life.magazine/videos/17 79816245409120/UzpfSTEwMDAwNjA1NzgxNjA5ND oyMDY1NDcyOTMwMzMxMjgx/

34. Live session with Prachatai 26 May 18 https://www.facebook.com/Prachatai/videos/1015561466 Online 2246699/UzpfSTEwMDAwNjA1NzgxNjA5NDoyMDY1 NjIyODc2OTgyOTUz/

35. Study tour: Conflict 27 Aug 18 https://www.facebook.com/wartanimap/videos/97208435 management in Indonesia 9660337/

36. MAC and Conflict Management 29 Aug 18 https://www.facebook.com/wartanimap/videos/17932291 in Communities 54088461/

101 | P a g e

37. P2P and Conflict Management in 4 Sep 18 https://www.facebook.com/wartanimap/videos/20502663 Communities 0209001/

Annex 5: Indicator 2.1.1 – Percentage of participants demonstrating increased knowledge of peacebuilding

1,497 respondents completed pre/post-test during June 2016 to April 2018 which conducted by the partner organizations; MAC; Patani Forum; and PAOW.

The knowledge rate of MAC’s participants has slightly dropped by 7% in Year 3, while participants of Patani Forum has dropped its knowledge change rate by 38% in Year 3. In Year 3, PAOW’s participants have gained more knowledge than Year 2, from 10% up to 44% in Year 3.

Overview

3-Year Change in Knowledge

81% 76% 74%

47% 44%

27%

9% 10%

0

MAC Patani Forum PAOW

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

MAC has 1,085 respondents to complete pre/post-tests during its 39 training workshops conducted from August 2016 to March 2018 as the following details.

102 | P a g e

MAC: 3 YEARS

81% 76% 74% 78% 81%

50%

Change in Knowledge Change in Confidence

Y1 Y2 Y3

The 1st Year (August – September 2016, 170 respondents, score ranking 0-5)

# Topic Average Score Change

Pre Test Post Test

1 Knowledge 2.8 3.4 0.6

Confidence 2.7 3.1 0.4

2 Knowledge 1.7 2.9 1.2

Confidence 2.0 2.6 0.7

3 Knowledge 2.7 3.6 0.9

Confidence 1.9 2.5 0.6

TOTAL Knowledge 2.4 3.3 0.9

Confidence 2.2 2.7 0.5

1) Capacity building and engaging local community leaders in conflict mitigation and peacebuilding in southern border provinces of Thailand, 12 August 2016, Yala province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

103 | P a g e

1 Situation of conflicts in the deep south 3.0 3.8

2 History of peace talk 2.1 2.8

3 Announcement of the emergency decree, martial law and the rights’ 3.1 3.5 limitation

4 Difference between conflict and violence 2.8 3.3

5 Fundamental principle of mediation in community 2.9 3.5

6 Gaining confident to informally talk with neighbors on an issue of human 2.2 3.0 rights and conflicts

7 Gaining confident to participate in any peace building activities 3.0 3.1

8 Gaining confident to conduct any activities that support peace 2.9 3.1

9 Gaining confident to become a mediator or to arrange a mediation in a 2.6 3.1 community

2) Conflict management for local community workshop, 13 August 2016, Songkla province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Situation of conflicts in the deep south 2.2 3.0

2 History of peace talk 1.6 2.6

3 Announcement of the emergency decree, martial law and the rights’ 1.6 3.4 limitation

4 Difference between conflict and violence 1.6 3.1

5 Fundamental principle of mediation in community 1.5 2.3

6 Gaining confident to informally talk with neighbors on an issue of human 2.6 3.1 rights and conflicts

7 Gaining confident to participate in any peace building activities 1.1 2.1

8 Gaining confident to conduct any activities that support peace 2.4 2.5

9 Gaining confident to become a mediator or to arrange a mediation in a 1.7 2.8 community

104 | P a g e

3) Developing relationships to improve roles of people on conflict management and peace building in the southernmost provinces of Thailand, 2-3 September 2016, Narathiwat province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Situation of conflicts in the deep south 3.0 3.7

2 History of peace talk 3.4 3.7

3 Announcement of the emergency decree, martial law and the rights’ 3.2 4.0 limitation

4 Difference between conflict and violence 2.3 3.1

5 Fundamental principle of mediation in community 1.4 3.4

6 Gaining confident to informally talk with neighbors on an issue of human 1.7 2.2 rights and conflicts

7 Gaining confident to participate in any peace building activities 2.3 2.3

8 Gaining confident to conduct any activities that support peace 2.3 2.8

9 Gaining confident to become a mediator or to arrange a mediation in a 1.4 2.6 community

The 2nd Year (October 2016 to June 2017, 550 respondents, score ranking 0-5)

# Topic Average Score Change

Pre Test Post Test

1 Knowledge 2.0 3.1 1.1

Confidence 1.9 2.7 0.8

2 Knowledge 2.0 3.2 1.2

Confidence 2.1 3.2 1.1

3 Knowledge 2.9 3.7 0.8

Confidence 2.6 3.6 1.0

105 | P a g e

4 Knowledge 1.9 3.1 1.2

Confidence 1.7 2.8 1.1

5 Knowledge 3.9 4.1 0.2

Confidence 3.4 3.8 0.5

6 Knowledge 2.1 3.4 1.3

Confidence 1.8 3.2 1.4

7 Knowledge 2.2 3.5 1.3

Confidence 2.3 3.4 1.2

8 Knowledge 3.0 3.6 0.6

Confidence 3.0 3.7 0.7

9 Knowledge 2.7 3.5 0.8

Confidence 2.7 3.4 0.7

10 Knowledge 3.1 3.9 0.8

Confidence 2.6 3.6 1.0

11 Knowledge 2.9 3.4 0.5

Confidence 2.7 3.4 0.7

12 Knowledge 2.2 3.6 1.4

Confidence 2.4 3.6 1.2

13 Knowledge 2.1 3.0 0.9

Confidence 1.6 2.8 1.3

14 Knowledge 2.2 2.9 0.7

Confidence 1.4 2.7 1.2

15 Knowledge 1.6 2.5 0.9

Confidence 1.5 2.2 0.7

16 Knowledge 1.6 4.0 2.4

Confidence 3.0 3.9 0.9

106 | P a g e

17 Knowledge 2.6 3.4 0.8

Confidence 3.4 3.8 0.4

TOTAL Knowledge 2.4 3.4 1.0

Confidence 2.4 3.3 0.9

1) Conflict management, 2 October 2016, Pattani province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Situation of conflicts in the deep south 2.6 2.6

2 History of peace talk 2.1 3.0

3 Announcement of the emergency decree, martial law and the rights’ 2.0 3.3 limitation

4 Difference between conflict and violence 1.5 3.5

5 Fundamental principle of mediation in community 2.0 3.1

6 Gaining confident to informally talk with neighbors on an issue of human 1.9 3.1 rights and conflicts

7 Gaining confident to participate in any peace building activities 1.9 1.9

8 Gaining confident to conduct any activities that support peace 2.0 2.9

9 Gaining confident to become a mediator or to arrange a mediation in a 1.9 2.9 community

2) Community participation and on environmental and natural management for peace, 4 October 2016, Songkla province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Situation of conflicts in the deep south 2.4 3.1

107 | P a g e

2 History of peace talk 1.8 3.2

3 Announcement of the emergency decree, martial law and the rights’ 2.1 3.2 limitation

4 Difference between conflict and violence 1.8 3.4

5 Fundamental principle of mediation in community 2.0 3.3

6 Gaining confident to informally talk with neighbors on an issue of human 1.7 3.1 rights and conflicts

7 Gaining confident to participate in any peace building activities 2.0 3.3

8 Gaining confident to conduct any activities that support peace 2.7 3.3

9 Gaining confident to become a mediator or to arrange a mediation in a 1.9 3.1 community

3) Leader meeting for peace, 8 October 2016, Yala province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Situation of conflicts in the deep south 2.3 3.3

