Unification of Electromagnetic Force and Gravity Through the Composite Photon
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Arxiv:1904.10313V3 [Gr-Qc] 22 Oct 2020 PACS Numbers: Keywords: Entropy, Holographic Principle and CCDM Models
Thermodynamic constraints on matter creation models R. Valentim∗ Departamento de F´ısica, Instituto de Ci^enciasAmbientais, Qu´ımicas e Farmac^euticas - ICAQF, Universidade Federal de S~aoPaulo (UNIFESP) Unidade Jos´eAlencar, Rua S~aoNicolau No. 210, 09913-030 { Diadema, SP, Brazil J. F. Jesusy Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), C^ampusExperimental de Itapeva Rua Geraldo Alckmin 519, 18409-010, Vila N. Sra. de F´atima,Itapeva, SP, Brazil and Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Engenharia de Guaratinguet´a Departamento de F´ısica e Qu´ımica, Av. Dr. Ariberto Pereira da Cunha 333, 12516-410 - Guaratinguet´a,SP, Brazil Abstract Entropy is a fundamental concept from Thermodynamics and it can be used to study models on context of Creation Cold Dark Matter (CCDM). From conditions on the first (S_ 0)1 and ≥ second order (S¨ < 0) time derivatives of total entropy in the initial expansion of Sitter through the radiation and matter eras until the end of Sitter expansion, it is possible to estimate the intervals of parameters. The total entropy (St) is calculated as sum of the entropy at all eras (Sγ and Sm) plus the entropy of the event horizon (Sh). This term derives from the Holographic Principle where it suggests that all information is contained on the observable horizon. The main feature of this method for these models are that thermodynamic equilibrium is reached in a final de Sitter era. Total entropy of the universe is calculated with three terms: apparent horizon (Sh), entropy of matter (Sm) and entropy of radiation (Sγ). This analysis allows to estimate intervals of parameters of CCDM models. -
European Astroparticle Physics Strategy 2017-2026 Astroparticle Physics European Consortium
European Astroparticle Physics Strategy 2017-2026 Astroparticle Physics European Consortium August 2017 European Astroparticle Physics Strategy 2017-2026 www.appec.org Executive Summary Astroparticle physics is the fascinating field of research long-standing mysteries such as the true nature of Dark at the intersection of astronomy, particle physics and Matter and Dark Energy, the intricacies of neutrinos cosmology. It simultaneously addresses challenging and the occurrence (or non-occurrence) of proton questions relating to the micro-cosmos (the world decay. of elementary particles and their fundamental interactions) and the macro-cosmos (the world of The field of astroparticle physics has quickly celestial objects and their evolution) and, as a result, established itself as an extremely successful endeavour. is well-placed to advance our understanding of the Since 2001 four Nobel Prizes (2002, 2006, 2011 and Universe beyond the Standard Model of particle physics 2015) have been awarded to astroparticle physics and and the Big Bang Model of cosmology. the recent – revolutionary – first direct detections of gravitational waves is literally opening an entirely new One of its paths is targeted at a better understanding and exhilarating window onto our Universe. We look of cataclysmic events such as: supernovas – the titanic forward to an equally exciting and productive future. explosions marking the final evolutionary stage of massive stars; mergers of multi-solar-mass black-hole Many of the next generation of astroparticle physics or neutron-star binaries; and, most compelling of all, research infrastructures require substantial capital the violent birth and subsequent evolution of our infant investment and, for Europe to remain competitive Universe. -
FRW Type Cosmologies with Adiabatic Matter Creation
Brown-HET-991 March 1995 FRW Type Cosmologies with Adiabatic Matter Creation J. A. S. Lima1,2, A. S. M. Germano2 and L. R. W. Abramo1 1 Physics Department, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912,USA. 2 Departamento de F´ısica Te´orica e Experimental, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59072 - 970, Natal, RN, Brazil. Abstract Some properties of cosmological models with matter creation are inves- tigated in the framework of the Friedman-Robertson-Walker (FRW) line element. For adiabatic matter creation, as developed by Prigogine arXiv:gr-qc/9511006v1 2 Nov 1995 and coworkers, we derive a simple expression relating the particle num- ber density n and energy density ρ which holds regardless of the mat- ter creation rate. The conditions to generate inflation are discussed and by considering the natural phenomenological matter creation rate ψ = 3βnH, where β is a pure number of the order of unity and H is the Hubble parameter, a minimally modified hot big-bang model is proposed. The dynamic properties of such models can be deduced from the standard ones simply by replacing the adiabatic index γ of the equation of state by an effective parameter γ∗ = γ(1 β). The − thermodynamic behavior is determined and it is also shown that ages large enough to agree with observations are obtained even given the high values of H suggested by recent measurements. 