Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2015
Table of Contents
Table of Contents ...... i List of Figures ...... ii Abbreviations ...... iii Executive Summary ...... iv I. Introduction ...... 1 II. Data Sources ...... 1 III. Causes of Crashes and Fatalities ...... 3 III.1 Main evolution of the data ...... 3 III.2 Casualties ...... 5 III.2.1 Nature of injuries ...... 5 III.2.2 Severity of injuries ...... 6 III.3 Time/Day/Month ...... 7 III.4 Gender and age ...... 8 III.5 Occupation ...... 9 III.6 Types of road user...... 10 III.6.1 Motorbike riders ...... 11 III.6.2 Pedestrians ...... 12 III.7 Types of collisions ...... 15 III.8 Blackspots ...... 15 IV. Safety performance indicators ...... 18 IV.1 Types of roads ...... 18 IV.2 Contributing factors ...... 19 IV.2.1 Over speeding ...... 20 IV.2.2 Drink driving ...... 21 IV.3 Emergency response ...... 23 IV.3.1 First aid ...... 23 IV.3.2 Transfer to hospital ...... 24 IV.5 Use of passive protection ...... 24 IV.5.1 Seatbelt...... 24 IV.5.2 Helmet wearing ...... 25 IV.5.3 Driving License ...... 26 V. Conclusion and key recommendations ...... 26 V.1 Conclusion ...... 26 V.2 Key recommendations ...... 27 Glossary ...... 33 References ...... 36 Contacts ...... 37
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Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2015
List of Figures
Figure 1: RCVIS data collection flow, 2010 – 2015 ...... 1 Figure 2: Percentage of injuries and fatalities reported to RCVIS by traffic police and health facilities – 2015 ...... 1 Table 1: Number of health centers, hospitals and district traffic police that reported to RCVIS by province and year ...... 2 Figure 3: Evolution of road fatalities, population and vehicles in Cambodia, 2005 – 2015 (base 100 = 2005) ...... 3 Figure 4: Estimated number of fatalities, 2011-2020 ...... 4 Figure 5: Fatality rates compared to population and registered vehicle, 2006 – 2015 ...... 4 Figure 6: Fatality rates in Cambodia compared to Lao PDR and Vietnam, 2015 ...... 5 Table 2: Breakdown of casualties by severity of injuries, 2011–2015 ...... 5 Figure 7: Percentage of Casualties by Nature of Injury, 2015 ...... 6 Figure 8: Percentage of Casualties by Severity of Injury, 2015 ...... 6 Figure 9: Distribution of Fatalities by Time Category, 2015 ...... 7 Figure 10: Number of fatalities by main holidays, 2011–2015 ...... 7 Table 3: Number of fatalities by gender, 2011-2015 ...... 8 Figure11: Number of fatalities in 100,000 people by gender and age categories, 2015 ...... 8 Table 4: The numbers of fatalities by age category, 2011-2015 ...... 9 Table 5: Number of fatalities by occupation, 2011 - 2015 ...... 10 Table 6: Number of Fatalities by Mode of Transportation, 2011 - 2015 ...... 11 Figure 12: Percentage of Fatalities by Mode of Transport and Type of Road User, 2015 ...... 11 Table 7: Number of Motorbike Fatalities by Type of Road User, 2011 – 2015 ...... 12 Figure 13: Distribution of at-fault motorbike drivers by age categories, 2015 ...... 12 Table 8: Number of Pedestrian Fatalities by Gender, 2011 – 2015 ...... 13 Figure 14: Distribution of Pedestrian Fatalities by Time, 2015 ...... 13 Figure 15: Distribution of Pedestrian Fatalities by Age Category, 2015 ...... 14 Figure 16: Distribution of Pedestrian Fatalities by Province, 2015 ...... 14 Figure 17: Percentage of Fatalities by Type of Collision, 2015...... 15 Figure 18: Blackspots on the Cambodian road network, 2015 ...... 16 Table 9: Number of Fatalities by Capital and Province, 2011 – 2015 ...... 17 Figure 19: Percentage of Fatalities by Type of Road, 2015 ...... 18 Table 10: Number of Fatalities on Main National road (National road 1 to National road 9), 2011–2015 ...... 18 Figure 20: Percentage of Fatalities by Road Characteristics, 2015 ...... 19 Table 11: Number of fatalities caused by human errors, 2011-2015 ...... 20 Figure 21: Percentage of Fatalities due to Speeding by Time, 2015 ...... 20 Figure 22: Percentage of At-Fault drivers in Speeding Crashes by Age Group, 2015 ...... 21 Figure 23: Distribution of Fatalities in Speeding Crashes by Province, 2015 ...... 21 Figure 24: Distribution of Fatalities by Time, 2015 ...... 22 Figure 25: Percentage of At-Fault Drivers due to Drunk Driving by Age Category, 2015 ...... 22 Figure 26: Distribution of Fatalities due to Drunk Driving by Province, 2015 ...... 23 Figure 27: Percentage of Casualties that Received First Aid by Type of First Aid Responder, 2015 ...... 23 Figure 28: Percentage of Casualties that Received First Aid by Type of Injury, 2015 ...... 24 Figure 29: Duration to Arrive at the First Health Facility in Phnom Penh Versus Other Provinces – 2015 ...... 24 Figure 30: Percentage of Four-Wheel Vehicle Driver Casualties Wearing a Seatbelt by Age Category, 2015 ...... 25 Figure 31: Percentage of motorbike rider Casualties Wearing helmet by Age Category, 2015 ...... 26 Figure 32 : Percentage of Four-Wheel Vehicle Driver Casualties Holding a Driving License by Age Category, 2015 ...... 26 Table 12: . Evaluation of data by years, 2011–2015 ...... 28
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Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2015
Abbreviations
ADB Asian Development Bank ASEAN Association of South-East Asian Nations Avg Average GPS Global Positioning System HI Handicap International IRTAD International Traffic Safety Data and Analysis Group MoH Ministry of Health MoI Ministry of Interior NR National Road NRSC National Road Safety Committee OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development RCVIS Road Crash Victim and Information System WHO World Health Organization
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Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2015
Executive Summary
The RCVIS Annual Report 2015 reviews the main road crash trends in Cambodia compared to previous years and future estimation. The following figures of the report are based on the data collected by the traffic police and health facilities in 2015:
4,519 crashes and 13,649 casualties were reported. Among them, 2,231 were fatalities and 5,450 were serious injuries (on average, more than 6 people died and 15 were injured every day). Over the last 10 years (2005-2015), the number of fatalities has doubled. At the same time, the population has increased by 16% and the number of registered motorized vehicles1 has risen by 457%. In Cambodia, there were 7.0 fatalities per 10,000 registered vehicles, a number higher than in Lao PDR2 (5.8) and Vietnam (1.8). The peak of fatalities was from 6 pm to 7 pm (10%). Sundays represented the highest number of fatalities (16%), followed by Saturdays (15%) and Monday (15%). The peak of fatalities reached people between 20 and 24 years old (20%). Male fatalities accounted for 81% of total fatalities, an increase of 19% compared with 2011. Farmers represented the largest group of fatalities (41%), followed by workers (23%) and students (12%). Motorbike riders3 accounted for 71% of the total number of fatalities, followed by pedestrians (10%) and those traveling by family cars (6%). Only 13% of motorbike drivers and passenger casualties wore a helmet while involved in a crash. Only 24% of 4-wheeler driver casualties wore a seatbelt during the crash. 56% of 4-wheeler drivers involved in crashes (including injured and non-injured) had a driving license. 59% of the fatalities within motorbike drivers and passengers suffered from head injury in the crashes. 70% of the total number of fatalities on national roads occurred on one digit national roads (National Road 1 to National Road 9). The highest number of fatalities was observed in Phnom Penh (232), followed by Kandal province (158) and Banteay Meanchey province (148). Only 10% of casualties could reach the first health facility in less than 30 minutes in Phnom Penh, while 36% took more than 2 hours in the provinces.
