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Construction of a Waterborne Sewer in Sun City Located in Mayflower Village in Chief Albert Luthuli Municipality – Surface Water Specialist Study

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Construction of a Waterborne Sewer in Sun City Located in Mayflower Village in Chief Albert Luthuli Municipality – Surface Water Specialist Study Construction of a Waterborne Sewer in Sun City located in Mayflower Village in Chief Albert Luthuli Municipality – Surface Water Specialist Study Mpumalanga Department of Rural Development and Land Reform March 2015 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Client : Mpumalanga Department of Rural Development and Land Reform Project Name : Construction of a Waterborne Sewer in Sun City located in Mayflower Village in Chief Albert Luthuli Municipality – Surface Water Specialist Study Royal HaskoningDHV Reference Number : T01.JNB.000556 Compiled by : Paul da Cruz Date : March 2015 Location : Woodmead Approval: Prashika Reddy (PrSciNat – Environmental Science – 400133/10) _____________________________ Signature © Royal HaskoningDHV All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission from Royal HaskoningDHV TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS 0 GLOSSARY OF TERMS 0 ACRONYMS 2 SPECIALIST DECLARATION 2 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 AIMS OF THE STUDY 1 1.2 ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS 1 1.3 DEFINITION OF SURFACE WATER FEATURES , WETLANDS , HYDRIC SOILS AND RIPARIAN ZONES 2 1.3.1 SURFACE WATER FEATURES 2 1.3.2 WETLANDS AND AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS 2 1.3.3 RIPARIAN HABITAT AND RIPARIAN ZONES 3 1.4 LEGISLATIVE CONTEXT 5 1.4.1 THE NATIONAL WATER ACT 5 1.4.1.1 The National Water Act and Riparian Areas – general principles 1.4.1.2 Government Notice 1199 - implications regarding Section 21c) and i) Water Uses 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 8 2.1.1 SITE LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION 8 2.1.2 TECHNICAL DETAILS 8 3 METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSMENT 11 3.1 IDENTIFICATION OF SURFACE WATER FEATURES ALONG THE PROPOSED ALTERNATIVE ALIGNMENTS 11 3.2 FIELD ASSESSMENT AND WETLAND DELINEATION 11 3.3 IDENTIFICATION OF SURFACE WATER IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 13 3.4 SURFACE WATER MAPPING 13 4 FINDINGS OF ASSESSMENT 14 4.1 STUDY AREA BIOREGIONAL CONSERVATION PLANNING CONTEXT 14 4.1.1.1 Analysis 4.2 STUDY AREA BIOPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND HOW THESE RELATE TO / AFFECT SURFACE WATER FEATURES 17 4.2.1 CLIMATE 17 4.2.2 GEOLOGY, MACRO-GEOMORPHOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY 17 4.2.3 MACRO DRAINAGE CHARACTERISTICS 18 4.2.4 VEGETATION TYPES 18 4.2.5 SOILS AND LANDTYPES 18 4.3 STUDY AREA SURFACE WATER CHARACTERISTICS AND OCCURRENCE 19 4.3.1 WETLAND (SURFACE WATER) OCCURRENCE AND CROSSINGS 19 4.3.2 SURFACE WATER TYPOLOGY (INCL. WETLAND HYDROGEOMORPHIC FORMS) 21 4.3.2.1 Seeps 4.3.2.2 Rivers and Channelled Valley Bottom Wetlands 4.3.2.3 Un-channelled Valley Bottom Wetland 4.3.3 WETLAND SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 27 4.3.4 VEGETATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF SURFACE WATER FEATURES 28 5 NATURE OF THE POTENTIAL IMPACTS ON SURFACE WATER FEATURES ASSOCIATED WITH THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT 32 5.1 IMPACTS ON SURFACE WATER FEATURES ASSOCIATED WITH LAYING OF BURIED PIPELINES 32 5.1.1 CONTEXT OF THE STUDY AREA 34 5.2 INDIRECT AND OTHER CONSTRUCTION -RELATED IMPACTS 35 5.3 OPERATIONAL PHASE IMPACTS 37 5.4 MITIGATION MEASURES AND RECOMMENDATIONS 38 5.4.1 GENERIC WETLAND CROSSING MITIGATION MEASURES 38 5.4.2 RIVER (AND CHANNELLED VALLEY BOTTOM WETLAND) CROSSINGS 40 5.4.3 WATER CROSSING-RELATED PERMITTING 43 5.4.4 STORMWATER CONTROL DURING CONSTRUCTION 43 5.4.5 ROAD / TRACKS AND SURFACE WATER CROSSING STRUCTURES 43 5.4.6 CHECKING AND PREVENTION OF SEWAGE LEAKS FROM THE SEWER 44 5.4.7 ALIEN INVASIVE PLANT MANAGEMENT WITHIN SERVITUDES DURING OPERATION 44 5.5 COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATIVES 44 6 CONCLUSIONS 45 7 REFERENCES 45 List of Figures FIGURE 1 – STUDY AREA AND PROPOSED ALIGNMENT ALTERNATIVES 10 FIGURE 2 - MPUMALANGA BIODIVERSITY SECTOR PLAN – FRESHWATER ANALYSIS 16 FIGURE 3 – QUATERNARY CATCHMENTS IN THE STUDY AREA 20 FIGURE 4 – CHANNELLED VALLEY BOTTOM WETLAND AT THE MF_ALT1_1 CROSSING POINT 21 FIGURE 5 – SEEP WETLAND (CROSSING MF_ALT2_9) ON SLOPING GROUND TO THE NORTH OF THE VALLEY FLOOR DRAINED BY THE TRIBUTARY OF THE MPULUZI NEAR THE STADIUM 23 FIGURE 6 - SEEP WETLAND UPSTREAM OF THE PROPOSED ALIGNMENT IN THE NORTH-EASTERN PART OF THE DEVELOPMENT SITE 25 FIGURE 7 – THE TRIBUTARY STREAM OF THE MPULUZI RIVER AT CROSSING POINT MF_ALT1_3 26 FIGURE 8 – SERIES OF SOIL HORIZONS ENCOUNTERED FROM A KROONSTAD SOIL FORM WITHIN THE SEEP WETLAND MF_ALT1_2; SOILS FROM THE ORTHIC A HORIZON (LEFT), SOILS FROM THE UNDERLYING E HORIZON (MIDDLE) AND SOILS FROM THE LOWER-MOST G HORIZON (RIGHT). 