1 Introduction The origin of the material content (matter plus radiation) filling the presently observed universe remains one of the most fascinating unsolved mysteries in cosmology even though many authors worked out to understand the matter creation process and its effects on the evolution of the universe [1-27]. -
A Unifying Theory of Dark Energy and Dark Matter: Negative Masses and Matter Creation Within a Modified ΛCDM Framework J
Astronomy & Astrophysics manuscript no. theory_dark_universe_arxiv c ESO 2018 November 5, 2018 A unifying theory of dark energy and dark matter: Negative masses and matter creation within a modified ΛCDM framework J. S. Farnes1; 2 1 Oxford e-Research Centre (OeRC), Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QG, UK. e-mail: [email protected]? 2 Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University, PO Box 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands. Received February 23, 2018 ABSTRACT Dark energy and dark matter constitute 95% of the observable Universe. Yet the physical nature of these two phenomena remains a mystery. Einstein suggested a long-forgotten solution: gravitationally repulsive negative masses, which drive cosmic expansion and cannot coalesce into light-emitting structures. However, contemporary cosmological results are derived upon the reasonable assumption that the Universe only contains positive masses. By reconsidering this assumption, I have constructed a toy model which suggests that both dark phenomena can be unified into a single negative mass fluid. The model is a modified ΛCDM cosmology, and indicates that continuously-created negative masses can resemble the cosmological constant and can flatten the rotation curves of galaxies. The model leads to a cyclic universe with a time-variable Hubble parameter, potentially providing compatibility with the current tension that is emerging in cosmological measurements. In the first three-dimensional N-body simulations of negative mass matter in the scientific literature, this exotic material naturally forms haloes around galaxies that extend to several galactic radii. These haloes are not cuspy. The proposed cosmological model is therefore able to predict the observed distribution of dark matter in galaxies from first principles. -
Universe Model Multicomponent
We can’t solve problems by using the same kind of thinking we used when we created them. Albert Einstein WORLD – UNIVERSE MODEL MULTICOMPONENT DARK MATTER COSMIC GAMMA-RAY BACKGROUND Vladimir S. Netchitailo Biolase Inc., 4 Cromwell, Irvine CA 92618, USA. [email protected] ABSTRACT World – Universe Model is based on two fundamental parameters in various rational exponents: Fine-structure constant α, and dimensionless quantity Q. While α is constant, Q increases with time, and is in fact a measure of the size and the age of the World. The Model makes predictions pertaining to masses of dark matter (DM) particles and explains the diffuse cosmic gamma-ray background radiation as the sum of contributions of multicomponent self-interacting dark matter annihilation. The signatures of DM particles annihilation with predicted masses of 1.3 TeV, 9.6 GeV, 70 MeV, 340 keV, and 3.7 keV, which are calculated independently of astrophysical uncertainties, are found in spectra of the diffuse gamma-ray background and the emission of various macroobjects in the World. The correlation between different emission lines in spectra of macroobjects is connected to their structure, which depends on the composition of the core and surrounding shells made up of DM particles. Thus the diversity of Very High Energy (VHE) gamma-ray sources in the World has a clear explanation. 1 1. INTRODUCTION In 1937, Paul Dirac proposed a new basis for cosmology: the hypothesis of a time varying gravitational “constant” [1]. In 1974, Dirac added a mechanism of continuous creation of matter in the World [2]: One might assume that nucleons are created uniformly throughout space, and thus mainly in intergalactic space. -
Can Mass Be Negative?
