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A Unifying Theory of Dark Energy and Dark Matter: Negative Masses and Matter Creation Within a Modified ΛCDM Framework J
Astronomy & Astrophysics manuscript no. theory_dark_universe_arxiv c ESO 2018 November 5, 2018 A unifying theory of dark energy and dark matter: Negative masses and matter creation within a modified ΛCDM framework J. S. Farnes1; 2 1 Oxford e-Research Centre (OeRC), Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QG, UK. e-mail: [email protected]? 2 Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University, PO Box 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands. Received February 23, 2018 ABSTRACT Dark energy and dark matter constitute 95% of the observable Universe. Yet the physical nature of these two phenomena remains a mystery. Einstein suggested a long-forgotten solution: gravitationally repulsive negative masses, which drive cosmic expansion and cannot coalesce into light-emitting structures. However, contemporary cosmological results are derived upon the reasonable assumption that the Universe only contains positive masses. By reconsidering this assumption, I have constructed a toy model which suggests that both dark phenomena can be unified into a single negative mass fluid. The model is a modified ΛCDM cosmology, and indicates that continuously-created negative masses can resemble the cosmological constant and can flatten the rotation curves of galaxies. The model leads to a cyclic universe with a time-variable Hubble parameter, potentially providing compatibility with the current tension that is emerging in cosmological measurements. In the first three-dimensional N-body simulations of negative mass matter in the scientific literature, this exotic material naturally forms haloes around galaxies that extend to several galactic radii. These haloes are not cuspy. The proposed cosmological model is therefore able to predict the observed distribution of dark matter in galaxies from first principles. -
Can Mass Be Negative?
Can Mass Be Negative? Vladik Kreinovich1 and Sergei Soloviev2 1Department of Computer Science University of Texas at El Paso El Paso, TX 7996058, USA [email protected] 2Institut de Recherche en Informatique de Toulouse (IRIT) IRIT, porte 426 118 route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse cedex 4, France [email protected] Abstract Overcoming the force of gravity is an important part of space travel and a significant obstacle preventing many seemingly reasonable space travel schemes to become practical. Science fiction writers like to imagine materials that may help to make space travel easier. Negative mass { supposedly causing anti-gravity { is one of the popular ideas in this regard. But can mass be negative? In this paper, we show that negative masses are not possible { their existence would enable us to create energy out of nothing, which contradicts to the energy conservation law. 1 Formulation of the Problem Overcoming the force of gravity is an important part of space travel and a significant obstacle preventing many seemingly reasonable space travel schemes to become practical. Science fiction writers like to imagine materials that may help to make space travel easier. Negative mass { supposedly causing anti- gravity { is one of the popular ideas in this regard. But can mass be negative? 2 Reminder: There Are Different Types of Masses To properly answer the question of whether negative masses are possible, it is important to take into account that there are, in principle, three types of masses: 1 • inertial mass mI that describes how an object reacts to a force F : the object's acceleration a is determined by Newton's law mI · a = F ; and • active and passive gravitational mass mA and mP : gravitation force ex- erted by Object 1 with active mass m on Object 2 with passive mass m · m A1 m is equal to F = G · A1 P 2 ; where r is the distance between the P 2 r2 two objects; see, e.g., [1, 3]. -
Negative Matter, Repulsion Force, Dark Matter, Phantom And
Negative Matter, Repulsion Force, Dark Matter, Phantom and Theoretical Test Their Relations with Inflation Cosmos and Higgs Mechanism Yi-Fang Chang Department of Physics, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China (e-mail: [email protected]) Abstract: First, dark matter is introduced. Next, the Dirac negative energy state is rediscussed. It is a negative matter with some new characteristics, which are mainly the gravitation each other, but the repulsion with all positive matter. Such the positive and negative matters are two regions of topological separation in general case, and the negative matter is invisible. It is the simplest candidate of dark matter, and can explain some characteristics of the dark matter and dark energy. Recent phantom on dark energy is namely a negative matter. We propose that in quantum fluctuations the positive matter and negative matter are created at the same time, and derive an inflation cosmos, which is created from nothing. The Higgs mechanism is possibly a product of positive and negative matter. Based on a basic axiom and the two foundational principles of the negative matter, we research its predictions and possible theoretical tests, in particular, the season effect. The negative matter should be a necessary development of Dirac theory. Finally, we propose the three basic laws of the negative matter. The existence of four matters on positive, opposite, and negative, negative-opposite particles will form the most perfect symmetrical world. Key words: dark matter, negative matter, dark energy, phantom, repulsive force, test, Dirac sea, inflation cosmos, Higgs mechanism. 1. Introduction The speed of an object surrounded a galaxy is measured, which can estimate mass of the galaxy. -
Can We Make Traversable Wormholes in Spacetime?
