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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Research Background Word is important thing in every sentence, every word has meaning and internal structure or grammatical information. The Readers doesn‟t give attention on the internal structure or grammatical information of the word. They just give attention on the general meaning of the word without give deep attention to the smallest meaning of the word. Actually in a word there is smallest unit of meaning that usual called by “”. According to Rochelle Lieber (2009 : 32), he stated that Morpheme is the minimal meaningful units that are used to form words. Morpheme can change the structure or grammatical information of the word and also can change the meaning of the word itself. Morphology is one of way to learn how to know the Morpheme and the word formation. Generally there are two types of , are they free morphemes and bound morphemes. Free morphemes are the morphemes that can stand alone as a word, such as Dog, Home, Man, and so on. And bound morphemes are the morphemes that can‟t stand alone as a word, such as affixes, prefixes, and suffixes. For example the word DOGS, it has two morphemes. „DOG‟ is free morpheme, because the word „DOG‟ can stand alone as word and of course it has meaning. And „S‟ is bound morpheme, because „S‟ can‟t stand alone as word, „S‟ just a suffix that can change the grammatical information of the word. According to Rochelle Lieber (2009:33), he stated that there are two types of morphemes, morphemes in (1) can stand alone as words: wipe, head, bracelet, McDonald. These are called free morphemes. The morphemes that cannot stand alone are called bound morphemes. Bound morphemes come in different varieties. Those in (1) are prefixes and suffixes; the former are bound morphemes that come before the base of the word, and the latter bound morphemes that come after the base. Together, prefixes and suffixes can be grouped together as affixes. So, this research, the researcher will investigate “An Analysis of Free and Bound Morpheme in The News Column of the “Jakarta Post”. The researcher chooses The Jakarta Post as object of the research, because the Jakarta post uses . Beside that foreign people can follow Indonesian‟s information. Not only foreign people but also Indonesian people interest to read the Jakarta Post. Many types of 2

information on the Jakarta post such as business, news, features, and opinions. And the researcher will analyze morpheme in the news column exactly in sport news column, because the researcher think that many peaople like to read sport news column, not only man but women also like to read it. 1.2.Research Formulation 1.2.1. Identification of Problem The identification of the problem is clarification of the problem that will be analyzed. The researcher arranges the identification of problem referred to the background of the problem above, those are: 1. The field of the research The field of the research is Morphology. 2. The types of The problem From the title of the research and background of the problem in which have explained, the researcher finds out and list several problem to identify in this study, they are: 1) The readers don‟t interest about morphemes 2) The readers don‟t give attention to smallest meaning of the word 3) The readers just read the newspaper as entertainment, they don‟t learn more of word formation or grammatical function. 3. The main problem From the types of the problem above. The researcher have the main problem. That is the readers don‟t give attention to morphemes and grammatical information in the sentences. Like the sentences which is involving on the news column of “Jakarta post”. Therefore, the people have problems to understand sentences well. And of course it can be shown miss understanding from the meaning of the sentences. 1.2.2. Focus of The Study The researcher focuses the study in analyzing free and bound morpheme in the news Column of the “Jakarta Post” on Tuesday Edition Vol.31 April 8, 2014. The researcher gets the data from The Jakarta Post. The researcher‟s reason to chooses that newspaper because Jakarta Post uses English and not only foreign people that like read this newspaper, but also Indonesian people like read it.

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The researcher will analyze free and bound morphemes in every sentences that include in news column. There are many types of news which is involving in this newspaper, such as hideline news, sport news, criminal news, world news, etc. But the researcher will analyze the articles of the sport news column. The researcher‟s reason choose the articles of sport news because sport news is one of favorite news, not only for man but also for woman, 1.2.3. Research Questions

Based on the background above and the identification of the research that accordance with the research “An Analysis of Free and Bound Morphemes in The News Column of the “Jakarta Post” on Tuesday Edition Vol.31 April 8, 2014 the researcher is going to investigate the problems are:

1. What are free and bound morphemes used in Jakarta Post? 2. How can the morphemes change the grammatical category and the meaning of the words in Jakarta Post? 3. What are types of free morphemes and bound morphemes that used in the news column of the “Jakarta post” on Tuesday Edition Vol.31 April 8, 2014? 1.3. Aims of the Research The aims of the research which are accordance with the problem that will be investigated of “An Analysis of Free and Bound Morpheme in The News Column of the “Jakarta Post” on Tuesday Edition Vol.31 April 8, 2014 are they: 1. To describe free and bound morphemes that used in Jakarta Post 2. To describe How the morphemes can change the grammatical category and the meaning of the words in Jakarta Post 3. To describe the types of free morphemes and bound morphemes that used in the news column of the “Jakarta post” on Tuesday Edition Vol.31 April 8, 2014 1.4.Usefulness of the Research The researcher makes this research hopefully it can increase the readers‟ English ability, exactly about morphemes. The researcher also hope it can make the reader more give attention to grammatical function and morphemes that include in every word in a Newspaper.

