Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2016 I

Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2016

Table of Contents

Table of Contents ...... i List of Figures ...... ii Abbreviations and Acronyms ...... iii Executive Summary ...... iv I. Introduction ...... 1 II. Data Sources ...... 1 III. Causes of Crashes and Fatalities ...... 3 III.1 Main Evolution of the Data ...... 3 III.2 Casualties ...... 5 III.2.1 Nature of Injuries ...... 5 III.2.2 Severity of Injuries ...... 6 III.3 Time/Day/Month ...... 7 III.4 Gender and Age ...... 8 III.5 Occupation ...... 10 III.6 Types of Road User ...... 10 III.6.1 Motorbike Riders ...... 11 III.6.2 Pedestrians ...... 12 III.7 Types of Collisions ...... 15 III.8 Blackspots ...... 15 IV. Safety Performance Indicators ...... 18 IV.1 Types of Roads ...... 18 IV.2 Contributing factors ...... 19 IV.2.1 Over Speeding ...... 20 IV.2.2 Drunk Driving ...... 21 IV.3 Emergency Response ...... 23 IV.3.1 First Aid ...... 23 IV.3.2 Transfer to Hospital ...... 24 IV.5 Use of Passive Protection ...... 24 IV.5.1 Seatbelt ...... 24 IV.5.2 Helmet Wearing ...... 25 IV.5.3 Driving License ...... 26 V. Conclusion and Key Recommendations ...... 27 V.1 Conclusion ...... 27 V.2 Key Recommendations ...... 27 Glossary ...... 32 References ...... 35 Contacts ...... 36

Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2016

List of Figures

Figure 1: RCVIS Data Collection Flow, 2010-2016 ...... 1 Figure 2: Percentage of Injuries and Fatalities Reported to RCVIS by Traffic Police and Health Facilities, 2016 ...... 1 Table 1: Number of Health Centers, Hospitals and District Traffic Police that Reported to RCVIS by Province and Year, 2012-2016 . 2 Figure 3: Evolution of road fatalities, population and vehicles in Cambodia, 2005-2016 (base 100 = 2005) ...... 3 Figure 4: Estimated number of fatalities, 2011-2020 ...... 4 Figure 5: Fatality Rates Compared to Population and Registered Vehicles, 2006-2016 ...... 4 Figure 6: Fatality Rates in Cambodia Compared to Lao PDR and Vietnam, 2016 ...... 5 Table 2: Breakdown of Casualties by Severity of Injury, 2012-2016...... 5 Figure 7: Percentage of Casualties by Nature of Injury, 2016 ...... 6 Figure 8: Percentage of Casualties by Severity of Injury, 2016 ...... 6 Figure 9: Percentage of Serious Injuries by Types of Disabilities, 2016 ...... 7 Figure 10: Distribution of Fatalities by Time Category, 2016 ...... 7 Figure 11: Number of Fatalities by Main Holidays, 2012-2016 ...... 8 Table 3: Number of Fatalities by Gender, 2012-2016 ...... 8 Figure12: Number of Fatalities in 100,000 People by Gender and Age Category, 2016 ...... 9 Table 4: The Numbers of Fatalities by Age Category, 2012-2016 ...... 9 Table 5: Number of Fatalities by Occupation, 2012-2016 ...... 10 Table 6: Number of Fatalities by Mode of Transportation, 2012-2016 ...... 11 Figure 13: Percentage of Fatalities by Mode of Transport and Type of Road User, 2016 ...... 11 Table 7: Number of Motorbike Fatalities by Type of Road User, 2012-2016 ...... 12 Figure 14: Distribution of At-Fault Motorbike Drivers by Age Category, 2016 ...... 12 Table 8: Number of Pedestrian Fatalities by Gender, 2012-2016 ...... 13 Figure 15: Distribution of Pedestrian Fatalities by Time, 2016 ...... 13 Figure 16: Distribution of Pedestrian Fatalities by Age Category, 2016 ...... 14 Figure 17: Distribution of Pedestrian Fatalities by Province, 2016 ...... 14 Figure 18: Percentage of Fatalities by Types of Collisions, 2016 ...... 15 Figure 19: Blackspots on the Cambodian road network, 2016 ...... 16 Table 9: Number of Fatalities by Capital and Province, 2012-2016 ...... 17 Figure 20: Percentage of Fatalities by Types of Roads, 2016 ...... 18 Table 10: Number of Fatalities on Main National Road (National Road 1 to 9), 2012-2016 ...... 18 Figure 21: Percentage of Fatalities by Road Characteristic, 2016 ...... 19 Figure 22: Percentage of Fatalities due to Speeding by Time, 2016 ...... 20 Figure 23: Percentage of At-Fault drivers in Speeding Crashes by Age Group, 2016 ...... 21 Figure 24: Distribution of Fatalities in Speeding Crashes by Province, 2016 ...... 21 Figure 25: Distribution of Fatalities by Time, 2016 ...... 22 Figure 26: Percentage of At-Fault Drivers due to Drunk Driving by Age Category, 2016 ...... 22 Figure 27: Distribution of Fatalities due to Drunk Driving by Province, 2016 ...... 23 Figure 28: Percentage of Casualties that Received First Aid by Types of First Aid Responders, 2016 ...... 23 Figure 29: Percentage of Casualties that Received First Aid by Types of Injuries, 2016 ...... 24 Figure 30: Duration to Arrive at the First Health Facility in Phnom Penh versus other Provinces, 2016 ...... 24 Figure 31: Percentage of Four-Wheel Vehicle Driver Casualties Wearing a Seatbelt by Age Category, 2016 ...... 25 Figure 32: Percentage of Motorbike Rider Casualties Wearing Helmet by Age Category, 2016 ...... 26 Figure 33 : Percentage of Four-Wheel Vehicle Driver Casualties Holding a Driving License by Age Category, 2016 ...... 26 Table 12: Evaluation of Data by Years, 2012-2016 ...... 28

Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2016

Abbreviations and Acronyms

ADB Asian Development Bank ASEAN Association of South-East Asian Nations Avg Average GPS Global Positioning System HI Handicap International IRTAD International Traffic Safety Data and Analysis Group MoH Ministry of Health MoI Ministry of Interior NR National Road NRSC National Road Safety Committee OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development RCVIS Road Crash Victim and Information System WHO World Health Organization

iii

Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2016

Executive Summary

The RCVIS Annual Report 2016 reviews the main road crash trends in Cambodia compared to previous years and future estimations. The following figures of the report are based on the data collected by the traffic police and health facilities in 2016:

 3,910 crashes and 11,889 casualties were reported. Among them, 1,852 were fatalities and 4,697 were serious injuries (on average, more than 5 people died and 13 were injured every day).  Over the last 12 years (2005-2016), the number of fatalities has doubled. At the same time, the population increased by 18% and the number of registered motorized vehicles1 by 553%.  In Cambodia, there were 4.9 fatalities per 10,000 registered vehicles, a number higher than in Vietnam (1.66), but not over in Lao PDR2 (5.87).  The peak of fatalities was from 6 pm to 8 pm (18%). Sunday represented the highest number of fatalities (17%), followed by Saturday (16%) and Monday (14%).  The peak of fatalities reached to people between the age of 20 and 24 years old (19%).  Male fatalities accounted for 80% of total fatalities, a decrease of 18% compared with 2015.  Farmers represented the largest group of fatalities (40%), followed by workers (20%) and students (10%).  Motorbike riders3 accounted for 73% of the total number of fatalities, followed by pedestrians (10%) and those traveling by family cars (6%).  Only 23% of motorbike drivers and passenger casualties wore a helmet while involved in a crash.  Only 40% of 4-wheeler driver casualties wore a seatbelt during the crash.  60% of four-wheel vehicle drivers involved in crashes (including injured and non-injured) had a driving license.  64% of the fatalities within motorbike drivers and passengers suffered from a head injury in the crash.  70% of the total number of fatalities on national roads occurred on one digit national roads (National Road 1 to 9).  The highest number of fatalities was observed in Phnom Penh (234), followed by Kampong Thom province (125) and Banteay Meanchey province (122).  Only 6% of casualties could reach the first health facility in less than 30 minutes in Phnom Penh, while 31% took more than 2 hours in the provinces.