1 Statistics of vehicles registered in 2015, Department of Land Transport, Ministry of Public Work and Transport. 2 Source: from HI at Lao PDR and Viet Nam. 3 Riders refer to both drivers and passengers. iv
Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2015
I. Introduction
Reliable road crash surveillance data has been identified as a critical tool for assessing the burden of road traffic injury, targeting policy responses, and evaluating the effectiveness of road safety interventions. The Road Crash and Victim Information System (RCVIS) in Cambodia has been implemented since 2004 by the Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MPWT), the Ministry of Interior (MoI) and the Ministry of Health (MoH), with the technical and financial support of Handicap International (HI). The RCVIS has been managed by the General Secretariat of the National Road Safety Committee (GSNRSC) since 2010, with support from HI. The system provides road safety stakeholders (government and civil society organisations) with accurate, continuous and comprehensive information for policy development, and planning and evaluation of the impact of road safety initiatives. Figure 1: RCVIS data collection flow, 2010 – 2015
II. Data Sources
Road crash data has been collected from the traffic police unit and health facilities (hospitals and health centers). In 2015, the traffic police played a very important role in collecting data on fatalities (98% of fatalities throughout Cambodia were reported by traffic police and health facilities reported only around 1% of fatalities). Health facilities reported 32% of injury data and the traffic police 65%. . Figure 2: Percentage of injuries and fatalities reported to RCVIS by traffic police and health facilities – 2015 Fatalitie Injuries 1% 1% 2%
32%
65% 98%
Traffic Police and Hospital Hospital Traffic Police
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Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2015
Not all hospitals and health centers4 in the country reported data to the Ministry of Health reported by mainly because the health centers are located in remote areas and human resources and equipment are limited. Table 1: Number of health centers, hospitals and district traffic police that reported to RCVIS by province and year5
2012 2013 2014 2015 Provinces Health Hospital District Health Hospital District Health Hospital District Health Hospital District Centers s Polices Centers s Polices Centers s Polices Centers s Polices Banteay Meanchey 0 0 9 0 0 10 3 3 10 0 0 9 Battambang 0 0 12 0 2 12 0 3 12 0 2 13 Kampong Cham 5 10 17 13 9 17 5 9 17 2 5 17 Kompong Chhnang 1 3 9 5 4 9 2 3 8 4 3 7 Kampong Speu 0 0 9 0 1 4 0 0 5 0 0 5 Kampong Thom 0 2 8 0 1 7 0 0 7 0 1 9 Kampot 0 4 9 1 4 8 0 4 8 0 3 8 Kandal 4 2 11 0 1 10 0 0 10 0 1 10 Kep 2 1 2 4 1 2 4 1 2 3 1 2 Koh Kong 0 2 8 0 0 7 0 0 7 0 0 7 Kratie 7 1 6 0 0 7 1 1 7 0 0 7 Mondol Kiri 1 1 5 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 1 Addar Meanchey 1 1 5 0 0 6 0 1 6 0 0 6 Pailin 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 Phnom Penh 0 4 9 0 4 10 0 4 10 0 3 10 Preah Vihear 0 0 8 16 1 8 8 1 8 3 0 8 Prey Veng 14 6 13 19 6 12 1 1 13 0 1 14 Pursat 0 0 7 0 0 6 0 1 6 0 3 5 Ratanak Kiri 0 0 8 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 Siem Reap 1 2 12 1 3 9 1 3 12 1 3 12 Preah Sihanouk 0 2 4 0 0 5 0 2 4 0 0 5 Stung Treng 2 4 4 0 0 4 0 0 5 0 0 5 Svay Rieng 0 3 9 0 3 8 0 3 8 0 3 8 Takeo 0 1 11 0 1 9 0 1 9 0 0 10 Total 38 49 197 59 41 176 25 41 181 13 29 182
4 There were 957 health centres, 74 referral hospitals and 95 hospitals in Cambodia in 2007 according to the Health Strategic Plan 2008-2015, Ministry of Health. This means that only 4% of health centres reported road traffic injury cases to RCVIS in 2012 while 29% of hospitals did. 5 Among reporting hospitals and health centres, some did not report for a whole year. Please note that provincial traffic police offices are included in the number of district police offices. 2
Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2015
III. Causes of Crashes and Fatalities
III.1 Main evolution of the data Over the last 10 years (2005-2015), the number of fatalities has doubled. At the same time, the population6 has increased by 16% and the number of registered motorized vehicles has risen by 457%7 (in 2015, about 80% of all registered vehicles were motorbikes). Figure 3: Evolution of road fatalities, population and vehicles in Cambodia8, 2005 – 2015 (base 100 = 2005) 600 550 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Population Registrated vehicles Fatalities
It was estimated that unless additional road safety actions are taken, the number of fatalities in Cambodia will increase up to 3,200 by 20209. Therefore, the Royal Government of Cambodia has committed to develop a national road safety action plan 2011-2020 in order to reduce the number of road fatalities in 2020 by 50% (or reducing it to 1,600 fatalities). This will save 7,35010 lives if the target is achieved.
6 Number of population in 2015 based on the 2008 General Population Census of Cambodia 7 Vehicle register 2015 by Ministry of Public Work and Transport 8 Number of fatalities in 2005 were based on traffic police data only and from 2006 to 2015 based on RCVIS 9Number of vehicles is estimated to increase by 4 million in 2020 (compared to 2009). The calculation was made by the Institute for Road Safety Research (SWOV), in The Netherland. 10These 7,350 lives include all lives that can be saved every year, from 2011 to 2020. The calculation has been conducted by the Institute for Road Safety Research (SWOV), The Netherlands. 3
Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2015
Figure 4: Estimated number of fatalities, 2011-2020
3500
3000
2500 2226 2231 1966 1950 1816 1905 2000 1717 1545 1638 1500 1292
1000
500 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Fatalities: National target Fatalities: without additional action Fatalities: Reality
Over the last nine years (2006 to 2015), the fatality rate among 100,000 inhabitants11 increased from 9.6 to 14.5 On the other hand, the fatality rate per 10,000 registered vehicles12 decreased from 18.1 to 7.0 this decrease can be attributed to the huge increase in motorisation.
Figure 5: Fatality rates compared to population and registered vehicle, 2006 – 2015
20.0 18.1 17.8
15.1 14.7 15.0 14.5 12.3 12.7 11.0 13.1 13.4 13.0 11.8 12.2 10.0 9.0 10.0 11.3 7.9 9.6 7.9 5.0 7.0
0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Number of fatalities per 100,000 inhabitants Number of fatalities per 10,000 registerred vehicles
In Cambodia, there were 7.0 fatalities per 10,000 registered vehicles, number higher than in Lao PDR (5.79) and Vietnam (1.82). The fatality rate per 100,000 inhabitants in Cambodia was 14.5, which was higher than in Vietnam (9.12), but similar Lao PDR (14.2).