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1.5.Frame of Thought

Newspaper

Grammatical Informations

Morphology

Morphemes

Free and bound morphemes

Types of free and bound Meaning morphemes Post

1.6.Theoretical Foundation A. Morpheme Rochelle Lieber (2009 : 32), he stated that Morpheme is the minimal meaningful units that are used to form words. The miningful parts into which words can be divided, for example: Boldest can be divided into bold + est are called the morphemes of the language. These are considered the basic units of meaning in a particular language.

Edward Finegan et al (1997 : 84) stated that morpheme is the smallest units of language that can be associated with meaning or grammatical categories. Words that have meaning by themselves such as boy, food, door are called lexical morphemes. 5

Those words that function to specify the relationship between one lexical morpheme and another words like at, in, on, -ed, -s, are called grammatical morphemes. Edward Finegan et al (1997 : 85) stated that morphemes can not be equated with syllables. On the one hand, a single morpheme can have two or more syllables, for example: harvest, grammar. On the other hand, there are sometimes two or more morphemes in a single syllable, for example: judge, dogs. Morphemes can vary in size, its mean that neither the number of syllables nor the length of a word can indicate what is morpheme and what is not, for example: Albatross is a long word and have three syllables, but it word just have a single morpheme. And suffix –y (as in dreamy) is also a single morpheme.

Morphemes are distinct grammatical units from which words are formed, but unlike , morphemes has unique meanings. For instance, the words seen /sin/ and lean /lin/ are distinguish by one , but the phonemes /s/ and /r/ have no inherent meaning themselves. According to Huckles and Cleives that quotes by Emily Dickinson in his book “Morphology : the words of language” they stated that a morpheme was defined as the basic element of meaning a phonological form that is arbitrarily united with a particular meaning and that can not be analysed into simpler elements. Two different morphemes maybe pronounced (and even sometimes spelled) the same way. For example: the –er in buyer means something like ‘the one who’ while the –er in shorter means something like ‘to a greater degree than’ the first –er always attaches to a verb, while the second –er always attaches to an adjectives, it makes sense to consider these two different morphemes that just happen to sound the same. We can identify a morpheme by three criteria : 1. Its a word or part of word that has meaning 2. It can‟t be divided into smaller meaningful parts without violation of its meaning or without meaningless remainders 3. It recurs in differing word environments with a relatively stable meaning

Take the word straight /stret/, it is obviously recognised as a word by English speakers. Although we can devide it up in all sorts of ways (trait /tret/, rate /ret/, ate /et/). They all mean something different and leave us with meaningless remainders like 6

/s-/, /st-/, and /str-/. The unit straight occurs with relatively stable meaning in word like straighten, a straight line, and straightedge. Thus it fits the criteria for a morpheme. Likewise consider the words bright (light) and brighten (make light). We make conclude that the –en in brighten is morpheme with a causative meaning, and we certainly find that elsewhere in words like deepen, soften, stiffen.

Word forms may consist of a number of elements, we can recognize that english word forms such as talks, talker, talked, and talking, must consist of one element talk, and a number of other elements such as –s, -er, -ed, and –ing. All elements are described as morphemes. According to George Yule (2006 : 63), He stated that morpheme is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function. Units of grammatical function include forms used to indicate or plural, for example, in the sentence My mother recooked the meat for me. The word recooked consists of three morphemes, one minimal unit of meaning is cook, another minimal unit of meaning is –re (meaning „again‟) and a minimal unit of grammatical function is –ed (indicating past tense). The word tourists also contains three morphemes, there is one minimal unit of meaning tour, another minimal unit of meaning –ist (marking „person who does something) and a minimal unit of grammatical function –s (indicating plural).

Ingo Plag (2002 : 12) stated that morpheme is the smallest meaningful units. For example the words employee, unhappy, decolonialization. That are obviously composed by putting together smaller elements to form larger words with more complex meaning. We can say that we are dealing with morphologically complex words. The word employee can be analyzed as being as composed of the verb employee and the ending –ee. The adjective unhappy can be analyzed as being derived from the adjective happy by the attachment of the element un-. And decolonialization can be segmented into the smallest parts de-, colony, -al, -ize, and –ation. And there are the words that can not be decomposed into smaller meaningful units, for example: Neighbor, it is not composed of neighb- and –or. Although the word looks rather similar to a word such as inventor. Inventor has meaning „someone who invents something‟ because both invent- and –or are meaningful elements, whereas neither neighb- and –or carry any meaning in neighbor (a neighbor is not someone who neighbs, or etc). 7

Charles F. Meyer (2009 : 152) stated that a morpheme is considered the smallest unit of meaning. For instance, the word dogs contains two units that are meaningful. Dog which specifies a particular kind of animal and –s, which indicates the notion of plurality. Although all morphemes are units of meaning, there are various kinds of morphemes.

