Evolution of Matter and Antimatter in the Living-Universe by James Carter

This is not a new theory of matter or energy. It is just a new way of looking at the physics of the Big Bang from the inside out. It is a description of the creation and evolution of the universe that is derived completely from physical measurement and the inductive reasoning process rather than from the deductive method beginning with metaphysical assumptions. This description contains none of the paradoxes and contradictions inherent in the Big Bang model.

The history of the Living-Universe begins with a single anti-Hydrogen atom that is opposite to but otherwise identical to all the Hydrogen atoms that reside in the universe today. I do not need to explain or even question the existence of the original positron and antiproton at a beginning. They are made of the same negative electric matter and positive magnetic matter that still exists in the Living-Universe today. I do not need to assume the existence of electric and magnetic matter back at this arbitrary beginning any more than I must ac- count for their existence today. This is just a new philosophy of physics used to describe the discovery of our existence without any new laws, assumptions or parameters being added to the world of experimental physics. Philosophically, the idea of a beginning of time is an oxymoron. We cannot begin the universe at a point because a point is even more difficult to imagine than infinity. At least you can look into the heavens with a telescope and imagine you can see infinity; however a point cannot be seen or even imagined with the most powerful of microscopes. From this, we can only conclude that the universe did not begin as points within an infinite spacetime but rather the Living-Universe always contained the individual shapes of electric and magnetic matter moving within a featureless void. To discover the true nature of what was happening to matter at its formation, we must begin be studying what is happening with matter today and then work our way back into the past toward this event. In this way, we can examine the forensic measurements of matter’s evolution in terms of physical laws rather than make metaphysical assumptions about any unmeasured initial conditions for the beginning of the universe. The only evidence presented here is the measurable dynamics of matter and photons. From these first principles of measurement we can trace the evolution of matter back to its formation long before the Big Bang. The first clue in our quest for the evolution of matter is the discovery that the mass of the electron is slowly decreasing while its size has been increasing by a proportionate rate. This decrease has been detected in a general way by measurements of the electron going back to its discovery at the turn of the 20th Century. However, as we look deep into the universe, the Hubble red shift becomes the first independent confirmation of this discovery. It shows us that

1 © 2017 by James Carter spectral photons emitted by atoms today have much shorter wavelengths than photons emitted in the distant past. We must not make any inventions or theories about the cause of the Hubble shift and instead accept these measurements at face value. What these shifted photons obviously tell us is that these are not Doppler shifted at all. In the past, atoms emitted photons with longer wavelengths than the do today. The Hubble shift does not require any special explanation because such a shift is required by the electron mass transformation. The reason for this cosmological red shift is that as the electron’s mass decreases, the electrodynamics of the atom require it to radiate photons with shorter and shorter wavelengths. The Hubble shift and circlon shape are all we need to trace the evolution of matter back to its earliest beginnings without inventing metaphysical assumptions or theories that are not supported by today’s measurements of quantum mechanics or electrodynamics. Matter’s cosmic evolution is driven by decreasing electron mass ME that in turn decreases in the Bohr radius ao with an ac- companying increase in the fine structure constanta . These three values change in a complementary way in order to maintain the value of the atomic angular momentum constant (Iw = ME aoaC). Rather than try to find a beginning of time, we will begin the universe with a single fully formed atom of anti-Hydrogen composed of a positron and an antiproton. We could go farther back in time but this single anti-atom can tell us everything that we need to know about the evolution of the Living-Universe to its present state. This positron and antiproton were identical to the antimatter of today except that they contained the entire mass and energy of today’s universe. The positron was coupled to the antiproton as they quietly sat alone at their ground state in a place within the void that we can easily imagine to be its center. The only change that they experienced was that the negative electric matter of the antiproton was slowly decreasing in mass just as the negative electron has been observed doing in the recent history the Living-Universe. After what seemed like a long time, the positron’s tertiary coil radius decreased to ao√a and this massive anti-Hydrogen atom collapsed into an antineutron. As more time passed, the mass-to-size ratio between the particles within the antineutron grew closer and closer together as the mass of the antiproton continued to decrease while its size increased. Eventually, the point in evolution was reached where the mass and size of the two particles became identical and they became a particle-antiparticle pair. This transition effectively converted the antiproton into an electron that immediately acquired synchronicity with the positron an annihilated into a pair of photons. Because these annihilating particles were at rest and locked into the structure of the stable antineutron, the two photons do not escape into the void. Instead, they immediately split apart and then recombined to create a pair of neutrons. After moving some distance apart, each of these electric/magnetic particles simultaneously bifurcated into two more neutrons. These four then

