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Chapter Iv Research Finding Ii Types of Free and Bound 98 CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDING II TYPES OF FREE AND BOUND MORPHEMES USED IN THE NEWS COLUMN OF THE JAKARTA POST ON TUESDAY EDITION VOL.31 APRIL 8, 2014 4.1 Theory of types of free morphemes and bound morphemes 4.1.1. Types of free morphemes Free morphemes are the morphemes that can stand alone as a word. According to George Yule (2006 : 63), he stated that free morphemes is the morphemes that can stand by themselves as single word, for example; cat, open, tour, in, them, because, when, etc. The morphemes can generally be identified as the set of separate english word forms such as basic nouns, adjectives, verbs, etc. There are two types of free morphemes, are they open class words and close class words. According to George Yule (2006 : 64), he stated that free morphemes divided into two categories, that are lexical morphemes and functional morphemes. These free morpheme are called lexical morphemes, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs. some example are: girl (noun), man (noun), house (noun), tiger(noun), sad (adjective), long (adjective), open (verb), look (verb), follow (verb), break (verb). We can add new lexical morphemes to the language rather easily, so they are treated as an ‘open’ class of words. Other types of free morphemes are called functional morphemes, for example; and, but, when, because, on, near, above, in, the, that, it, them. This set consists largely of the funtional words in the language such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles, and pronouns. Because we almost never add new functional morpheme to the language, they are described as a ‘closed’ class of words. 4.1.2. Types of bound morphemes Bound morphemes are the bound morphemes that can’t stand alone as a word. According to George Yule (2006 : 63), he stated that bound morphemes is the morphemes or the forms that can’t normally stand alone as a word, and those morphemes must be attached to another form, such as re-, -ist, -ed, -s, un- etc. Even he also stated that all affixes (prefixes and suffixes) in English are bound morphemes. 99 According to George Yule (2006:64-65), he stated that the set of affixes that make up the category of bound morphemes can be also divided into two types, those are the derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes. Derivational morphemes are the bound morphemes that use to make new words or to make words of a different grammatical category from the stem. For example: Good (adjective) become Goodness (noun) Care (noun) become Careful or Careless (adjectives) The addition of the derivational morpheme –ness changes the adjective good to the noun goodness, and the noun care can become the adjectives careful or careless by the addition of the derivational morphemes –ful or –less. Some derivational morphemes will include suffixes such as –ish in foolish, -ly in quickly, and –ment in payment. And some derivational morphemes will include prefixes such as re-, pre-, ex-, mis-, co-, un-, etc. Inflectional morphemes are the bound morphemes that are not used to produce new words in the language, but rather to indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word. Inflectional morphemes are used to show if a word is plural or singular, if it is past tense or not, and if it is a comparative or possessive form. English has only eight inflectional morphemes (or ‘inflection’), and among them divided into three kinds, they are the inflectional morphemes that attached to nouns, the inflectional morphemes that attached to verbs, and the last is the inflectional morphemes that attached to adjectives. 1. The inflectional morphemes that attached to nouns -‘s (possessive) -s (plural) 2. The inflectional morphemes that attached to verbs -s (3rd person singular) -ing (present participle) -ed (past tense) -en (past participle) 3. The inflectional morphemes that attached to adjectives -est (superlative) -er (comparative) 100 This is the chart of classification of English morphemes; (ENGLISH) MORPHEMES BOUND FREE AFFIX ROOT OPEN CLASS CLOSED CLASS -ceive (content or lexical words) (function or -mitnouns (girl)grammatical words) -fer adjectives (pretty)conjunctions (and) verbs(love) prepositions (in) adverbs (lovely) articles (the) pronouns (they) DERIVATIONAL INFLECTIONALauxiliary verbs (is) PREFIX SUFFIX SUFFIX Pre- -ly-ing(present participle) Un- -ist -er, -est(Comparative and superlative) Con--ment -s (Plural and third person) -‘s (Possessive) -ed(Past tense and past participle) -en (past participle) 101 4.2. Types of free and bound morphemes in the news column of the Jakarta post on Tuesday edition vol.31 April 8, 2014 4.2.1. Types of free morphemes No Words Types Grammatical category 1 Lewis Hamilton Open class word Noun 2 Won Open class word Verb 3 A