[First published in Foundations of Physics Letters 10, 153 – 181 (1997). Typographical errors in the original have been corrected.] TWISTS OF FATE: CAN WE MAKE TRAVERSABLE WORMHOLES IN SPACETIME? James F. Woodward Departments of History and Physics California State University Fullerton, California 92634 The scientific reasons for trying to make traversable wormholes are briefly reviewed. Methods for making wormholes employing a Machian transient mass fluctuation are examined. Several problems one might encounter are mentioned. They, however, may just be engineering difficulties. The use of "quantum inequalities" to constrain the existence of negative mass-energy required in wormhole formation is briefly examined. It is argued that quantum inequalities do not prohibit the formation of artificial concentrations of negative mass-energy. Key Words: wormholes, exotic matter, Mach's principle, general relativity, time travel. I. INTRODUCTION "Tunnels Through Spacetime: Can We Build A Wormhole?" Such was the title of the cover story of the 23 March 1996 issue of New Scientist. In that story M. Chown reported on recent developments in wormhole physics, especially work that was stimulated by a NASA sponsored 1 conference held at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena on 16 to 17 May 1994 [Cramer, et al., 1995] and a proposal for the induction of wormholes based on strong magnetic fields [Maccone, 1995]. The tone of the article is serious throughout. Not so the proximate previous article on wormholes wherein I. Stewart [1994] related the efforts of Amanda Banda Gander, sales rep for Hawkthorne Wheelstein, Chartered Relativists, to sell Santa various exotic devices to facilitate his delivery schedule. This delightful piece culminates with the cumulative audience paradox -- gnomes piling up at the nativity -- and its resolution in terms of the Many Worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics. -
The Analysis of Harold White Applied to the Natario Warp Drive Spacetime
The Analysis of Harold White applied to the Natario Warp Drive Spacetime. From 10 times the mass of the Universe to arbitrary low levels of negative energy density using a continuous Natario shape function with power factors.Warp Drives with two warped regions Fernando Loup To cite this version: Fernando Loup. The Analysis of Harold White applied to the Natario Warp Drive Spacetime. From 10 times the mass of the Universe to arbitrary low levels of negative energy density using a continuous Natario shape function with power factors.Warp Drives with two warped regions. 2013. hal-00844801 HAL Id: hal-00844801 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00844801 Submitted on 15 Jul 2013 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. The Analysis of Harold White applied to the Natario Warp Drive Spacetime. From 10 times the mass of the Universe to arbitrary low levels of negative energy density using a continuous Natario shape function with power factors.Warp Drives with two warped regions Fernando Loup ∗ Residencia de Estudantes Universitas Lisboa Portugal July 15, 2013 Abstract Warp Drives are solutions of the Einstein Field Equations that allows superluminal travel within the framework of General Relativity. -
Unification of Electromagnetic Force and Gravity Through the Composite Photon
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 11 January 2021 doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0076.v3 Unification of Electromagnetic Force and Gravity through the Composite Photon Ian Clague M.A. Hons. (Cantab.) Abstract A deep relationship is identified between the Coulomb Force and Gravity. A gravitational constant for strong gravity is calculated from the relationship. The equivalence between mass and charge is explored. Implications are given for the expansion of Einstein’s Field Equations to include vector gravity. Keywords: Unification, Composite Photon, Negative Mass, Antimatter, Grand Unification Theory Contact: [email protected] Current Affiliation: Independent Introduction The question of whether the photon is an elementary particle or composite has been a matter of debate for almost 100 years since Louis De Broglie published his paper, A Tentative Theory of Light Quanta in 19241. De Broglie wrote “Naturally, the light quantum must have an internal binary symmetry”. The composite theory is more descriptive of reality than the elementary theory. Perkins (2014)2 finds that the composite theory predicts the Maxwell equations, while the elementary photon has been created to reflect them. He continues “In the elementary theory, it is difficult to describe the electromagnetic field with the four-component vector potential. This is because the photon has only two polarisation states. This problem does not exist with the composite photon theory.” Gauthier (2019)3 has done extensive work in this area and elaborates a composite model consisting of an electron-positron pair spinning around each other in helical motion. He finds that the parameters of energy, frequency, wavelength and helical radius of each spin-1/2, half- photon composing the double-helix photon remain the same in the transformation of the half- photons into the relativistic electron and positron quantum vortex models. -
Negative Mass in Contemporary Physics and Its Application to Propulsion Geoffrey A