2 © 2017 by James Carter divided into eight. This began a runaway process of repeated neutron bifurcation that continued for at least 256 cycles. This bifurcation process was the an- tithesis of a chain reaction and was finally halted when the mass of the electron decreased to the point where it had less mass than the positron and they could no longer annihilate. The effect of this was that the positrons became the protons of today. In this last cycle of bifurcation, each proton/electron pair within the bifurcating neutrons became locked together into a stable neutron.

The Inflation of Galaxies At this interval in the universe’s evolution, a great spreading, homogeneous cloud of 2256 stable neutrons rapidly spread out from a location within the vec- torless void that we can now call the center of the universe. The density of the cloud slowly decreased as the rapidly moving neutrons spread out into the void. During many eons of neutron stability, the cloud was inflated to the size and location of the Living-universe today. These neutrons were far apart and rarely collided with one another, but when they did, it reduced the cloud’s homogeneity by creating locations with greater and lesser neutron densities. The areas with greater densities had greater numbers of collisions and this increased the density of these regions even further. Over time, this process segmented the cloud into many local areas of high neutron density. This segmentation also occurred an many different levels of scale, meaning that many small high density clouds clustered together to form much larger clouds. This clustering process of neutron clouds went on for many billions of years until the slow decrease in electron mass caused the neutrons to lose their stability. During this time, the original homogeneous cloud of neutrons had become divided into areas of increased density that correspond roughly to today’s stars and galaxies. As this vast universal cloud slowly segmented into smaller and smaller clouds, the structure of the neutron itself was also undergoing transformation. At the cloud’s beginning, the mass of the electron was just slightly less than the mass of the proton and this made the universe’s antimatter/matter ratio (negative electric matter/positive magnetic matter) just slightly less than unity 1/1+. By the time the neutron’s stability was broken, the mass-to-size ratio between the electron/proton had reached 1/146.6 and the electron’s radius was just slightly less than ao√a. As the electron slowly lost inertial mass within the stable neutron, the kinetic mass of the neutron’s kinetic energy increased by an equal amount. In order to conserve angular momentum, the neutron’s internal rotational kinetic energy increased as the rest mass of the electron decreased. This slow process continued until almost one half of the universe’s mass and energy was kinetic mass and rotational kinetic energy contained within the rotating circlon-shaped neutron structures. All this internal kinetic mass energy made each neutron into a tiny but powerful atomic bomb.

3 © 2017 by James Carter Even though these neutrons contained an enormous amount of energy, they remained completely stable as long as the electron’s growing secondary coils were smaller than the proton’s tertiary coil. This difference in size kept the electron’s secondary coil structure locked within the larger tertiary coil structure of the proton.

The Great Neutron Decay Eventually, after many billions of years, the point was reached in the electron’s evolution at which the secondary coils of its circlon shape became larger than the proton’s tertiary coil. This caused the neutrons to begin decaying all at once with the tremendous amounts of energy accumulated in their long in- cubation process. All the neutrons in the universe began to decay with a great synchronicity and these rapidly moving newly liberated electrons and protons immediately began colliding with one another, emitting photons, forming atoms and sometimes converting back into neutrons. In a mere instant in cosmological time, the universe was converted from great and small clouds of cold neutrons into a seething mass of highly energetic electrons, protons, and neutrons. In this neutron-rich environment, atoms and atomic nuclei of all the elements were formed as protons, electrons, and neutrons joined together. By the time this great nuclear synthesis had ended, the universe was composed of mostly Hydrogen with some Helium. Some atoms from all of the other elements had also been formed but they made up only about 1% of the total matter in the universe.