1 Statistics of vehicles registered in 2016, Department of Land Transport, Ministry of Public Work and Transport. 2 Source: from HI at Lao PDR and Vietnam. 3 Riders refer to both drivers and passengers. iv

Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2016

I. Introduction

Reliable road crash surveillance data has been identified as a critical tool for assessing the burden of road traffic injuries, targeting policy responses, and evaluating the effectiveness of road safety interventions. The Road Crash and Victim Information System (RCVIS) in Cambodia has been implemented since 2004 by the Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MPWT), the Ministry of Interior (MoI) and the Ministry of Health (MoH), with the technical and financial support of Handicap International (HI). The RCVIS has been managed by the General Secretariat of the National Road Safety Committee (GSNRSC) since 2010, also with support from HI. This system provides road safety stakeholders (government and civil society organisations) with accurate, continuous and comprehensive information for policy development, and planning and evaluation of the impact of road safety initiatives. Figure 1: RCVIS Data Collection Flow, 2010-2016

II. Data Sources

Road crash data has been collected from the traffic police unit and health facilities (hospitals and health centers). In 2016, the traffic police played a very important role in collecting data on fatalities 98% of reported fatalities throughout Cambodia were reported by traffic police and health facilities reported only around 1% of fatalities. Health facilities reported 27% of injury data and the traffic police reported 70%. Figure 2: Percentage of Injuries and Fatalities Reported to RCVIS by Traffic Police and Health Facilities, 2016 Fatalities Injuries 1% 1% 3%

27%

70%

98%

Traffic Police and Hospital Hospital Traffic Police

Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2016

Not all hospitals and health centers4 in the country reported data to the Ministry of Health by mainly because the health centers are located in remote areas where human resources and equipment are limited. Table 1: Number of Health Centers, Hospitals and District Traffic Police that Reported to RCVIS by Province and Year5, 2012-2016

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Provinces Health District Health District Health District Health District Health District Hospitals Hospitals Hospitals Hospitals Hospitals Centers Polices Centers Polices Centers Polices Centers Polices Centers Polices

Banteay Meanchey 0 0 9 0 0 10 3 3 10 0 0 9 2 1 10 Battambang 0 0 12 0 2 12 0 3 12 0 2 13 0 1 13 Kampong Cham 5 10 17 13 9 17 5 9 17 2 5 17 1 2 17 Kompong Chhnang 1 3 9 5 4 9 2 3 8 4 3 7 2 2 7 Kampong Speu 0 0 9 0 1 4 0 0 5 0 0 5 0 0 5 Kampong Thom 0 2 8 0 1 7 0 0 7 0 1 9 0 0 9

Kampot 0 4 9 1 4 8 0 4 8 0 3 8 0 0 8 Kandal 4 2 11 0 1 10 0 0 10 0 1 10 0 0 11 Kep 2 1 2 4 1 2 4 1 2 3 1 2 1 1 2 Koh Kong 0 2 8 0 0 7 0 0 7 0 0 7 0 0 7 Kratie 7 1 6 0 0 7 1 1 7 0 0 7 0 0 6

Mondol Kiri 1 1 5 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 1 Addar Meanchey 1 1 5 0 0 6 0 1 6 0 0 6 0 6 Pailin 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 Phnom Penh 0 4 9 0 4 10 0 4 10 0 3 10 0 3 8 Preah Vihear 0 0 8 16 1 8 8 1 8 3 0 8 0 0 8 Prey Veng 14 6 13 19 6 12 1 1 13 0 1 14 1 2 12

Pursat 0 0 7 0 0 6 0 1 6 0 3 5 0 2 5 Ratanak Kiri 0 0 8 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 Siem Reap 1 2 12 1 3 9 1 3 12 1 3 12 1 2 11 Preah Sihanouk 0 2 4 0 0 5 0 2 4 0 0 5 0 0 5 Stung Treng 2 4 4 0 0 4 0 0 5 0 0 5 0 0 5

Svay Rieng 0 3 9 0 3 8 0 3 8 0 3 8 0 0 8 Takeo 0 1 11 0 1 9 0 1 9 0 0 10 0 0 9 Total 38 49 197 59 41 176 25 41 181 13 29 182 8 16 177

4 There were 957 health centres, 74 referral hospitals and 95 hospitals in Cambodia in 2007 according to the Health Strategic Plan 2008-2015, Ministry of Health. This means that only 4% of health centres reported road traffic injury cases to RCVIS in 2012 while 29% of hospitals did. 5 Among reporting hospitals and health centres, some did not report for a whole year. Please note that provincial traffic police offices are included in the number of district police offices. 2

Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2016

III. Causes of Crashes and Fatalities

III.1 Main Evolution of the Data Over the last 12 years (2005-2016), the number of fatalities has doubled. At the same time, the population6 has increased by 18% and the number of registered motorized vehicles has risen by 553%7 (in 2016, about 80% of all registered vehicles were motorbikes). Figure 3: Evolution of road fatalities, population and vehicles in Cambodia8, 2005-2016 (base 100 = 2005)

700

600

500

400

300

200

100 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Population Registrated vehicles Fatalities

It was estimated that unless additional road safety actions are taken, the number of annual fatalities in Cambodia will increase up to 3,200 by 20209. Therefore, the Royal Government of Cambodia has committed to develop a national road safety action plan 2011-2020 in order to reduce the number of road fatalities in 2020 by 50% (or reduce to 1,600 fatalities). This will save 7,35010 lives if the target is achieved.

6 Number of population in 2016 based on the 2008 General Population Census of Cambodia 7 Registered vehicles in 2016 by Ministry of Public Works and Transport 8 Number of fatalities in 2005 were based on traffic police data only and from 2006 to 2016 based on RCVIS 9Number of vehicles is estimated to increase by 4 million in 2020 (compared to 2009). The calculation was made by the Institute for Road Safety Research (SWOV), in the Netherlands. 10These 7,350 lives include all lives that can be saved every year, from 2011 to 2020. The calculation has been conducted by the Institute for Road Safety Research (SWOV), the Netherlands. 3

Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2016

Figure 4: Estimated number of fatalities, 2011-2020 3500 3200

3000

2500

2000

1500 1600 1000

500

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Fatalities: National target Fatalities: without additional action Fatalities: Reality

Over the last 11 years (2006-2016), the fatality rate among 100,000 inhabitants11 increased from 9.6 to 11.9. On the other hand, the fatality rate per 10,000 registered vehicles12 decreased from 18.1 to 4.9. This decrease can be attributed to the increase of registered vehicles.

Figure 5: Fatality Rates Compared to Population and Registered Vehicles, 2006-2016

20.0 18.1 17.8 18.0 15.1 16.0 13.4 14.7 13.0 14.5 14.0 12.3 12.7 13.1 11.9 12.0 11.0 10.0 11.3 11.8 12.2 10.0 9.0 7.9 8.0 9.6 7.9 6.0 7.0 4.0 4.9 2.0 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Number of fatalities per 100,000 inhabitants Number of fatalities per 10,000 registerred vehicles

In Cambodia, there were 4.9 fatalities per 10,000 registered vehicles, a number less than in Lao PDR (5.9), but higher than Vietnam (1.7). The fatality rate per 100,000 inhabitants in Cambodia was 11.9, which was higher than in Vietnam (9.3), but less than in Lao PDR (16.5), 2016.