A.1. Free Morphemes

Free morpheme is one of kind of morphemes, and the meaning is the morpheme that can stand alone as word. According to Rochelle Lieber (2009 : 33), he stated that Some of the morphemes in (1) can stand alone as words: wipe, head, bracelet, McDonald. These are called free morphemes. The morphemes that cannot stand alone are called bound morphemes. Bound morphemes come in different varieties. Those in (1) are prefixes and suffixes; the former are bound morphemes that come before the base of the word, and the latter bound morphemes that come after the base. Together, prefixes and suffixes can be grouped together as affixes. According to George Yule (2006 : 63), he stated that free morphemes is the morphemes that can stand by themselves as single word, for example; cat, open, tour, in, them, because, when, etc. The morphemes can generally be identified as the set of separate english word forms such as basic nouns, adjectives, verbs, etc. According to Charles F. Meyer (2009 : 152), he stated that morphemes can be free or bound. If a morpheme is free, it can stand on its own. If it is bound, it must be attached to a free morpheme. For example, in the word walking, the morpheme walk is free because it can stand alone as a word. However, -ing is bound because it has to be attached to a lexical verb, in this case walk. According to Edward Finegan, et al. (1997 : 85), they stated that the morphemes that can stand alone as parts of words are called free morphemes, those that function only as parts of words are called bound morphemes. For example; book, red, go, market, in, you, and is, that are the free morpheme or root word. That words can add by affixes that can change the grammatical function or even it can change the meaning of the words. According to Emily Dickinson (P, 68), he stated free morphemes is the morphemes that can constitute words by themselves, such as boy, desire, gentle, and 8

man. Free morphemes divided into two classes of words. First, open class words like noun, verb adjective and adverb. Why they called the open class words? because we can add new words to them. For example; boy, it can add by prefix like –ish, become boyish. And the second, close class words like conjunction, preposition, articles, and . For example; whereas (conjunction), in (preposition), the (), you (). The words are the words that can stand alone and they have meaning themselves, but they can‟t or never add by other words, therefore the words called close class words. For example; the word you, it can‟t add by the affixes like –ish, of course it can‟t be the new word like, youish. Close class words usually call as function words. Free morphemes or root word divided into two class words, these are (1) Open class words, such as Noun, Adjective, Verb, Adverb. And (2) Close class words, such as conjunction, preposition, articles, pronoun, auxiliary. According to George Yule (2006 : 64), he stated that free morphemes divided into two categories, that are lexical morphemes and functional morphemes. These free morpheme are called lexical morphemes, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs. some example are: girl (noun), man (noun), house (noun), tiger (noun), sad (adjective), long (adjective), open (verb), look (verb), follow (verb), break (verb). We can add new lexical morphemes to the language rather easily, so they are treated as an „open‟ class of words. Other types of free morphemes are called functional morphemes, for example; and, but, when, because, on, near, above, in, the, that, it, them. This set consists largely of the funtional words in the language such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles, and pronouns. Because we almost never add new functional morpheme to the language, they are described as a „closed‟ class of words.

A.2. Bound morphemes

Bound morphemes is the other kind of morphemes, the meaning is the morphemes that can‟t stand alone as words, the morphemes just have function as parts of words, some of them can change the meaning or grammatical function of the word and some of them can‟t do that. According to Rochelle Lieber (2009 : 33), he stated that Some of the morphemes in (1) can stand alone as words: wipe, head, bracelet, McDonald. These are called free morphemes. The morphemes that cannot stand alone are called bound 9

morphemes. Bound morphemes come in different varieties. Those in (1) are prefixes and suffixes; the former are bound morphemes that come before the base of the word, and the latter bound morphemes that come after the base. Together, prefixes and suffixes can be grouped together as affixes. According to George Yule (2006 : 63), he stated that bound morphemes is the morphemes or the forms that can‟t normally stand alone as a word, and those morphemes must be attached to another form, such as re-, -ist, -ed, -s, un- etc. Even he also stated that all affixes (prefixes and suffixes) in English are bound morphemes. The morphemes can generally be identified as the set of separate English word forms such as basic nouns, adjectives, verbs, and etc. when they are used with bound morphemes attached, the basic word forms are technically known as stems. For example: Undressed: this word consists of three morphemes, they are: Un- dress -ed Prefix stem suffix (bound) (free) (bound)