2 History of peace talk 3.5 4.3

3 Announcement of the emergency decree, martial law and the rights’ 2.4 3.3 limitation

4 Difference between conflict and violence 2.5 3.3

5 Fundamental principle of mediation in community 3.6 4.3

6 Gaining confident to informally talk with neighbors on an issue of human 2.3 3.2 rights and conflicts

7 Gaining confident to participate in any peace building activities 2.5 3.9

8 Gaining confident to conduct any activities that support peace 2.8 3.4

9 Gaining confident to become a mediator or to arrange a mediation in a 2.6 3.7 community

108 | P a g e

4) Peace management for family members of detainees, 12 November 2016, Pattani province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Situation of conflicts in the deep south 2.0 2.5

2 History of peace talk 1.7 3.2

3 Announcement of the emergency decree, martial law and the rights’ 2.2 3.7 limitation

4 Difference between conflict and violence 1.8 3.3

5 Fundamental principle of mediation in community 1.8 2.7

6 Gaining confident to informally talk with neighbors on an issue of human 1.7 2.8 rights and conflicts

7 Gaining confident to participate in any peace building activities 1.9 3.0

8 Gaining confident to conduct any activities that support peace 1.6 2.6

9 Gaining confident to become a mediator or to arrange a mediation in a 1.6 2.7 community

5) Peace management for academic, 19 November 2016, Pattani province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Situation of conflicts in the deep south 3.7 4.2

2 History of peace talk 3.8 3.8

3 Announcement of the emergency decree, martial law and the rights’ 4.4 4.6 limitation

4 Difference between conflict and violence 4.0 4.1

5 Fundamental principle of mediation in community 3.6 3.6

6 Gaining confident to informally talk with neighbors on an issue of human 3.3 3.6 rights and conflicts

109 | P a g e

7 Gaining confident to participate in any peace building activities 3.1 3.7

8 Gaining confident to conduct any activities that support peace 2.9 3.8

9 Gaining confident to become a mediator or to arrange a mediation in a 4.2 4.2 community

6) Conflict management, 20 November 2016, Pattani province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Situation of conflicts in the deep south 3.0 3.4

2 History of peace talk 1.7 3.1

3 Announcement of the emergency decree, martial law and the rights’ 2.1 3.8 limitation

4 Difference between conflict and violence 1.8 3.2

5 Fundamental principle of mediation in community 2.0 3.4

6 Gaining confident to informally talk with neighbors on an issue of human 1.6 3.1 rights and conflicts

7 Gaining confident to participate in any peace building activities 1.9 3.3

8 Gaining confident to conduct any activities that support peace 1.9 3.3

9 Gaining confident to become a mediator or to arrange a mediation in a 1.7 3.0 community

7) Right education and capacity building for community on peace, 24-25 November 2016, Pattani province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Situation of conflicts in the deep south 2.3 3.1

2 History of peace talk 2.2 3.5

110 | P a g e

3 Announcement of the emergency decree, martial law and the rights’ 2.5 3.6 limitation

4 Difference between conflict and violence 2.2 3.6

5 Fundamental principle of mediation in community 1.9 3.7

6 Gaining confident to informally talk with neighbors on an issue of human 1.9 3.0 rights and conflicts

7 Gaining confident to participate in any peace building activities 2.6 3.8

8 Gaining confident to conduct any activities that support peace 2.3 3.3

9 Gaining confident to become a mediator or to arrange a mediation in a 2.2 3.6 community

8) Training of Trainers – Conflict negotiation facilitator, 26 November 2016, Yala province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Situation of conflicts in the deep south 3.0 3.6

2 History of peace talk 3.3 3.8

3 Announcement of the emergency decree, martial law and the rights’ 3.1 3.8 limitation

4 Difference between conflict and violence 3.1 3.8

5 Fundamental principle of mediation in community 2.6 3.0

6 Gaining confident to informally talk with neighbors on an issue of human 2.8 3.7 rights and conflicts

7 Gaining confident to participate in any peace building activities 3.2 3.5

8 Gaining confident to conduct any activities that support peace 3.0 3.6

9 Gaining confident to become a mediator or to arrange a mediation in a 2.8 4.0 community

9) Knowledge development and peace networking with ex-detainees group of the security case in the deep south, 26 November 2016, Yala province 111 | P a g e

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Situation of conflicts in the deep south 2.8 3.5

2 History of peace talk 2.2 3.2

3 Announcement of the emergency decree, martial law and the rights’ 3.0 3.7 limitation

4 Difference between conflict and violence 3.0 3.7

5 Fundamental principle of mediation in community 2.6 3.4

6 Gaining confident to informally talk with neighbors on an issue of human 2.5 3.3 rights and conflicts

7 Gaining confident to participate in any peace building activities 2.9 3.4

8 Gaining confident to conduct any activities that support peace 2.8 3.4

9 Gaining confident to become a mediator or to arrange a mediation in a 2.6 3.4 community

10) Positive and negative conflict, 27 November 2016, Yala province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Situation of conflicts in the deep south 3.3 4.1

2 History of peace talk 3.6 3.7

3 Announcement of the emergency decree, martial law and the rights’ 3.1 3.9 limitation

4 Difference between conflict and violence 2.6 3.8

5 Fundamental principle of mediation in community 2.7 3.8

6 Gaining confident to informally talk with neighbors on an issue of human 2.7 3.6 rights and conflicts

7 Gaining confident to participate in any peace building activities 2.8 3.6

112 | P a g e

8 Gaining confident to conduct any activities that support peace 2.2 3.4

9 Gaining confident to become a mediator or to arrange a mediation in a 2.7 3.7 community

11) Capacity building, 27 November 2016, Songkla province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Situation of conflicts in the deep south 2.9 3.5

2 History of peace talk 2.7 3.2

3 Announcement of the emergency decree, martial law and the rights’ 3.0 3.8 limitation

4 Difference between conflict and violence 3.2 3.5

5 Fundamental principle of mediation in community 2.5 2.9

6 Gaining confident to informally talk with neighbors on an issue of human 2.8 3.5 rights and conflicts

7 Gaining confident to participate in any peace building activities 2.8 3.3

8 Gaining confident to conduct any activities that support peace 2.8 3.6

9 Gaining confident to become a mediator or to arrange a mediation in a 2.4 3.1 community

12) Increase capacity for victims affected by conflict management for peace, 29 November 2016, Pattani province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Situation of conflicts in the deep south 2.6 3.9

2 History of peace talk 2.0 3.3

113 | P a g e

3 Announcement of the emergency decree, martial law and the rights’ 2.0 3.7 limitation

4 Difference between conflict and violence 2.2 3.6

5 Fundamental principle of mediation in community 2.4 3.6

6 Gaining confident to informally talk with neighbors on an issue of human 2.2 3.3 rights and conflicts

7 Gaining confident to participate in any peace building activities 2.7 3.9

8 Gaining confident to conduct any activities that support peace 2.6 3.8

9 Gaining confident to become a mediator or to arrange a mediation in a 2.2 3.4 community

13) Conflict management for community, 4-5 December 2016, Pattani province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Situation of conflicts in the deep south 2.5 3.0

2 History of peace talk 2.0 2.8

3 Announcement of the emergency decree, martial law and the rights’ 1.8 3.1 limitation

4 Difference between conflict and violence 1.6 3.1

5 Fundamental principle of mediation in community 2.6 3.2

6 Gaining confident to informally talk with neighbors on an issue of human 1.4 2.7 rights and conflicts

7 Gaining confident to participate in any peace building activities 1.4 2.6

8 Gaining confident to conduct any activities that support peace 1.2 2.7

9 Gaining confident to become a mediator or to arrange a mediation in a 2.2 3.2 community

14) Business network for society in the deep south, 10-11 December 2016, Narathiwat province

114 | P a g e

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Situation of conflicts in the deep south 2.4 2.9

2 History of peace talk 2.0 2.8

3 Announcement of the emergency decree, martial law and the rights’ 2.5 3.2 limitation

4 Difference between conflict and violence 1.8 2.7

5 Fundamental principle of mediation in community 2.5 3.0

6 Gaining confident to informally talk with neighbors on an issue of human 1.4 2.7 rights and conflicts

7 Gaining confident to participate in any peace building activities 1.5 2.4

8 Gaining confident to conduct any activities that support peace 1.3 2.5

9 Gaining confident to become a mediator or to arrange a mediation in a 1.5 3.0 community

15) Justice for peace, 29 December 2016, Yala province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Situation of conflicts in the deep south 2.1 3.1