11 Number of population in 2016 based on the 2008 General Population Census of Cambodia. 12 Statistics on registered vehicles in 2016, Department of Public Works and Land Transport. 4

Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2016

Figure 6: Fatality Rates in Cambodia Compared to Lao PDR and Vietnam, 2016 20.0 16.5 15.0 11.9 9.3 10.0 5.9 4.9 5.0 1.7 0.0

Cambodia Lao PDR Vietnam Number of fatalities per 100,000 inhabitiants Number of fatalities per 10,000 register vehicles

III.2 Casualties 3,910 crashes13 and 11,899 casualties were reported in 2016. Among them, 1,852 were fatalities and 4,697 were serious injuries. On average, more than 5 people died and 13 were injured every day. Compared to 2015, the number of fatalities decreased by 17% and serious injuries decreased by 14%. Table 2: Breakdown of Casualties by Severity of Injury, 2012-2016 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2016 Change over 2015 Fatalities and injuries N N N N N % Change % Fatalities 1966 1950 2226 2231 1852 16% -379 -17% Serious injuries 5349 5671 6005 5450 4697 39% -753 -14% Slight injuries 7248 8109 6425 5746 5009 42% -737 -13% No injuries 0 166 105 71 0 0% -71 -100% Unknown injuries 1052 331 554 151 341 3% 190 126% Total 15615 16227 15315 13649 11899 100% -1750 -13%

III.2.1 Nature of Injuries 49% of casualties suffered from head injuries, followed by fractures (22%). The percentage of head injuries among casualties decreased from 50% in 2014 to 49% in 2015.

13 This number of crashes is based on data from the traffic police only. It was estimated that there were 7,611 road crashes in 2012 if the data of the two sources had been combined.

Slight injuries No injuries Died at hospital Unknown

16% Fatalities

6 Severe injuries 40 Died during fransferring Died on crash site

Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2016

Figure 7: Percentage of Casualties by Nature of Injury14, 2016

Unkown_injury 3% Other_injury 5% Face 1% Internal_Injury 2% Thorax 3% Sprain_Dislocation 8% Bruise_Superficial 11% Cuts_Open_Would 15% Burn 16% Fracture 22% Concussion_Neck 49%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

III.2.2 Severity of Injuries 16% of the casualties were fatalities and 39% were serious injuries. Among fatalities, 70% of them died immediately at the scene of crashes, 24% died at a health facilities, and 6% died during the transfer from the crash scene to medical facilities.

Figure 8: Percentage of Casualties by Severity of Injury, 2016

42 24 3 Slight injuries Died at hospitals Unknown

16% Fatalities 6 Died during 39 70 Serious injuries transferring Died on crash sites

In 2016, 14% of serious injuries were reported disabilities. Moving disabilities had high percent among other disabilities (88%), followed by seeing (6%), and learning (3%).

14 Percentages may add up to more than 100% as a casualty may have injuries to more than one body region. 6

Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2016

Figure 9: Percentage of Serious Injuries by Types of Disabilities, 2016

100% 88% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 6% 10% 3% 1% 1% 1% 0%

Seeing Learning Moving Psychological Feeling Other

III.3 Time/Day/Month In 2016, the highest percentage of fatalities occurred between 6 pm to 10 pm (33%). Sunday represented the highest number of fatalities (17%), followed by Saturday (16%) and Monday (14%). The highest percentage of fatalities occurred in April (11%), January (11%) and February (10%).

Figure 10: Distribution of Fatalities by Time Category, 2016

10% 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1%

59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59

: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

00 01 02 03 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 20 21 22 23

------

00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00

: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

00 01 02 03 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 20 21 22 23

The number of fatalities during the main holidays15 accounted for 11% of overall fatalities. Compared to 2015, there was a decrease in fatalities during Pchum Ben (21%), followed by Water Festival16 (51%), and fatalities were observed during Khmer New Year (23%), while increased fatalities were observed during Chinese New Year (23%).

15Khmer New Year, Pchum Ben, Chinese New Year and Water Festival. In this report, a period of each festival was 7 days. 16 The Water Festival was cancelled in Phnom Penh in 2011-2013 and 2015. 7

Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2016

Figure 11: Number of Fatalities by Main Holidays, 2012-2016 100 90 80 70 Khmer New Year

60 Pchum Ben

50 Water Festival 40 Chinese New Year 30 20

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

III.4 Gender and Age In 2016, male fatalities accounted for 80% of the total fatalities, a decrease of 18% compared with 2015. Female fatalities accounted for 20%, an increase of 14% compared with 2015. Male fatalities were 4 times higher than female fatalities in 2016. Table 3: Number of Fatalities by Gender, 2012-2016 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2016 Change over 2015 Gender N N N N N % Change % Male 1612 1549 1854 1799 1479 80% -320 -18% Female 353 398 370 432 371 20% -61 -14% Unknown 1 3 2 0 2 - - - Total 1966 1950 2226 2231 1852 100% -379 -17%

Figure 11 shows the differences between age categories of fatality rates per 100, 000 inhabitants by gender. The fatality rates for both sexes were high among people aged between 20 to 24 years old and lower those less than 4 years old. Male fatality rates show a peak between 20 and 24 years old, while female fatality rates were highest among people aged between 40 to 44 years old.

Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2016

Figure12: Number of Fatalities in 100,000 People by Gender and Age Category, 2016

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 >= 55

Male Female Both

In 2016, those between the ages of 20 and 24 years old accounted for the highest percentage of fatalities (19%); however, they represented only 11% of the total population. Fatalities aged over 54 years old accounted for 11% of the total fatalities. Table 4: The Numbers of Fatalities by Age Category, 2012-2016

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2016 Change over 2015 Group of Age N N N N N % Change % 0 - 4 36 37 54 42 49 3% 7 17% 5 - 9 65 79 63 57 54 3% -3 -5% 10 - 14 55 35 58 61 47 3% -14 -23% 15 - 19 246 240 186 241 202 11% -39 -16% 20 - 24 409 419 515 448 352 19% -96 -21% 25 - 29 327 267 328 359 279 15% -80 -22% 30 - 34 180 213 231 206 194 10% -12 -6% 35 - 39 135 129 174 192 174 9% -18 -9% 40 - 44 106 117 120 91 103 6% 12 13% 45 - 49 116 112 141 137 117 6% -20 -15% 50 - 54 100 112 122 122 85 5% -37 -30% >=55 188 190 234 275 196 11% -79 -29% Unknown 3 ------Total 1966 1950 2226 2231 1852 100% -379 -17%

Children less than 15 years of age accounted for 9% of the fatalities, a number that decreased by 6% compared to 2015. The following statistics are related to fatalities of children less than 15 years old:  57% of them were male.  43% of them were motorbike riders, followed by pedestrians (37%) and bicycle riders (9%).  45% of them were caused by speeding, followed by dangerous overtaking (11%), and not respecting the right of way (8%).  Battambang province accounted for 10% of children fatalities, followed by Phnom Penh (9%), and Kratie province (8%).

Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2016

 61% of them occurred on National Roads, followed by provincial road (16%) and 19% on local roads/tracks.

III.5 Occupation Road crashes affect the most economically active part of the population, mostly youths, workers, and farmers. In 2016, farmers represented the largest group of fatalities (40%), followed by workers (20%) and students (10%). Among student fatalities and university students accounted for 33%, followed by primary school students (29%), high school students (23%) and secondary school students (15%). Table 5: Number of Fatalities by Occupation17, 2012-2016

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2016 Change over 2015 Occupation N N N N N % Change % Farmer 757 753 932 904 749 40% -155 -17% Worker 338 371 422 510 376 20% -134 -26% Student 269 248 258 276 194 10% -82 -30% Child 43 51 69 57 65 4% 8 14% House keeping/servant 47 21 15 14 10 1% -4 -29% Vendor/small business 77 89 118 92 67 4% -25 -27% Motor taxi driver 29 34 43 25 31 2% 6 24% Car/Truck driver 38 46 43 41 41 2% 0 0% Tourist/Expatriate 17 15 20 22 10 1% -12 -55% Government employee 141 132 107 110 82 4% -28 -25% Other 210 190 199 180 227 12% 47 26% Total 1966 1950 2226 2231 1852 100% -379 -17%

Tourists/expatriates who come to work or visit Cambodia represented 1% of overall fatalities. Compared to 2015, this number has decreased by 55%. The following figures are related to tourist/expatriate road fatalities: . People aged between25 and 44 years old accounted for 80%. . 40% were motorbike riders, followed by family car riders (30%) and pedestrians (20%). . 23% of them occurred in Preah Sihanouk, Phnom Penh (20%). . 20% were due to head on collisions and overturned/fell alone (20%). . 70% were due to over speeding and drunk driving (10%).