Carelessness: this word consists of three morphemes, they are: Care- -less -ness Stem suffix suffix (free) (bound) (bound)

This type of descriptions is a partial simplification of the morphological facts of English. There are a number of English words in which the element treated as the stem is not, in fact, a free morpheme. In words such as receive, reduce, and repeat. He stated that we can identify the bound morpheme re- at the beginning, but the elements –ceive, -duce, and –peat are not separate word forms and hence can‟t be free morphemes. These types of forms are sometimes described as „bound stems‟ to keep them distinct from „free stems‟ such as dress and care. According to Andrew Carstairs – McCarthy (2002:18-20), he stated that bound morphemes is the morphemes that can‟t stand on their own. If there is someone who ask is it possible for a bound morpheme to be so limited in its distribution that is occurs in just one complex word? The answer is yes. This is almost true, for example, 10

of the morpheme leg- „read‟ in legible; at least in everyday vocabulary, it is found in only one other word, namely illegible, the negative counterpart of legible. And it is absolutely true of the morpheme cran-, huckle-, and grom- in cranberry, huckleberry, and gormless. Cranberry and huckleberry are compounds whose second element is clearly the free morpheme berry, occurring in several other compounds such as strawberry, blackberry, and blueberry. However, cran- and huckle- occur nowhere outside these compounds. A name commonly given to such bound morpheme is cranberry morpheme. Cranberry morphemes are more than just curiosity, because they reinforce the difficulty of tying morphemes tightly to meaning. What does cran- mean? Arguably, nothing et all. it is only the entire word, cranberry that can be said to be meaningful, and it is certainly the entire word. Not cran- by itself, that is in any dictionary like strawberry have nothing obvious to do with straw; so, even if straw- in strawberry is not a cranberry morpheme, it does not by itself make any predictable semantic contribution in this word. According to Charles F. Meyer (2009 : 152), he stated that morphemes can be free or bound. If a morpheme is free, it can stand on its own. If it is bound, it must be attached to a free morpheme. For example, in the word walking, the morpheme walk is free because it can stand alone as a word. However, -ing is bound because it has to be attached to a lexical verb, in this case walk. According to Edward Finegan et, al (1997:85), he stated that the morpheme that can‟t stand alone and that function only as parts of words are called bound morphemes, for example, un-, -ness, -er, -less, -ed, etc. According to Emily Dickinson (P,68), he stated that the morpheme that can‟t constitute words by themselves, such as –ish, -able, -ness, -ly, dis-, trans-, and un- are never words but always parts of words. Thus, un- is like pre- (prearrange, prejudge, predetermine), and dis- (disobey, disallow, dislike) it occurs only before other morphemes, and such morphemes are called prefixes. Other morphemes occur only as suffixes, following other morphemes. For example, -ist in typist, pianist, and linguist. These prefix and suffix morphemes have traditionally been called bound morphemes, because they can‟t occur „unattached‟ as distinct from free morphemes. All of affixes (prefixes and suffixes) are bound morphemes, and among them divided into two types, they are derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes. 11

There are the bound morphemes that can change the grammatical category of a word and not. And there are the bound morphemes that can change the meaning of a word. According to George Yule (2006:64-65), he stated that the set of affixes that make up the category of bound morphemes can be also divided into two types, those are the derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes. Derivational morphemes are the bound morphemes that use to make new words or to make words of a different grammatical category from the stem. For example: Good (adjective) become Goodness (noun) Care (noun) become Careful or Careless (adjectives) The addition of the derivational morpheme –ness changes the adjective good to the noun goodness, and the noun care can become the adjectives careful or careless by the addition of the derivational morphemes –ful or –less. Some derivational morphemes will include suffixes such as –ish in foolish, -ly in quickly, and –ment in payment. And some derivational morphemes will include prefixes such as re-, pre-, ex-, mis-, co-, un-, etc. Inflectional morphemes are the bound morphemes that are not used to produce new words in the language, but rather to indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word. Inflectional morphemes are used to show if a word is plural or singular, if it is past tense or not, and if it is a comparative or possessive form. English has only eight inflectional morphemes (or „‟), and among them divided into three kinds, they are the inflectional morphemes that attached to nouns, the inflectional morphemes that attached to verbs, and the last is the inflectional morphemes that attached to adjectives. 1. The inflectional morphemes that attached to nouns  -‘s (possessive), for example; Zahskie’s mother, Rachel’s house, Anggae’s car, Ray’s friends, etc. And there is a variation in this inflectional morpheme, sometimes this inflectional morpheme appears as –s’ for example, those boys’ bags.  -s (plural), for example; apples, friends, cars, pens, books, etc. 2. The inflectional morphemes that attached to verbs  -s (3rd person singular), for example; she likes chocolate so much  -ing (present participle), for example; I am going to the mount today 12