11 Population number in 2015 based on the 2008 General Population Census of Cambodia. 12 "Statistics on registered vehicles in 2015", Department of Public Works and Land Transport. 4
Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2015
Figure 6: Fatality rates in Cambodia compared to Lao PDR and Vietnam, 2015
20.0 14.5 14.2 15.0 9.1 10.0 7.0 5.8 5.0 1.8 0.0
Cambodia Lao PDR Viet Nam
Number of fatalities per 100,000 inhabitants Number of fatalities per 10,000 register vehicle
III.2 Casualties 4,519 crashes13 and 13,649 casualties were reported in 2015. Among them, 2,231 were fatalities and 5,450 were serious injuries. On average, more than 6 people died and 15 were injured every day. Compared to 2011, the number of fatalities increased by 17% and serious injuries decreased by 6%. Table 2: Breakdown of casualties by severity of injuries, 2011–2015 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2015 Change over 2011 Fatalities and injuries N N N N N % N % Fatality 1905 1966 1950 2226 2231 16% 326 17% Serious injury 5807 5349 5671 6005 5450 40% -357 -6% Slight injury 7661 7248 8109 6425 5746 42% -1915 -25% No injury 0 0 166 105 71 1% 71 - Unknown 1281 1052 331 554 151 1% -1130 -88% Total 16654 15615 16227 15315 13649 100% -3005 -18%
III.2.1 Nature of injuries 50% of casualties suffered from head injuries, followed by fractures (25%). The percentage of head injuries among casualties decreased from 59% in 2014 to 50% in 2015.
13 This number of crashes is based on data from the traffic police only. It was estimated that there were 7,611 road crashes in 2012 if the data of the two sources had been combined.
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Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2015
Figure 7: Percentage of Casualties by Nature of Injury14, 2015
Unkown_injury 4% Other_injury 2% Internal_Injury 2% Face 2% Abdominal 2% Sprain_Dislocation 5% Thorax 6% Bruise_Superficial 12% Burn 14% Cuts_Open_Would 15% Fracture 25% Concussion_Neck 50% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
III.2.2 Severity of injuries 16% of the casualties were fatalities and 40% were severe injuries. Among fatalities, 70% of them died immediately at the scene of crashes, 24% died at a health facility, and 6% died during the transfer from the crash scene to a medical facility.
Figure 8: Percentage of Casualties by Severity of Injury, 2015
Slight injuries No injuries Died at hospital Unknown
16% Fatalities
6 Severe injuries 40 Died during Died on crash site fransferring
14 Percentages may add up to more than 100% as a casualty may have injuries to more than one body region. 6
Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2015
III.3 Time/Day/Month In 2015, the highest percentage of fatalities occurred between 6pm to 9 pm (26%). Sundays represented the highest number of fatalities (16%), followed by Saturdays (15%) and Monday (15%). The highest percentage of fatalities occurred in April (11%), November (10%) and January (9%).
Figure 9: Distribution of Fatalities by Time Category, 2015
12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2%
0%
01:00 - 01:59 - 01:00 02:59 - 02:00 03:59 - 03:00 04:59 - 04:00 05:59 - 05:00 06:59 - 06:00 07:59 - 07:00 08:59 - 08:00 09:59 - 09:00 10:59 - 10:00 11:59 - 11:00 12:59 - 12:00 13:59 - 13:00 14:59 - 14:00 15:59 - 15:00 16:59 - 16:00 17:59 - 17:00 18:59 - 18:00 19:59 - 19:00 20:59 - 20:00 21:59 - 21:00 22:59 - 22:00 23:59 - 23:00 00:00 - 00:59 - 00:00 The number of fatalities during the main holidays15 accounted for 11% of overall fatalities. Compared to 2011, there was an increase in fatalities during Pchum Ben (27%) follow by Water Festival16 (18%), and fatalities were observed during Khmer New Year (17%), while less fatalities were observed during Chinese New Year (10%). . Figure 10: Number of fatalities by main holidays, 2011–2015 100 90 80 70 Khmer New Year
60 Pchum Ben
50 Water Festival 40 Chinese New Year 30 20
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
15Khmer New Year, Pchum Ben, Chinese New Year and Water Festival. In this report, a period of each festival was 7 days. 16 The Water Festival was cancelled in Phnom Penh in 2011-2013 and 2015. 7
Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2015
III.4 Gender and age In 2015, male fatalities accounted for 81% of the total fatalities, an increase of 19% compared with 2011. Female fatalities accounted for 19%, an increase of 11% compared with 2011. Male fatalities were 4 times higher than female fatalities in 2015. Table 3: Number of fatalities by gender, 2011-2015
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2015 Change over 2011 Gender No No No No No % Change %
Male 1510 1612 1549 1854 1799 81% 289 19%
Female 389 353 398 370 432 19% 43 11%
Uknown 6 1 3 2 0 - - -
Total 1905 1966 1950 2226 2231 100% 281 14%
Figure 11 shows the differences between age categories of fatality rates per 100, 000 inhabitants by gender. The fatality rates for both sexes were high among people aged between 20 to 24 years old and lower those less than 4 years old. Male fatality rates show a peak between 20 and 24 years old, while female fatality rates were highest among elders (above 39 years old). Figure11: Number of fatalities in 100,000 people by gender and age categories, 2015 50.0 45.0 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 - 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 >=55 Male Female Both
In 2015, those between the ages of 20 and 24 years old accounted for the highest percentage of fatalities (20%); however, they represented only 11% of the total population. Fatalities aged over 54 years old accounted for 12% of the total fatalities.
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Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2015
Table 4: The numbers of fatalities by age category, 2011-2015 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2015 change over 2011 Age # # # # # % Change % 0 - 4 35 36 37 54 42 2% 7 20% 5 - 9 72 65 79 63 57 3% -15 -21% 10 - 14 51 55 35 58 61 3% 10 20% 15 - 19 234 246 240 186 241 11% 7 3% 20 - 24 391 409 419 515 448 20% 57 15% 25 - 29 301 327 267 328 359 16% 58 19% 30 - 34 171 180 213 231 206 9% 35 20% 35 - 39 137 135 129 174 192 9% 55 40% 40 - 44 125 106 117 120 91 4% -34 -27% 45 - 49 95 116 112 141 137 6% 42 44% 50 - 54 96 100 112 122 122 5% 26 27% >=55 185 188 190 234 275 12% 90 49% Unknown 12 3 ------Total 1905 1966 1950 2226 2231 100% 326 17%
Children less than 15 years of age accounted for 8% of the fatalities, a number that increased by 1% compared to 2011. The following statistics are related to fatalities of children less than 15 years old: 71% of them were male. 38% of them were pedestrians, followed by motorbike riders (38%) and bicycle riders (9%). 50% of them were caused by speeding, follow by dangerous overtaking (11%), and not respecting the right of way (8%). Kampong Thom province accounted for 11% of children fatalities, followed by Phnom Penh (8%), and Prey Veng (8%). 60% of them occurred on national roads and 19% on local roads/track.
III.5 Occupation Road crashes affect the most economically active part of the population, mostly youth, workers, and farmers. In 2015, farmers represented the largest group of fatalities (41%), followed by workers (23%) and students (12%). The number of farmer fatalities has increased from year to year, from 703 in 2011 to 904 in 2015. Among student fatalities, university students accounted for 44% followed by primary school students (23%), high school students (20%) and secondary school students (13%).
