Evolution of Matter and Antimatter in the Living-Universe by James Carter This is not a new theory of matter or energy. It is just a new way of looking at the physics of the Big Bang from the inside out. It is a description of the creation and evolution of the universe that is derived completely from physical mea- surement and the inductive reasoning process rather than from the deductive method beginning with metaphysical assumptions. This description contains none of the paradoxes and contradictions inherent in the Big Bang model. The history of the Living-Universe begins with a single anti-Hydrogen atom that is opposite to but otherwise identical to all the Hydrogen atoms that reside in the universe today. I do not need to explain or even question the exis- tence of the original positron and antiproton at a beginning. They are made of the same negative electric matter and positive magnetic matter that still exists in the Living-Universe today. I do not need to assume the existence of electric and magnetic matter back at this arbitrary beginning any more than I must ac- count for their existence today. This is just a new philosophy of physics used to describe the discovery of our existence without any new laws, assumptions or parameters being added to the world of experimental physics. Philosophically, the idea of a beginning of time is an oxymoron. We cannot begin the universe at a point because a point is even more difficult to imag- ine than infinity. At least you can look into the heavens with a telescope and imagine you can see infinity; however a point cannot be seen or even imagined with the most powerful of microscopes. From this, we can only conclude that the universe did not begin as points within an infinite spacetime but rather the Living-Universe always contained the individual shapes of electric and mag- netic matter moving within a featureless void. To discover the true nature of what was happening to matter at its for- mation, we must begin be studying what is happening with matter today and then work our way back into the past toward this event. In this way, we can examine the forensic measurements of matter’s evolution in terms of physical laws rather than make metaphysical assumptions about any unmeasured initial conditions for the beginning of the universe. The only evidence presented here is the measurable dynamics of matter and photons. From these first principles of measurement we can trace the evolution of matter back to its formation long before the Big Bang. The first clue in our quest for the evolution of matter is the discovery that the mass of the electron is slowly decreasing while its size has been increas- ing by a proportionate rate. This decrease has been detected in a general way by measurements of the electron going back to its discovery at the turn of the 20th Century. However, as we look deep into the universe, the Hubble red shift becomes the first independent confirmation of this discovery. It shows us that 1 © 2017 by James Carter spectral photons emitted by atoms today have much shorter wavelengths than photons emitted in the distant past. We must not make any inventions or theories about the cause of the Hubble shift and instead accept these measurements at face value. What these shifted photons obviously tell us is that these are not Doppler shifted at all. In the past, atoms emitted photons with longer wavelengths than the do today. The Hubble shift does not require any special explanation because such a shift is required by the electron mass transformation. The reason for this cosmological red shift is that as the electron’s mass decreases, the electrodynamics of the atom require it to radiate photons with shorter and shorter wavelengths. The Hubble shift and circlon shape are all we need to trace the evolution of matter back to its earliest beginnings without inventing metaphysical assump- tions or theories that are not supported by today’s measurements of quantum mechanics or electrodynamics. Matter’s cosmic evolution is driven by decreas- ing electron mass ME that in turn decreases in the Bohr radius ao with an ac- companying increase in the fine structure constanta . These three values change in a complementary way in order to maintain the value of the atomic angular momentum constant (Iw = ME aoaC). Rather than try to find a beginning of time, we will begin the universe with a single fully formed atom of anti-Hydrogen composed of a positron and an antiproton. We could go farther back in time but this single anti-atom can tell us everything that we need to know about the evolution of the Living-Universe to its present state. This positron and antiproton were identical to the antimatter of today except that they contained the entire mass and energy of today’s universe. The positron was coupled to the antiproton as they quietly sat alone at their ground state in a place within the void that we can easily imagine to be its cen- ter. The only change that they experienced was that the negative electric matter of the antiproton was slowly decreasing in mass just as the negative electron has been observed doing in the recent history the Living-Universe. After what seemed like a long time, the positron’s tertiary coil radius decreased to ao√a and this massive anti-Hydrogen atom collapsed into an antineutron. As more time passed, the mass-to-size ratio between the particles within the antineutron grew closer and closer together as the mass of the antiproton continued to decrease while its size increased. Eventually, the point in evolution was reached where the mass and size of the two particles became identical and they became a particle-antiparticle pair. This transition effectively converted the antiproton into an electron that immediately acquired synchronicity with the positron an annihilated into a pair of photons. Because these annihilating particles were at rest and locked into the structure of the stable antineutron, the two photons do not escape into the void. Instead, they immediately split apart and then recombined to create a pair of neutrons. After moving some distance apart, each of these electric/magnetic particles simultaneously bifurcated into two more neutrons. These four then 2 © 2017 by James Carter divided into eight. This began a runaway process of repeated neutron bifurca- tion that continued for at least 256 cycles. This bifurcation process was the an- tithesis of a chain reaction and was finally halted when the mass of the electron decreased to the point where it had less mass than the positron and they could no longer annihilate. The effect of this was that the positrons became the pro- tons of today. In this last cycle of bifurcation, each proton/electron pair within the bifurcating neutrons became locked together into a stable neutron. The Inflation of Galaxies At this interval in the universe’s evolution, a great spreading, homogeneous cloud of 2256 stable neutrons rapidly spread out from a location within the vec- torless void that we can now call the center of the universe. The density of the cloud slowly decreased as the rapidly moving neutrons spread out into the void. During many eons of neutron stability, the cloud was inflated to the size and location of the Living-universe today. These neutrons were far apart and rarely collided with one another, but when they did, it reduced the cloud’s homogeneity by creating locations with greater and lesser neutron densities. The areas with greater densities had great- er numbers of collisions and this increased the density of these regions even further. Over time, this process segmented the cloud into many local areas of high neutron density. This segmentation also occurred an many different levels of scale, meaning that many small high density clouds clustered together to form much larger clouds. This clustering process of neutron clouds went on for many billions of years until the slow decrease in electron mass caused the neu- trons to lose their stability. During this time, the original homogeneous cloud of neutrons had become divided into areas of increased density that correspond roughly to today’s stars and galaxies. As this vast universal cloud slowly segmented into smaller and smaller clouds, the structure of the neutron itself was also undergoing transformation. At the cloud’s beginning, the mass of the electron was just slightly less than the mass of the proton and this made the universe’s antimatter/matter ratio (negative electric matter/positive magnetic matter) just slightly less than unity 1/1+. By the time the neutron’s stability was broken, the mass-to-size ratio between the electron/proton had reached 1/146.6 and the electron’s radius was just slightly less than ao√a. As the electron slowly lost inertial mass within the stable neutron, the ki- netic mass of the neutron’s kinetic energy increased by an equal amount. In order to conserve angular momentum, the neutron’s internal rotational kinetic energy increased as the rest mass of the electron decreased. This slow process continued until almost one half of the universe’s mass and energy was kinetic mass and rotational kinetic energy contained within the rotating circlon-shaped neutron structures. All this internal kinetic mass energy made each neutron into a tiny but powerful atomic bomb. 3 © 2017 by James Carter Even though these neutrons contained an enormous amount of energy, they remained completely stable as long as the electron’s growing secondary coils were smaller than the proton’s tertiary coil.