The Grand Fire

Frequency (GHz) Hydrogen Spectrum at Matter Creation MP/ME α = 1 1 10 100 1000 -14

10 Hydrogen Intrinsic Photon @ M

) 4πao -1 thirteenth orbit λ Hλ∞= α

-15 max Hz

10 twelveth orbit λ

-1 max H

λ sr

eleventh orbit = -1

∞ =

-16 tenth orbit =

sec .000179 m .000179

10 m .00107 -2

ninth orbit k T 4.965

eighth orbit YC

-17 seventh orbit 10 2 sixth orbit p /M Pfund 10-18 E

Brackett α = 1 Brightness (erg cm cm (erg Brightness Paschen Balmer Lyman 10-19 1m .2m .1m .02m .01m .002m.001m .0003m .0001m Wavelength (meter) .0002m

4 © 2017 by James Carter As soon as these new atomic nuclei were formed, they began coupling with electrons to form atoms and emit spectral photons. Once these atoms had converted their kinetic and ionization energies into photons, they settled down to their ground states and became dormant. In this state, they could no longer emit photons unless they absorbed a photon or collided with another atom. This grand fire of radiating atoms filled the universe with a great burst of photons that contained the ionization energy of all the elements as well as much of the enormous decay energy of the neutron clouds. This great release of energy can still be viewed in the universe today as the photons that make up the 2.7˚K Cosmic Blackbody Radiation. Once the individual atoms had converted their ionization energy into spectral photons, this universal frozen fire eventually went out leaving the whole universe at a constant temperature of 2.7˚K. The atoms continued to absorb and emit these photons but that did not change the overall character of their blackbody radiation spectrum. The extinguishing of this fire began another very long, cold, and dark era in the history of the universe when gravitational expansion began to gather atoms into individual clouds of gas and dust with greater and greater densities. These clouds slowly became segmented into still smaller and denser clouds that eventually collapsed into stars and planets. As these new stars formed, starlight began to light up the universe for the first time. Since the greatest red shifts observable with the Hubble telescope at the edges of the universe are about Z = 10, we can conclude that the initial formation of stars and galaxies was largely completed when the electron/proton mass ratio was about 1/900. From this time in the galaxy formation process to the present, the energies of spectral photons have increased by about ten times. From this point on, the universe is just what we observe it to be with our telescopes. The CBR still maintains its original temperature of 2.7˚K and the total temperature of the universe provided by starlight is slowly increasing but still far below 1˚K. What we measure with our telescopes is the opposite of what cosmologists have long believed. True believers in the invention of the Big Bang singularity thought that entropy was negative and that the universe was constantly cooling down. However, the correct interpretations of the Hub- ble shift and Dark Energy clearly show that entropy is positive and that the universe is slowly heating up. This discovery of the Living-Universe evolution is not an invention or theory because it does not begin with any metaphysical assumptions such as a beginning of time or unmeasurable parameters like the inflation of a singularity or the creation of particles of matter without particles of antimatter. Moreover, it does not call for the creation of new mass or energy and there is no requirement for the formation of space or the beginning of time. Indeed, no assumptions are made that are not completely verified by the scientific method of measurement. One of the great unsolved paradoxes of the Big Bang theory concerns the

5 © 2017 by James Carter simple conservation of momentum. If all of the universe’s protons and electrons were ejected from a point at extremely high velocities their momentum vectors would all point to the void. Since they are traveling on virtually parallel momentum vectors away from one another, there is little chance of any of them colliding on their long journeys to the edge of the universe. The physical mechanics of the Big Bang theory completely eliminates any physical mechanism that could gather together these speeding particles of matter into Galaxies, stars, and people. All of Big Bang theory’s energy is used to send particles of matter away from one another. In the Living-Universe, the great Big Bang explosion occurred not at a point, but within great clouds of slow moving neutrons spread out within the universe. The energy of this explosion puts most of the particles on trajectories toward other particles where they can crash into one another rather than all of them moving away from one another. When high speed protons and electrons pass near to one another or collide, they emit photons and in the process slow down their motions. When they collide at much lesser velocities, they emit photons as they couple together into Hydrogen atoms. As the number of atoms in a particular region of space grows, the number of collisions with fast moving particles increases and a dense cloud of atoms begins to form. With fast moving electrons and protons feeding these clouds from all directions, they eventually increased in mass and compressed and con- figured into galaxies, stars, planets and people.