Can Mass Be Negative? Vladik Kreinovich1 and Sergei Soloviev2 1Department of Computer Science University of Texas at El Paso El Paso, TX 7996058, USA [email protected] 2Institut de Recherche en Informatique de Toulouse (IRIT) IRIT, porte 426 118 route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse cedex 4, France [email protected] Abstract Overcoming the force of gravity is an important part of space travel and a significant obstacle preventing many seemingly reasonable space travel schemes to become practical. Science fiction writers like to imagine materials that may help to make space travel easier. Negative mass { supposedly causing anti-gravity { is one of the popular ideas in this regard. But can mass be negative? In this paper, we show that negative masses are not possible { their existence would enable us to create energy out of nothing, which contradicts to the energy conservation law. 1 Formulation of the Problem Overcoming the force of gravity is an important part of space travel and a significant obstacle preventing many seemingly reasonable space travel schemes to become practical. Science fiction writers like to imagine materials that may help to make space travel easier. Negative mass { supposedly causing anti- gravity { is one of the popular ideas in this regard. But can mass be negative? 2 Reminder: There Are Different Types of Masses To properly answer the question of whether negative masses are possible, it is important to take into account that there are, in principle, three types of masses: 1 • inertial mass mI that describes how an object reacts to a force F : the object's acceleration a is determined by Newton's law mI · a = F ; and • active and passive gravitational mass mA and mP : gravitation force ex- erted by Object 1 with active mass m on Object 2 with passive mass m · m A1 m is equal to F = G · A1 P 2 ; where r is the distance between the P 2 r2 two objects; see, e.g., [1, 3]. -
Negative Matter, Repulsion Force, Dark Matter, Phantom And
Negative Matter, Repulsion Force, Dark Matter, Phantom and Theoretical Test Their Relations with Inflation Cosmos and Higgs Mechanism Yi-Fang Chang Department of Physics, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China (e-mail: [email protected]) Abstract: First, dark matter is introduced. Next, the Dirac negative energy state is rediscussed. It is a negative matter with some new characteristics, which are mainly the gravitation each other, but the repulsion with all positive matter. Such the positive and negative matters are two regions of topological separation in general case, and the negative matter is invisible. It is the simplest candidate of dark matter, and can explain some characteristics of the dark matter and dark energy. Recent phantom on dark energy is namely a negative matter. We propose that in quantum fluctuations the positive matter and negative matter are created at the same time, and derive an inflation cosmos, which is created from nothing. The Higgs mechanism is possibly a product of positive and negative matter. Based on a basic axiom and the two foundational principles of the negative matter, we research its predictions and possible theoretical tests, in particular, the season effect. The negative matter should be a necessary development of Dirac theory. Finally, we propose the three basic laws of the negative matter. The existence of four matters on positive, opposite, and negative, negative-opposite particles will form the most perfect symmetrical world. Key words: dark matter, negative matter, dark energy, phantom, repulsive force, test, Dirac sea, inflation cosmos, Higgs mechanism. 1. Introduction The speed of an object surrounded a galaxy is measured, which can estimate mass of the galaxy. -
Searches for Leptophilic Dark Matter with Astrophysical Experiments
. Searches for leptophilic dark matter with astrophysical experiments . Von der Fakult¨atf¨urMathematik, Informatik und Naturwissenschaften der RWTH Aachen University zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades einer Doktorin der Naturwissenschaften genehmigte Dissertation vorgelegt von M. Sc. Leila Ali Cavasonza aus Finale Ligure, Savona, Italien Berichter: Universit¨atsprofessorDr. rer. nat. Michael Kr¨amer Universit¨atsprofessorDr. rer. nat. Stefan Schael Tag der m¨undlichen Pr¨ufung: 13.05.16 Diese Dissertation ist auf den Internetseiten der Universit¨atsbibliothekonline verf¨ugbar RWTH Aachen University Leila Ali Cavasonza Institut f¨urTheoretische Teilchenphysik