 -ed (past tense), for example; They cooked some cakes yesterday  -en (past participle), for example; I have taken the letter for you. And there is a variation in this inflectional morpheme, sometimes this inflectional morpheme as –ed for example, they have finished 3. The inflectional morphemes that attached to adjectives  -est (superlative), for example; fastest, smallest, shortest, richest, etc.  -er (comparative), for example; faster, smaller, shorter, richer, etc.

The differences between derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes are worth emphasizing. An inflectional morpheme never changes the grammatical category of a word. For example: old and older are adjectives and the –er inflection here simply creates a different version of the adjectives. However, a derivational morpheme can change the grammatical category of a word. For example: teach (verb) become teacher (noun). The –er in teacher is derivational morpheme. So, the suffix –er can be inflectional morpheme as a part of an adjective like older, and also a distinct derivational morpheme as a part of a noun like teacher. Whenever, there is a derivational suffix and inflectional suffix attached to the same word, they always appear in that order. First the derivational (-er) is attached to teach, then the inflectional (-s) is added to produce teachers. According to Charles F. Meyer (2009:153-154), he stated that bound morphemes are two types, they are inflectional and derrivational. The table below is the of English according to Charles F. Meyer Inflections in English Inflections Descriptions Examples -s  3rd person present tense singular  He / She likes movies  Possessive  The child’s toys  Plural  Girl / girls -ing Progressive aspect He / She is leaving -ed Past tense / perfective aspect He / She talked for an hour He / She has talked for an hour -er Comparative form of adjectives Mild / milder -est Superlative form of adjectives Mild / mildest 13

Inflections are one type of grammatical morpheme, a morpheme that indicates some kind of grammatical relationship. For instance, the –s morpheme on likes marks the tense as present and the subject as singular. The –s on the noun girls marks the noun as plural.

Not only the bound morphemes that are grammatical, but also free morphemes are also grammatical. For example, in the bound morpheme –‘s on child‟s indicate possession, and in the free morphemes, the preposition of in some friend’s of mine also indicates possession. And the other example is the comparative and superlative inflection. They are typically used on adjectives that are one or two syllables long, such as happy – happier – happiest. However, lengthier adjectives require more and most, such as beautiful – more beautiful – most beautiful. The article like a, an, the. And auxiliary like be, have. And coordinating conjunction and, or, but. All of them are include in the free grammatical morphemes. While inflectional morphemes form a small class in English, derivational morphemes are much larger class. Derivational morphemes exhibit other differences from inflectional morphemes as well. Derivational morphemes can be either prefixes or suffixes. Whereas inflectional morphemes can be only suffixes, unlike inflectional morphemes, derivational morphemes can change the meaning of a word or its part of speech. Adding dis- to the base like results in a word dislike, with a completely opposite meaning. Adding –able to like change like from a verb to an adjective likeable. Adding –ed to a verb such as walk change neither the meaning of walked nor its part of speech. A word can contain many derivational affixes, but only one inflectional affix. And if a word contains an inflectional suffix and one or more derivational suffixes, the derivational suffixes will always precede the inflectional suffixes. For example: Declassified : de + class + ify + ed Unlikeliest : un + like + ly + est Disempowering : dis + em + power + ing Reformulations : re + formula + ate + ation + s The example above, the inflectional affixes are in boldface, and the derivational affixes in italics. 14