The Dinosaur Era The evolution of the electron is able to explain many long held mysteries like the enormous size of dinosaur bones. At the time of the dinosaurs, the universe was much like it is today. The mechanics of the gravitational expansion of mass, space, and time had assembled the solar system and Earth is teaming with many different life forms. Compared to today’s Earth, the main difference was that the electron back then was heavier and the Bohr radius was larger. With a larger Bohr radius, atoms with less than one unit of angular momentum h/2π = <1 (ground state) would have lower electron/proton energy levels than the same atoms today. Because of this, the atoms, as well as Earth itself, were larger and had less density than they do today. The result of this larger and less dense Earth was a substantially reduced acceleration of gravity at its surface. This weaker surface gravity made it possible for very large animals like the dinosaurs to walk and even run, despite their enormous weights. The great paradox in the study of dinosaurs is that their physiology does not match their bodies. They are simply too big and heavy to be supported by their muscles and bones. Today, the biggest dinosaurs would be able float and swim in water but they wouldn’t be able to get out and walk or run. In the Living-

6 © 2017 by James Carter Map of Cosmic Time and the Evolution of Matter h/2π = M Cαa E o Neutron Fine Hydrogen’s Electron Bohr Circlon Structure Structure Intrinsic Mass Radius Constant Constant Constant Wavelength Hubble ME ao α Q = M /M α α 4πa Z Number -29 P E λ o 1.14 x 10 kg 5.292 x10-11m .0855 156.8 .0073 i = α Z = 0 Today’s Electron Mass λ = .0000000911m 1/1836 1.00 .0855 157 .0073 1 Z = 0 1/1800 1.02 .0838 151 .007 1.06 Z =.06 1/1500 1.22 .0701 105 .0049 1.82 Z =.82

1/1200 1.53 .056 67 .00312 3.58 Z =2.85

1/918 2.0 .0428 39 .001825 8 Z = 7

EM = 1/2 proton mass

1/146.5 12.53 .00682 1.0 .0000465 1967 Z = 1966 Neutrons decay, atoms form and the 2.7˚K Cosmic Blackbody Radiation fills the universe λ = .000179 m 1/100 18.36 .000466 .4 .000022 Only stable neutrons No atoms or photons 1/1 Electron and Proton are particle/antiparticle pair

Universe, the dinosaurs lived in a larger world with less gravity and were thus able to romp and play and chase each other around just as smaller animals do today. Also, the larger Bohr radius may have made the atoms in muscle and bone stronger than they would be today.

The Effects of a Shrinking Earth It is now today in the universe. The electron has lost mass since the Dinosaur Era and is now at 1/1836 proton mass. As the electron loses mass, it causes atoms to get smaller and become more energetic. This means that Earth is considerably smaller and the sun is getting hotter. The wavelengths of the hydrogen spectrum have grown shorter today than they were in the Dinosaur Era. Another interesting property of the changing Bohr radius is the different effects it has on light atoms and heavy atoms. As the Bohr radius gets smaller, it causes all atoms to also shrink in size. However, the rate by which an atom gets smaller is dependent on the number of its bound electrons. In this process of shrinking atoms, the light elements shrink proportionally more than the heavy elements. The light oxygen and silicon atoms that make up a large portion of Earth’s surface shrink considerably more in proportion to the Iron and other heavier elements that make up its core. This effect provides any easy answer to one of the most difficult of Earth’s geological mysteries. Geologists have long tried to supply a mechanism to explain

7 © 2017 by James Carter the apparent break up and spreading apart of Earth’s continents. Plate tectonics is the latest idea to explain this phenomenon but it sometimes opens up more questions than can be answered. Even if all the evidence for continental drift could be explained by the movement of large plates in Earth’s crust, there is still no underlying mechanism that can make the plates move in the first place. There is a great deal of geological evidence to support the idea that Earth once had a single large continent called Pangea. Between then and now, Pangea broke apart into a number of continents and islands that drifted over much of the remaining globe. The basis for this event is excellent-- there has long been evidence that made Earth to appear to be expanding and the continents appeared to be moving apart. The problem is, no one has been able to come up with a physical system that can come close to making the whole process work. In the Living Universe, the shrinking of the lighter atoms in Earth’s crust at a faster rate than the heavy atoms in its interior causes the surface to crack apart as it contacts faster than the heavier atoms in Earth’s interior.