und Kosmologie Searches for leptophilic dark matter with astrophysical experiments PhD Thesis February 2016 Supervisors: Prof. Dr. Michael Kr¨amer Prof. Dr. Stefan Schael Zusammenfassung Suche nach leptophilischer dunkler Materie mit astrophysikalischen Experimenten Die Natur der dunklen Materie (DM) zu verstehen ist eines der wichtigsten Ziele der Teilchen- und Astroteilchenphysik. Große experimentelle Anstrengungen werden un- ternommen, um die dunkle Materie nachzuweisen, in der Annahme, dass sie neben der Gravitationswechselwirkung eine weitere Wechselwirkung mit gew¨ohnlicher Materie hat. Die dunkle Materie in unserer Galaxie k¨onnte gew¨ohnliche Teilchen durch An- nihilationsprozesse erzeugen und der kosmischen Strahlung einen zus¨atzlichen Beitrag hinzuf¨ugen.Deswegen sind pr¨aziseMessungen der Fl¨ussekosmischer Strahlung ¨außerst wichtig. Das AMS-02 Experiment misst die -
AST4220: Cosmology I
AST4220: Cosmology I Øystein Elgarøy 2 Contents 1 Cosmological models 1 1.1 Special relativity: space and time as a unity . 1 1.2 Curvedspacetime......................... 3 1.3 Curved spaces: the surface of a sphere . 4 1.4 The Robertson-Walker line element . 6 1.5 Redshifts and cosmological distances . 9 1.5.1 Thecosmicredshift . 9 1.5.2 Properdistance. 11 1.5.3 The luminosity distance . 13 1.5.4 The angular diameter distance . 14 1.5.5 The comoving coordinate r ............... 15 1.6 TheFriedmannequations . 15 1.6.1 Timetomemorize! . 20 1.7 Equationsofstate ........................ 21 1.7.1 Dust: non-relativistic matter . 21 1.7.2 Radiation: relativistic matter . 22 1.8 The evolution of the energy density . 22 1.9 The cosmological constant . 24 1.10 Some classic cosmological models . 26 1.10.1 Spatially flat, dust- or radiation-only models . 27 1.10.2 Spatially flat, empty universe with a cosmological con- stant............................ 29 1.10.3 Open and closed dust models with no cosmological constant.......................... 31 1.10.4 Models with more than one component . 34 1.10.5 Models with matter and radiation . 35 1.10.6 TheflatΛCDMmodel. 37 1.10.7 Models with matter, curvature and a cosmological con- stant............................ 40 1.11Horizons.............................. 42 1.11.1 Theeventhorizon . 44 1.11.2 Theparticlehorizon . 45 1.11.3 Examples ......................... 46 I II CONTENTS 1.12 The Steady State model . 48 1.13 Some observable quantities and how to calculate them . 50 1.14 Closingcomments . 52 1.15Exercises ............................. 53 2 The early, hot universe 61 2.1 Radiation temperature in the early universe . -
Thermodynamics of Cosmological Matter Creation I
Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 85, pp. 7428-7432, October 1988 Physics Thermodynamics of cosmological matter creation I. PRIGOGINE*t, J. GEHENIAUt, E. GUNZIGt, AND P. NARDONEt *Center for Statistical Mechanics, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712; and tFree University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium Contributed by I. Prigogine, June 3, 1988 ABSTRACT A type of cosmological history that includes ergy of these produced particles is then extracted from that large-scale entropy production is proposed. These cosmologies of the (classical) gravitational field (1-4). But these semiclas- are based on reinterpretation of the matter-energy stress ten- sical Einstein equations are adiabatic and reversible as well, sor in Einstein's equations. This modifies the usual adiabatic and consequently they are unable to provide the entropy energy conservation laws, thereby including irreversible mat- burst accompanying the production of matter. Moreover, the ter creation. This creation corresponds to an irreversible ener- quantum nature of these equations renders the various re- gy flow from the gravitational field to the created matter con- sults highly sensitive to quantum subtleties in curved space- stituents. This point of view results from consideration of the times such as the inevitable subtraction procedures. thermodynamics ofopen systems in the framework ofcosmolo- The aim of the present work is to overcome these prob- gy. It is shown that the second law of thermodynamics requires lems and present a phenomenological model of the origin of that space-time transforms into matter, while the inverse the instability leading from the Minkowskian vacuum to the transformation is forbidden. It appears that the usual initial present universe. -
Can We Make Traversable Wormholes in Spacetime?