III.6 Types of Road User Motorbikes play a very important role in day to day lives of people and in transportation. Motorbikes accounted for around 85% of the overall vehicle fleet in 2016. At the same time, motorbike riders were the most vulnerable road user group, which accounted for 73% of total fatalities, followed by pedestrians (10%) and those traveling by family cars (6%).

17 Child aged between 0 and 5 years old. 10

Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2016

Table 6: Number of Fatalities by Mode of Transportation, 2012-2016

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2016 Change over 2015 Transport categories N N N N N % Change % Motorbike 1340 1351 1614 1586 1361 73% -225 -14% Pedestrian 207 246 223 221 178 10% -43 -19% Bicycle 77 45 66 55 42 2% -13 -24% Family car 155 138 128 131 115 6% -16 -12% Passenger vehicle 31 27 44 62 60 3% -2 -3% Goods vehicle 99 72 79 60 65 4% 5 8% Agriculture vehicle 42 46 52 79 20 1% -59 -75% Other 15 25 20 37 11 1% -26 -70% 1966 1950 2226 2231 1852 100% -379 -17% Total

Drivers accounted for 64% of the total fatalities, and passengers (26%). The percentage of driver fatalities was higher ២០១០ ២០១០ ២០១០ ២០១៣ ២០១២ ថ ៀប ២០១៣ than passenger fatalities among motorbike riders௒បថភ followទ架នedត by bicyclists and agriculture vehicles, but lower among passenger vehicles, followed by family cars and goods vehicles. ចនំ នួ ចនំ នួ ចនំ នួ ចនំ នួ ភាគរយ ចនំ នួ ភាគរយ 1209 1262 1340 1351 69% 11 1% Figure 13: Percentage of Fatalitiesម ៉ូត ៉ូby Mode of Transport and Type of Road User, 2016 ថ្រើម ថ ើង 217 254 207 246 13% 39 19% កង់ 72 51 77 45 2% -32 -42% Agriculture vehicle 65% 35% រ្យនត௒គួ羶រ 140 144 155 132 7% -23 -15% Goods vehicle រ្46យ%នតដកឹ 诒នកដថំ ើ រ 28 3654% 31 33 2% 2 6% រ្យនតដកឹ ទថំ នញ 76 81 99 72 4% -27 -27% Passenger vehicle 22% 78% 架នយនតកសកិ មម 49 51 42 46 2% 4 10% Family Car ថផ44េង%ៗ 25 2656% 15 25 1% 10 67% សរបុ 1816 1905 1966 1950 100% -16 -1% Bicycle 93% 7%

Motorbike 76% 24%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Driver Passenger

III.6.1 Motorbike Riders Among all fatalities, motorbike riders outnumber than other vehicle riders. From year to year, the number of motorbike fatalities increased significantly (Table 7). Compare to 2015, the number of motorbike fatalities a decreased 14%. In 2016, was reported that 76% of motorbike driver fatalities and passenger motorbike fatalities (24%). Compare to 2015, fatalities by motorbike driver decreased 14% and passenger motorbike decreased (15%).

100%

80%

75% 78% 78% 60% 87% 84% 82% 81% 81% 79% 78% 97% 99% 97% 91% 40%

20% 25% 22% 22% 13% 16% 18% 19% 19% 21% 22% 0% 3% 1% 3% 9%

ក់មួកសុ តិភាព មិន ក់មួកសុ តិភាព

Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2016

Table 7: Number of Motorbike Fatalities by Type of Road User, 2012-2016 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2016 change over 2015 Motorbike rider N N N N N % No % Driver 999 1002 1250 1199 1032 76% -167 -14% Passenger 334 347 357 386 329 24% -57 -15% Unknown 7 2 7 1 0 - - - Total 1340 1351 1614 1586 1361 100% -225 -14%

 The majority of motorbike riders were killed during the night time (55%) rather than at day time (45%).  In 2016, the vast majority of the motorbike fatalities were men (85%).  Speeding was the leading cause of motorbike fatalities, accounting for 34% of motorbike fatalities, followed by drunk driving (15%), dangerous overtaking (13%), and driving was against the flow of traffic (12%).  69% of motorbike fatalities occurred on national roads. 33% of motorbike fatalities occurred in urban areas.  64% of motorbike fatalities suffered by head injuries.  It is important to notice that 21% of at-fault motorbike drivers involved in a crash was suspected of driving under the influence of alcohol.  70% of all at-fault motorbike drivers were between the age of 15 and 34 years old.

Figure 14: Distribution of At-Fault Motorbike Drivers by Age Category, 2016

30%

25% 24%

20% 19%

14% 15% 13%

10% 9% 6% 5% 5% 5% 4% 1% 0% 10 -14 15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44 45 - 49 50 - 54 >=55

III.6.2 Pedestrians Pedestrians are considered vulnerable road users because of the lack of sidewalks, traffic signs, traffic lights, and other safety measures. Pedestrians accounted for 10% of total fatalities in 2016. Compare to 2015, the number of pedestrian fatalities decreased 29%. 59% of pedestrian fatalities were male.

Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2016

Table 8: Number of Pedestrian Fatalities by Gender, 2012-2016 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2016 Change over 2015 Gender N N N N N % Change % Male 140 152 163 147 104 59% -43 -29% Female 67 93 60 74 73 41% -1 -1% Unknown 0 1 0 0 1 - - -

Total 207 146 223 221 178 100% -43 -19%

២០១២ ២០១៣ ២០១៤ ២០១៥ ២០១៦ In 2016, pedestrian fatalities most often occurredភ េfromទ 5pm to 6pm (11%). Most pedestrian fatalities occurred on Sunday (16%) and Monday (16%). The most pedestrian fatalities wereច inំន Aprilួន (12%)ចំនួន and Novemberចំនួន (1ច2%).ំនួន ចំនួន 徶គរយ ចំនួន 徶គរយ Figure 15: Distribution of Pedestrian Fatalities by Time, 2016 ភេទ叒រុស ១៦១២ ១៥៤៩ ១៨៥៤ ១៧៩៩ ១៤៧៩ ៨០% -៣២០ -១៨% 11% ២០១១ ២០១២ ២០១៣ ២០១៤ ២០១៥ ២០១៥ថ ៀ ប២០១១ ភេទ叒សី ៣៥៣ ៣៩៨ ៣៧០ ៤៣២ ៣៧១ ២០% -៦១ -១៤% ចំនួន ចំនួន ចំនួន ចំនួន ចំនួន ភាគរយ ចំនួន ភាគរយ 8% មនដឹង 7% 7១% 7%៣ ២7% ០ ២ - - - ௒បុស ១៥៧ ១៤០ ១៥២ ១៦៣ ១៤៧ ៦៧ ១០ ិ ៦ 6% 5% 5% 習សី ៩៦ ៦៧ ៩៣ ៦០ ៧៤ ៣៣ 4%២២ សររុ ២4៣% ១៩៦៦ ១៩៥០ ២២២៦ ២២៣១ ១៨៥២ 100% -៣៧៩ -១៧% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 2% 2% 2% 2% មិនដឹង ១ ០ ១ ០ 1%០ 1% 1%

ស រុប ២៥៤ ២០៧ ២៤៦ ២២៣ ២២១ ១០០ ២ ១៣

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A peak of pedestrian fatalities was noticed among children less than 15 years old (32%) and people older than 54 years old (21%). Conversely, in other age groups, the percentages of male fatalities were higher than female fatalities. Except age group between 10 and 14 years old, age group between30 and 34 years old and age group between 40 and 44 years old the percentages of female fatalities were higher than male fatalities.

Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2016

Figure 16: Distribution of Pedestrian Fatalities by Age Category, 2016

21%

15% 13%

9% 8% 8% 7% 5% 4% 4% 4% 2%

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 >=55

 Among pedestrian fatalities, 63% were killed along national roads, 14% along provincial roads and 13% along local roads/tracks.  38% of all pedestrian fatalities were due to hit and run crashes where drivers escaped from the scene right after the crash.  37% of pedestrian fatalities were farmers, followed by children (17%) and students (16%). 97% of those students were between the ages of 6 and 14 years old and between the age of 15 and 19 years old (7%).  Speeding was the leading cause of pedestrian fatalities (61%), followed by not respecting the right of way (7%) and drunk driving (6%).  Phnom Penh had the highest proportion of pedestrian fatalities (8%), and Kratie province (8%). Figure 17: Distribution of Pedestrian Fatalities by Province, 2016 8% 8% 7% 7% 7% 7% 6% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 4% 4% 4% 3% 2% 2% 2%

1% 1% 1% 1%

Kep

Pailin

Kratie

Takeo

Pursat

Kandal

Kampot

Koh Kong Koh

Prey Veng Prey

Siem Reap Siem

Svay Rieng Svay

Rotanak Kiri Rotanak

Battambang

Stung Treng Stung

Preah Vihear Preah

Phnom Penh Phnom

Kampong Speu Kampong

Kampong Thom Kampong

Tboung Khmom Tboung

Preah Sihanouk Preah

Kampong Cham Kampong

Oddar MeanChey Oddar Banteay MeanChey Banteay

Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2016

III.7 Types of Collisions Head-on collisions accounted for 35% of the total fatalities, followed by rear-end collisions (18%), right-angle collisions (15%), hit pedestrian (10%), and overturned/fell alone (9%). Figure 18: Percentage of Fatalities by Types of Collisions, 2016

6% 3% Head on 5% Rear end 35% 9% Right-angle

Hit pedestrian

10% Overturned/Fell alone Slide swipe

Hit object on/ off road 15% 18% Other

III.8 Blackspots A blackspot refers to a section of road of 300 meter long that has had at least 3 crashes with at least one person killed over one year period. 22 locations were identified as blackspots on the road network in Cambodia, as following: Type of road Commune District Province National Road 1 Prey Angkunh Bavet Svay Rieng National Road1 Bavet Bavet Svay Rieng National Road 7 Snuol Snuol Kratie National Road 7 Suong Suong Tboung Khmum National Road 6 Ph'av Batheay Kampong Cham National Road 6 Batheay Batheay Kampong Cham National Road 61 Sambour Batheay Kampong Cham National Road 61 Sambour Batheay Kampong Cham National Road 5 Paoy Paet Paoy Paet Banteay MeanChey National Road 5 Paoy Paet Paoy Paet Banteay MeanChey National Road 6 Chroab Santuk Kampong Thom National Road 6 Kampong Thma Santuk Kampong Thom National Road 6 Triel Baray Kampong Thom National Road 6 Andoung Thma Prey Nob Preah Sihanouk National Road 4 Muoy Preah Sihanouk Preah Sihanouk Province Road Bei Preah Sihanouk Preah Sihanouk Minor Road Buon Preah Sihanouk Preah Sihanouk Province Road Buon Preah Sihanouk Preah Sihanouk 15

Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2016

National Road 4 Veal Renh Prey Nob Preah Sihanouk National Road 3 Angk Ta Saom Tram Kak Takeo National Road 2 Prey Sloek Treang Takeo

Figure 19: Blackspots on the Cambodian road network, 2016

In 2016, the highest number of fatalities was observed in Phnom Penh (234), followed by Kampong Thom province (125) and Banteay Meanchey (122). Compared to 2015, the number of fatalities in 2016 decreased almost in the hold country excepted in Phnom Penh was increased (1%), Prey Veng province increased (1%), and Kampong Thom province was reported (0%).

Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2016

Table 9: Number of Fatalities by Capital and Province, 2012-2016

Capital and 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2016 Change over 2015 Provinces N N N N N % Change %

Banteay MeanChey 84 82 145 148 122 7% -26 -18% Battambang 123 84 121 114 110 6% -4 -4% Kampong Cham 184 187 217 75 86 5% 11 15% Kampong Chhnang 64 88 109 60 57 3% -3 -5% Kampong Speu 87 78 102 122 116 6% -6 -5% Kampong Thom 111 100 104 125 125 7% 0 0% Kampot 57 77 86 95 74 4% -21 -22% Kandal 135 124 150 158 112 6% -46 -29% Kep 11 6 19 13 19 1% 6 46% Koh Kong 34 21 21 30 19 1% -11 -37% Kratie 76 93 121 106 71 4% -35 -33% Mondol Kiri 17 15 18 15 8 0% -7 -47% Oddar MeanChey 48 43 47 51 25 1% -26 -51% Pailin 19 17 16 22 18 1% -4 -18% Phnom Penh 296 282 249 232 234 13% 2 1% Preah Sihanouk 73 83 78 92 74 4% -18 -20% Preah Vihear 45 48 55 40 41 2% 1 3% Prey Veng 104 107 137 112 113 6% 1 1% Pursat 81 62 69 76 65 4% -11 -14% Rotanak Kiri 42 61 46 75 37 2% -38 -51% Siem Reap 97 92 100 101 66 4% -35 -35% Stung Treng 20 29 32 37 29 2% -8 -22% Svay Rieng 66 64 77 89 53 3% -36 -40% Takeo 91 106 108 142 107 6% -35 -25%

Tboung Khmom - - - 101 70 4% -31 -31% Unknown 1 1 0 0 1 0% 1 - Total 1966 1950 2227 2231 1852 100% -379 -17%

Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2016

IV. Safety Performance Indicators

IV.1 Types of Roads

National roads accounted for the largest percentage of fatalities (70%), followed by local roads (11%) and provincial roads (11%). Figure 20: Percentage of Fatalities by Types of Roads, 2016

2% 4% 3%

10% National Road

Local Road/Track

Provincial Road 11% Minor Road in City

Major Road in City 70% Other

70% of the total number of fatalities on national roads occurred on one digit national roads (National Road 1-9). National Road 5 accounted for the highest number of fatalities (23%), followed by National Road 6 (20%) and National road 4 (15%). Compared to 2015, the most decreases in number of fatalities in 2016 were on all National Road (National Road 1 to 9). Table 10: Number of Fatalities on Main National Road (National Road 1 to 9), 2012-2016 Main 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2016 Change over 2015 National Road N N N N N % Change % National Road 1 114 101 110 182 100 11% -82 -45% National Road 2 59 49 60 76 45 5% -31 -41% National Road 3 97 116 105 151 91 10% -60 -40% National Road 4 137 139 138 227 136 15% -91 -40% National Road 5 262 183 236 332 209 23% -123 -37% National Road 6 194 168 158 288 181 20% -107 -37% National Road 7 152 150 142 166 91 10% -75 -45% National Road 8 58 46 62 61 36 4% -25 -41% National Road 9 - - 15 30 18 2% -12 -40% Total 1073 952 1026 1513 907 100% -606 -40%

 Among fatalities on national roads, 36% were due to head on collisions, followed by rear end (20%) and right angle collisions (16%).

Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2016

 80% of fatalities happened on straight roads, followed by curved roads (9%), as shown in Figure 20. 31% of fatalities on straight roads occurred in urban area. Figure 21: Percentage of Fatalities by Road Characteristic, 2016

9% Straight road 3% Curve

X-junction 3% 1% T-junction 1% 1%1% Y-junction 1% Roundabout 80% Bridge

Slope

Other

IV.2 Contributing factors A road crash can result from many causal factors. It is very important to identify the contributing factors in a crash in order to be able to develop measures and actions to prevent and reduce the number of fatalities and injuries. In the data analysis, RCVIS divides contributing factors at the time of crashes into three categories: human errors, vehicle defects, and the road environment (road and weather conditions). Human errors include speeding, drunk driving, not respecting the right of way, etc. However, as there is no comprehensive analysis on the causes of road crashes due to the road environment, human errors scored very high and contributed to 97.4% of crashes and fatalities, while vehicle defects accounted for 2.4%, and road environment and weather condition accounted for 1.1%. The human factors are a very important issue and urgent measures are needed to reduce the number of fatalities and injuries. Specific targets need to be identified in order to change the risky behaviors of road users (as shown in Table 11). In 2016, speeding was the leading cause of fatalities (38%), followed by drunk driving (13%) and dangerous overtaking (12%). Table 11: Number of fatalities caused by human error, 2012-2016

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2016 change over 2015 Human Error N N N N N % Change % Speed-related 1032 906 951 894 702 38% -192 -21% Drunk driving 254 290 381 387 250 13% -137 -35% Not respect right of way 175 187 184 151 110 6% -41 -27% Dangerous overtaking 182 222 246 299 220 12% -79 -26% Change lane without due care 26 65 77 64 43 2% -21 -33% Change direction without due care 28 48 96 77 82 4% 5 6% Other 167 145 196 283 398 21% 115 41%

N/A (Vehilce defect, Road condition and Weather) 102 87 95 76 47 3% -29 -38%

Total 1966 1950 2226 2231 1852 100% -379 -17%

Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2016

IV.2.1 Over Speeding Over the last 5 years (2012-2016), regarding human error factors, speeding was the leading cause of fatalities in Cambodia. The leading cause of fatalities could be attributed to the road improvements that took place throughout the country that allowed drivers to drive much faster and high speed. Limited law enforcement and public knowledge about road safety are other contributing factors. Compared to 2015, the number of fatalities due to speeding decreased by 21% in 2016. In 2016, fatalities due to speeding most often occured between 9 am and 10pm (9%). Monday represented the highest percentage of fatalities (17%), and Saturday (17%), followed by Sunday (15%). January represented the highest percentage of fatalities (12%), and April (12%), followed by February (10%)

Figure 22: Percentage of Fatalities due to Speeding by Time, 2016 9% 8% 8% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3%

2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2%

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 Rear-end collisions represented 29% of fatalities due to speeding, followed by Head-on collisions (20%) and overturned/fell alone (11%).  65% of fatalities caused by speeding were motorbike riders. Pedestrians represented 15% of fatalities due to speeding.  16% of all at-fault drivers of speeding related crashes were suspected driving under the influence of alcohol.  52% of those at-fault drivers were farmers, followed by workers (17%), other government employee (5%), and students (4%).  Young adults, aged 15 to 34 years old, represented almost 71% of at-fault drivers. A peak of at-fault driver had between the age of 20 to 29 years old (47%).

Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2016

Figure 23: Percentage of At-Fault drivers in Speeding Crashes by Age Group, 2016

24% 23%

14%

10% 8% 7% 5% 5% 4%

15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44 45 - 49 50 - 54 >=55

 National roads accounted for the highest number of fatalities due to speeding (70%). Among fatalities due to speeding on main national roads (National Road 1 to 9), National Road 5 contributed the most to fatalities (30%), followed by National Road 6 (17%) and National Road 4 (16%).  The highest percentage of speeding related fatalities were observed in Phnom Penh (12%), followed by (Prey Veng (8%) and Battambang (8%). Figure 24: Distribution of Fatalities in Speeding Crashes by Province, 2016

14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2%

Kep

Pailin

Kratie

Takeo

Pursat

Kandal

Kampot

Koh Kong Koh

Prey Veng Prey

Siem Reap Siem

Mondol Kiri Mondol

Svay Rieng Svay

Rotanak Kiri Rotanak

Battambang

Stung Treng Stung

Preah Vihear Preah

Phnom Penh Phnom

Kampong Speu Kampong

Kampong Thom Kampong

Tboung Khmom Tboung

Kampong Cham Kampong

Preah Sihanouk Preah

Oddar MeanChey Oddar

Kampong Chhnang Kampong Banteay MeanChey Banteay

IV.2.2 Drunk Driving Drunk driving is the second major cause of road crashes and related casualties in Cambodia. The number of reported fatalities due to drunk driving decreased by 35% in 2016 compared to 2015. In 2016, fatalities most often occurred between 5pm and 9pm (54%). Saturday had the highest percent of fatalities (19%), followed by Sunday (17%) and Friday (15%). The percentage of fatalities during night time 21

Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2016

(68%) was higher than during day time (32%). September had the highest percent of fatalities (13%), followed by February (11%) and April (10%). Figure 25: Distribution of Fatalities by Time, 2016 15%

11% 10% 9% 8% 7% 7% 6% 4% 4% 4% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2%

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 38% of fatalities were due to head-on collisions, followed by overturned/fell alone collisions (18%) and rear- end collisions (15%).  51% of all at-fault drivers were farmers, followed by workers (26%), and government employees (8%).  91% of at-fault drivers in drunk driving crashes were motorbike drivers and family vehicle drivers (8%).  68% of all at-fault drivers were between the age of 20 and 39 years old. Figure 26: Percentage of At-Fault Drivers due to Drunk Driving by Age Category, 2016 30% 26% 25% 21% 20%

15% 12% 9% 10% 9% 6% 6% 5% 5% 5%

0% 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 >=55

 National roads accounted for most of the fatalities due to drunk driving (63%), followed by provincial roads (15%), and local roads (14%). Among fatalities due to drinking driving on main national roads (National Road 1 to 9), National Road 4 contributed the highest percentage of fatalities (20%) followed by National Road 7 (17%), and National Road 1 (17%).

Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2016

 Kampong Speu province had the highest number of fatalities due to drunk driving (9%), followed by Kandal (8%) and Bantey Meanchey (8%). Figure 27: Distribution of Fatalities due to Drunk Driving by Province, 2016 9% 8% 8% 8% 7% 6% 6% 5% 5% 4% 4% 4% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 1%

Pailin

Kratie

Takeo

Pursat

Kandal

Kampot

Koh Kong Koh

Prey Veng Prey

Siem Reap Siem

Mondol Kiri Mondol

Svay Rieng Svay

Rotanak Kiri Rotanak

Battambang

Stung Treng Stung

Preah Vihear Preah

Phnom Penh Phnom

Kampong Speu Kampong

Kampong Thom Kampong

Tboung Khmom Tboung

Preah Sihanouk Preah

Kampong Cham Kampong

Oddar MeanChey Oddar Kampong Chhnang Kampong Banteay MeanChey Banteay

IV.3 Emergency Response IV.3.1 First Aid 46% of casualties received first aid response after the crash. Compared to 2015, the number of casualties received first aid response was decreased (16%) in 2016. SAMU/ambulance and traffic police played an important role to provide first aid responses to road crash casualties. 52% of casualties received first aid response by traffic polices and another 20% by SAMU/ambulance. Figure 28: Percentage of Casualties that Received First Aid by Types of First Aid Responders, 2016

28% Traffic Police

Samu/Ambulance

Other 52%

20%

Among casualties who received first aid during the crashes, 51% of the casualties suffered from bleeding, 19% of the casualties were transfer-victim, and 15% had an open wound.

Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2016

Figure 29: Percentage of Casualties that Received First Aid by Types of Injuries, 2016

Other 5%

Burning 1%

Broken_bond 4%

Unconsciousness 7%

Wound 15%

Transfer_victim 19%

Bleeding 51%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

IV.3.2 Transfer to Hospital 16% of the casualties were fatalities and 39% were severe injuries. Among fatalities, 70% of them died immediately at the scene of crashes, 24% died at the hospital and 6% died during the transfer from the crash scene to a medical facility.  Only 37% of the casualties were transferred to a hospital by ambulance and 63% by the private transportation.  Only 6% of casualties could reach the first health facility in less than 30 minutes in Phnom Penh municipality, while 15% in other provinces.  In Phnom Penh and other provinces, most of casualties spent more than 2 hours to reach health facilities. Figure 30: Duration to Arrive at the First Health Facility in Phnom Penh versus other Provinces, 2016

100%

31% > 2 hours 80% 33% 1 hour - 2 hours 60% 34% 30-59 minutes 44% 40% 10-29 minutes 20% 20% 16% 9% < 10 minutes 2% 0% 5% 6% Phnom Penh Provinces

IV.5 Use of Passive Protection IV.5.1 Seatbelt The law enforcement on seatbelt wearing for both drivers and front seat passengers is very limited in Cambodia. Only 30% of four-wheel vehicle driver casualties wore a seatbelt during the crash in 2016. The percentage of 24

Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2016

seatbelt wearing among family car drivers was higher than for those in the front seat of passenger cars (52% compared to 25%). The highest percentage of seatbelt wearing in four-wheel vehicles casualties were aged between 40 and 44 years (76%); aged between 45 and 49 years old (63%). Low percentages of seatbelt wearing were noticed among driver casualties aged between 15 and 19 years old18. Figure 31: Percentage of Four-Wheel Vehicle Driver Casualties Wearing a Seatbelt by Age Category, 2016

100% 90% 24% 37% 80% 39% 47% 39% 47% 70% 52% 57% 60% 88% 50% 40% 76% 63% 30% 61% 53% 61% 53% 20% 48% 43% 10% 12% 0%

15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44 45 - 49 50 - 54 >=55

Wearing seatbelt Not wearing seatbelt

IV.5.2 Helmet Wearing This report also depicts the data analysis on helmet wearing among motorbike casualties in 2016 as below:  The percentage of motorbike casualties wearing a helmet was 23% in 2016. Compared to 2015, this number increased by about (48%).  The helmet wearing rate among motorbike driver casualties was higher than motorbike passenger casualties (29% and 10%, respectively).  The helmet wearing rate among motorbike driver casualties at day-time was higher than at night-time (31% and 26%, respectively). Similarly, the difference between day-time and night-time helmet wearing rates among motorbike passenger casualties was 10% and 10%, respectively.  During the crashes, the helmet wearing rates among male drivers was less than among female drivers (9% and10%, respectively).  The highest percentage of helmet wearing among motorbike riders casualties were aged between 40 and 44 years (40%), aged between 45 and 49 years old (36%), compare to other age group.

18 It should be noted that not all drivers have a driving licence in Cambodia. According to the traffic law, the minimum age to drive a vehicle is 18 years old. 25

Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2016

Figure 32: Percentage of Motorbike Rider Casualties Wearing Helmet by Age Category, 2016 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 69% 68% 69% 66% 64% 68% 69% 60% 80% 92% 91% 88% 50% 40% 30% 20% 40% 31% 32% 31% 34% 36% 32% 31% 10% 20% 8% 9% 12% 0%

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 >=55

Wearing helmet Not wearing helmet

IV.5.3 Driving License The Cambodian traffic law requires all motorbike drivers and four-wheel vehicle drivers to have a proper driving license. It has been observed that enforcement on driving licenses is limited in Cambodia. The only 74% of four- wheel vehicle drivers involved in a crash, including injured and non-injured, had a driving license. 76% of the total of male drivers involved in a crash had a driving license, while only 21% of female drivers did.

Figure 33 : Percentage of Four-Wheel Vehicle Driver Casualties Holding a Driving License by Age Category, 2016 100% 90% 20% 22% 17% 21% 29% 27% 31% 80% 41% 70% 60% 73% 50% 40% 80% 78% 83% 79% 71% 73% 69% 30% 59% 20% 10% 27% 0%

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 >=55

Driving license holder Not driving license holder

Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2016

V. Conclusion and Key Recommendations

V.1 Conclusion RCVIS gives accurate and useful information about the accidents and victims in Cambodia in the following:  The data is used by the government in planning, monitoring or making a strategic plan to create laws and policies. The quality of the report is the key to educate people.  RCIVS play a significant role in providing recommendations to road safety, in particular the establishment of a national road safety plan for 10 years, 2011-2020.  The data was received international praise as a system that provides information about traffic conditions in Cambodia that other ASEAN countries can’t provide.

V.2 Key Recommendations  Speed up the approval of the National Road Safety Policy and the 2011-2020 National Road Safety Action Plan.  Speed up the revision and approval of the land traffic law.  Strengthen the RCVIS data collection system to ensure its accuracy.  Improve blackspot areas, pedestrian infrastructure and set up slow speed zones and separate lanes for motorbikes.  Strengthen the traffic law enforcement, particularly on speeding, drunk driving and helmet wearing.  Provide technical and financial support and relevant tools/equipment and trainings to traffic polices.  Strengthen the training and driving license application, and introduce a demerit point system.  Improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the emergency medical services and ensure neutral treatments to all casualties.  Promote road safety and traffic law public awareness campaigns and education in schools, universities and communities, especially along national roads and high risk areas.

 Promote and integrate Road Safety Policy and Action Plans into local development plans with adequate resources for the implementation.

 Seek for other sources of funds to reinforce road safety program education in all aspects and increase the knowledge on road safety to all level of road user.

 Integrate road safety awareness and enforcement based on concrete planning.

Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2016

Table 12: Evaluation of Data by Years, 2012-2016 Fatalities information 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Population 14,741,414 14,962,591 15,184,116 15,405,157 15,626,444 Registerred vehicles 2,175,418 2,457,555 2,801,818 3,200,320 3,751,715 Number and rate of fatalities 1966 1950 2226 2231 1852 Fatalites rate per day 5.4 5.3 6.1 6.1 5,07 Fatalities per 100,000 population 13.4 13.0 14.7 14.5 11,9០ Fatalities per 10,000 registerred vehicles 9.0 7.9 7.9 7.0 4,9០ Gender Male 1612 1549 1854 1799 1479 Female 353 398 370 432 371 Unknown 1 3 2 2 Age categories 0-4 36 37 54 42 49 5-9 65 79 63 57 54 10-14 55 35 58 61 47 15-19 246 240 186 241 202 20-24 409 419 515 448 352 25-29 327 267 328 359 279 30-34 180 213 231 206 194 35-39 135 129 174 192 174 40-44 106 117 120 91 103 45-49 116 112 141 137 117 50-54 100 112 122 122 85 >=55 188 190 234 275 196 Unknown 3 0 0 0 Road user Driver 1182 1162 1425 221 1183 Passenger 563 536 569 1391 491 Pedestrian 207 246 223 618 178 Unknown 0 0 9 1 0 Type of transport Mototrbike riders 1340 1351 1614 1586 1361 Pedestrian 207 246 223 221 178 Family car 155 132 128 131 115 Passenger vehicle 31 33 44 71 60 Goods vehicle 99 72 79 60 65 Bicycle 77 45 66 55 42 Other 57 71 72 107 31 Occupation Farmer 757 753 932 904 749 Worker 338 371 422 510 376 Student 269 249 258 276 194 Child 43 50 69 57 65 House keeper/servant 47 21 15 14 10 Vender 77 89 118 92 67 Mototr taxi driver 29 34 43 25 31 Tourist/ expatriate 17 15 20 22 10 Government employee 141 132 107 110 82 Other 248 236 242 221 268 Human error Over speeding 1032 906 951 894 702 Drinking driving 254 290 381 387 250 Not respect right of way 175 187 184 151 110 Dangerious overtaking 182 222 246 299 220 Chang land without due care 26 65 77 64 43 Change direction without due care 28 48 96 77 82 Other 167 145 196 283 398 N/A 102 87 95 76 47 28

Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2016

3. Data Collection Forms Two different data collection forms are being used: the hospital data collection form, using the casualty as point of entry, and the traffic police data collection form, using the crash as point of entry. Duplicate entries are checked using the name of the casualty, the date and time of the crash, as well as the location.

Road Traffic and other Type of Injury Form

Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2016

Traffic Police Data Collection Form

Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2016

Glossary

Agriculture vehicle A vehicle is used for farming. Sometimes, it is made locally, by combining with other machines or parts of another vehicle. Ex: Ox-machine, etc.