28 FIGURE 9 – TYPICAL VEGETATION (MOIST GRASSLAND) IN A SEEP WETLAND AT CROSSING MF_ALT1_2 30 FIGURE 10 – HYDROPHYTES IN THE SEEP WETLAND JUST DOWNSLOPE OF THE ALIGNMENT AT CROSSING MF_ALT2_8 31 FIGURE 11 – SILT LADEN WATER WITHIN THE TRENCH ALREADY EXCAVATED ALONG THE PROPOSED ALIGNMENT 35 FIGURE 12 – DAMAGE TO THE SEEP WETLAND MF_ALT1-2_5 CAUSED BY RECENT MOVEMENT OF HEAVY MACHINERY RELATED TO PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION 37 List of Tables TABLE 1 – TIERED WETLAND / AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM DESCRIPTORS FOR THE WETLANDS ON THE DEVELOPMENT SITE ........ 22 Glossary of Terms Alluvial Material / Sedimentary deposits resulting from the action of rivers, including those deposited deposits within river channels, floodplains, etc. An aerobic The absence of molecular oxygen. Anthropogenic Originating in human activity. Apedal A term indicating the a degree of aggregation of soil particles within a soil horizon, where the material is well aggregated, but without well-formed peds (individual soil aggregates); in the context of the South African Soil Classification System, apedal soils also include structureless soils (e.g. sands) and somewhat more structured soils than the above description. Azonal A type or class of vegetation with physical and vegetative characteristics that are a response to localised edaphic (soil related) factors such as volumes and duration of activation of water and salts, rather than to macroclimatic and geological patterns on a landscape level, that would normally be the determining factors for vegetation community development. In such cases the stresses and problems that plants would encounter in a wetland or saltmarsh environment, for example, are sufficiently unique and in some cases so extreme that only highly adapted species that are sufficiently enabled to deal with those stresses and problems are encountered in these environments, thus forming their own typical vegetation composition. Baseflow The component of river flow that is sustained from groundwater sources rather than from surface water runoff. Colluvial Relating to gravitational forces that result in the transport and deposition of soil and / or rock fragments down hillslopes to the base of the slope. Dystrophic In the context of soil, a dystrophic soil refers to soil that has suffered marked leaching, such that the sum of the exchangeable (as opposed to soluble) Ca, Mg, K and Na, expressed in cmol c/kg /kg clay, is less than 5. The figure is calculated from the S-value and the clay content. Such soil is said to have a low base status. Ephemeral A watercourse that flows at the surface only periodically. Eutrophication The process of nutrient enrichment (usually by nitrates and phosphates) in aquatic ecosystems, such that the productivity of the system ceases to be limited in terms of the availability of nutrients; often results in algal blooms and is often a result of anthropogenic factors. Facultative Occurring optionally in response to circumstances rather than by nature; applied to wetland plants in this context – a facultative species is a species usually found in wetlands, but occasionally found in non-wetland areas. Fluvial The physical interaction of flowing water and the natural channels of rivers and streams. Forb A herbaceous flowering plant other than a grass. Gleying The process by which a material (soil) has been or is becoming subject to intense reduction as a result of prolonged saturation by water. Gleyed soils are characterised by grey (due to an absence of iron compounds), blue and green colours (due to an absence of ferrous compounds). Herb A small non woody plant in which the aerial parts die back at the end of every growing season. Herbaceous A plant having little or no woody tissue and persisting usually for a single growing season. Hydric / Soils formed under conditions of saturation, flooding or ponding for sufficient periods of Hydromorphic Soils time for the development of anaerobic conditions and thus favouring the growth of hydrophytic vegetation. Hydrology The scientific study of the distribution and properties of water on the earth’s surface. Hydromorphy A process of gleying and mottling resulting from intermittent or permanent presence of free water in soil. Results in hydromorphic soils. Hydroperiod The term hydroperiod describes the different variations in water input and output that form a wetland, characterising its ecology – i.e. the water balance of the wetland. Hydrophilic A hydrophyte. Hydrophyte A plant that grows in water or in conditions that are at least periodically deficient in oxygen as a result of saturation by water – these are typically wetland plants. Knickpoint (= rejuvenation head) – A break of slope in the long profile of a stream which results from a fall of base level and the resultant downcutting, creating a new valley long profile below the former level. The knickpoint is found at the transition point between the two profiles, and migrates upstream. At a more localised level, a knickpoint can occur at the head of a gulley or erosion channel within a river or wetland. Lithocutanic B A subsoil horizon underlying a topsoil or other subsoil (E) horizon, and that overlies and horizon merges into weathering bedrock; is comprised of heterogeneous material consisting of a mixture of soil material, and saprolite (bedrock fragments), displaying cutanic properties. Mesotrophic In the context of soils, a mesotrophic soil has suffered moderate leaching, such that the sum of the exchangeable Ca, Mg, K and Na, is 5-15 cmol c/kg clay.
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