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Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2015
Table 5: Number of fatalities by occupation17, 2011 - 2015 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2015 change over 2011 Occupation No No No No No % Change % Farmer 703 757 753 932 904 41% 201 29% Worker 336 338 371 422 510 23% 174 52% Student 272 269 248 258 276 12% 4 1% Child 47 43 51 69 57 3% 10 21% House keeping/servant 52 47 21 15 14 1% -38 -73% Vendor/small business 56 77 89 118 92 4% 36 64% Motor taxi driver 46 29 34 43 25 1% -21 -46% Car/Truck driver 45 38 46 43 41 2% -4 -9% Tourist/Expatriate 14 17 15 20 22 1% 8 57% Government employee 126 141 132 107 110 5% -16 -13% Other 208 210 190 199 180 8% -28 -13% Total 1905 1966 1950 2226 2231 100% 326 17%
Tourists/expatriates who come to work or visit Cambodia represented 1% of overall fatalities. Compared to 2011, this number has decreased by 57% and the number of severely injured tourists/expatriates increased by 13%. Following figures are related to tourists/expatriate road fatalities: . People aged between25 and 29 years old accounted for 23%. . 43% were motorbike riders, followed by family car riders (38%). . 23% of them occurred in Preah Sihanouk, Phnom Penh (14%), and Koh Kong province (14%). . 36% were due to Head on collisions and Overturned/Fell alone (32%). . 41% were due to over speeding and dangerous overtaking (27%).
III.6 Types of road user Motorbikes play a very important role in day to day lives of people and in transportation. Motorbikes accounted for around 85% of the overall vehicle fleet in 2015. At the same time, motorbike riders were the most vulnerable road user group, which accounted for 71% of total fatalities, followed by pedestrians (10%) and those traveling by family cars (6%).
17 Child aged between 0 and 5 years old. 10
Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2015
Table 6: Number of Fatalities by Mode of Transportation, 2011 - 2015
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2015 change over 2011 Transport categories No No No No No % Change % Motorbike 1262 1340 1351 1614 1586 71% 324 26% Pedestrian 254 207 246 223 221 10% -33 -13% Bicycle 51 77 45 66 55 2% 4 8% Family car 144 155 138 128 131 6% -13 -9% Passenger vehicle 36 31 27 44 62 3% 26 72% Goods vehicle 81 99 72 79 60 3% -21 -26% Agriculture vehicle 51 42 46 52 79 4% 28 55% Other 26 15 25 20 37 2% 11 42% 1905 1966 1950 2226 2231 100% 326 17% Total
Drivers accounted for 62% of the total fatalities, and passengers (28%).The percentage of driver fatalities was higher than passenger fatalities among motorbike riders and bicyclists, but lower among passenger vehicles and good vehicles, as shown in Figure 10. Figure 12: Percentage of Fatalities by Mode of Transport and Type of Road User, 2015
Agriculture vehicle 33% 67%
Goods vehicle 33% 67%
Passenger vehicle 57% 43%
Family car 14% 86%
Bicycle 96% 4%
Motorbike 76% 24%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Driver Passenger
III.6.1 Motorbike riders Among all fatalities, motorbike riders outnumber than other vehicle riders. Form year to year, the number of motorbike fatalities increased significantly (Table 7). Compare to 2011, the number of motorbike fatalities increased 26%, motorbike driver32%.
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Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2015
Table 7: Number of Motorbike Fatalities by Type of Road User, 2011 – 2015 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2015 change over 2011 Motorbike rider No No No No No % Change % Driver 907 999 1002 1250 1199 76% 292 32% Passenger 331 334 347 357 386 24% 55 17% Unknown 24 7 2 7 1 - - - 1262 1340 1351 1614 1586 100% 324 26% Total
The majority of motorbike riders were killed during the night time (54%) rather than at day time (46%). In 2015, the vast majority of the motorbike fatalities were men (85%). Speeding was the leading cause of motorbike fatalities, accounting for 37% of motorbike fatalities, followed by drunk driving (21%), dangerous overtaking (14%), and not respecting the right of way (8%). 66% of motorbike fatalities occurred on national roads. 33% of motorbike fatalities occurred in urban areas. It is important to notice that 29% of at-fault motorbike drivers involved in a crash were suspected of driving under the influence of alcohol. 59% of motorbike fatalities suffered head injuries. 70% of all at-fault motorbike drivers were between the ages of 15 and 34 years old.
Figure 13: Distribution of at-fault motorbike drivers by age categories, 2015 30% 26% 25% 20% 20% 14% 15% 10% 10% 7% 6% 5% 5% 5% 4% 1% 0% 10 -14 15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44 45 - 49 50 - 54 >=55
III.6.2 Pedestrians Pedestrians are considered vulnerable road users because of the lack of sidewalks, traffic signs, traffic lights, and other safety measures. Pedestrians accounted for 10% of total fatalities in 2015. Compare to 2011, the number of pedestrian fatalities decreased 13%. 67% of pedestrian fatalities were male.
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Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2015
Table 8: Number of Pedestrian Fatalities by Gender, 2011 – 2015 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2015 Change over 2011 Gender No No No No No % Change % Male 157 140 152 163 147 67% -10 -6% Female 96 67 93 60 74 33% -22 -23% Unknown 1 0 1 0 0 - - - 254 207 246 223 221 100% -2 -13% Total
In 2015, pedestrian fatalities most often occurred from 6 to 8pm (20%). Most pedestrian fatalities occurred on Wednesday (16%) and in May (11%). Figure 14: Distribution of Pedestrian Fatalities by Time, 2015 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0%
A peak of pedestrian fatalities was noticed among children less than 15 years old (28%) and people older than 54 (27%). Conversely, in other age groups, the percentage of male fatalities was higher than female fatalities, except age group between 15 and 19 year’s old were higher than male.
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Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2015
Figure 15: Distribution of Pedestrian Fatalities by Age Category, 2015
30% 27% 25%
20%
15% 12% 10% 9% 10% 7% 8% 6% 5% 5% 6% 5% 3% 2% 0% 0 - 4 5 -9 10 -14 15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44 45 - 49 50 - 54 >=55
Among pedestrian fatalities, 67% were killed along national roads, 13% provincial road and 13% along local roads/truck. 40% of all pedestrian fatalities were due to hit and run crashes where drivers escaped from the scene right after the crash. 34% of pedestrian fatalities were farmers, followed by students (15%) and children (14%). 97% of those students were between the ages of 6 and 15. Speeding was the leading cause of pedestrian fatalities (56%), followed by drunk driving (9%) and not respecting the right of way (6%). Battambang province had the highest proportion of pedestrians fatalities (10%), followed by Phnom Penh (9%) and Kampong Thom (8%). Figure 16: Distribution of Pedestrian Fatalities by Province, 2015 12% 10% 10% 9% 8% 8% 8% 6% 6% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 4% 4% 4% 3% 3% 3% 2% 2% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 0%
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Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2015
III.7 Types of collisions Head-on collisions accounted for 34% of the total fatalities, followed by rear-end collisions (19%), right-angle collisions (15%), and overturned/fell alone (12%). Figure 17: Percentage of Fatalities by Type of Collision, 2015 5% 3% 6% Head on Rear end 8% 34% Right-angle Overturned/Fell alone
12% Hit pedestrian Slide swipe Hit object off road
15% Other 19%
III.8 Blackspots A blackspot refers to a section of road of 300 meter long that has had at least 3 crashes with at least one person killed over a one year period. 13 locations were identified as blackspots on the road network in Cambodia, as following: St. 377, Thmei, OuPreah and Koh Snhae village, OuKrieng And Sandan commune, Sambour District, Kratie province St. 5, Kabal Spean and Preah Ponlea village, Preah Ponlea commune, Serei Saophoan District, Banteay MeanChey province St. 5 and 55, Koun Damrei ,Nimitt Muoy and Nimitt Bei village , Nimitt Commune, Paoy Paet District, Banteay MeanChey province St.5, Tuek Thla village, Tuek Thla Commune, Serei Saophoan District , Banteay MeanChey province St. 6 and 56, kampong Svay and Souphi village, Kampong Svay commune, Serei Saophoan District, Banteay MeanChey province St. 7, Cheung Khal village, Mong Riev commune, Tboung Khmum District, Kampong Cham province St. 7, Phum Ti Prambei and Phum Ti Prammouy village, Kampong Cham and Veal Vong Commune, Kampong Cham District, Kampong Cham Province St.1 , Bavet Kanda and Prey Phdau village, Bavet and Chrak Mtes commune , Bavet District, kampong Cham Province St.2, Doeum Kor village, Doeum Mien commune, Ta Khmau District , Kandal Province 15
Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2015
St.3 and 33, Damnak Toap Khang Tboung, Satv Pong and Chrey village, Krang Snay and Satv Pong commune, Chhuk District, Kampot Province St. 4, Trapeang S’oy Ti Muoy and Andoung Thma village, Andoung Thma commune, Prey Nob District, Preah Sihanouk Province St. 808, Phum Bei, Phum Pram and Phum Muoy village, Bei, Buon and Pir commune, Preah Sihanouk District, Preah Sihanouk Province Phum Bei, Phum Pir and Phum Buon village, Bei and Buon commune, Preah Sihanouk District, Preah Sihanouk Province
Figure 18: Blackspots on the Cambodian road network, 2015
In 2015, the highest number of fatalities was observed in Phnom Penh (232), followed by Kandal province(158) and Banteay Meanchey (148). Compared to 2011, the number of fatalities in 2015 decreased the most in Phnom Penh (46), follow by Kampong Chhnang (15) and Mondol Kiri (7).