2 History of peace talk 1.8 2.7

3 Announcement of the emergency decree, martial law and the rights’ 1.7 2.6 limitation

4 Difference between conflict and violence 1.3 2.4

5 Fundamental principle of mediation in community 1.2 1.7

6 Gaining confident to informally talk with neighbors on an issue of human 1.2 2.1 rights and conflicts

7 Gaining confident to participate in any peace building activities 1.8 2.1

115 | P a g e

8 Gaining confident to conduct any activities that support peace 1.3 1.7

9 Gaining confident to become a mediator or to arrange a mediation in a 1.7 2.7 community

16) Training of Trainer 2 – Development of attitude, knowledge and management skills on conflict, 23-24 January 2017, Satun province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Meaning of scholar education 1.7 3.9

2 Concept of scholar education 1.6 4.0

3 Meaning of training facilitator 1.6 4.0

4 Roles of training facilitator 1.7 4.0

5 Meaning of mediation 1.7 4.2

6 Process of conflict mediation 1.6 4.2

7 Skills of conflict mediator 1.6 3.8

8 Gaining confident to become a trainer facilitator 1.6 3.9

9 Gaining confident to become a conflict mediator 4.4 3.8

17) Roles of university students and understanding conflict management, 6 June 2017, Narathiwat province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Conflict situations in the deep south 3.4 4.0

2 Roles of university students to solve conflict in the deep south 2.7 3.4

3 Difference between conflict and violence 3.2 3.8

4 To identify methods to handle a conflict 3.1 3.7

116 | P a g e

5 Basic principle to become a facilitator 2.6 3.3

6 Qualifications and requirements to become a facilitator 2.0 2.8

7 Basic knowledge to mediate a conflict in community 1.8 2.8

8 Values and needs to become a mediator 1.8 3.0

9 Gaining confident to become a facilitator conducting a training workshop 1.8 2.5

The 3rd Year (October 2017 to March 2018, score ranking 0-5)

# Topic Average Score Change

Pre Test Post Test

1 Knowledge 2.3 3.1 0.9

Confidence 2.1 3.0 0.8

2 Knowledge 2.6 3.5 1.0

Confidence 2.2 3.4 1.1

3 Knowledge 2.7 4.0 1.3

Confidence 2.2 3.7 1.5

4 Knowledge 2.4 3.9 1.5

Confidence 1.8 2.6 0.8

5 Knowledge 2.2 2.8 0.6

Confidence 2.1 2.7 0.6

6 Knowledge 2.8 3.3 0.6

Confidence 2.4 3.4 1.1

7 Knowledge 2.2 3.1 0.9

Confidence 1.3 1.3 0.0

8 Knowledge 2.0 3.2 1.2

Confidence 1.8 2.7 0.9

9 Knowledge 2.1 3.2 1.1

117 | P a g e

Confidence 2.0 3.3 1.3

10 Knowledge 2.4 3.3 0.8

Confidence 2.5 3.5 1.0

11 Knowledge 2.8 3.9 1.0

Confidence 2.6 3.5 0.9

12 Knowledge 2.8 3.9 1.0

Confidence 2.5 3.7 1.2

13 Knowledge 3.0 3.3 0.3

Confidence 2.7 3.5 0.8

14 Knowledge 2.2 3.1 0.9

Confidence 1.9 2.4 0.5

15 Knowledge 2.1 3.1 1.0

Confidence 1.4 1.4 0.0

16 Knowledge 2.4 3.2 0.9

Confidence 2.3 3.3 0.9

17 Knowledge 2.1 3.2 1.1

Confidence 2.0 3.3 1.3

18 Knowledge 2.8 3.5 0.7

Confidence 2.3 3.5 1.2

19 Knowledge 2.7 3.5 0.8

Confidence 2.6 3.2 0.6

TOTAL Knowledge 2.4 3.4 0.9

Confidence 2.1 3.0 0.9

1) Conflict management for SMEs, 14-15 October 2017, Narathiwat province

118 | P a g e

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Overall conflict situations in the deep south 2.8 3.2

2 Conflict 2.4 3.3

3 Difference between conflict and violence 2.1 3.1

4 Basic principle to confront conflict 1.9 3.0

5 Society context in the conflict area 2.7 3.7

6 Basic principle to become a facilitator 2.0 2.8

7 Basic knowledge to mediate in community 2.0 2.8

8 Gaining confident that mediation is a tool to solve conflict 2.4 3.5

9 Gaining confident to participate in any peace activities 1.9 2.2

10 Gaining confident to become a mediator or to conduct a mediation in 2.1 3.2 community

2) Conflict management and mediation for peace in community, 29 October 2017, Pattani province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Overall conflict situations in the deep south 3.0 3.8

2 Conflict 2.4 3.3

3 Difference between conflict and violence 3.4 4.0

4 Basic principle to confront conflict 2.4 3.5

5 Society context in the conflict area 2.2 3.3

6 Basic principle to become a facilitator 2.0 3.1

7 Basic knowledge to mediate in community 2.5 3.6

119 | P a g e

8 Gaining confident that mediation is a tool to solve conflict 2.5 3.7

9 Gaining confident to participate in any peace activities 1.9 3.1

10 Gaining confident to become a mediator or to conduct a mediation in 2.3 3.3 community

3) Relationship development in Baan Bado of Yala province, 4 November 2017, Yala province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Overall conflict situations in the deep south 2.7 4.1

2 Conflict 2.7 4.1

3 Difference between conflict and violence 2.9 4.3

4 Basic principle to confront conflict 2.7 4.0

5 Society context in the conflict area 2.9 4.0

6 Basic principle to become a facilitator 2.5 4.0

7 Basic knowledge to mediate in community 2.8 4.0

8 Gaining confident that mediation is a tool to solve conflict 2.6 4.0

9 Gaining confident to participate in any peace activities 2.5 3.9

10 Gaining confident to become a mediator or to conduct a mediation in 2.2 3.7 community

4) Relationship development between ex-detainees and villagers, 11 November 2017, Yala province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Overall conflict situations in the deep south 2.8 4.2

2 Conflict 2.8 4.2

120 | P a g e

3 Difference between conflict and violence 2.5 3.9

4 Basic principle to confront conflict 2.2 3.8

5 Basic concept to primarily solve problems 2.0 3.8

6 Laws enforcement in the deep south 2.4 3.8

7 Enforcement of the Martial Law 2.0 3.6

8 Enforcement of the Emergency Decree 2.2 3.5

9 Gaining confidence on the enforcement of special laws to solve problems 1.8 2.6 in the deep south

5) Capacity development for local leaders to manage conflict in community, 11 November 2017, Pattani province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Overall conflict situations in the deep south 2.7 3.0

2 Conflict 2.5 3.0

3 Difference between conflict and violence 1.8 3.0

4 Basic principle to confront conflict 2.4 3.0

5 Society context in the conflict area 1.9 2.7

6 Basic principle to become a facilitator 2.4 2.6

7 Basic knowledge to mediate in community 1.9 2.4

8 Gaining confident that mediation is a tool to solve conflict 2.0 3.1

9 Gaining confident to participate in any peace activities 2.3 2.6

10 Gaining confident to become a mediator or to conduct a mediation in 1.9 2.3 community

6) Conflict management – A case of stealing the agricultural products in Ta Dan community, 19 November 2017, Pattani province

121 | P a g e

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Overall conflict situations in the deep south 2.5 3.1

2 Conflict 2.2 3.3

3 Difference between conflict and violence 2.6 3.0

4 Basic principle to confront conflict 2.4 3.2

5 Society context in the conflict area 3.2 3.8

6 Basic principle to become a facilitator 3.2 3.8

7 Basic knowledge to mediate in community 3.2 3.7

8 Gaining confident that mediation is a tool to solve conflict 2.8 3.7

9 Gaining confident to participate in any peace activities 1.7 3.1

10 Gaining confident to become a mediator or to conduct a mediation in 2.6 3.5 community

7) Building participatory space for peace process in the deep south, 21 November 2017, Songkla province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Overall conflict situations in the deep south 2.3 3.1