The Era of Zero Entropy Big Bang cosmologists have long adopted the very popular primary assumption that the universe is in a constant process of cooling down from a much hotter initial state. Mainstream cosmological theories have always been built around verifying this assumption. However, when we look for actual physical evidence to support this assumption, we can find very little if any. With the electron’s mass getting smaller and smaller, it is easy to see that the universe is actually getting hotter. The photon emission spectra for all the elements are gradually growing to greater energies and shorter wavelengths. It could be that this effect matches the “heat death” predicted for the universe by the second law of thermodynamics. If the assumption is made that these effects are equal, then it can be concluded that the entropy in the Living-Universe is zero. As the Living Universe cools from the dissipation of energy into longer and longer wavelength photons, it is also being warmed by the increasing energy and shortening wavelengths of atomic emissions.

The Chemical Era As the mass/size ratio between the proton and electron grow, there are subtle changes in the chemical reactions that occur from protons and electrons coupling together. Because of a much smaller Bohr Radius, chemical compounds in the distant past had somewhat different properties than they do today. Such an effect may be hard to detect. Perhaps the chemicals that make up dinosaur bone were stronger then than they are now. Perhaps there was a point in cosmological chemistry about three billion years ago when the chemistry was just right for the spontaneous formation of DNA and other organic molecules. Since then,

8 © 2017 by James Carter these molecules have reproduced, diversified, and joined together to preserve themselves. As Timothy Leary said, “We are all the result of an unbroken chain of life that is over three billion years.” There is no place along this chain where at least some portion of our present bodies was not part of a living organism. In the Living Universe, the evolution of life is driven by the changing parameters of cosmological chemistry. In the future, molecules that do not exist today may be possible. Certainly, the intensity of chemical reactions will be different. There is another factor that may very well have an effect on the evolution of life in both the past and in the future. This is the increasing instability of the neutron and its link to the decreasing stability of all matter. Common and wide- spread radioactive nuclei such as Thorium and Uranium may have at one time in the distant past been stable and this may be true of the many other radioactive elements and isotopes. This process may eventually lead to some of the 282 stable isotopes becoming radioactive. Knowledge of this effect may also change the way that we measure things like the age of Earth. One way to determine the age of Earth is to study and quantify the rate that Thorium and Uranium decay through a series of steps into Lead. It is possible that these weakly radioactive elements were stable when Earth was first formed.

The Era of Conscious Thought Perhaps the most remarkable thing about this whole scenario of a Living Universe is that we are here to understand and discuss it. The great unexplained mystery of the universe is not so much the existence of the chemical elements of matter but the existence and origin of consciousness. I have here proposed that the basic unit of consciousness is somehow contained within the interactions of protons and electrons. If atoms themselves contain the basic units of awareness, then our higher forms of consciousness result from the connections of many atoms and molecules all organized into symmetrical patterns that we experience as thought. Our own consciousness may be the result of about 1029 of these basic connections within our bodies and brains.

2 22x2 256 255 2x2 2 2 254 2 253 222 221 220 2 223 2 2 2 219 252 2 2 218 224 186 185 2 187 184 2 251 2 188 2 2 2 217 225 2 183 2 1892 152 151 2 2 153 150 2 216 2 154 2 2 2 2 182 250 226 190 2 149 2 2 155 118 117 116 115 2 181 2 2 2 2 119 2 2 2 2 148 215 156 1202 114 2 2 191 83 82 81 2 249 227 2 2 2 80 113 147 2 2 121 84 2 2 79 180 2 85 2 2 2 48 2 157 2 49 2 47 78 112 2 2 2 2 50 2 46 146 214 122 86 2 2 2 192 2 51 2 2 77 2 2 2 45 111 2 179 52 2 2 2 228 158 87 23 22 44 76 248 2 123 2 2 21 2 2 53 24 2 2 20 2 2 145 2 2 2 43 110 2 2 2 25 75 213 2 193 88 2 19 2 2 2 124 54 6 2 2 2 159 2 5 42 178 2 26 7 2 18 2 2 89 2 2 2 2 2 74 109 144 2 2 55 4 2 2 229 2 27 8 2 41 2 125 2 17 73 2 247 90 2 2 2 2 108 194 160 56 1 3 2 212 2 2 2 28 9 2 40 177 2 2 2 2 16 2 72 2 143 2 2 126 91 57 2 2 2 2 2 2 29 10 15 39 107 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 71 161 11 2 230 195 127 92 58 14 38 2 2 30 2 12 13 2 2 142 2 2 2 2 2 70 106 176 211 246 2 93 59 31 37 2 2 128 2 2 2 2 2 2 162 2 32 36 69 105 2 94 60 2 35 2 141 2 196 2 2 33 34 2 2 129 2 61 2 2 2 68 2 231 2 95 104 2 175 2 62 67 2 2 163 2 2 96 140 210 130 2 63 64 65 66 2 2 2 245 2 2 97 2 2 2 2 103 197 2 2 131 2 174 2 2 98 102 2 164 99 101 139 2 2 2 100 2 232 2 2 132 2 2 2 2 2 209 198 165 2 133 138 173 2 2 134 137 2 2 244 2 2 2 135 136 2 2 233 199 166 2 2 172 208 2 2 167 1712 2 2 2 200 2 168 169 170 2 207 243 234 2 2 2 2 201 2062 2 2 2 202 203 205 2 242 235 2 2 2204 2 2 236 2412 2 237 240 2 2 2238 2239 2