As these words indicate, when affixes are combined in a word, the spelling of an individual affix will often differ from its spelling in the word in which it is included as a later section will show, because English words can contain many different derivational affixes. Affixation is the process of adding derivational morphemes to a word, and it is a major source of new words in English. A key difference between inflectional and derivational affixes is centered on the notion of productivity. An inflection such as –ing can occur on the base form of any verbs, regardless of whether it is regular or irregular.; talking, hating, speaking, coming, going, liking. Therefore inflections are highly productive because they can be regularly placed on any eligible base; verb inflections on verb; -er and –est on adjectives and adverbs; and plural and possessive –s on nouns. Of course –ed does not occur on irregular verb such as bought, went, sang, etc. nor –s on nouns with irregular plurals such as geese, oxen, children, etc. polysyllabic adjectives and adverbs such as interesting and rapidly take more and most rather than –er and –est; more / most interesting (but not interestinglier or interestingliest) more / most rapidly (but not rapidlier or rapidliest). Possessive –s is more likely to occur on animate rather than in animate nouns for example, my friend’s car, his sister’s business, but not the house’s roof or the desk’s top. But if a noun or verb, for instance is regular. It will in all cases be able to take a verb on noun inflection. On the other hand, derivational affixes are much less productive; they can‟t uniformly be attached to a potentially eligible base, varying considerably in number of base to which they can be affixed. Matthews (1991:70) notes that the suffix –able used to convert a verb into an adjective, is highly productive and can be affixed to just about any verb, for example; catchable, hittable, touchable. In contrast, he continues, the suffix –th can be used only a very small number of adjectives or verbs to create a noun, for example; warmth, truth, or growth, but not coolth, niceth, or smallth. According to Edward Finegan, et al (1997:85-87), bound morphemes divided into two categories, they are derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes. Certain bound morphemes have the effect of changing the part of speech of the word to which they are affixed, for example; truthful, establishment, darken, frighten, and teacher. When added to the noun truth, -ful produce the adjective truthful; -ment when added to the verb establish produce the noun establishment; dark is an adjective, 15

when added by –en the word become darken as a verb; fright a noun became frighten as a verb; and teach a verb, change become teacher as a noun. In English morphemes tend to be added to the end of words. Edward Finegan et, al. represent the processes as in the following statements:

Noun + ful become Adjectives (doubtful, beautiful) Adjective + ly become Adverbs (beautifully, truly) Verb + ment become Nouns (establishment, amazement) Adjective + en become Verb (sweeten, brighten, harden) Noun + en become Verb (frighten, hasten)

Not all bound morphemes serve to change the lexical category of words. Adding other bound morphemes such as English dis- , re- ,and un- . for example in the word disappear, repaint, and unfavourable, to a word changes its meaning without altering its lexical category. For example; appear and disappear, both of them are verb, paint and repaint are also verb, and favorable and unfavourable, both of them has same function as adjectives. Derivational morphemes can produce new words from existing words in two ways. First, they can change the meaning of a word, for example, true and untrue have opposite meanings, pain and repaint have different meaning. Second, they can change the part of speech of a word, thereby permitting it to function differently in a sentence; true is an adjectives, truly is an adverb, and truth is a noun. Another type of bound morphemes is inflectional morphemes. The inflectional morphemes create variant forms of a word to conform to different functional roles in a sentence or in discourse. On nouns and pronouns, for example, the inflectional morphemes serve to mark grammatical categories like gender, case, and number. On verbs, they can mark such things as tense or number, while on adjectives they serve to indicate degree or as in old English, gender, number, and case.

English has only eight remaining inflectional morphemes, two on nouns, four on verbs, and two on adjectives.

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And this is the table of inflectional morphemes of English according to Edward Finegan et,al. Inflectional morphemes of English Lexical category Grammatical category Example Noun Plural Cars, glasses Possessive Car’s, children’s Verb Third person She wants, it shows Past tense Wanted, showed Past participle She has wanted, taken Present participle Wanting, showing Adjective Comparative Taller, sweeter Superlative Tallest. Sweetest

The table above explains that the morpheme –s in cars and glasses, car’s and children’s, and in wants and shows has different grammatical category, and among them have different function and inflection. The morphemes –s in cars and glasses show that both of them are plural. The morpheme –s in car’s and children’s indicates the possessive. And the morpheme –s in wants and shows, both of them show that they indicate as third person. The morpheme –ed in wanted (past tense) and wanted (past participle) are different. If we just look at the word, not looking at the sentence, perhaps we will confuse and difficult to analyze it. So, to analyze it, we must look at the sentences also, has in the sentence she has wanted is indicate that the form of the sentence is past participle. B. Newspaper According to oxford dictionary, newspaper is A printed publication (usually issued daily or weekly) consisting of folded unstapled sheets and containing news, articles, advertisements, and correspondence. According to wikipedia web, A newspaper (often just called a paper when the context is clear) is a periodical publication containing news, other informative articles (listed below), and usually advertising. A newspaper is usually printed on relatively inexpensive, low-grade paper such as newsprint.

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C. Jakarta Post

The Jakarta Post is a daily English language newspaper in Indonesia. The paper is owned by PT Bina Media Tenggara, and the head office is in the nation's capital, Jakarta.

The Jakarta Post was started as a collaboration between four Indonesian media under the urging of Information Minister Ali Murtopo and politician Jusuf Wanandi. After the first issue was printed on 25 April 1983, it spent several years with minimal advertisements and increasing circulation. After a change in chief editors in 1991, it began to take a more vocal pro-democracy point of view. The paper was one of the few Indonesian English-language dailies to survive the 1997 Asian financial crisis and currently has a circulation of about 40,000.