2 Conflict 2.4 3.2

3 Difference between conflict and violence 2.1 2.7

4 Basic principle to confront conflict 2.0 2.8

5 Basic concept to primarily solve problems 2.7 3.3

6 Laws enforcement in the deep south 1.9 3.1

122 | P a g e

7 Enforcement of the Martial Law 1.9 3.2

8 Enforcement of the Emergency Decree 1.9 3.0

9 Gaining confidence on the enforcement of special laws to solve problems 1.3 1.3 in the deep south

8) Conflict management for women, 24-25 November 2017, Narathiwat province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Overall conflict situations in the deep south 2.4 3.2

2 Conflict 2.0 2.7

3 Difference between conflict and violence 1.9 3.2

4 Basic principle to confront conflict 2.1 3.1

5 Society context in the conflict area 2.6 3.5

6 Basic principle to become a facilitator 1.4 3.5

7 Basic knowledge to mediate in community 1.8 3.1

8 Gaining confident that mediation is a tool to solve conflict 1.8 3.1

9 Gaining confident to participate in any peace activities 2.1 2.5

10 Gaining confident to become a mediator or to conduct a mediation in 1.5 2.5 community

9) Conflict management, 5 December 2017, Pattani province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Overall conflict situations in the deep south 2.1 3.3

2 Conflict 1.9 2.8

123 | P a g e

3 Difference between conflict and violence 1.3 3.3

4 Basic principle to confront conflict 1.9 3.4

5 Society context in the conflict area 2.3 3.0

6 Basic principle to become a facilitator 2.5 3.3

7 Basic knowledge to mediate in community 2.3 3.2

8 Gaining confident that mediation is a tool to solve conflict 2.3 2.9

9 Gaining confident to participate in any peace activities 2.3 3.4

10 Gaining confident to become a mediator or to conduct a mediation in 2.0 3.3 community

10) Conflict management for religious leaders, 6-7 December 2017, Narathiwat province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Overall conflict situations in the deep south 3.3 3.3

2 Conflict 2.1 3.2

3 Difference between conflict and violence 2.2 3.5

4 Basic principle to confront conflict 2.1 2.8

5 Society context in the conflict area 3.0 3.5

6 Basic principle to become a facilitator 2.3 3.2

7 Basic knowledge to mediate in community 3.1 3.6

8 Gaining confident that mediation is a tool to solve conflict 2.1 3.5

9 Gaining confident to participate in any peace activities 1.7 2.7

10 Gaining confident to become a mediator or to conduct a mediation in 2.5 3.5 community

11) Conflict management for women CSOs in the deep south, 10 December 2017, Yala province

124 | P a g e

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Overall conflict situations in the deep south 3.7 4.1

2 Conflict 3.1 3.7

3 Difference between conflict and violence 3.4 4.0

4 Basic principle to confront conflict 2.9 3.7

5 Society context in the conflict area 3.3 3.9

6 Basic principle to become a facilitator 2.9 3.9

7 Basic knowledge to mediate in community 2.3 3.2

8 Gaining confident that mediation is a tool to solve conflict 2.1 3.2

9 Gaining confident to participate in any peace activities 1.6 2.9

10 Gaining confident to become a mediator or to conduct a mediation in 2.6 3.5 community

12) Conflict management, 17 December 2017, Yala province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Overall conflict situations in the deep south 3.2 4.1

2 Conflict 3.0 3.9

3 Difference between conflict and violence 2.8 4.2

4 Basic principle to confront conflict 3.1 3.8

5 Society context in the conflict area 3.0 4.0

6 Basic principle to become a facilitator 3.2 4.0

7 Basic knowledge to mediate in community 1.9 3.3

8 Gaining confident that mediation is a tool to solve conflict 2.7 3.7

125 | P a g e

9 Gaining confident to participate in any peace activities 2.5 3.8

10 Gaining confident to become a mediator or to conduct a mediation in 2.5 3.7 community

13) Mediation between the Yala Provincial Islamic Committee and CSOs in Yala province to work in conflict areas, 13 February 2018, Yala province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Overall conflict situations in the deep south 2.5 2.5

2 Conflict 3.0 3.5

3 Difference between conflict and violence 2.7 3.0

4 Basic principle to confront conflict 3.3 3.6

5 Society context in the conflict area 3.0 3.3

6 Basic principle to become a facilitator 3.2 3.2

7 Basic knowledge to mediate in community 3.1 3.7

8 Gaining confident that mediation is a tool to solve conflict 3.1 3.9

9 Gaining confident to participate in any peace activities 2.0 3.0

10 Gaining confident to become a mediator or to conduct a mediation in 3.1 3.6 community

14) Conflict management, 1 March 2018, Pattani province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Overall conflict situations in the deep south 2.4 3.3

2 Conflict 2.3 3.0

3 Difference between conflict and violence 1.9 2.8

126 | P a g e

4 Basic principle to confront conflict 2.2 3.0

5 Basic concept to primarily solve problems 2.1 3.1

6 Laws enforcement in the deep south 2.3 3.2

7 Enforcement of the Martial Law 2.3 3.4

8 Enforcement of the Emergency Decree 2.3 3.2

9 Gaining confidence on the enforcement of special laws to solve problems 1.9 2.4 in the deep south

15) Enforcement of special laws and conflict management, 1 March 2018, Yala province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Overall conflict situations in the deep south 2.9 3.4

2 Conflict 2.0 3.0

3 Difference between conflict and violence 1.7 3.0

4 Basic principle to confront conflict 1.7 2.8

5 Basic concept to primarily solve problems 1.7 3.0

6 Laws enforcement in the deep south 2.2 3.0

7 Enforcement of the Martial Law 2.3 3.3

8 Enforcement of the Emergency Decree 2.1 3.0

9 Gaining confidence on the enforcement of special laws to solve problems 1.4 1.4 in the deep south

16) Relationship between religious leaders and the Tadika teachers in Pattani, 10 March 2018, Pattani province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

127 | P a g e

1 Overall conflict situations in the deep south 2.5 3.3

2 Conflict 2.2 3.1

3 Difference between conflict and violence 2.1 2.8

4 Basic principle to confront conflict 2.7 3.3

5 Basic concept to primarily solve problems 2.2 3.2

6 Laws enforcement in the deep south 2.4 3.3

7 Enforcement of the Martial Law 2.5 3.5

8 Enforcement of the Emergency Decree 2.3 3.3

9 Gaining confidence on the enforcement of special laws to solve problems 2.3 3.3 in the deep south

17) Capacity building on conflict management in the Kolokalee community, 22 March 2018, Pattani province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Overall conflict situations in the deep south 2.1 3.3

2 Conflict 1.9 2.8

3 Difference between conflict and violence 1.3 3.3

4 Basic principle to confront conflict 1.9 3.4

5 Society context in the conflict area 2.3 3.0

6 Tools to analyze and solve problems 2.5 3.3

7 Basic principle to become a facilitator 2.3 3.2

8 Roles of a facilitator to solve conflict in community 2.3 2.9

9 Basic principle of mediation in community 2.3 3.4

10 Gaining confidence to become a mediator or to conduct a mediation in 2.0 3.3 community

128 | P a g e

18) Roles of university students towards conflict situations, 23 March 2018, Pattani province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Overall conflict situations in the deep south 2.9 3.2

2 Conflict 2.4 3.5

3 Difference between conflict and violence 2.6 3.4

4 Basic principle to confront conflict 2.4 3.2

5 Society context in the conflict area 3.2 3.8

6 Basic principle to become a facilitator 3.0 3.8

7 Basic knowledge to mediate in community 3.2 3.7

8 Gaining confident that mediation is a tool to solve conflict 2.8 3.7

9 Gaining confident to participate in any peace activities 1.7 3.2

10 Gaining confident to become a mediator or to conduct a mediation in 2.5 3.5 community

19) Conflict management and conflict mediation for religious leaders, 25-26 March 2018, Pattani province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Overall conflict situations in the deep south 2.7 3.4

2 Conflict 3.1 3.9

3 Difference between conflict and violence 2.0 3.1

4 Basic principle to confront conflict 2.5 3.7

5 Society context in the conflict area 3.1 3.5

6 Basic principle to become a facilitator 3.1 3.6

129 | P a g e

7 Basic knowledge to mediate in community 2.7 3.3

8 Gaining confident that mediation is a tool to solve conflict 3.1 3.6

9 Gaining confident to participate in any peace activities 1.9 2.7

10 Gaining confident to become a mediator or to conduct a mediation in 3.0 3.4 community

Patani Forum has 300 respondents to complete pre/post-tests during its 12 Think Tanks conducted from June 2016 to April 2018 as the following details.