256 2 = 231584178474632390847141970017375815706539969331281128078915168015826259279872 This drawing illustrates the exact number of protons and electrons at each stage of the matter bifurcation cycle of the Living Universe. C 2013 by James Carter

10 © 2017 by James Carter 1 1 2 22 1 22 2 The Big Bang Equation 4 23 4 1 23 4 10 24 2 10 1 24 8 Creation Spiral 20 2 4 20 2 16 This equation shows the exact 5 1 5 40 26 3 2 40 1 26 32 100 27 4 10 100 27 64 Powers of Two 200 2 2 128 process of how the matter in 10 4 2 8 400 211 4 3 20 29 256 1000 2 10 2 512 12 5 2 10 the universe was transformed 2000 2 4 40 2 1024 This bifurcation 13 11 4000 214 6 4 3 2 212 2048 10000 2 4 10 20 100 2 4096 from a single antineutron into 15 13 20000 216 7 214 8192 equation begins at 40000 2 4 2 16384 256 17 5 3 15 the 2 electrons and protons 1 100000 220 10 10 4 40 216 32768 200000 65536 octal 2 when the 221 4 20 217 400000 2 2 131072 22 11 6 3 18 in the universe today. This 1000000 223 4 10 100 219 262144 evolving electron/ 2000000 2 2 524288 24 12 5 4 20 4000000 2 4 20 40 2 1048576 25 7 21 equation clearly reveals that the 10000000 2 10 2 2097152 proton mass ratio 26 13 22 20000000 227 4 223 4194304 40000000 2 2 8388608 octal system of counting is far 30 14 10 6 4 24 100000000 231 4 10 20 5 100 225 16777216 was greater than 200000000 2 40 2 33554432 32 15 26 superior to the decimal system 400000000 233 4 11 227 67108864 one. 1000000000 234 16 10 7 228 134217728 2000000000 2 4 20 2 268435456 35 29 when it comes to calculating 4000000000 236 17 12 6 5 230 536870912 10000000000 2 4 10 40 100 2 1073741824 ME/MP = 1/1- 37 31 20000000000 2 2 2147483648 40 20 10 32 the physics of motion and the 40000000000 241 4 13 20 233 4294967296 100000000000 242 21 10 234 8589934592 200000000000 2 4 2 17179869184 Decimal Powers of Twodynamics of circlon models of 43 7 35 400000000000 244 22 14 11 40 6 236 34359738368 1000000000000 2 4 10 20 100 2 68719476736 45 37 the universe. 2000000000000 246 23 238 137438953472 4000000000000 247 4 15 239 274877906944 10000000000000 250 24 10 12 10 240 549755813888 20000000000000 251 4 20 40 241 1099511627776 40000000000000 252 25 16 7 242 2199023255552 100000000000000 253 4 10 100 243 4398046511104 200000000000000 254 26 13 244 8796093022208 400000000000000 255 4 17 20 11 245 17592186044416 1000000000000000 256 27 10 40 246 35184372088832 2000000000000000 257 4 247 70368744177664 4000000000000000 260 30 20 14 7 248 140737488355328 10000000000000000 261 4 10 20 100 249 281474976710656 20000000000000000 262 31 12 250 562949953421312 40000000000000000 263 4 21 40 251 1125899906842624 100000000000000000 2 10 2 2251799813685248 256 64 32 15 52 2 is the most symmetrical 200000000000000000 265 4 20 253 4503599627370496 400000000000000000 266 33 22 10 254 9007199254740992 1000000000000000000 2 4 10 100 2 18014398509481984 67 13 55 number that is close to Octal Powers of Two 2000000000000000000 270 34 16 40 256 36028797018963968 4000000000000000000 271 4 23 20 257 72057594037927936 10000000000000000000 272 35 10 258 144115188075855872 Eddington’s durable number 20000000000000000000 273 4 259 288230376151711744 40000000000000000000 2 2 576460752303423488 80 74 36 24 17 14 11 60 of 10 for the number of 100000000000000000000 275 4 10 20 40 100 261 1152921504606846976 200000000000000000000 276 37 262 2305843009213693952 400000000000000000000 2 4 2 4611686018427387904 77 25 63 protons in the universe. 1000000000000000000000 2100 40 10 20 264 9223372036854775808 2000000000000000000000 2101 4 20 15 265 18446744073709551616 4000000000000000000000 2102 41 26 40 12 266 36893488147419103232 10000000000000000000000 2103 4 10 100 267 73786976294838206464 20000000000000000000000 2104 42 21 268 147573952589676412928 40000000000000000000000 2105 4 27 20 269 295147905179352825856 100000000000000000000000 2106 43 10 16 270 590295810358705651712 200000000000000000000000 2107 4 40 271 1180591620717411303424 400000000000000000000000 2110 44 30 22 13 272 2361183241434822606848 1000000000000000000000000 2111 4 10 20 100 273 4722366482869645213696 2000000000000000000000000 2112 45 274 9444732965739290427392 4000000000000000000000000 2113 4 31 17 275 18889465931478580854784 10000000000000000000000000 2114 46 10 23 40 276 37778931862957161709568 20000000000000000000000000 2115 4 20 277 75557863725914323419136 40000000000000000000000000 2116 47 32 14 278 151115727451828646838272 100000000000000000000000000 2117 4 10 100 279 302231454903657293676544 200000000000000000000000000 2120 50 24 20 280 604462909807314587353088 