The Jakarta Post also features both a Sunday and Online edition, which go into detail not possible in the daily print edition. It is targeted at foreigners and educated Indonesians, although the middle-class Indonesian readership has increased. Noted for being a training ground for local and international reporters, The Jakarta Post has won several awards and been described as being "Indonesia's leading English-language daily".

1.7.Significance of the Research This research have two types of significance, that are theoretical and practical. The expected significance of the study, both of theoretical and practical are: 1. Theoretical benefit The result of the research can be used as the reference for who want to conduct a research in analysis of free and bound morphemes. 2. Practical benefit The research can useful for the student‟s information to develop their ability in Morphology, exactly about Morpheme. 1.8.Literature Review Many studies related to free and bound morphemes that have been conducted like Niels O. Schiller (2006), Ubong Ekerete Josiah (2012), Stefan Bordag. Third of those research above have one similarity to this research namely they are same in analyzing of free and bound morpheme. Third of them will be explained one by one below. 18

The first previous study from Niels O. Schiller (2006) Different Selection Principles of Freestanding and Bound Morphemes in Language Production, in this observation, the researcher investigated the question of whether freestanding and bound morphemes are retrieved following the same processing principles. Experimental studies generally demonstrated gender congruency effects that were reliably observed when the utterance format contained a gender-marked freestanding morpheme. This phenomenon has been shown to be present in a variety of language (Dutch, German, and Croatian) in different utterance formats (NPs and Sentences) and irrespective of the position of the freestanding morpheme (-initial or final). The situation is different for utterance containing gender-marked bound morphemes. In this case, the gender congruency effect has not been observed in German (with color adjectives and indefinite determiners), or in croatian (with possesive pronouns) and the result from dutch are mixed. Thus, at present the experimental evidence seems to be an agreement with lapointe and Dell‟s (1989) proposal that the freestanding and bound morphemes are retrieved following distict processing principles, the first type being subject to competition and the second not. The second previous study from Ubong Ekerete Josiah (2012) Morphophonemic Analysis of Inflectional Morphemes in English and Ibibio Nouns: Implications for Linguistic Studies We have attempted in this paper to show patterns of morphophonemic modifications that occur in Ibibio and English inflectional morphemes. Using the Contrastive Analysis (C.A) approach as a linguistic tool for our investigation, we have discovered that Ibibio characteristically uses prefixes as inflectional morphemes to mark grammatical categories while English language typically uses inflectional suffixes to mark the same function. Besides, our analysis has also shown that most grammatical categories in the two languages undergo phonological modifications. In Ibibio, such modifications are used to mark number and person while in English, they specifically mark plurality as well as the genetic case in nouns. The linguistic implication of this study, as we have observed, is that as languages differ in their structural and historical grouping, so do features in the word structure of such languages differ (cf Essien, 1990; Francis, 1967). The points of differences between inflectional morphemes in Ibibio and those of English and the accompanying morphophonemic alternations occurring in the word base or root can pose learning difficulties to Ibibio learners of English as a second language. These 19

analyses can, therefore, assist language teachers in identifying points of difficulties to learners in second language learning situation, particularly, with regards to Ibibio – English bilinguals. Another apparent linguistic implication is that languages in the Lower Cross Group of languages such as Efik, Anaan, and others in the southern part of the country such as Igbo, Isoko, Bende, Ijaw, Itsekiri, Kalabari, Ejekam, Bekwara, Yoruba and numerous other closely-related languages and dialects in this region share similar linguistic features: agglutination, reduplication, ideophone, among others. This invariably corroborates Greenberg‟s (1983) classification of African Languages, and subsequently Essien‟s (2003) and Ndimele‟s (2003) earlier classifications of languages and dialects in the Southern part of Nigeria. The last previous study from Stefan Bordag. Unsupervised and knowledge-free morpheme segmentation and analysis. This research investigate the change introduced to the morpheme boundary detection improve the overall performance. The noise produced during the morpheme boundary detection, the missing method for distinguishing ambigous affixes and other factors resulted in the subsequent morphemic analysis to produce apparently insignificant results. For the Previous studies above, all of the researcher investigate and analysis free and bound morpheme. But the first previous study uses experimental study in his research, and the second previous study use contrastive analysis, and the last previous study use parameters to the entire process. Whereas in this research the researcher use content analysis as the method of collecting data.