Close class word Article 4 Bahrain Open class word Noun 5 Formula Open class word Noun 6 One Open class word Adjective 7 Grand Prix Open class word Noun 8 On Close class word Preposition 9 Sunday Open class word Noun 10 After Close class word Conjunction 11 Duel Open class word Noun 12 With Close class word Conjunction 13 Mercedes Open class word Noun 14 NicaRosberg Open class word Noun 15 In Close class word Preposition 16 Night Open class word Noun 17 Race Open class word Verb 18 Full Open class word Adjective 19 Of Close class word Preposition 20 And Close class word Conjunction 21 The Close class word Article 22 Win Open class word Noun 23 Was Close class word Auxiliary verb 24 Second Open class word Adjective 25 Row Open class word Noun 26 His Close class word Pronoun 27 Career Open class word Noun 28 Also Open class word Adverb 102 29 For Close class word Preposition 30 Team Open class word Noun 31 Class Open class word Noun 32 Their Close class word Pronoun 33 Own Close class word Pronoun 34 To Close class word Preposition 35 From Close class word Preposition 36 Start Open class word Verb 37 Finish Open class word Verb 38 Have Close class word Auxiliary verb 39 Now Open class word Adverb 40 Won Open class word Verb 41 Three Open class word Adjective 42 So Close class word Conjunction 43 Far Open class word Conjunction 44 2014 Open class word Adjective 45 Nico Open class word Noun 46 Drove Open class word Verb 47 Well Open class word Adjective 48 Throughout Close class word Preposition 49 The Close class word Article 50 Race Open class word Noun 51 It Close class word Pronoun 52 Very Open class word Adverb 53 Hard Open class word Adjective 54 Keep Open class word Verb 55 Him Close class word Pronoun 56 Behind Close class word Preposition 57 Me Close class word Pronoun 58 2008 Open class word Adjective 59 World Open class word Noun 60 Ago Open class word Adverb 103 61 McLaren Open class word Noun 62 I Close class word Pronoun 63 Knife Open class word Noun 64 Edge Open class word Noun 65 Whole Open class word Adjective 66 Time Open class word Noun 67 Real Open class word Adjective 68 Relief Open class word Noun 69 When Open class word Adverb 70 Got Open class word Verb 71 Across Close class word Preposition 72 Line Open class word Noun 73 Said Open class word Verb 74 Briton Open class word Noun 75 Who Close class word Pronoun 76 By Close class word Preposition 77 1.085 Open class word Adjective 78 As Close class word Conjunction 79 Since Close class word Preposition 80 2007 Open class word Adjective 81 Debut Open class word Noun 82 Season Open class word Noun 83 Sergio Perez Open class word Noun 84 Took Open class word Verb 85 Third Open class word Adjective 86 Place Open class word Noun 87 22.9 Open class word Adjective 89 Force Open class word Verb 90 India Open class word Noun 91 Podium Open class word Noun 92 History Open class word Noun 93 Australia Open class word Noun 104 94 Top Open class word Noun 95 Overall Open class word Adjective 96 61 Open class word Adjective 97 But Close class word Conjunction 98 Have Open class word Verb 99 Ever Open class word Adverb 100 Done Open class word Verb 101 My Close class word Pronoun 102 Entire Open class word Adjective 103 Career Open class word Noun 104 German Open class word Noun 105 Had Close class word Auxiliary verb 106 Pole Open class word Noun 107 Whose Close class word Pronoun 108 Clear Open class word Adjective 109 He Close class word Pronoun 110 Stood Open class word Verb 111 Think Open class word Verb 112 Today Open class word Adverb 113 Day Open class word Noun 114 For Close class word Conjunction 115 Sport Open class word Noun 116 Tally Open class word Noun 117 Level Open class word Noun 118 With Close class word Preposition 119 Late Open class word Adjective 120 Great Open class word Adjective 121 Juan manuelfangio Open class word Noun 122 Made Open class word Verb 123 Better Open class word Adjective 124 From Close class word Preposition 125 Grid Open class word Noun 105 126 Into Close class word Preposition 127 First Open class word Adjective 128 Corner Open class word Noun 129 Never Open class word Adverb 130 Able to Open class word Verb 131 Though Open class word Adverb 132 Lead Open class word Noun 133 That Close class word Pronoun 134 New Open class word Adjective 135 Fuel Open class word Verb 136 Taxi Open class word Noun 137 Warn Open class word Verb 138 That Close class word Conjunction 139 Was not Close class word Auxiliary verb 140 Over Open class word Adverb 141 Radio Open class word Noun 142 One Open class word Adjective 143 Attempt Open class word Noun 144 Get Open class word Verb 145 Past Close class word Preposition 146 Inside Open class word Adverb 147 Saw Open class word Verb 148 Run Open class word Verb 149 Wide Open class word Adverb 150 Task Open class word Noun 151 Car Open class word
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