400000000000000000000000000 2121 4 33 20 40 281 1208925819614629174706176 1000000000000000000000000000 2122 51 10 282 2417851639229258349412352 2000000000000000000000000000 2123 4 283 4835703278458516698824704 4000000000000000000000000000 2124 52 34 25 15 284 9671406556917033397649408 10000000000000000000000000000 2125 4 10 20 21 100 285 19342813113834066795298816 20000000000000000000000000000 2126 53 40 286 38685626227668133590597632 40000000000000000000000000000 2127 4 35 287 77371252455336267181195264 100000000000000000000000000000 2130 54 10 26 288 154742504910672534362390528 200000000000000000000000000000 2131 4 20 289 309485009821345068724781056 400000000000000000000000000000 2132 55 36 22 16 290 618970019642690137449562112 1000000000000000000000000000000 2133 4 10 40 100 291 1237940039285380274899124224 2000000000000000000000000000000 2134 56 27 292 2475880078570760549798248448 4000000000000000000000000000000 2135 4 37 20 293 4951760157141521099596496896 10000000000000000000000000000000 2136 57 10 294 9903520314283042199192993792 20000000000000000000000000000000 2137 4 23 295 19807040628566084398385987584 40000000000000000000000000000000 2140 60 40 30 40 17 296 39614081257132168796771975168 100000000000000000000000000000000 2141 4 10 20 100 297 79228162514264337593543950336 200000000000000000000000000000000 2142 61 298 158456325028528675187087900672 400000000000000000000000000000000 2143 4 41 299 316912650057057350374175801344 1000000000000000000000000000000000 2144 62 10 31 24 2100 633825300114114700748351602688 2000000000000000000000000000000000 2145 4 20 40 2101 1267650600228229401496703205376 4000000000000000000000000000000000 2146 63 42 20 2102 2535301200456458802993406410752 10000000000000000000000000000000000 2147 4 10 100 2103 5070602400912917605986812821504 20000000000000000000000000000000000 2150 64 32 2104 10141204801825835211973625643008 40000000000000000000000000000000000 2151 4 43 20 25 2105 20282409603651670423947251286016 100000000000000000000000000000000000 2152 65 10 40 2106 40564819207303340847894502572032 200000000000000000000000000000000000 2153 4 2107 81129638414606681695789005144064 400000000000000000000000000000000000 2154 66 44 33 21 2108 162259276829213363391578010288128 1000000000000000000000000000000000000 2155 4 10 20 100 2109 324518553658426726783156020576256 2000000000000000000000000000000000000 2156 67 26 2110 649037107316853453566312041152512 4000000000000000000000000000000000000 2157 4 45 40 2111 1298074214633706907132624082305024 10000000000000000000000000000000000000 2160 70 10 34 2112 2596148429267413814265248164610048 20000000000000000000000000000000000000 2161 4 20 2113 5192296858534827628530496329220096 40000000000000000000000000000000000000 2162 71 46 22 2114 10384593717069655257060992658440192 100000000000000000000000000000000000000 2163 4 10 27 100 2115 20769187434139310514121985316880384 200000000000000000000000000000000000000 2164 72 35 40 2116 41538374868278621028243970633760768 400000000000000000000000000000000000000 2165 4 47 20 2117 83076749736557242056487941267521536 1000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2166 73 10 2118 166153499473114484112975882535043072 2000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2167 4 2119 332306998946228968225951765070086144 4000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2170 74 50 36 30 23 2120 664613997892457936451903530140172288 10000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2171 4 10 20 40 100 2121 1329227995784915872903807060280344576 20000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2172 75 2122 2658455991569831745807614120560689152 40000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2173 4 51 2123 5316911983139663491615228241121378304 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2174 76 10 37 2124 10633823966279326983230456482242756608 200000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2175 4 20 31 2125 21267647932558653966460912964485513216 400000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2176 77 52 40 24 2126 42535295865117307932921825928971026432 1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2177 4 10 100 2127 85070591730234615865843651857942052864 2000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2200 100 40 2128 170141183460469231731687303715884105728 4000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2201 4 53 20 2129 340282366920938463463374607431768211456 10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2 10 2 680564733841876926926749214863536422912