PATANI FORUM: 3- YEAR CHANGE 47%

27% Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 9%

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

The 1st Year (June – September 2016, 72 respondents, score ranking 0-5)

# Average Score Change in Knowledge Pre Test Post Test

1 3.3 3.7 0.4

2 3.0 3.6 0.6

3 3.4 3.7 0.3

TOTAL 3.2 3.6 0.4

130 | P a g e

1) Think tank 1, 20 June 2016, Pattani province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 National referendum and a change in Thai politics 3.4 3.8

2 Thai politics after the national referendum and peace in the deep south 3.3 3.8

3 Situation of peace talk 3.7 3.8

2) Think tank 2, 14 August 2016, Pattani province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 International dynamic of thoughts and movements of Islam and influence 2.9 3.7 towards the Patani movement in the deep south

2 Viewpoint, attitude and policy design of the Thai security force 3.1 3.8

3 Experiences on conflict management in Thailand and other countries 2.9 3.3

3) Think tank 3, 25 September 2016, Pattani province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Lessons learned, critiques of social politics in Thailand and international 3.3 3.8

2 Importance of social politics in Thailand and international, linking to Patani 3.7 3.9 situation

3 Situation and direction of peace talk 3.2 3.5

131 | P a g e

The 2nd Year (December 2016 – September 2017, 127 respondents, score ranking 0-5)

Average Score in Knowledge

# Pre Test Post Test Change

1 3.1 3.7 0.6

2 3.3 3.8 0.5

3 2.1 4.3 2.2

4 3.3 3.5 0.2

5 3.7 3.9 0.3

TOTAL 3.1 3.8 0.7

1) Think tank 4, 11 December 2016, Pattani province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Lesson and strategy of CSOs in the deep south towards peace process 3.2 3.7

2 Critique and follow up policy of the Thailand Security regarding peace 3.0 3.6 process

3 Analyze and reframe strategy of the deep south CSOs Council and the 3.1 3.7 Thailand Security, including direction CSOs on peace process and peace talk

2) Think tank 1 (year 2), 22 April 2017, Pattani province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Imagination of the future Patani: Transactions among conflicts and 3.3 3.7 modernization

2 Future Patani and probability: Possible conditions and important factors 3.3 3.8

132 | P a g e

3 Perspective on analysis of politics, development and social relations in 3.3 3.8 Patani

3) Think tank 2 (year 2), 25 May 2017, Pattani province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Politics and idea of Muslim after the Ottoman empire: Relations on faiths 2.0 4.3 between Muslim and Patani

2 Discussion and exchanging ideas on relations on faiths between Muslim and 2.3 4.2 Patani

3 Perspective, analysis from discussion on relations on faiths between 2.0 4.3 Muslim and Patani

4) Think tank 3 (year 2), 16 July 2017, Pattani province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Human rights in Thailand and human rights situations at the International 3.3 3.6 level

2 Human rights in Patani and ways to move it forward 3.4 3.5

3 Human rights analysis for example LGBTI in Patani and other human rights 3.3 3.5 violated cases

5) Think tank 4 (year 2), 16-17 September 2017, Pattani province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Multiculturalism in Thai society, multiculturalism in Malayu’s views, and 3.6 3.8 multiculturalism in Islamic perspectives

133 | P a g e

2 Knowledge from Q&A session on multiculturalism in Islamic, Malayu 3.6 3.8 Patani, and Thai societies

3 Views and analysis on multiculturalism in Islamic, Malayu Patani, and Thai 3.6 3.9 societies

4 Exchange additional issues relating multiculturalism for example a source 3.8 4.1 of multiculturalism concept, development of multiculturalism, and multiculturalism as political and governing tools

The 3rd Year (February – March 2018, 101 respondents, score ranking 0-5)

Average Score in Knowledge

# Pre Test Post Test Change

1 3.56 3.73 0.2

2 3.55 3.69 0.1

3 3.64 3.92 0.3

4 3.425 3.450 0.02

TOTAL 3.1 3.8 0.7

1) Think tank 1 (year 3), 2 February 2018, Pattani province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Multicultural: A discourse to create peace or to continue conflict 3.4 3.6

2 Knowledge from Q&A session on multicultural 3.7 3.7

3 Views and analysis on multiculturalism 3.5 3.9

4 Exchange additional issues relating multiculturalism 3.6 3.8

2) Think tank 2 (year 3), 4 March 2018, Pattani province

134 | P a g e

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Peace process in a transitional process of Thai politics 3.4 3.6

2 Knowledge from Q&Q session on peace process in a transitional process of 3.5 3.6 Thai politics

3 Views and analysis on peace process in a transitional process of Thai 3.6 3.8 politics

4 Exchange additional issues relating peace process in a transitional process 3.7 3.8 of Thai politics

3) Think tank 3 (year 3), 30 March 2018, Pattani province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Islamophobia in Thai society: True or overthinking? 3.6 3.8

2 Knowledge from Q&A session on Islamophobia in Thai society 3.6 3.8

3 Views and analysis on Islamophobia in Thai society 3.6 4.0

4 Exchange additional issues relating Islamophobia in Thai society 3.8 4.1

4) Think tank 4 (year 3), 20-22 April 2018, Pattani province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 CSOs and Thai politics in transactional period 3.4 3.6

2 Knowledge from Q&A session on Patani’s hopes on Thai political party 3.4 3.4 system, through political party’s representatives

3 Views and analysis on Patani’s hopes on Thai political party system, 3.5 3.3 through political party’s representatives

135 | P a g e

4 Exchange additional issues relating next steps for Patani 3.4 3.5

PAOW has 94 respondents to complete pre/post-tests during its 5 meetings conducted from April 2017 to February 2018 as the following details.

PAOW: 3-YEAR CHANGE

44%

Year 2 Year 3 10%

Change in Knowledge

The 2nd Year (April 2017, 11 respondents, score ranking 0-5)

Average Score in Knowledge

# Pre Test Post Test Change

1 3.8 4.2 0.4

2 3.8 3.8 0.0

TOTAL 3.8 4.0 0.2

1) Meeting with CSOs in the deep south, 22 April 2017, Pattani province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

136 | P a g e

1 Knowing the organization named “Peace Agenda for Women or PAOW” 3.7 4.2

2 Knowing the previous works of PAOW 3.8 4.2

3 Coordination between CSOs in the deep south and PAOW 4.0 4.3

2) Meeting with politicians in the deep south, 22 April 2017, Pattani province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Knowing the organization named “Peace Agenda for Women or PAOW” 4.0 3.8

2 Knowing the previous works of PAOW 3.6 3.8

3 Coordination between CSOs in the deep south and PAOW 3.8 3.8

The 3rd Year (November 2017 – February 2018, 83 respondents, score ranking 0-5)

Average Score in Knowledge

# Pre Test Post Test Change

1 3.9 4.2 0.3

2 2.7 3.8 1.1

3 3.2 4.0 0.8

4 2.9 3.6 0.7

TOTAL 3.2 3.9 0.7

1) Violence and solutions in the deep south and social media campaign, 18-19 November 2017, Pattani province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