Blackspot A section on the road, less than 300 meters long, that has the highest number of road crashes/fatalities/casualties over a one year period, in a selected area.

Taxi/truck/bus driver A person who makes a living from driving a passenger/goods vehicle.

Casualty A person who was killed or injured in a road crash.

Change direction without due care Going straight then turning left or right suddenly or U-turning without giving a sign to other road users.

Change lane without due care Changing lane left or right while still proceeding in the same direction (going straight) without giving a sign to other road users.

Child (in figures) Person whose age is less than 6 years old.

Damage only Any road crash which does not the result in any injuries.

Dangerous overtaking Overtaking without examination of the traffic situation.

Died at hospital Person who died after arriving at the hospital.

Died on scene Person who was killed immediately during the road crash.

Died on the way to hospital Person who died during the transfer to the hospital.

Driver Driver or operator of a motorized or non-motorized vehicle (including cyclists, people riding an animal).

Driving against flow of traffic Drivers driving which is against the flow of traffic.

Drunk driving The accident involves a driver with a blood-alcohol level over the legal limit. Assumption made by the traffic police.

Farmer A person who works on a farm.

Fatal crash Any road crash resulting in at least one person killed immediately or dying within 30 days, as a result of the crash.

Fatality Person who was killed immediately or died within 30 days, as a result of the crash.

Four-wheel vehicle All kinds of passengers and goods vehicles, with four-wheels.

Goods vehicle A vehicle which has more than four-wheels used to transport goods.

Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2016

Head-on The front of both vehicles collided with each other.

Hit and run When the driver is not responsible for the crash and intentionally escapes afterwards.

Hit animal The moving vehicle collided with an animal.

Hit object off road The moving vehicle collided with stationary object off the road. Ex: tree, post, etc.

Hit object on the road The moving vehicle collided with stationary object on road. Ex: barrier, etc.

Hit parked vehicle The moving vehicle collided with a parked vehicle.

Hit pedestrian The moving vehicle collided with a pedestrian.

Housekeeper A person who stays home to look after the family or to clean other people’s house.

Human error A mistake in human judgment that may contribute to a road crash.

Local road/track Road connecting a national/provincial road to a village/commune in the countryside or road outside urban areas.

Major road in city Road located in the city with double central lines, but which is not a national or a provincial road.

Minor road in city Road located in the city with no double central lines.

Motor taxi driver A person who makes a living from driving a motor taxi.

Motorbike/two-wheeler vehicle Two-wheeled motor vehicle.

National road Major country road linking major population centers and provinces in different parts of the county, permitting speed of 90km/h.

Non-respect of the right of way Not giving the right of way to pedestrians or other vehicles on the roads, especially on junction roads.

Non-respect of traffic lights Driving through traffic lights while it’s red.

Non-respect of traffic signs Driving without respecting the traffic signs.

Other government employee All government employees, except police officers, soldiers and teachers.

Over speeding All vehicles using speed over the legal limit or using a non-appropriate speed in relation with the weather, the geographical conditions, the traffic, their vehicles and their loading.

Overturned/single vehicle Refers to single vehicle crashes.

Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2016

Passenger vehicle More than four-wheeled vehicle use to transport passengers from one place to another (including minibus, bus)

Passenger A person who travels in/on a vehicle, without operating it (e.g. the persons who sit at the back of a motorbike, tricycle, car, etc.)

Paved road Roads covered by asphalt or asphalt with pebble.

Pedestrian A person walking/standing on the road or on the footpath/sidewalk at the time of the crash. They are not in a vehicle.

Provincial road Major road linking population centres within a province and/or developed and maintained by provincial public works and transport departments.

Rear-end The front side of the first vehicle collides with the rear side of the second vehicle.

Right-angle Angle impact where the front of the first vehicle collides with the side of the second vehicle.

Road conditions Conditions of road on which happened the road crash

Road environment Combination between road and weather conditions which is linked to a road crash

Serious crash Any road crash resulting in at least one person who requires hospitalization for at least 6 days because of injuries sustained in the crash, while no one was killed.

Serious/severe injury Person who was hospitalized for at least 6 days because of injuries sustained in the crash.

Severity of crash The severity of the road crash, based on the most severe injury of any person involved.

Severity of injury The injury severity level for a person involved in the crash.

Side swipe The vehicle collided side by side while travelling in the same directions.

Slight crash Any road crash resulting in at least one of the participants of the crash being hospitalized less than 24 hours or not being hospitalized, while no participant was seriously injured or killed.

Student Someone who is attending school from primary school to university.

Superficial/Slight/Minor injury Person who was injured and hospitalized for less than 24 hours or not hospitalized.

Teacher Someone who instructs students T-junction A road that ends but has the possibility of going right or left, a T intersection.

Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2016

Tourist/Expatriate Foreigner who works or temporarily stays in the country and does not have a Cambodian’s ID card.

Unemployed Someone who is jobless or has no permanent job.

Unpaved/non-cemented Roads that are not paved or cemented.

Urban area Refers to a place where buildings or houses are built close to each other, exit or entrance to that is placed with sign or name of cities/ towns, even at day time or night time.

Using mobile phone Using mobile phone while driving without a hands free kit or without stopping the vehicle at the edge of road to use it.

Vehicle defects Vehicle defect is supposedly the main cause of the crash Vendor/small business Someone who buys and sells goods

Weather conditions Weather at the moment of the road crash

Worker Someone who works at a particular occupation or activity, or someone who does manual or industrial labor.

Wrong use of high beam Wrongly using high beams at night.

X-junction Crossroads, road intersection with four directions.

Y-junction Y-junction road where one road becomes two at a fork.

References

1. National Road Safety Action Plan 2006-2010, 2006. Phnom Penh, Royal Government of Cambodia National Road Safety Committee. 2. "Statistics of vehicle registered in 2012." Department of Public Works and Land Transport. 3. General Population Census of Cambodia 2008, Ministry of Planning. 4. Handicap International Belgium and the Institute of Mobility – Hasselt University of Belgium. Cost Analysis of Road Crashes in Cambodia. Phnom Penh: Handicap International Belgium, 2012. 5. Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey 2005, National Institute of Public Health and National Institute Statistics, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, December 2006.

Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2016

Contacts

Further analysis and additional information are available on request. Please do not hesitate to contact one of the following persons:

. For information regarding the National Road Safety Action Plan

Lok Chumteav Min Manavy Vice Chairman, Secretary General of the General Secretariat of the National Road Safety Committee Mobile: (855) 12 919 717 Email: [email protected]

. For information regarding the national traffic law enforcement

H.E. Major General HIM Yan Director of Order Department General Commissariat of the National Police Ministry of Interior Mobile: (855) 12 590 978 Email: [email protected]

. For general road safety information and additional analysis/customized reports:

Mr. Chhoun Voun Deputy Director General of the General Department of Transport, Ministry of Public Works and Transport Vice Secretary General of the General Secretariat of the National Road Safety Committee Mobile: (855) 16 886 464 Email: [email protected]

. For information regarding road crash statistics

H.E. Major General Ty Long Deputy Director of the Public Order Department, Ministry of Interior Vice Secretary General of the General Secretariat of the National Road Safety Committee Mobile: (855) 12 934 534

. For information regarding emergency assistance:

Dr. PRAK PISETH Raingsey Director of the Preventive Medicine Department Ministry of Health Mobile: (855) 12 862 022 Email: [email protected]

Prepared by

National Road Safety Committee Street 598, Sangkat Chrang Chamreh 2, Khan Russei Keo, Phnom Penh, Cambodia Tel: (855) 23 865 082 [email protected] www.roadsafetycambodia.info

And

#9AB, Street 446, Sangkat Toul Tumpong 1, Khan Chamkamon, Phnom Penh, Cambodia Tel: (855) 23 217 298, Fax: (855) 23 216 270 www.handicap-international.org