1.9.Research Method 1.9.1.The Objective of the Research The objective of the research is to describe free and bound morpheme in the news column of The “Jakarta Post”. 1.9.2.The Object and time of the Research The object of this research is to describe free and bound morpheme in the news column of the “Jakarta post”. The researcher began to do research from 26nd June until 26nd August 2014. So, the researcher research during 2 months. The researcher chooses the news column of the “Jakarta post” because in the News column there are many information, and beside that the “Jakarta post” is one of famous English newspaper in Indonesia that uses English in all their pages. 20

1.9.3.The Method of the Research The method of this research is qualitative research, especially descriptive qualitative focus on how people make sense of their experience. Bogdan and Taylor (1975:5) in Moleong (2000: 3) define the “qualitative method” as procedure of research that result the descriptive data like literacy or orally words from the respondents that are observed. In this research, the researcher did not organize the respondents in variable or hypothesis, but it must be a whole. There are some activities that include in Qualitative approach, Start from collecting data, arrange the data, present the data, conclude the data that was gotten by the researcher, and the last analyze the information systematically and reasonable of the data. And the researcher uses the content analysis to analyze free and bound morphemes in the news column of “Jakarta post”, and to get the valid result. According to Donald Ary, et al : seventh edition (2010) described, content or document analysis is a research method applied to written or visual materials for the purpose of identifying specified characteristic of the material, the materials analyzed can be textbooks, newspaper, speeches, television programs, advertisements, musical compositions, or any of a host or other types of documents. And according to Kothary (2004 : 110) content analysis consist of analysing the contents of documentary materials such as books, magazines, newspapers, and the contents of all other verbal materials which can be either spoken or printed. The researcher‟s reason of choose this specific design of the research, like content analysis. Because from qualitative approach, the researcher can get the deep information of free and bound morpheme in the news column of the “Jakarta post”, and researcher also can identify and analyze free and bound morpheme in the news column of the “Jakarta post”. Darlington and Scott (2002; 2) explain Qualitative methods as follows: (1) in-depth interviewing of individuals and small group, (2) systematic observation of behavior, (3) analysis of documentary data. 1.9.4.The Source and Type of Data According to Kothary (2004:95), he stated that the primary data are those which are collected a fresh and for the first time. And thus happen to be original in character. The secondary data, on the other hand are those which have already been collected by someone else and which have been passed through the statistical process. 21

In this research, the primary data source is on articles of the news column of The Jakarta Post. While, secondary data source the researcher uses other data source to gets more real understanding dealing with the field of the research. Most of them are in from of Morphology. The secondary sources are acquired in the form of books, dictionary, internet pages, journals, and so on. 1.9.5.The Instrument of the Research

Because of The research approach is qualitative approach, and use content analysis, then the field of this research is Morphology. In this opportunity the instrument of this research is the researcher herself that will investigate over the research. The researcher can‟t interview the other people or give test to the other people, because the object is articles of the news column of The “Jakarta Post” on Tuesday Edition Vol.31 April 8, 2014. So, the researcher just analyzes the document or articles itself. 1.9.6.The Technique of Collecting Data In this research, the researcher uses study document as the techniques of collecting data. Mariam (1998) describes documents in four categories: (1) public records, (2) personal documents, (3) physical materials, and (4) researcher-generate documents. The article of the news column in the “Jakarta post” on Tuesday Edition Vol.31 April 8, 2014 is the main data of the research. In the collecting data the researcher buys the newspaper of the Jakarta post on Tuesday Edition Vol.31 April 8, 2014 as the source data to gain all of the data that contain free and bound morpheme. Therefore, the researcher does the steps as follows: 1. Reading the entire article is on the news column of the Jakarta post 2. Underlining of free and bound morpheme that contains of each article is on the news column of the Jakarta Post Newspaper on Tuesday Edition Vol.31 April 8, 2014. 3. Rewriting all of the word that include in free and bound morpheme in each articles 4. Classifying data based on the code 5. Analyzing data 6. Interpreting data 7. Concluding 22

1.9.7.The Technique of Analysis Data In this research, the researcher used analysis interactive model. In this model there are three component, data reduction, data display and conclusion drawing. H.B Sutopo (2006) state that the systematic form activities of analysis three component interactions there are; 1. Data Reduction Data reduction is techniques who the researcher to do analyze to clarify, make shorter, make focus, to throw something is not important and arrange data so that get conclusion or to get the purpose. The process takes place until the end report. In the other hand, data is the process selection, interpretation, simplify and abstraction coarse data. 2. Data Display To get clearly explanation of data, the researcher will arrange into data display in well and clearly so that can understand. 3. Conclusion Drawing In this selection data, the conclusion has been from the beginning to get the data. The instrument of this research is the researcher herself until every data already to the check of the accurate and the validity. The researcher will get the conclusion with used of interactive analysis model.