137 | P a g e

1 Current works of PAOW 4.2 4.4

2 Previous works of PAOW 4.0 4.2

3 Violence in the deep south and progress on peace talk 3.8 4.2

4 Policy recommendation of PAOW 3.9 4.2

5 Basic concept and the importance of social media campaign 3.8 4.2

6 Using social media to campaign an activity 3.8 4.1

2) Gender and peace process in the deep south, 23-24 December 2017, Pattani province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Gender perspective 3.3 4.1

2 Gender-based violence 3.4 4.1

3 Gender-based discrimination 3.3 4.1

4 Gender in conflict 3.3 4.1

5 Gender equality 3.3 4.2

6 Gender equity 3.4 4.2

7 Women’s empowerment 3.4 4.2

8 Gender in the 2017 Constitution law 3.0 3.7

9 Gender in SDGs 3.0 3.7

10 Integration of gender in the rehabilitation works 3.1 3.7

11 Gender in the rehabilitation works, from study and the fields 3.1 3.7

12 Intersectionality of women’s rights in the deep south 3.1 4.0

13 Intersectionality: LGBTI persons 3.0 3.9

14 Intersectionality: Races 3.0 3.9

15 Intersectionality: Culture and believes 3.0 3.9

138 | P a g e

16 Intersectionality: Mentality in the wars 3.2 3.9

17 Review on peace talk and peace process through gender lens of PAOW, 3.1 4.0 communities and parties: Vision

18 Review on peace talk and peace process through gender lens of PAOW, 3.1 4.0 communities and parties: Mission

19 Review on peace talk and peace process through gender lens of PAOW, 3.4 4.0 communities and parties: Recommendation

20 Analysis on PAOW’s in the future to play an important role to create peace 3.4 4.1

21 Creating internal relationships of the PAOW network and others who live 3.3 4.0 inside and outside the community to achieve the peace mission

3) Women and peace process: Experience from other countries, 10-11 February 2018, Pattani province

Average score of answered respondents # Topic Pre-test Post-test

1 Experience and lessons learned from Myanmar – Steps on the peace road: 2.9 3.4 Roles of women

2 Resolution in peace talk and peace process 3.2 3.4

3 Resolution on conflicts in Aceh province of Indonesia 2.8 3.8

4 Resolution on conflicts in community of people on the Ambon and 2.7 3.6 Kalimantan islands of Indonesia

139 | P a g e

Annex 6: Indicator 3.1.1 – Number of civil society actors who feel empowered to engage in the peace process

Indicator Definition(s): This indicator is intended to monitor changes in civil society empowerment including increased knowledge and understanding, increased confidence in the role of CSO in peace process, increased level of engagement in peace process, and coalition building among network members.

Civil society actors are local organizations or individuals active in the project area. This includes community-based organizations, associations and informal networks. They may or may not be formally registered as local NGOs. As part of the empowerment activities project participants will be asked to develop the analytical framework for this indicator. The final version of the framework is expected to be developed in February 2016 however it is expected the framework will be similar to the following:

Empowerment is defined as the capacity to make effective choices. The classical definition of empowerment16 generally has two sets of factors, namely agency and opportunity. The project will focus on agency as the main measure of empowerment.

Agency is defined as an actor’s ability to make meaningful choices; that is, the actor is able to envisage options and make a choice. Agency will be will be measured along 4 key domains 1. Knowledge – Does the organization have the knowledge necessary to engage on the issue? 2. Confidence – Does the organization have the skills and influence to engage on the issue? 3. Engagement – Do they use the opportunity to engage or strategically decide not to engage. (Non-participation may still be viewed as engagement.) 4. Coalition building and networking – Are they willing to work with others?

Peace process is broadly defined as non-violent conflict resolution. This may include, but is not limited to, the current peace dialogue process between the Royal Thai Government and the insurgent group currently represented by Mara Patani.

Multiple rounds of rigorous pre- and post-monitoring assessments will be conducted to look into how sharing and building the capacity of local CSOs contributes to building the confidence of civil society to engage in the peace process. The baseline will be conducted in February 2015 and follow on rounds will be conducted annually in August.

Methodology : CSO baseline interviews were conducted in April and May 2016 with 4 representatives of local CSOs to establish the baseline for both organizational and individual level indicators. Year 1

16 This definition of empowerment is drawn from the World Bank, Measuring Empowerment in Practice: structuring analysis and faming indicators, available here.

140 | P a g e

interviews were conducted with 4 representatives in October 2016. Year 2 interviews were conducted in September - October 2017 with 7 representatives of local CSOs to assess their level of change after participating in the quarterly think tank forums and year 3 interviews were conducted in June 2018 with 10 representatives of local CSOs after the project ended. Interviewees were chosen based on the following characteristics to ensure there was diverse representation: 5. Diversity of mission, e.g. human rights, legal aid, humanitarian/service provisions, research, economic empowerment, media. 6. Geographic focus of activities, Pattani, Yala, Narathiwat and Songkhla 7. Gender: a minimum of two interviewees will be women.

Profiles of interviewees for the baseline, year 1 to year 3 are as follows: Name of Organization Geographic Baseline Year 1 Year 2 Year Interviewees Name and Focus of 3 Characteristics Organization

1. Ms. Huda Perwani - Narathiwat April 6, October 1, Longdaewa and primary 2016 2017 Ms. Kofsoh activities are to (Kofsoh) Wani (Female, heal and Muslim) empower women who have been affected by the conflict

2. Dr. Anthicha Gender and Patani 19 May October 8, Chaengchai Human Rights 2016 2017 (Female, Classroom @ Thai/Atheist, Buku Bookstore LBGTI activist)

3. Mr. Abdulloh Patani Forum Yala & All of 25 May October Mad-Adam south 2016 12, (Male, Muslim) 2016

4. Ms. Patani Forum All of the 25 May October September June Nureemah Deep South 2016 12, 27, 2017 19, Bueraheng 2016 2018 (Female, Muslim)

141 | P a g e

5. Mr. Pratchya Patani Forum All of the September June Tohitae (Male, Deep South 27, 2017 19, Muslim) 2018

6. Mr. Lampar Pattani and 25 May October September Tuwaeneeya Narathiwat 2016 22, 30, 2017 Tumae-ngae 2016 (Male, Muslim)

7. Mr. Najib ISTF Pattani and October October 1, June Arwaebuesa Narathiwat 12, 2017 24, (Male, Muslim) 2016 2018

8. Ms. Prince of Patani October Thanyatorn, Songkhla 24, (Buddhist, University 2016 female) Pattani

9. Ms. Anchana Hearty Group Songkhla and October October 1, June Heemina Pattani 1, 2017 2017 24, (Mumtas) 2018

(Muslim, Female) 10. Ms. Buddhist for Pattani October June Duangsuda Peace 19, 2017 24, Srangamphai 2018 (Buddhist, Female)

11. Mr. June Zakariya 19, Amataya 2018

12. Mr. Buddhist for June Rukchart Peace (B4P) 19, Suwan 2018

13. Mr. Ekkarin June Tuansiri 24, 2018

142 | P a g e

14. Mr. Zahri June Jehlong 24, 2018

15. Ms. Somusa June Buaphan 25, 2018

Questions were devised to assess the level of civil society empowerment, and its role in influencing the peace negotiations. Specifically, questions were around 4 categories including Increased Knowledge, Level of Confidence, Level of Engagement, Coalition Building and Networking.

Summary of responses to the questions are as follows:

Increased Knowledge:

Question 1: Explain a critical issue related to peace and conflict, for example, violence situation, peace negotiation and negotiating parties, peace process?

Baseline: All interviewees had in-depth knowledge of the drivers of the conflict and key actors. Many also demonstrated a nuanced understanding of the current peace process. However, most expressed that they needed to improve their capacity on advocacy and communications in order to engage in activities directly related to the peace process.

Year 1: This data was captured through the pre/post-forum test and respondents demonstrated an average increase in knowledge of 0.4 as a result of all three forums.

Year 2: This data was captured through the pre/post-forum test and respondents demonstrated an average increase in knowledge of 0.7 as a result of all three forums.

Year 3: This data was captured through the pre/post-forum test and respondents demonstrated an average increase in knowledge of 0.2 as a result of all four forums.