[First published in Foundations of Physics Letters 10, 153 – 181 (1997). Typographical errors in the original have been corrected.] TWISTS OF FATE: CAN WE MAKE TRAVERSABLE WORMHOLES IN SPACETIME? James F. Woodward Departments of History and Physics California State University Fullerton, California 92634 The scientific reasons for trying to make traversable wormholes are briefly reviewed. Methods for making wormholes employing a Machian transient mass fluctuation are examined. Several problems one might encounter are mentioned. They, however, may just be engineering difficulties. The use of "quantum inequalities" to constrain the existence of negative mass-energy required in wormhole formation is briefly examined. It is argued that quantum inequalities do not prohibit the formation of artificial concentrations of negative mass-energy. Key Words: wormholes, exotic matter, Mach's principle, general relativity, time travel. I. INTRODUCTION "Tunnels Through Spacetime: Can We Build A Wormhole?" Such was the title of the cover story of the 23 March 1996 issue of New Scientist. In that story M. Chown reported on recent developments in wormhole physics, especially work that was stimulated by a NASA sponsored 1 conference held at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena on 16 to 17 May 1994 [Cramer, et al., 1995] and a proposal for the induction of wormholes based on strong magnetic fields [Maccone, 1995]. The tone of the article is serious throughout. Not so the proximate previous article on wormholes wherein I. Stewart [1994] related the efforts of Amanda Banda Gander, sales rep for Hawkthorne Wheelstein, Chartered Relativists, to sell Santa various exotic devices to facilitate his delivery schedule. This delightful piece culminates with the cumulative audience paradox -- gnomes piling up at the nativity -- and its resolution in terms of the Many Worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics. -
The Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry Problem
Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 2018, 4, 166-178 http://www.scirp.org/journal/jhepgc ISSN Online: 2380-4335 ISSN Print: 2380-4327 The Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry Problem Brian Albert Robson Department of Theoretical Physics, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia How to cite this paper: Robson, B.A. Abstract (2018) The Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry Problem. Journal of High Energy Physics, The matter-antimatter asymmetry problem, corresponding to the virtual non- Gravitation and Cosmology, 4, 166-178. existence of antimatter in the universe, is one of the greatest mysteries of cos- https://doi.org/10.4236/jhepgc.2018.41015 mology. According to the prevailing cosmological model, the universe was created Received: December 21, 2017 in the so-called “Big Bang” from pure energy and it is generally considered Accepted: January 28, 2018 that the Big Bang and its aftermath produced equal numbers of particles and Published: January 31, 2018 antiparticles, although the universe today appears to consist almost entirely of matter rather than antimatter. This constitutes the matter-antimatter asym- Copyright © 2018 by author and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. metry problem: where have all the antiparticles gone? Within the framework This work is licensed under the Creative of the Generation Model (GM) of particle physics, it is demonstrated that the Commons Attribution International asymmetry problem may be understood in terms of the composite leptons and License (CC BY 4.0). quarks of the GM. It is concluded that there is essentially no matter-antimatter http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ asymmetry in the present universe and that the observed hydrogen-antihydrogen Open Access asymmetry may be understood in terms of statistical fluctuations associated with the complex many-body processes involved in the formation of either a hydrogen atom or an antihydrogen atom.