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Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2015
Table 9: Number of Fatalities by Capital and Province, 2011 – 2015 Capital and 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2015 Change over 2011 Proivnces N N N N % Change % Banteay Mean Chey 98 84 82 145 148 7% 50 51% Battambang 115 123 84 121 114 5% -1 -1% Kampong Cham 233 184 187 217 75 3% -158 -68% Kampong Chhnang 75 64 88 109 60 3% -15 -20% Kampong Speu 56 87 78 102 122 5% 66 118% Kampong Thom 105 111 100 104 125 6% 20 19% Kampot 60 57 77 86 95 4% 35 58% Kandal 149 135 124 150 158 7% 9 6% Kep 4 11 6 19 13 1% 9 225% Koh Kong 27 34 21 21 30 1% 3 11% Kratie 70 76 93 121 106 5% 36 51% Mondol Kiri 22 17 15 18 15 1% -7 -32% Oddar Mean Chey 17 48 43 47 51 2% 34 200% Pailin 9 19 17 16 22 1% 13 144% Phnom Penh 278 296 282 249 232 10% -46 -17% Preah Sihanouk 87 73 83 78 92 4% 5 6% Preah Vihear 35 45 48 55 40 2% 5 14% Prey Veng 106 104 107 136 112 5% 6 6% Pursat 74 81 62 69 76 3% 2 3% Rotanak Kiri 35 42 61 46 75 3% 40 114% Siem Reap 75 97 92 100 101 5% 26 35% Stung Treng 20 20 29 32 37 2% 17 85% Svay Rieng 56 66 64 77 89 4% 33 59% Takeo 93 91 106 108 142 6% 49 53% Tboung Khmom - - - - 101 5% - - Unknown 6 1 1 0 0 0% - -
Total 1905 1966 1950 2226 2231 100% 326 17%
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Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2015
IV. Safety performance indicators
IV.1 Types of roads
National roads accounted for the largest percentage of fatalities (68%), followed by local roads (14%) and provincial road (12%). Figure 19: Percentage of Fatalities by Type of Road, 2015 3% 2% 1% National Road 12% Local Road/Track
Provincial Road 14% Minor Road in City
Major Road in City 68% Other
70% of the total number of fatalities on national roads occurred on one digit national roads (National Road 1 to National Road 9). National Road 5 accounted for the highest number of fatalities (22%), followed by National Road 6 (19%) and National road 4(15%). Compared to 2011, the highest increases in number of fatalities in 2015 were on all National Road (National Road 1 to National Road 9). Table 10: Number of Fatalities on Main National road (National road 1 to National road 9), 2011–2015 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2015 change over 2011 Main national roads No No No No No % Change % National road 1 107 114 101 110 182 12% 75 70% National road 2 38 59 49 60 76 5% 38 100% National road 3 109 97 116 105 151 10% 42 39% National road 4 129 137 139 138 227 15% 98 76% National road 5 245 262 183 236 332 22% 87 36% National road 6 187 194 168 158 288 19% 101 54% National road 7 158 152 150 142 166 11% 8 5% National road 8 42 58 46 62 61 4% 19 45% National road 9 - - - 15 30 2% - - Total 1015 1073 952 1026 1513 100% 498 49%
Among fatalities on national roads, 34% were due to head on collisions, followed by rear end (21%) and right angle collisions (16%).
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Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2015
79% of fatalities happened on straight roads, followed by curved roads (10%), as shown in Figure 16. 30% of fatalities on straight roads occurred in urban area. Figure 20: Percentage of Fatalities by Road Characteristics, 2015
Straight road 10% Curve 4% 2% T-junction 2% 2% 1% 1% X-junction Bridge 79% Slope Roundabout Other
IV.2 Contributing factors A road crash can result from many causal factors. It is very important to identify the contributing factors in a crash in order to be able to develop measures and actions to prevent and reduce the number of fatalities and injuries. In the data analysis, RCVIS divides contributing factors at the time of crashes into three categories: human errors, vehicle defects, and the road environment (road and weather conditions). Human errors include speeding, drunk driving, not respecting the right of way, etc. However, as there is no comprehensive analysis on the causes of road crashes due to the road environment, human errors scored very high and contributed to 96.6% of crashes and fatalities, while vehicle defects accounted for 4.4%, and road environment accounted for 2.2%. The human factors are a very important issue and urgent measures are needed to reduce the number of fatalities and injuries. Specific targets need to be identified in order to change the risky behaviors of road users (as shown in Table 10). In 2015, speeding was the leading cause of fatalities (40%), followed by drunk driving (17%) and dangerous overtaking (13%).
