1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1. Research Background Word is important thing in every sentence, every word has meaning and internal structure or grammatical information. The Readers doesn‟t give attention on the internal structure or grammatical information of the word. They just give attention on the general meaning of the word without give deep attention to the smallest meaning of the word. Actually in a word there is smallest unit of meaning that usual called by “Morpheme”. According to Rochelle Lieber (2009 : 32), he stated that Morpheme is the minimal meaningful units that are used to form words. Morpheme can change the structure or grammatical information of the word and also can change the meaning of the word itself. Morphology is one of way to learn how to know the Morpheme and the word formation. Generally there are two types of morphemes, are they free morphemes and bound morphemes. Free morphemes are the morphemes that can stand alone as a word, such as Dog, Home, Man, and so on. And bound morphemes are the morphemes that can‟t stand alone as a word, such as affixes, prefixes, and suffixes. For example the word DOGS, it has two morphemes. „DOG‟ is free morpheme, because the word „DOG‟ can stand alone as word and of course it has meaning. And „S‟ is bound morpheme, because „S‟ can‟t stand alone as word, „S‟ just a suffix that can change the grammatical information of the word. According to Rochelle Lieber (2009:33), he stated that there are two types of morphemes, morphemes in (1) can stand alone as words: wipe, head, bracelet, McDonald. These are called free morphemes. The morphemes that cannot stand alone are called bound morphemes. Bound morphemes come in different varieties. Those in (1) are prefixes and suffixes; the former are bound morphemes that come before the base of the word, and the latter bound morphemes that come after the base. Together, prefixes and suffixes can be grouped together as affixes. So, this research, the researcher will investigate “An Analysis of Free and Bound Morpheme in The News Column of the “Jakarta Post”. The researcher chooses The Jakarta Post as object of the research, because the Jakarta post uses English language. Beside that foreign people can follow Indonesian‟s information. Not only foreign people but also Indonesian people interest to read the Jakarta Post. Many types of 2 information on the Jakarta post such as business, news, features, and opinions. And the researcher will analyze morpheme in the news column exactly in sport news column, because the researcher think that many peaople like to read sport news column, not only man but women also like to read it. 1.2.Research Formulation 1.2.1. Identification of Problem The identification of the problem is clarification of the problem that will be analyzed. The researcher arranges the identification of problem referred to the background of the problem above, those are: 1. The field of the research The field of the research is Morphology. 2. The types of The problem From the title of the research and background of the problem in which have explained, the researcher finds out and list several problem to identify in this study, they are: 1) The readers don‟t interest about morphemes 2) The readers don‟t give attention to smallest meaning of the word 3) The readers just read the newspaper as entertainment, they don‟t learn more of word formation or grammatical function. 3. The main problem From the types of the problem above. The researcher have the main problem. That is the readers don‟t give attention to morphemes and grammatical information in the sentences. Like the sentences which is involving on the news column of “Jakarta post”. Therefore, the people have problems to understand sentences well. And of course it can be shown miss understanding from the meaning of the sentences. 1.2.2. Focus of The Study The researcher focuses the study in analyzing free and bound morpheme in the news Column of the “Jakarta Post” on Tuesday Edition Vol.31 April 8, 2014. The researcher gets the data from The Jakarta Post. The researcher‟s reason to chooses that newspaper because Jakarta Post uses English and not only foreign people that like read this newspaper, but also Indonesian people like read it. 3 The researcher will analyze free and bound morphemes in every sentences that include in news column. There are many types of news which is involving in this newspaper, such as hideline news, sport news, criminal news, world news, etc. But the researcher will analyze the articles of the sport news column. The researcher‟s reason choose the articles of sport news because sport news is one of favorite news, not only for man but also for woman, 1.2.3. Research Questions Based on the background above and the identification of the research that accordance with the research “An Analysis of Free and Bound Morphemes in The News Column of the “Jakarta Post” on Tuesday Edition Vol.31 April 8, 2014 the researcher is going to investigate the problems are: 1. What are free and bound morphemes used in Jakarta Post? 2. How can the morphemes change the grammatical category and the meaning of the words in Jakarta Post? 3. What are types of free morphemes and bound morphemes that used in the news column of the “Jakarta post” on Tuesday Edition Vol.31 April 8, 2014? 1.3. Aims of the Research The aims of the research which are accordance with the problem that will be investigated of “An Analysis of Free and Bound Morpheme in The News Column of the “Jakarta Post” on Tuesday Edition Vol.31 April 8, 2014 are they: 1. To describe free and bound morphemes that used in Jakarta Post 2. To describe How the morphemes can change the grammatical category and the meaning of the words in Jakarta Post 3. To describe the types of free morphemes and bound morphemes that used in the news column of the “Jakarta post” on Tuesday Edition Vol.31 April 8, 2014 1.4.Usefulness of the Research The researcher makes this research hopefully it can increase the readers‟ English ability, exactly about morphemes. The researcher also hope it can make the reader more give attention to grammatical function and morphemes that include in every word in a Newspaper. 4 1.5.Frame of Thought Newspaper Grammatical Informations Morphology Morphemes Free and bound morphemes Types of free and bound Meaning morphemes Post 1.6.Theoretical Foundation A. Morpheme Rochelle Lieber (2009 : 32), he stated that Morpheme is the minimal meaningful units that are used to form words. The miningful parts into which words can be divided, for example: Boldest can be divided into bold + est are called the morphemes of the language. These are considered the basic units of meaning in a particular language. Edward Finegan et al (1997 : 84) stated that morpheme is the smallest units of language that can be associated with meaning or grammatical categories. Words that have meaning by themselves such as boy, food, door are called lexical morphemes. 5 Those words that function to specify the relationship between one lexical morpheme and another words like at, in, on, -ed, -s, are called grammatical morphemes. Edward Finegan et al (1997 : 85) stated that morphemes can not be equated with syllables. On the one hand, a single morpheme can have two or more syllables, for example: harvest, grammar. On the other hand, there are sometimes two or more morphemes in a single syllable, for example: judge, dogs. Morphemes can vary in size, its mean that neither the number of syllables nor the length of a word can indicate what is morpheme and what is not, for example: Albatross is a long word and have three syllables, but it word just have a single morpheme. And suffix –y (as in dreamy) is also a single morpheme. Morphemes are distinct grammatical units from which words are formed, but unlike phonemes, morphemes has unique meanings. For instance, the words seen /sin/ and lean /lin/ are distinguish by one phoneme, but the phonemes /s/ and /r/ have no inherent meaning themselves. According to Huckles and Cleives that quotes by Emily Dickinson in his book “Morphology : the words of language” they stated that a morpheme was defined as the basic element of meaning a phonological form that is arbitrarily united with a particular meaning and that can not be analysed into simpler elements. Two different morphemes maybe pronounced (and even sometimes spelled) the same way. For example: the –er in buyer means something like ‘the one who’ while the –er in shorter means something like ‘to a greater degree than’ the first –er always attaches to a verb, while the second –er always attaches to an adjectives, it makes sense to consider these two different morphemes that just happen to sound the same. We can identify a morpheme by three criteria : 1. Its a word or part of word that has meaning 2. It can‟t be divided into smaller meaningful parts without violation of its meaning or without meaningless remainders 3. It recurs in differing word environments with a relatively stable meaning Take the word straight /stret/, it is obviously recognised as a word by English speakers. Although we can devide it up in all sorts of ways (trait /tret/, rate /ret/, ate /et/). They all mean something different and leave us with meaningless remainders like 6 /s-/, /st-/, and /str-/. The unit straight occurs with relatively stable meaning in word like straighten, a straight line, and straightedge.