Question 2: Do you or your organizations share knowledge gained from participating in the think tank workshops with other organizations or your communities? How often?

Baseline: Interviewees indicated that they share information with their beneficiary groups however most of it is related to general community issues and not specifically on the peace process.

Year 1: Interviewees all expressed that they regularly share the information from the forums. As mentioned in the report above a key difference between these forums and others in the region is the level of ownership participants feel in deciding the topics discussed and the overall setting of the forum.

143 | P a g e

Year 2: Most interviews regularly share information from the forums and look for opportunities to apply the knowledge.

“I and my organization share and apply knowledge to our work. In conducting dialogues, I think we need diverse opinions on use of violence, peace talks and multiculturalism. I mostly have a weekly discussion in local teashops.”

“In term of institutional level there is a connection in project designing such as in developing issue related to Islamophobia for example. In term of personal level, there are also informal discussions.”

Year 3: Most interviews regularly share information from the forums and look for opportunities to apply the knowledge.

“I share the information and new knowledge gained from the forum on the radio program that I host.” “As Patani Forum, we also share the information we’ve learned from the forum on our website and in our bulletins.”

Question 3: How did you apply the new knowledge and information gained into your work?

Baseline: Most interviewees expressed that peacebuilding was difficult task and while they primarily operate at the local level they don’t know how to advocate at higher levels.

Year 1: All interviewees indicated that they apply the new knowledge to varying degrees.

Year 2: Most interviewees expressed that they try to incorporate what they learned at the forums into their work. Some post comments online to encourage further debate about the issues and other utilize the new knowledge more directly in their work.

“It impacts our working direction. We discuss a lot of thoughts and ideas that we gain from the forum and apply it to our work. A lot of ideas become our new projects such as the economy issue that we are planning to further study or the connection between Muslim world and politics in Patani. We have a better direction and brighter idea to design our work.”

“It is more like a beacon that lead us to the path. It is like a bridge to our destiny. We can see the direction. We feel empowered. I feel that the Malay participants in the forum are fair even though our ideas are extremely different. It is critical in peace building. I feel relaxed attending the event. We can express our opinion. The forum is a safe space.”

Year 3: All interviewees answered that they consolidate the new knowledge they have learned at the forums into their work and their personal understanding.

144 | P a g e

“The knowledge I gained from the forums helps me a lot so that I can adjust myself to meet with local context of Islam.”

“It helps me to understand some issues in depth and motivates me to explore further in terms of building my own opinions.”

Level of Confidence:

Question 4: Do you think civil society is knowledgeable and skillful enough to play significant role in peace?

Baseline: While organizations are confident engaging in projects directly related to their institutional mandate, unsurprisingly they were less confident to engage on other issues. Additionally, a number of interviewee raised lack of core institutional capacity to move beyond their local project work and advocate at higher levels.

Year 1: While there was some improvement, generally interviewees felt that CSO still lacked the skills to pay a significant role in advocating for peace.

Year 2: Most interviewees felt that although CSOs have learned about new ideas and theory, they still lack the necessary skills to engage in promoting peace.

“They have experience but they are not well articulated. They can’t link their experience with principles.” “The main problem is they haven’t crystalized their idea. They just memorized their new knowledge and repeat it. They don’t have much time to think and most of the time they just go along with trends.”

Year 3: Most interviewees expressed that civil society need more knowledge and skills to promote peace.

“We need to be developed more. There are gaps among CSOs and we have different background of knowledge.”

“CSOs only have superficial knowledge and cannot apply what have learned into practice.”

Question 5: Does civil society have the potential to bridge communities and negotiating parties?

Baseline: Most interviewees expressed that while local CSOs could play a bridging role they don’t have the skills nor the legitimacy to speak on behalf of the people.

Year 1: There was limited improvement in this area as most interviewee expressed that CSOs still lack credibility with the negotiating groups and legitimacy to “represent the people”.

145 | P a g e

Year 2: This question was mostly affected due to the lack of progress in the formal peace process. There was limited improvement on this issues with most interviewees expressing that CSO still lack the credibility and legitimacy to represent the people.

“I think they can bridge local communities but they still unable to bridge negotiation parties.”

“I don’t see much of this role with CSOs. What they are doing mostly just connect their work with donors. Most CSOs only speak about their agenda and urge society to understand them rather than messaging to negotiation parties.”

Year 3: Most interviewees expressed that some CSOs could play a bridging role between communities and negotiating parties, however, it is difficult as the negotiating parties would have their own working strategies.

“Some CSOs are capable reaching to negotiating parties but some cannot.”

“CSOs are not in a position to bridge communities and negotiating parties. I think both party A and B have their own channels to communicate with local people. The role of CSOs should pass thoughts and voices of community to the rest of Thai society and should not lead community.”

Question 6: Do you believe that CSOs can influence Party A (the state)? Is this more or less than Party B? Question 7: Do you believe that CSOs can influence Party B (the insurgency)? Is this more or less than Party A? (Interviewees tended to answer both questions together)

Baseline: Most interviewees felt that CSOs had the potential to play a large role however to date they had limited impact influencing either party. They did feel that both sides were watching their activities and therefore indirectly influenced both party’s thinking.

Year 1: Interviewees felt that CSO influence with both parties was minimal and CSOs can fall victim to manipulation by both groups.

Year 2: Most interviewees felt that CSOs have some influence with both parties however due to the lack of progress in the peace talks the issues are not necessarily directly related to the negotiations.

“The CSOs can influence the Party A because the Party A need mass support. Sometimes they just copy the idea of local CSOs but I am not sure if it would lead to a better solution.”

“Before then the separatist didn’t pay much attention to the local CSOs because the CSOs just organizing their group. Currently, the separatist realize that they can’t make political move on the ground. The gap allows CSOs to play more role and might somehow try to communicate their political agenda through some CSOs.”

146 | P a g e

“CSOs are working in the highway. They walk between Party A and Party B. CSOs can represent the local needs to both parties and Party A and B can communicate to locals through CSOs.”

Year 3: Most interviewees expressed that CSOs are less influential to party A than party B, even though party A seems listening to local CSOs.

“Party A listens to CSOs but I’m not sure if they would take action for people.”

“CSOs are more influential to party B than party A. If we have a seat in part A, it can be either a chance to voice for people or just to become a symbolic gesture. I don’t think CSOs can do much.”

“CSOs can influence party B. Party B is more respectful to discuss an issue of the area than party A.”

“I think CSOs need to build their own bargaining power.”

Level of engagement

Question 8: Have you recently discussed about developments on peace negotiation with your peers or your communities? How often?

Baseline: There were some mention of platforms to learn about peace process however among interviewees participation at these events was rather infrequent.

Year 1: Interviewees indicated a higher level of engagement than in the baseline however this generally informal and via personal contacts. Interviewees also expressed pessimism about the future of the peace talks due to Bangkok being distracted by the Royal transition.

Year 2: Most interviewee said they rarely discuss the peace process formally or informally mostly due to the lack of progress in the peace negotiations.

“I barely discuss about the peace dialogue because it doesn’t have much improvement. Currently, the people are struggling with justice. It is an urgent matter. The Peace Dialogue issue is too big to discuss.”

“We talk about a big picture that relate to national politics and factors that effect to peace dialogue and who would play important role during this crucial time.”

Year 3: Some interviewees expressed that they discuss on developments on peace negotiation with friends and communities regularly to exchange thoughts while a few of them don’t share this information with local community.

147 | P a g e

“I discuss about development on the peace process very often with friends to update and get an insight information.”

“I often discuss about development on the peace process with CSO friends but very little with my community because they care more on their life improvement or drug issue.”

Question 9: Describe recent examples of your reactions to recent developments on peace negotiation? What was the course and outcome of these activities? Who initiated the activities

Baseline: No interviewees were able to give any examples of reflections or reactions to the peace negotiations. Generally, respondents mentioned the limitations of CSOs.

Year 1: Given the lack of concrete, formal activities mentioned under question 8 it is not surprising that interviewees were unable to give specific reactions.