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Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2015
Table 11: Number of fatalities caused by human errors, 2011-2015 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2015 Change over 2011 Human Error N N N N N % Change % Speed-related 978 1032 906 951 894 40% -84 -9% Drunking driving 272 254 290 381 387 17% 115 42% Not respect right of way 141 175 187 184 151 7% 10 7% Dangerous overtaking 136 182 222 246 299 13% 163 120% Change lane without due care 57 26 65 77 64 3% 7 12% Change direction without due care 32 28 48 96 77 3% 45 141% Other 202 167 145 196 283 13% 81 40% N/A 87 102 87 95 76 3% -11 -13% 1905 1966 1950 2226 2231 100% 326 17% Total
IV.2.1 Over speeding Over the last 5 years (2011-2015), regarding human error factors, speeding was the leading cause of fatalities in Cambodia. The leading cause of fatalities could be attributed to the road improvements that took place throughout the country that allowed drivers to drive much faster and speed. Limited law enforcement and public knowledge about road safety are other contributing factors. Compared to 2011, the number of fatalities due to speeding decreased by 9% in 2015. In 2015, fatalities due to speeding most often occured between 8 and 9pm (9%). Monday represented the highest percentage of fatalities (18%), followed by Thursday (15%). Figure 21: Percentage of Fatalities due to Speeding by Time, 2015
10.00% 9.00% 8.00% 7.00% 6.00% 5.00% 4.00% 3.00% 2.00% 1.00%
0.00%
01:00 - 01:59 02:00 - 02:59 03:00 - 03:59 04:00 - 04:59 05:00 - 05:59 06:00 - 06:59 07:00 - 07:59 08:00 - 08:59 09:00 - 09:59 10:00 - 10:59 11:00 - 11:59 12:00 - 12:59 13:00 - 13:59 14:00 - 14:59 15:00 - 15:59 16:00 - 16:59 17:00 - 17:59 18:00 - 18:59 19:00 - 19:59 20:00 - 20:59 21:00 - 21:59 22:00 - 22:59 23:00 - 23:59 00:00 - 00:59
Rear-end collisions represented 26% of fatalities due to speeding, followed by Head-on collisions (24%) and overturned/fell alone (13%). 65% of fatalities caused by speeding were motorbike riders. Pedestrians represented 14% of fatalities due to speeding. 12% of all at-fault drivers of speeding related crashes were suspected driving under the influence of alcohol.
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Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2015
36% of those at-fault drivers were farmers, followed by workers (17%), car/truck drivers (14%), and students (11%). Young adults, aged 15 to 34 years old, represented almost 71% of at-fault drivers. Figure 22: Percentage of At-Fault drivers in Speeding Crashes by Age Group, 2015
25% 23% 23%
20% 13% 15% 12% 10% 9% 6% 5% 4% 5% 4% 1% 0% 10 -14 15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44 45 - 49 50 - 54 >=55
National roads accounted for the highest number of fatalities due to speeding (70%). Among fatalities due to speeding on main national roads (National Road 1 to National Road 9), National Road 5 contributed the most to fatalities (27%), followed by National Road 6 (17%) and National Road 4 (15%). The highest percentage of speeding related fatalities were observed in Phnom Penh (9%), follow by (Prey Veng (8%) and Banteay Meanchey (8%) Figure 23: Distribution of Fatalities in Speeding Crashes by Province, 2015 9% 9% 8% 8% 8% 7% 6% 6% 7% 6% 6% 5% 6% 6% 5% 5% 4% 4% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 2% 2% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1%
0%
Kep
Pailin
Kratie
Takeo
Pursat
Kandal
Kampot
KohKong
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Svay Rieng
Battambang
RotanakKiri
StungTreng
Phnom Penh
Preah Vihear
KampongSpeu
KampongThom
TboungKhmum
Preah Sihanouk
KampongCham
Oddar MeanChey KampongChhnang BanteayMeanChey
IV.2.2 Drink driving Drunk driving is the second major cause of road crashes and related casualties in Cambodia. The number of reported fatalities due to drunk driving increased by 42% in 2015 compared to 2011.
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Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2015
In 2015, fatalities most often occurred between 6 and 10pm (50%). Sunday had the highest percent of fatalities (24%), followed by Saturday (17%) and Friday (14%). The percentage of fatalities during night time (69%) was higher than during day time (31%). Figure 24: Distribution of Fatalities by Time, 2015
16% 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2%
0%
19:00 - 19:59 - 19:00 01:00 - 01:59 - 01:00 02:59 - 02:00 03:59 - 03:00 04:59 - 04:00 06:59 - 06:00 07:59 - 07:00 08:59 - 08:00 09:59 - 09:00 10:59 - 10:00 11:59 - 11:00 12:59 - 12:00 13:59 - 13:00 14:59 - 14:00 15:59 - 15:00 16:59 - 16:00 17:59 - 17:00 18:59 - 18:00 20:59 - 20:00 21:59 - 21:00 22:59 - 22:00 23:59 - 23:00 00:00 - 00:59 - 00:00
40% of fatalities were due to head-on collisions, followed by overturned/fell alone collisions (19%) and rear- end collisions (18%). 53% of all at-fault drivers were farmers, followed by workers (23%), and government employees (11%). 96% of at-fault drivers in drunk driving crashes were motorbike drivers and family vehicle drivers (3%). 47% of all at-fault drivers were between the ages of 20 and 29. Figure 25: Percentage of At-Fault Drivers due to Drunk Driving by Age Category, 2015 30% 26% 25% 21% 20%
15% 12% 9% 10% 9% 6% 6% 5% 5% 5%
0% 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 >=55
National roads accounted for most of the fatalities due to drunk driving (56%), followed by local roads (21%). Among fatalities due to drinking driving on main national roads (National Road 1 to National Road 9), National Road 7 contributed the highest percentage of fatalities (19%) and National Road 5 (19%), followed by National Road 6 (18%).
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Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2015
Kampong Thom province had the highest number of fatalities due to drunk driving (9%), followed by kampong Speu (9%) and Tboung Khmum (8%). Figure 26: Distribution of Fatalities due to Drunk Driving by Province, 2015
10% 9% 9% 9% 8% 8% 7% 7% 7% 6% 6% 6% 5% 5% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 2% 2% 2% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 0%
IV.3 Emergency response IV.3.1 First aid 61% of casualties received first aid response after the crash. Compared to 2011, the number of casualties received frist aid response were increased (20%) in 2015. SAMU/ambulance and traffic police played an important role to provide first aid responses to road crash casualties. 49% of casualties received first aid response by traffic polices and another 33% by SAMU/ambulance. Figure 27: Percentage of Casualties that Received First Aid by Type of First Aid Responder, 2015
18%
Traffic police
49% Samu/ambulance
Other 33%
2.
Among casualties who received first aid during the crashes, 58% suffered from bleeding, 18% of the casualties had an open wound, and 7% were unconscious.
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Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2015
Figure 28: Percentage of Casualties that Received First Aid by Type of Injury, 2015
Other 5% Respiratory_emergency 1% Burning 1% Transfer_victim 6% Broken_bond 6% Unconsciousness 7% Wound 18% Bleeding 58%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
IV.3.2 Transfer to hospital 16% of the casualties were fatalities and 40% were severe injuries. Among fatalities, 70% of them died immediately at the scene of crashes, 24% died at a hospital and 6% died during the transfer from the crash scene to a medical facility. Only 34% of the casualties were transferred to a hospital by ambulance and 66% by the private transportation. Only 10% of casualties could reach the first health facility in less than 30 minutes in Phnom Penh municipality, while 17% in other provinces In Phnom Penh and other provinces, most of casualties spent more than 2 hours to reach health facilities.. Figure 29: Duration to Arrive at the First Health Facility in Phnom Penh Versus Other Provinces – 2015 100%
80% 36% 36% > 2 hours 60% 1 hour - 2 hours 27% 26% 30-59 minutes 40% 10-29 minutes 21% 20% 27% < 10 minutes 14% 8% 0% 2% 3% Phnom Penh Provinces
IV.5 Use of passive protection IV.5.1 Seatbelt The law enforcement on seatbelt wearing for both drivers and front seat passengers is very limited in Cambodia. Only 24% of four-wheel vehicle driver casualties wore a seatbelt during the crash in 2015. The percentage of seatbelt wearing among family car drivers was higher than for those in the front seat of passenger cars (40% 24
Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2015
compared to 29%). The highest percentage of seatbelt wearing in four-wheel vehicles casualties were aged between 30 and 34 years, aged between 40 and 44. Low percentages of seatbelt wearing was noticed among driver casualties aged between 15 and 19 years old18. Figure 30: Percentage of Four-Wheel Vehicle Driver Casualties Wearing a Seatbelt by Age Category, 2015 100% 90% 80% 53% 53% 70% 62% 56% 59% 61% 71% 65% 60% 89% 50% 40% 30% 47% 47% 20% 38% 44% 41% 39% 29% 35% 10% 11% 0% 15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44 45 - 49 50 - 54 >=55 Wearing seatbelt Not wearing seatbelt
IV.5.2 Helmet wearing This report also depicts the data analysis on helmet wearing among motorbike casualties in 2015 as below: The percentage of motorbike casualties wearing a helmet was 13% in 2015. Compared to 2011, this number decreased by about (21%). The helmet wearing rate among motorbike driver casualties was higher than motorbike passenger casualties (18% and 4%, respectively). The helmet wearing rate among motorbike driver casualties at day-time was higher than at night-time (20% and 15%, respectively). Similarly, the difference between day-time and night-time helmet wearing rates among motorbike passenger casualties was 4% and 4%, respectively. During the crashes, the helmet wearing rates among male drivers was similar among female drivers (18% and18%, respectively). Among motorbike riders wearing a helmet during the crash, children less than 14 years old had the lowest helmet wearing rate (only 1%), compared to other age groups.