Negative Mass in Contemporary Physics and its Application to Propulsion Geoffrey A. Landis, NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio, 44135 6th Interstellar Symposium, Wichita KS, Nov. 10-15 2019. 6th Interstellar Symposium, Wichita, Kansas 2019 What do we mean by Mass? Physicists mean several different things when we refer to “mass” • Inertial mass F=mia 2 • Active (source) gravitational mass g=GMg/r *(more complicated in General Relativity) • Passive gravitational mass Fg=mgg 2 2 2 • Schrödinger mass ihdψ/dt=-(h /2ms)d ψ/dx +V *(or the corresponding term in Dirac or relativistic Schrödinger equation) 2 • Conserved mass/energy equivalent of mass: mo=E/c *(relativistic 4-vector) 2 • Quantum number m (e.g., me-= 511 MeV/c ) 6th Interstellar Symposium, Wichita, Kansas 2019 These terms are related by constitutive relations Inertial mass=gravitational mass Equivalence principle Active gravitational mass = Passive gravitational mass: Newton’s third law Schrödinger mass= inertial mass: correspondence principle Energy equivalent mass= inertial mass: special relativity Quantum number quantum indistinguishability 6th Interstellar Symposium, Wichita, Kansas 2019 Can mass ever be negative? • Einstein put “energy condition” into general relativity that energy must be positive. • E=Mc2; so positive energy = positive mass • Condition added to avoid “absurd” solutions to field equations • Many possible formulations: null, weak, strong, dominant energy condition; averaged null, weak, strong, dominant energy condition • Bondi pointed out that negative -
Astrophysical Wormholes
universe Article Astrophysical Wormholes Cosimo Bambi 1,* and Dejan Stojkovic 2 1 Center for Field Theory and Particle Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China 2 Department of Physics, State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260-1500, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Wormholes are hypothetical topologically-non-trivial structures of spacetime. From the theoretical point of view, the possibility of their existence is challenging but cannot be ruled out. This article is a compact and non-exhaustive review of past and current efforts to search for astro- physical wormholes in the Universe. Keywords: wormholes; black holes; spacetime topology; gravity 1. Introduction Wormholes are hypothetical spacetime structures with non-trivial topologies capable of connecting either two distant regions of the same universe or two different universes, as illustrated in Figure1. The entrances of a wormhole are called the “mouths” of the wormhole and the spacetime region connecting the mouths is called the “throat” of the wormhole. The simplest wormhole configuration has two mouths connected by a throat, but more complex structures are also possible [1]. Strictly speaking, wormholes are not a prediction of general relativity or of other theories of gravity. They are spacetime structures Citation: Bambi, C.; Stojkovic, D. that can potentially exist in curved spacetimes, so they exist in a very wide class of gravity Astrophysical Wormholes. Universe models. The formation mechanisms and stability of these spacetime structures depend on 2021, 7, 136. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/universe7050136 the specific gravity theory and often present problems, so the existence of wormholes in the Universe is challenging. -
Exploration of Negative Mass As a Harbinger of Dark Energy
IOSR Journal Of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) e-ISSN: 2278-4861.Volume 12, Issue 5 Ser. II (Sep. – Oct 2020), PP 53-59 www.Iosrjournals.Org Exploration of Negative Mass as a Harbinger of Dark Energy AryamanBabbar1, Bhavik Agarwal Student, Grade XII, Ryan International School, Rohini, Delhi, India Student, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Delhi Abstract Having intrigued the entire scientific community since its discovery by Edwin Hubble2, redshift, in its own, seems to be presenting a multitude of mysteries that lie enclosed within itself. Collecting the data of galaxies at different distances from the Earth, which indirectly allows us to travel back in time because given the astronomical scales of the universe light travels pathetically slow, it has been observed that most galaxies have actually sped up in moving away from us.For that matter, any observer on anywhere in the universe will observe that galaxies far away from the observational point will continue to move further away from that point. If we keep classical mechanics in mind, we would think that since galaxies exert the gravitational force on one another, this retardation would probably slow the motion of the galaxies to the point, where the velocity becomes zero and over a period of years, the galaxies shall all come close to each other, resulting in the “gnaBgiB”3. However, a team of researchers led by Brian Schmidt4, using supernovae, made the astonishing discovery that instead of retarding, the galaxies, have been accelerating away from each other. Till date, the cause of this acceleration remains fairly uncertain and has hence, been dubbed as “Dark Energy”. -
Traversable Wormholes, Stargates, and Negative Energy
UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Defense Intelligence Reference Document Acquisition Threat Support 6 April 2010 reOD : 1 December 2009 DIA-08-1004-004 Traversable Wormholes, Stargates, and Negative Energy UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Traversable Wormholes, Stargates, and Negative Energy Prepared by: Acquisition Support Division (DWO-3) Defense Warning Office Directorate for Analysis Defense Intelligence Agency Author: Eric W. Davis, Ph.D. Earthtech International, Inc. 11855 Research Blvd. Austin, TX 78759 Administrative Note COPYRIGHT WARNING : Further dissemination of the photographs in this publication is not authorized. This product is one in a series of advanced technology reports produced in FY 2009 under the Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Warning Office's Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications (AAWSA) Program. Comments or questions pertaining to this document should be addressed to James T. Lacatski, D.Eng., AAWSA Program Manager, Defense Intelligence Agency, ATTN: CLAR/DWO-3, Bldg 6000, Washington, DC 20340-5100. ii UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY UNCLASSIFIED/ /FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Contents I. Summary .............................................................................................................v \ II. A Brief Review of Transversable Wormholes and the Stargate Solution ............ 1 A. Traversable Wormholes ................................................................................. 1 B. The "Stargate" Solution ................................................................................ -
A Unifying Theory of Dark Energy, Dark Matter, and Baryonic Matter in the Positive-Negative Mass Universe Pair: Protogalaxy and Galaxy Evolutions
Journal of Modern Physics, 2020, 11, 1091-1122 https://www.scirp.org/journal/jmp ISSN Online: 2153-120X ISSN Print: 2153-1196 A Unifying Theory of Dark Energy, Dark Matter, and Baryonic Matter in the Positive-Negative Mass Universe Pair: Protogalaxy and Galaxy Evolutions Ding-Yu Chung Utica, Michigan, USA How to cite this paper: Chung, D.-Y. Abstract (2020) A Unifying Theory of Dark Energy, Dark Matter, and Baryonic Matter in the This paper modifies the Farnes’ unifying theory of dark energy and dark Positive-Negative Mass Universe Pair: Proto- matter which are negative-mass, created continuously from the negative-mass galaxy and Galaxy Evolutions. Journal of Mod- universe in the positive-negative mass universe pair. The first modification ern Physics, 11, 1091-1122. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2020.117069 explains that observed dark energy is 68.6%, greater than 50% for the sym- metrical positive-negative mass universe pair. This paper starts with the pro- Received: June 21, 2020 posed positive-negative-mass 11D universe pair (without kinetic energy) Accepted: July 20, 2020 which is transformed into the positive-negative mass 10D universe pair and Published: July 23, 2020 the external dual gravities as in the Randall-Sundrum model, resulting in the Copyright © 2020 by author(s) and four equal and separate universes consisting of the positive-mass 10D un- Scientific Research Publishing Inc. iverse, the positive-mass massive external gravity, the negative-mass 10D un- This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International iverse and the negative-mass massive external gravity. The positive-mass 10D License (CC BY 4.0). -
Arxiv:1308.2683V1 [Gr-Qc] 6 Aug 2013 Rxmt Eid15 Oery17s I Hermann Aero- Sir the Called Then Was 1970S
Negative mass Richard T. Hammond∗ Department of Physics University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, North Carolina and Army Research Office Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (Dated: August 14, 2013) Some physical aspects of negative mass are examined. Several unusual properties, such as the ability of negative mass to penetrate any armor, are analyzed. Other surprising effects include the bizarre system of negative mass chasing positive pass, naked singularities and the violation of cosmic censorship, wormholes, and quantum mechanical results as well. In addition, a brief look into the implications for strings is given. PACS numbers: 14.80.-j Keywords: Negative mass INTRODUCTION nautical Research Lab which was part of the Air Force (today ARL stands for the Army Research Lab), and the Over the years the concept of negative mass has arisen Air Force had a documented interest in “anti-gravity.”[4] many times. Sometimes the arguments are simple, if It was during this period Bondi published his famous ar- charge can be plus or minus, why not mass? Other times ticle concerning negative mass.[5] they arise in connection to the negative energy states of NASA had a brief program called The Breakthrough the Dirac equation, or the mass reversal of Tiomno.[1],[2] Propulsion Physics Project from 1996 through 2002. Although there is no direct empirical evidence of their Grants were given to investigate revolutionary new existence, many thought experiments have been devised schemes for the propulsion of spacecrafts.[6] One of the and they violate no fundamental law of physics. research programs involved the study of wormholes, and it is known negative mass can keep a wormhole open.[7] The state of knowledge of the universe, with 90% of As a final introductory comment, what follows is by the mass of unknown type and the powerful dark energy no means meant to be an exhaustive treatise on negative increasing our rate of acceleration, pushes us to exam- mass.