Year 2: Interviewees were split on this question with some indicating that since there was no progress there was no need. All felt now what the time to prepare for future negotiations and some continued to try to engage in activities that educate communities about the conflict or keep up to date on the situation.

“I don’t really pay attention to it. We don’t need to pay close attention. What the CSOs need is improving themselves. They need to sharpen their proposals to get heard from both sides. But they don’t work on this, they only focus on their agenda. They need to work together other proposals to get more leverage.”

“I will participate forums that discuss the situation / peace dialogue to catch up with the issue. And after that I will discuss with friends, writing articles online and even conducting forum with partners.”

Year 3: Most interviewees conducted meetings and forums to discuss on development on peace negotiation even though there was no progress.

“My organization visited many communities and we discussed about peace dialogue. I think people don’t pay much attention on peace process. The outcome from visiting communities was people gained the human right knowledge and knew how to react when local army visiting their place.”

“I did a forum with the Buddhist community regarding safety zone and peace dialogue. People expressed their demands to seek for a safety place.”

“When we conducted the third Think Tank Forum, we invited Astora who works closely with Mara Patani, to update the situation. People at the forum didn’t like Mara Patan, so they didn’t give credits to Mara Patani.”

148 | P a g e

Question 10: Describe the response of higher-level stakeholders to your reactions

Baseline: As there were no actions undertaken there were no specific responses. However, interviewees were optimistic about potential responses from both parties.

Year 1: Given that there were limited activities only one interviewee was able to provide a response to this question. Both sides had taken interest in their activity.

Year 2: Unsurprising given the lack of progress on the peace talks, most interviewees did not respond to this question and those that did felt there was not much response. A few interviewees expressed they had been approached by the government to engage in discussions related to peace and one felt that the safety zone issue had gotten responses from both sides.

“Definitely on safety zone. The debate among local CSOs make both parties listen. The separatist is trying to kill the idea while the government put all of their effort to stop the violent. It can be implied that there is still a political space.”

Year 3: Most of interviewees felt that party A and B have recognized their works but haven’t strongly supported them.

“Party A questions about our role and work if we take side. They barely trust us. While party B seems listen to our voice, but I haven’t seen their support to our work.”

“They listen to us but they haven’t responded or taken into action. I think most of our findings are against their information.”

Coalition Building and networking

Question 11: Describe the level of interaction and/or joint activities between civil society organizations.

Baseline: Generally, interviewees expressed that there was limited interaction or joint activities between local CSOs.

Year 1: Given that it is only year 1 and there have only been 3 meetings, unsurprisingly most interviewees expressed that most CSOs still preferred to work on their own with limited collective action.

Year 2: Most interviewees felt that most CSO continue to focus on their own missions, however there were some areas where they had worked together or are invited as experts for other organizations.

“People interact quite often but mostly informal discussions either online or offline. There are several of our participants invited to participate in our activity and also other activity that host by other organization.”

149 | P a g e

Year 3: Most interviewed agreed that CSOs have jointed activities very often.

“We mobilize 10 organization that work on child’s rights and we conduct meetings and fund raisings together.”

“We work together on number of forums. We urgently and cautiously do the Hijab case together – an issue at the Pattani Kindergarten School, try to initiate a dialogue for solution.”

Question 12: Other than your activity, at what different events do groups or networks come together? How often do these meetings occur?

Baseline: Previously groups sporadically came together to discuss a specific incident but there is no regular setting for them to meet.

Year 1: While interviewees were pessimistic about CSOs cooperation when asked specifically about common events most were able to come up with at least one example. While these are not necessarily directly peacebuilding related it does demonstrate that relationships between CSOs exist and can be called upon when goals align.

Year 2: While most were critical of the other networks interviewees were able to identify other network activities that meet regularly.

Year 3: Most interviewees went to IPP forum but they like joining the Think Tank Forum more because they felt free to express their opinions. Many of them also regularly join discussions on local and national politics at local teashops or other events that conducting occasionally for example the Women’s Day.

Question 13: Describe recent examples of collective action that have taken place. What was the course and outcome of these activities? Who initiated the activities? How were organizations mobilized

Baseline: Most respondents expressed that NGOs will come together on a common issue, for example the Pondok Jihad case, however currently each NGO follows its own guiding principles.

Year 1: Similar to question 12 all interviewees were able to provide examples of collective action. There was some criticism of the process, which some interviewees felt was a too closed and not open to broader participation.

Year 2: All interviewees were able to provide multiple activities jointly implemented over the past year. While not all are directly related peace talks they were related to drivers of conflict of dealing with the effects of the conflict. While interviewees felt CSOs needed to improve their level of cooperation and coordinate all were able to name at least one joint activity demonstrating that CSOs have started working together towards a common goal however SBPAC’s 50 million-baht 150 | P a g e

CSO fund may fracture the CSO community as they return to seeing each other as competitors rather than partners.

“There is some level of collective action. It happens by nature because they share many things in common and especially in close circle. Lately, I can see improvement in women group especially on networking.”

“Children Rights Day and activities relate to healing those who have been affected by the conflict. We cohost with more than 10 organizations, mostly working on a similar issue. It is a kind of activity that not many people focus and really in need. The activity expects greater outcome and to convince the society to realize on the issue that we are working on. To cohost the event, we need a concrete issue and clear target group to create change. We will invite our partner, speaker and people to participate the event.”

“The 50 million Baht fund by the government allows the government to understand that there is no unity among CSOs. It seems like the government is exercising the “divide and conquer” tactic. I think the CSOs need to come up with a new strategy.”

Year 3: Interviewees expressed that local CSOs have made joint statements to address human rights violation produced by the government, without funding supported by donors.

Assessment

Characteristic Baseline Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

1. Knowledge Increase 2.10 3.50 3.60 4.00

2. Level of Confidence 1.80 1.60 2.80 3.00

3. Level of Engagement 1.60 1.80 2.30 3.00

4. Coalition Building and Networking 1.50 1.90 3.30 3.00

TOTAL 7.00 8.80 12.00 13.00

Changes

Characteristic BL to Y1 Y1 to Y2 BL to Y2 Y2 to Y3 BL to Y3

1. Knowledge Increase 1.40 0.10 1.50 0.40 1.90

2. Level of Confidence -0.20 1.20 1.00 0.20 1.20

151 | P a g e

3. Level of Engagement 0.20 0.50 0.70 0.70 1.40

4. Coalition Building and 0.40 1.40 1.80 -0.30 1.50 Networking

TOTAL Change 1.80 3.20 5.00 1.00 6.00

Patani Forum - Assessment

Baseline Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

Knowledge Increase 4.00 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 Coalition Building and 0.00 Level of Confidence Networking

Level of Engagement

152 | P a g e

Annex 7: Indicator 3.2.1 – Sentiment analysis of comments and engagement rate for quarterly bulletins posted online

Title Date Link

1. Analyzing the direction of Thai Politics 30 Aug 16 http://www.pataniforum.com/single.php?id=607

2. Politics of CSOs – Criticisms about CSOs 27 Sep 16 http://www.pataniforum.com/single.php?id=611 – Part 1

3. Understanding Conflict Actors in Patani, 28 Sep 16 http://www.pataniforum.com/single.php?id=612 Part 1

4. Why there is no democracy in the Muslim 08 Jul 17 http://www.pataniforum.com/admin/jquery/ckfinder/ world?: Journal of Patani Forum No. 21 userfiles/files/PATANI%20FORUM%2021.pdf

5. Decha Tangsifah vs a dialogue on cultural 04 May 18 http://www.pataniforum.com/single.php?id=742 skills in Patani, part 1

6. Decha Tangsifah vs a dialogue on cultural 13 Apr 18 http://www.pataniforum.com/single.php?id=744 skills in Patani, part 2

7. Editorial: (1) From “Knowing” to 15 Jun 18 http://www.pataniforum.com/single.php?id=749 “Knowledge” and (2) The end of a journey is a beginning of a new journey

8. Stories from Indonesia to Patani 11 Sep 18 http://www.pataniforum.com/single.php?id=760

Please note: To avoid any causes of conflicts, Patani Forum has turned off a function that allows readers to comment.

153 | P a g e