18 It should be noted that not all drivers have a driving licence in Cambodia. According to the traffic law, the minimum age to drive a vehicle is 18 years old. 25
Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2015
Figure 31: Percentage of motorbike rider Casualties Wearing helmet by Age Category, 2015 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 80% 77% 77% 78% 77% 89% 84% 83% 50% 100% 99% 95% 40% 30% 20% 10% 20% 23% 23% 22% 23% 11% 16% 17% 0% 1% 5% 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54
Wearing helmet Not wearing helmet
IV.5.3 Driving License The Cambodian traffic law requires all motorbike drivers and four-wheel vehicle drivers to have a proper driving license. It has been observed that enforcement on driving licenses is limited in Cambodia. Only 56% of four- wheel vehicle drivers involved in a crash, including injured and non-injured, had a driving license. 57% of the total of male drivers involved in a crash had a driving license, while only 38% of female drivers did.
Figure 32 : Percentage of Four-Wheel Vehicle Driver Casualties Holding a Driving License by Age Category, 2015 100% 90% 24% 80% 37% 35% 35% 48% 50% 50% 70% 55% 60% 86% 50% 40% 76% 30% 63% 65% 65% 52% 50% 50% 20% 45% 10% 14% 0% 15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44 45 - 49 50 - 54 >=55 Driving license holder None driving license holder
V. Conclusion and key recommendations
V.1 Conclusion RCVIS give accurate and useful information about the accident and victims in Cambodia following: The data is used by the government in planning, monitoring or making a strategic plan to create laws and policies. The quality of the report is the key to educate people.
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Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2015
RCIVS play a significant role in providing recommendations to road safety, in particular the establishment of a national road safety plan for 10 years, 2011-2020. The data was received international praise as a system that provides information about traffic conditions in Cambodia that other ASEAN countries can’t provide.
V.2 Key recommendations Speed up the approval of the National Road Safety Policy and the 2011-2020 National Road Safety Action Plan; Speed up the revision and approval of the land traffic law; Strengthen the RCVIS data collection system to ensure its accuracy; Improve blackspot areas, pedestrian infrastructure and set up slow speed zones and separate lanes for motorbikes; Strengthen the traffic law enforcement, particularly on speeding, drink driving and helmet wearing; Provide technical and financial support and relevant tools/equipment and trainings to the traffic police; Strengthen the training and driving license application; and introduce demerit point system; Improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the emergency medical services and ensure neutral treatments to all casualties; Promote road safety and traffic law public awareness campaigns and education in schools, universities and communities, especially along national roads and at high risk areas.
Promote and integrate Road Safety Policy and Action Plans into local development plans with adequate resources for the implementation.
Seek for other sources of funds to reinforce road safety program education in all aspects and increase the knowledge on road safety to all level of road user.
Integrate road safety awareness and enforcement based on concrete planning.
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Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2015
Table 12: . Evaluation of data by years, 2011–2015
Table 11: Number of fatalities caused by human errors, 2011-2015 Table 12. Evaluation of data by years, 2011-2015
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Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2015
Fatalities information 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Population 14,521,275 14,741,414 14,962,591 15,184,116 15,405,157 Registerred vehicles 1,904,263 2,175,418 2,457,555 2,801,818 3,200,320 Number and rate of fatalities 1905 1966 1950 2226 2231 Fatalites rate per day 5.2 5.4 5.3 6.1 6.1 Fatalities per 100,000 population 13.1 13.4 13.0 14.7 14.5 Fatalities per 10,000 registerred vehicles 10.0 9.0 7.9 7.9 7.0 Gender Male 1510 1612 1549 1854 1799 Female 389 353 398 370 432 Unknown 6 1 3 2 Age categories 0-4 35 36 37 54 42 5-9 72 65 79 63 57 10-14 51 55 35 58 61 15-19 234 246 240 186 241 20-24 391 409 419 515 448 25-29 301 327 267 328 359 30-34 171 180 213 231 206 35-39 137 135 129 174 192 40-44 125 106 117 120 91 45-49 95 116 112 141 137 50-54 96 100 112 122 122 >=55 185 188 190 234 275 Unknown 12 3 0 0 Road user Driver 1066 1182 1162 1425 221 Passenger 551 563 536 569 1391 Pedestrian 254 207 246 223 618 Unknown 0 0 0 9 1 Type of transport Mototrbike riders 1262 1340 1351 1614 1586 Pedestrian 255 207 246 223 221 Family car 144 155 132 128 131 Passenger vehicle 36 31 33 44 71 Goods vehicle 81 99 72 79 60 Bicycle 51 77 45 66 55 Other 76 57 71 72 107 Occupation Farmer 703 757 753 932 904 Worker 336 338 371 422 510 Student 272 269 249 258 276 Child 47 43 50 69 57 House keeper/servant 52 47 21 15 14 Vender 56 77 89 118 92 Mototr taxi driver 46 29 34 43 25 Tourist/ expatriate 14 17 15 20 22 Government employee 126 141 132 107 110 Other 253 248 236 242 221 Human error Over speeding 978 1032 906 951 894 Drinking driving 272 254 290 381 387 Not respect right of way 141 175 187 184 151 Dangerious overtaking 136 182 222 246 299 Chang land without due care 57 26 65 77 64 Change direction without due care 32 28 48 96 77 Other 215 167 145 196 283 N/A 74 102 87 95 76
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Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2015
3. Data collection forms Two different data collection forms are being used: the hospital data collection form, using the casualty as point of entry, and the traffic police data collection form, using the crash as entry point. Duplicate entries are checked using the name of the casualty, the date and time of the crash, as well as the location.
Road traffic and other type of injury form
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Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2015
Traffic police data collection form
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Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2015
Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2015
Glossary
Agriculture vehicle Vehicle used at farming. Sometimes, it made locally, by combining with other machines or parts of another vehicle. Ex: Ox-machine.
Blackspot A section on the road, less than 300 meters long, that has the highest number of road crashes/fatalities/casualties over a one year period, in a selected area.
Taxi/truck/bus driver Person who makes a living from driving a passenger/goods vehicle.
Casualty Person that was killed or injured in a road crash.