11 © 2017 by James Carter In an effort to be as exacting as possible in this mathematical invention of the Big Bang, I have included the complete equation that shows the exact number of protons and electrons in the universe at every stage in the bifurcation process of creation for all of the particles that still exist today. To maintain mathematical purity, I have included both the octal and decimal versions of this formula.

201 202 101 32 130 20000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2 4 40 2 1361129467683753853853498429727072845824 This bifurcation 203 131 40000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2 102 54 41 25 2132 2722258935367507707706996859454145691648 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 204 5444517870735015415413993718908291383296 2205 4 10 20 100 2133 200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2 103 2134 10889035741470030830827987437816582766592 equation ends at 400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 206 21778071482940061661655974875633165533184 2207 4 55 33 2135 1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2 104 10 42 40 2136 43556142965880123323311949751266331066368 400 2000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 210 87112285931760246646623899502532662132736 2211 4 20 2137 octal 2 when 4000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2 2 174224571863520493293247799005065324265472 212 105 56 26 138 10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2 4 10 100 2139 348449143727040986586495598010130648530944 20000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 213 696898287454081973172991196020261297061888 2214 106 43 34 2140 the evolving 40000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2 4 57 20 40 2141 1393796574908163946345982392040522594123776 215 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2 107 10 2142 2787593149816327892691964784081045188247552 200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 216 5575186299632655785383929568162090376495104 2217 4 2143 400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2 11150372599265311570767859136324180752990208 electron/proton 2220 110 60 44 27 144 1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2 4 10 20 35 100 2145 22300745198530623141535718272648361505980416 2000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 221 44601490397061246283071436545296723011960832 2222 111 40 2146 4000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2 4 2 89202980794122492566142873090593446023921664 mass ratio was 223 61 147 10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2 112 10 45 2148 178405961588244985132285746181186892047843328 20000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 224 356811923176489970264571492362373784095686656 2225 4 20 2149 40000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2 2 713623846352979940529142984724747568191373312 less than one. 226 113 62 36 30 150 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2 4 10 40 100 2151 1427247692705959881058285969449495136382746624 200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 227 2854495385411919762116571938898990272765493248 2230 114 46 2152 400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2 4 20 2 5708990770823839524233143877797980545530986496 M /M = 1/1+ 231 63 153 E P 1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2 115 10 2154 11417981541647679048466287755595961091061972992 2000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 232 22835963083295358096932575511191922182123945984 2233 4 37 2155 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