Change direction without due care Going straight then turning left or right suddenly or U-turning without giving a sign to other road users.
Change lane without due care Changing lane left or right while still proceeding in the same direction (going straight) without giving a sign to other road users.
Child (in figures) Person whose age is less than 6 years old.
Damage only Any road crash which does not result in any injuries.
Dangerous overtaking Overtaking without examination of the traffic situation.
Died at hospital Person who died after arriving at the hospital.
Died on scene Person who was killed immediately during the road crash.
Died on the way to hospital Person who died during the transfer to the hospital.
Driver Driver or operator of a motorized or non-motorized vehicle (including cyclists, people riding an animal).
Driving against flow of traffic Drivers driving against the flow of traffic.
Drink driving The accident involves a driver with a blood-alcohol level over the legal limit. Assumption made by the traffic police.
Farmer A person who works on a farm.
Fatal crash Any road crash resulting in at least one person killed immediately or dying within 30 days, as a result of the crash.
Fatality Person who was killed immediately or died within 30 days, as a result of the crash.
Four-wheeler vehicle All kinds of passengers and goods vehicles, with 4 wheels.
Goods vehicle More than four-wheels vehicle used to transport goods.
Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2015
Head-on The front of both vehicles collided with each other.
Hit and run When the driver responsible for the crash intentionally escapes afterwards.
Hit animal The moving vehicle collided with an animal.
Hit object off road The moving vehicle collided with stationary object off road (ex. tree, post…)
Hit object on the road The moving vehicle collided with stationary object on road (ex. barrier…)
Hit parked vehicle The moving vehicle collided with a parked vehicle.
Hit pedestrian The moving vehicle collided with a pedestrian.
Housekeeper A person who stays home to look after the family or to clean other people’s houses.
Human error Any road crash caused by a human mistake.
Local road/track Road connecting a national/provincial road to a village/commune in the countryside or road outside urban areas.
Major road in city Road located in the city with double central lines, but which is not a national or a provincial road.
Minor road in city Road located in the city with no double central lines.
Motor taxi driver A person who makes a living from driving a motor taxi.
Motorbike/two-wheeler vehicle Two-wheeled road motor vehicle.
National road Major country road linking major population centers and provinces in different parts of the county, permitting speeds of 90km/h.
Non-respect of the right of way Not giving the right of way to pedestrians or other vehicles on the roads, especially on junction roads.
Non-respect of traffic lights Driving through traffic lights while it’s red.
Non-respect of traffic signs Driving without respecting the traffic signs.
Other government employee All government employees, except police officers, soldiers and teachers.
Over speeding All vehicles using speed over the legal limit or using a non-appropriate speed in relation with the weather, the geographical conditions the traffic, their vehicles and their loading.
Overturned/single vehicle Refers to single vehicle crashes.
Passenger vehicle More than four-wheeled vehicle use to transport passengers from one place to another (including minibus, bus)
Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2015
Passenger A person who travels in/on a vehicle, without operating it (e.g. the persons who sit at the back of a motorbike, tricycle, car,etc.)
Paved road Roads covered by asphalt or asphalt with pebble.
Pedestrian A person walking/standing on the road or on the footpath/sidewalk at the time of the crashe. They are not in a vehicle.
Provincial road Major road linking population centres within a province and/or developed and maintained by provincial public works and transport departments.
Rear-end The front side of the first vehicle collides with the rear side of the second vehicle.
Right-angle Angle impact where the front of the first vehicle collides with the side of the second vehicle.
Road conditions Conditions of road on which happened the road crash
Road environment Combination between road and weather conditions which is linked to a road crash
Serious crash Any road crash resulting in at least one person who requires hospitalization for at least 6 days because of injuries sustained in the crash, while no one was killed.
Serious/severe injury Person who was hospitalized for at least 6 days because of injuries sustained in the crash.
Severity of crash The severity of the road crash, based on the most severe injury of any person involved.
Severity of injury The injury severity level for a person involved in the crash.
Side swipe The vehicle collided side by side while travelling in the same directions.
Slight crash Any road crash resulting in at least one of the participants of the crash being hospitalized less than 24 hours or not hospitalized, while no participant was seriously injured or killed.
Student Someone who is attending school from primary school to university.
Superficial/Slight/minor injury Person who was injured and hospitalized for less than 24 hours or not hospitalized.
Teacher Someone who instructs students T-junction Dead end road, T intersection
Tourist/Expatriate Foreigners who works or temporarily stays in the country and does not have a Cambodian’s ID card.
Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2015
Unemployed Someone who is jobless or has no permanent job.
Unpaved/non-cemented Roads that are not paved or cemented.
Urban area Refers to a place where buildings or houses are build close to each other, exit or entrance to that is placed with sign or name of cities/ towns, even at day time or night time.
Using mobile phone Using mobile phone while driving without a hands free kit or without stopping the vehicle at the edge of road to use it.
Vehicle defects Vehicle defect is supposedly the main cause of the crash Vendor/small business Someone who buys and sells goods
Weather conditions Weather at the moment of the road crash
Worker Someone who works at a particular occupation or activity. Or someone who does manual or industrial labor.
Wrong use of high beam Wrongly using high beams at night.
X-junction Crossroads, road intersection with four directions.
Y-junction Y-junction road
References
1. National Road Safety Action Plan 2006-2010, 2006. Phnom Penh, Royal Government of Cambodia National Road Safety Committee. 2. "Statistics of vehicle registered in 2012." Department of Public Work and Land Transport. 3. General Population Census of Cambodia 2008, Ministry of Planning. 4. Handicap International Belgium and the Institute of Mobility – Hasselt University of Belgium. Cost Analysis of Road Crashes in Cambodia. Phnom Penh: Handicap International Belgium, 2012. 5. Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey 2005, National Institute of Public Health and National Institute Statistics Phnom Penh, Cambodia, December 2006
Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2015
Contacts
Further analysis and additional information is available on request. Please do not hesitate to contact one of the following persons:
. For information regarding the National Road Safety Action Plan
Lok Chumteav Min Manavy Vice Chairman, Secretary General of the General Secretariat of the National Road Safety Committee Mobile: (855) 012 919 717 Email: [email protected]
. For information regarding the national traffic law enforcement
H.E. Major General HIM Yan Director of Order Department General Commissariat of the National Police Ministry of Interior Mobile: (855) 012 590 978 Email: [email protected]
. For general road safety information and additional analysis/customized reports:
Mr. Chhoun Voun Deputy Director General of the General Department of Transport, Ministry of Public Works and Transport Vice Secretary General of the General Secretariat of the National Road Safety Committee Mobile: (855) 016 886 464 Email: [email protected] . For information regarding road crash statistics
H.E. Major General Ty Long Deputy Director of the Public Order Department, Ministry of Interior Vice Secretary General of the General Secretariat of the National Road Safety Committee Mobile: (855) 012 934 534
. For information regarding emergency assistance:
Dr. PRAK PISETH Raingsey Director of the Preventive Medicine Department Ministry of Health Mobile: (855) 012 862 022 Email: [email protected]
Prepared by
National Road Safety Committee Street 598, Sangkat Chrang Chamreh 2, Khan Russei Keo, Phnom Penh, Cambodia Tel: (855) 23 865 082 [email protected] www.roadsafetycambodia.info
And
#9AB, Street 446, Sangkat Toul Tumpong1, Khan Chamkamon, Phnom Penh, Cambodia Tel: (855) 23 217 298, Fax: (855) 23 216 270 www.handicap-international.org